Academic literature on the topic 'Neotropical primates'
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Journal articles on the topic "Neotropical primates"
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Ferreira, Nadja I. Risch, Manfred Verhaagh, and Eckhard W. Heymann. "Myrmecovory in Neotropical primates." Primates 62, no. 6 (September 29, 2021): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-021-00946-2.
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AbstractAnts are the dominant group of animals in many habitats, particularly in tropical rainforests. High abundance and formation of large colonies convert them into a potential food source for a broad spectrum of animals. In this paper we review myrmecovory (consumption of ants) in Neotropical primates. Myrmecovory has been reported from 57 taxa (species + subspecies) out of 217 species of Neotropical primates, representing 18 out of 22 genera. The proportion of ants in the animal portion of the diet is highest amongst members of the genera Cebus, Sapajus, Cheracebus and Plecturocebus, but generally low in callitrichids, large pitheciids (Cacajao, Chiropotes) and atelids. Ants from seven subfamilies of Formicidae (out of 13 subfamilies found in the Neotropics) are consumed, including taxa with and without functional sting and with varying other defences. Foraging technics employed in myrmecovory range from picking ants from open substrates to extractive foraging involving the destruction of ant nests or shelters, but tool use has not been reported. We conclude that myrmecovory is widespread amongst Neotropical primates but on average contributes only a minor proportion of the diet. The diversity of foraging technics employed and lack of tool use in Neotropical primate myrmecovory, even for ants with functional stings and aggressive biting, suggests that tool use for myrmecovory in hominids has not evolved in response to ant defences but is a consequence of enhanced cognitive skills that evolved under other selection pressures.
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Calle-Rendón, Bayron R., Renato R. Hilário, and José Julio de Toledo. "Effect of Site Attributes and Matrix Composition on Neotropical Primate Species Richness and Functional Traits: A Comparison Among Regions." Diversity 11, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11050083.
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Fragmentation threatens biodiversity and forest-dwelling animals can be especially vulnerable. Neotropical primates inhabit forests and play ecological roles in maintaining forest biodiversity. Currently, many primate communities are restricted to forest fragments. We (1) evaluated the influence of environmental, matrix, and site attributes on species richness and functional traits of primates in the Neotropics; and (2) evaluated the effect of the sub-region on the relationships between primates and environmental, matrix, and site attributes. We conducted literature searches to find published data on primate communities in forest fragments throughout the Neotropics. Each fragment was assigned to 1 of 11 sub-regions: Mesoamerica, Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena, Caribbean, Orinoco, Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Chaco, Andes, Caatinga, and Pampa. Based on actual and expected species occurrences, we calculated the proportion of primate species retained in the fragments, the mass retained, and dietary items retained considering reproductive and vegetative plant parts and prey. We used linear mixed models to correlate primate variables with environmental, matrix, and site attributes. Fragment area was more important for primate retention than environmental, matrix, and site attributes, with primate retention being higher in larger fragments. Fragment size was positively correlated with all primate variables, except for retention of prey consumption, whose retention decreased as water bodies and density of buildings in the matrix increased. Fragments within protected areas retained larger species than unprotected fragments. The proportion of extant mass retained and vegetative plant parts in the diet were highest in Mesoamerica and lowest in the Atlantic Forest. Conservation planning of Neotropical primates should consider both the differences among sub-regions, forest restoration to increase fragment size, and the creation of new protected areas, even in fragmented landscapes.
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Oliveira, Dilmar A. G., and César Ades. "Long-distance calls in Neotropical primates." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, no. 2 (June 2004): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000200031.
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Long-distance calls are widespread among primates. Several studies concentrate on such calls in just one or in few species, while few studies have treated more general trends within the order. The common features that usually characterize these vocalizations are related to long-distance propagation of sounds. The proposed functions of primate long-distance calls can be divided into extragroup and intragroup ones. Extragroup functions relate to mate defense, mate attraction or resource defense, while intragroup functions involve group coordination or alarm. Among Neotropical primates, several species perform long-distance calls that seem more related to intragroup coordination, markedly in atelines. Callitrichids present long-distance calls that are employed both in intragroup coordination and intergroup contests or spacing. Examples of extragroup directed long-distance calls are the duets of titi monkeys and the roars and barks of howler monkeys. Considerable complexity and gradation exist in the long-distance call repertoires of some Neotropical primates, and female long-distance calls are probably more important in non-duetting species than usually thought. Future research must focus on larger trends in the evolution of primate long-distance calls, including the phylogeny of calling repertoires and the relationships between form and function in these signals.
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Wiederholt, Ruscena, and Eric Post. "Tropical warming and the dynamics of endangered primates." Biology Letters 6, no. 2 (October 28, 2009): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0710.
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Many primate species are severely threatened, but little is known about the effects of global warming and the associated intensification of El Niño events on primate populations. Here, we document the influences of the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) and hemispheric climatic variability on the population dynamics of four genera of ateline (neotropical, large-bodied) primates. All ateline genera experienced either an immediate or a lagged negative effect of El Niño events. ENSO events were also found to influence primate resource levels through neotropical arboreal phenology. Furthermore, frugivorous primates showed a high degree of interspecific population synchrony over large scales across Central and South America attributable to the recent trends in large-scale climate. These results highlight the role of large-scale climatic variation and trends in ateline primate population dynamics, and emphasize that global warming could pose additional threats to the persistence of multiple species of endangered primates.
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DE MOURA, H., CH ADANIA, HS SOARES, JCR SILVA, SM GENNARI, L. CARDOSO, and AP LOPES. "Detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in neotropical primates from São Paulo state, Brazil." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 3423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.29661.
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Toxoplasmosis is a life-threatening disease in neotropical primates. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in neotropical primates from São Paulo state (SP), Brazil. The modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off: 25) was used in 49 neotropical primates upon or after their admission to Associação Mata Ciliar (Jundiaí, SP, Brazil). Eight of the 49 animals (16.3%) were seropositive. The genus Sapajus had the highest antibody titer (12,800), followed by the genus Callithrix (3,200). No association (p> 0.05) was found between seroprevalence and genera (Alouatta, Callicebus, Callithrix, and Sapajus), sex or age. The three positive primates of the genera Allouataand the one of the genera Callithrix died, whereas the two seropositive Sapajus were alive. Further studies on the epidemiology of T. gondii infection are necessary in a larger sample size of captive and wild neotropical primates.
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MOURA, DE, CH ADANIA, HS SOARES, JCR SILVA, SM GENNARI, L. CARDOSO L., and AP LOPES. "Detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in neotropical primates from São Paulo state, Brazil." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 4 (January 28, 2022): 3423. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.29431.
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Toxoplasmosis is a life-threatening disease in neotropical primates. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in neotropical primates from São Paulo state (SP), Brazil. The modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off: 25) was used in 49 neotropical primates upon or after their admission to Associação Mata Ciliar (Jundiaí, SP, Brazil). Eight of the 49 animals (16.3%) were seropositive. The genus Sapajus had the highest antibody titer (12,800), followed by the genus Callithrix (3,200). No association (p> 0.05) was found between seroprevalence and genera (Alouatta, Callicebus, Callithrix, and Sapajus), sex or age. The three positive primates of the genera Allouataand the one of the genera Callithrix died, whereas the two seropositive Sapajus were alive. Further studies on the epidemiology of T. gondii infection are necessary in a larger sample size of captive and wild neotropical primates.
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Steinberg, Eliana R., Adrián J. Sestelo, María B. Ceballos, Virginia Wagner, Ana M. Palermo, and Marta D. Mudry. "Sperm Morphology in Neotropical Primates." Animals 9, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100839.
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The morphological and morphometric characterization of spermatozoa has been used as a taxonomic and phylogenetic tool for different species of mammals. We evaluated and compared the sperm morphometry of five neotropical primate species: Alouatta caraya, Ateles belzebuth and Ateles chamek of family Atelidae; and Cebus cay (=Sapajus cay) and Cebus nigritus (=Sapajus nigritus) of family Cebidae. After the collection of semen samples, the following parameters were measured on 100 spermatozoa from each specimen: Head Length, Head Width, Acrosome Length, Midpiece Length, Midpiece Width and Tail Length. Considering the available literature on sperm morphometry, we gathered data of 75 individuals, from 20 species, 8 genera and 2 families. These data were superimposed on a phylogeny to infer the possible direction of evolutionary changes. Narrower and shorter spermatozoa seem to be the ancestral form for Cebidae, with a trend toward wider and larger heads in derived groups. The spermatozoa of Atelidae may show an increase in total length and midpiece length. Sperm heads would have become narrower in the more derived groups of Ateles. Sperm length may increase in the more derived species in both families. Our results are discussed in the context of sperm competition and sexual selection.
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Takai, Masanaru. "Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates." Primates 39, no. 2 (April 1998): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02557738.
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Santana, Sharlene E., Jessica Lynch Alfaro, and Michael E. Alfaro. "Adaptive evolution of facial colour patterns in Neotropical primates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 11, 2012): 2204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2326.
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The rich diversity of primate faces has interested naturalists for over a century. Researchers have long proposed that social behaviours have shaped the evolution of primate facial diversity. However, the primate face constitutes a unique structure where the diverse and potentially competing functions of communication, ecology and physiology intersect, and the major determinants of facial diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we provide the first evidence for an adaptive role of facial colour patterns and pigmentation within Neotropical primates. Consistent with the hypothesis that facial patterns function in communication and species recognition, we find that species living in smaller groups and in sympatry with a higher number of congener species have evolved more complex patterns of facial colour. The evolution of facial pigmentation and hair length is linked to ecological factors, and ecogeographical rules related to UV radiation and thermoregulation are met by some facial regions. Our results demonstrate the interaction of behavioural and ecological factors in shaping one of the most outstanding facial diversities of any mammalian lineage.
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Steinberg, E. R., M. J. Bressa, and M. D. Mudry. "WHAT DO NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES TELL US UNDER THE LOOK OF CYTOGENETICS?" Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 33, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.35407/bag.2022.33.01.09.
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Cytogenetics studies in Neotropical Primates (Primates: Platyrrhini) have shown that these mammals comprise a heterogeneous group at the chromosomal level. The remarkable variety of karyotypes described provides significant evidence on the possible role of chromosomal rearrangements in their evolution. In the Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), the line of research on the evolutionary divergence process in Platyrrhini considering different aspects of the organization of the genome has been established and developed uninterruptedly for more than 30 years. Among the advances made in recent years is the quantification of the genome size in six species of caí monkeys (Cebus sp.) and two species of howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) and the description of the composition of base pairs in the constitutive heterochromatin regions in the genera Cebus and Ateles. The first descriptions were made of the karyotype and meiotic behavior in early prophase I of two species of howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya and A. guariba clamitans. In this last species, the first pentavalent-type sexual system X1X2X3Y1Y2 was identified in a primate species. The organization of euchromatin was characterized in terms of the content and distribution of AT and GC nucleotide bases in three species of howlers and in two species of caí monkeys. These, among other investigations, allowed contributing in an original way to the knowledge about speciation at different levels, as well as about the architecture and dynamics of the genome of these primates. Key words: Neotropical Primates, cytogenetics and taxonomy, chromosome evolution, sex chromosomes
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neotropical primates"
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Setzer, Ariela Priscila. "Contribuição ao estudo da hepatite A em primatas neotropicais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-07062004-155248/.
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A hepatite A é uma zoonose causada pelo vírus da Hepatite A (HAV), um picornavirus que tem como hospedeiros naturais os primatas humanos e não humanos. Existe apenas um sorotipo, porém várias cepas, divididas em 7 génotipos, sendo que 3 destes são estritamente de cepas humanas e 3 contêm apenas cepas símias. O genótipo III possui tanto cepas humanas como de primatas não humanos. A variação genética entre as cepas de um mesmo genótipo é de no máximo 15%. Já a variação antigênica entre todas as cepas é praticamente inexistente; por isso pode-se utilizar os testes diagnósticos empregados para humanos em primatas não humanos. A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite A se dá pela via fecal-oral, ou seja, o animal ingere o vírus por meio de alimento ou objetos contaminado e, após replicação do vírus no fígado, ele é eliminado nas fezes. A manifestação clínica da doença em primatas e crianças é geralmente assintomática; mas quando presente, é inespecífica e varia de quadros brandos até a morte do animal. O diagnóstico é feito por métodos sorológicos, através da detecção de anticorpos específicos anti-HAV, ou através da detecção de antígeno viral nas fezes durante a fase aguda da doença. A presença de IgM anti-HAV indica infecção aguda ou recente, ao contrário dos anticorpos do grupo IgG, que são encontrados a partir da fase de convalecença e permanecem presentes por vários anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de pesquisar a soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-HAV em primatas neotropicais, e também a presença de antígeno viral nas fezes daqueles animais que estivessem apresentando infecção aguda. Para tanto foram testadas 421 amostras de soro de primatas neotropicais de 32 espécies, além de animais de 4 grupos de diferentes híbridos. Dentre os animais estudados, 13,5% (57/421) eram de vida livre, 29,7% (125/421) eram provenientes do Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, 4% (17/421) de criadores, 3,8% (16/421) do DEPAVE e 48,9% (206/421) de zoológicos do Estado de São Paulo. As amostras foram testadas para IgM e anti-HAV total com teste imunoenzimático. As amostras positivas ou suspeitas foram reanalisadas. Todas as amostras foram negativas para IgM, ou seja, nenhum animal testado apresentava infecção aguda, portanto a pesquisa para o antígeno viral não pode ser realizada. Em relação ao anti-HAV total, todas os animais de vida livre foram negativos, assim como os animais mantidos no Departamento de Parques e Áreas Verdes do Município de São Paulo (DEPAVE). As porcentagens de animais positivos do CPRJ e de zoológicos/criadores foram respectivamente 4% (5/125) e 7,6% (17/223), demonstrando que uma parcela da população de primatas em cativeiro já esteve em contato com este vírus. A prevalência encontrada de anticorpos anti-HAV neste trabalho ficou abaixo do esperado, pois sabe-se que o índice de animais positivos em cativeiro é bastante alto. As razões para esta baixa prevalência são discutidas. Já a menor frequência de animais positivos observada na população do CPRJ era esperada, pois como se trata de um centro de pesquisas onde não há visitação pública, os animais têm menos contato com humanos, e estes são, sabidamente, a maior fonte de infecção para os primatas não humanos mantidos em cativeiro. Estes resultados nos levam a supor que a hepatite A não é uma doença de risco para a população de primatas neotropicais, tanto de cativeiro como de vida livre.Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a picornavirus that causes hepatitis A, a zoonotic disease. This virus has only humans and nonhumans primates as its natural hosts. Just one serotype is known, but several strains have been recognized. Those strains are divided into 7 genotypes, 3 of them being exclusively from human strains, other 3 exclusively from Old World primates strains and the genotype III that has human and primate strains. The maximum genetic difference between strains from the same genotype is 15% and the antigenic difference between all strains is almost none. This is why it is possible to use human diagnostic tests for nonhuman primates. The infection route of the HAV is fecal-oral. After the ingestion of the virus by infected food or contaminated objects, the virus replicates in the liver of the animal and reaches the intestines through the bile, being eliminated with the feces. The disease in primates and children is assymptomatic, but when present, it is unspecific and varies from mild signs to death. The diagnosis is made by serological tests or identification from the viral antigen in sera or feces at the acute phase from the disease. The presence of anti-HAV IgM shows acute or recent infection. On the other hand, anti-HAV IgG is found from the convalescent phase of the disease on, through several years. The aim of this project was to research the seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibodies in New World primates and detect the viral antigen in feces from those animals that had acute infection. Sera from 421 animals of 32 different species were tested. From these animals, 13,5% (57/421) were wild animals, 29,7% (125/421) were from the Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), 4% (17/421) from breeders, 3,8% (16/421) from Departamento de Parques e Áreas Verdes (DEPAVE) and 48,9% (206/421) were zoo animals. The sera were tested, by immune-enzymatic tests, for the presence of IgM and total anti-HAV antibodies. All the sera were negative for IgM, which means that no animal had acute infection when tested. All wild animals were negative for total anti-HAV, as were the animals from DEPAVE. Four percent (5/125) from the CPRJ animals and 7,6% (17/223) from the zoos/breeders animals were positive for total anti-HAV, showing that a number of captive animals have already been in contact with the virus. The prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies found in this study was lower than expected, as it is known that the number of positive animals in captivity is high. The possible reasons for such low prevalence are discussed. Since humans are the major risk factor for primate infection with HAV, the lower prevalence found at the CPRJ was predictable, because this is a research center, where visitors are not allowed, so the animals have less contact with humans in there, than they do in zoos. Our results lead us to think that hepatitis A is not a disease of high risk for either wild or zoo New World primates.
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Seemiller, Eric S. "Selective pressures influencing color-vision in Neotropical primates." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1309883439.
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Monteiro, Frederico Ozanan Barros [UNESP]. "Ultra-sonografia ginecológica em macaco-da-noite (Aotus azara infulatus) Aotidae - Primates." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105942.
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monteiro_fob_dr_jabo.pdf: 778813 bytes, checksum: 4f22f4190ab15e5be0a49cb661a6dced (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se condicionar fêmeas de macacos-da-noite ao exame de ultra-som ginecológico. Estabeleceu-se protocolo onde foram avaliadas freqüências cardíacas iniciais, finais e médias (Fci, Fc2 e Fc iv1), tempo de exame (TE), útero e ovários, durante dois períodos e em diferentes turnos. Utilizou-se transdutor linear de 5¬12MHz. O útero e os ovários foram avaliados em cortes sagitais e transversais. Para o útero, levou-se em consideração o número de partos das fêmeas (nulípara, primípara e plurípara). As Fc2 foram mais baixas que as Fc1 (P < 0,01) nos dois períodos. Observou-se correlação negativa entre o TE e Fc2 (r = - 0,14 e P < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os turnos. O volume uterino foi diretamente proporcional ao número de partos. O volume do ovário direito (VOD) foi maior que o do ovário esquerdo (VOE). Observaram-se correlações positivas (P < 0,05) entre o peso das fêmeas e o VOD (r = 0,28) e VOE (r = 0,16)
The objective was to condition female owl monkeys to the gynaecological ultrasound exam. A protocol was established, where initial, final and average heart rate (HR1, HR2 and AHR) were evaluated, time spent on the examination procedure (T8), uterus and ovary, during two periods and in two different shifts. A linear probe of 5-12MHz was utilized. The uterus and ovary were evaluated at the sagital and transversal scan. As for the uterus, the females' number of parturitions (nuliparous, primiparous and pluriparous) was considered. The HR2 were lower than the HR1 (P < 0.01) in the two periods. A negative correlation was observed between T8 and HR2 (r= ¬0.14 and P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the shifts. The uterine volume was directly proportional to the number of parturitions. The volume of the right ovary (ROV) was larger than the left ovary (LOV). Positive correlations were observed (P < 0.05) between the females' weight and the ROV (r= 0.28) and VLO (r= 0.16)
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Murer, Laurete. "OCORRÊNCIA DE AGENTES PATOGÊNICOS EM FEZES DE BUGIOS-RUIVOS, Alouatta guariba clamitans (PRIMATES), EM UMA ÁREA IMPACTADA PELA FEBRE AMARELA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5312.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorBrown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) occur in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest from the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, and in a small area in northestern Argentina. They are classified as Vulnerable in the state of Rio Grande do Sul due especially to the loss and fragmentation of their natural habitats, and also due to the deaths caused by the recent outbreak of sylvatic yellow fever (2008/2009). The intense human activities on natural habitats, besides the habitat loss, can favor the spread of pathogenic agents such as bacteria and other parasites which affect men and domestic animals, and which can also occur in wildlife animals. This study aimed at verifying the occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae and Cryptosporidium sp. in feces of free-ranging brown howler monkeys in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and understanding the influence of ecological and environmental factors (group size, howler population density, fragment size, distance to the nearest human settlement, distance to the nearest river and seasonality) on the richness of such organisms. The samples were analyzed at the Center for Studies and Research on Wild Animals (NEPAS / LCDPA) of the Federal University of Santa Maria. Twenty Enterobacteriaceae species were detected, and with the techniques employed, the samples were negative for Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium sp. None of the environmental variables had significant influence on the wealth of Enterobacteriaceae. Considering that howler populations at CISM (Campo de Instrução de Santa Maria) fell dramatically due to yellow fever, and that some organisms found in this study may interact with other factors and affect the population dynamics of the howler. We believe that it is fundamental to continue monitoring the health of these populations in order to better understand disease mechanisms, as well as conserve this species.
O bugio-ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans) ocorre na Mata Atlântica dos estados de Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro ao Rio Grande do Sul e em pequena porção do nordeste da Argentina. É classificado como vulnerável no Rio Grande do Sul devido principalmente à perda e fragmentação de habitat e ao recente surto de febre amarela silvestre (2008/2009). As intensas atividades antrópicas no meio selvagem, além da perda de habitat, podem favorecer a disseminação de agentes patogênicos como bactérias e parasitos, que ocorrem em animais domésticos e em humanos e que podem acometer também os animais selvagens. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae e do protista Cryptosporidium sp. em fezes de bugios-ruivos de vida livre no município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, bem como relacionar a riqueza de enterobactérias nas amostras com fatores ecológicos e ambientais como tamanho do grupo, tamanho do fragmento florestal, densidade de populações de bugios, distância com núcleos humanos mais próximos, distância para cursos d água e sazonalidade. As amostras foram analisadas no Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Animais Silvestres (NEPAS/LCDPA) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Foram detectadas vinte espécies de enterobactérias, e com as técnicas empregadas, as amostras foram negativas para Salmonella spp. e Cryptosporidium sp.. Nenhuma das variáveis ambientais analisadas teve influência sobre a riqueza das enterobactérias. Considerando que as populações de bugios do Campo de Instrução de Santa Maria (CISM) sofreram uma drástica redução devida à febre amarela, e que alguns organismos encontrados nesse estudo podem estar interagindo com outros fatores e assim afetar a dinâmica populacional dos bugios. Acredita-se que a continuidade do monitoramento da saúde destas populações seja fundamental para melhorar a compreensão dos mecanismos das doenças, assim como para a conservação dessa espécie.
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Bueno, Marina Galvão. "Pesquisa de Leishmania spp. e Plasmodium spp. em primatas neotropicais provenientes de regiões de Mata Atlântica e Amazônia impactadas por ações antrópicas: investigação in situ e ex situ." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-11102012-142919/.
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Este trabalho investigou a ocorrência de infecções causadas por Plasmodium spp. e Leishmania spp. em primatas neotropicais mantidos em cativeiro e de vida livre, oriundos de regiões impactadas pelo homem nos biomas Mata Atlântica e Amazônia. Os agentes parasitários investigados são responsáveis por processos zoonóticos que acometem humanos, animais domésticos e selvagens, com significativas perdas ambientais e econômicas. Amostras biológicas foram colhidas e submetidas para análise parasitária por testes sorológicos e moleculares. Com relação aos plasmódios, os resultados alcançados sugerem a transmissão de Plasmodium spp. entre os primatas de cativeiro e de vida livre. No estado de São Paulo, nossos dados apontam para a circulação de P. malariae e P. simium, sendo este último encontrado em Callicebus nigrifrons. Na Amazônia, nossos dados indicam a circulação de P. brasilianum. Com relação às leishmanias, demonstramos que circula entre os primatas de cativeiro do estado de São Paulo a L. (L.) chagasi, as L. (L.) amazonenses e as leishmanias do complexo Viannia. Na região amazônica, 5,2% (1/19) foram positivos no PCR de sangue para L. (L.) chagasi. Os resultados deste trabalho podem subsidiar abordagens sanitárias públicas e veterinárias com relação aos primatas neotropicais existentes no estado de São Paulo e nas regiões Amazônicas.This study investigated the occurrence of infections caused by Plasmodium spp. and Leishmania spp. in neotropical primates. Specimens were obtained both in captivity and in the wild in regions impacted by human activities in the Atlantic Forest and Amazon, Brazil. The pathogens investigated are responsible for significant zoonotic processes that affect humans, domestic and wild animals, with significant economic and environmental losses. The samples were collected and submitted for analysis by serological and molecular tests. The results suggest the transmission of Plasmodium spp. in primates from captive to those in the wild. In São Paulo state our data point for the presence of P. malariae and P. simium, this latter being found in Callicebus nigrifrons. In the Amazon, our data indicate the presence of P. brasilianum. Leishmania (L.) chagasi, L. (L.) amazonensis and the Leishmania Viannia complex circulates among the captive primates in São Paulo state. In the Amazon, 5.2% (1/19) of the primates sampled were detected by PCR as positive for L. (L.) chagasi. The results of this work may improve animal and public health approaches in relation to the neotropical primates in the regions studied.
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Hawes, Joseph E. "Fruits and frugivory in neotropical primates and in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/41400/.
Full textAbstract:
The richness and resilience of tropical forest ecosystems are best described by the myriad of ecological interactions linking co-occurring species together. The many functions previously served by ecological links are often only detected once these links are lost. Of particular interest in this regard are the mutualistic networks between fruiting plants and vertebrate frugivores, whose interdependent relationship is fundamental to the functioning of tropical forests. This thesis examined these fruitfrugivore interactions at two contrasting scales, and using two different approaches. On a landscape scale in western Brazilian Amazonia, the focus was on a community-wide assessment, with particular attention paid to the differences between two highly divergent but adjacent species-rich forest types, seasonally-flooded várzea forests and unflooded terra firme forests. As part of this comparison, the powerful role of the annual flood pulse was shown to determine both spatial patterns of forest structure and temporal patterns of fruit production. The strong influence of this seasonal cycle was apparent in the adaptive traits observed in plants and animals, with corresponding effects upon their networks of interactions. The role of frugivore body size as an important trait in relation to the degree of frugivory within consumers was emphasised via one of the most extensive compilations on the feeding ecology of any frugivorous vertebrate taxon. By amassing the observations of feeding records accumulated over several decades of neotropical primate field research, and accounting for the highly variable levels of sampling effort among primate species, the prevalence of frugivory at the mid-high spectrum of body mass was confirmed. This continental-scale metaanalysis also revealed that, despite representing arguably the most observable and wellstudied group of vertebrate frugivores in tropical forests worldwide, most primate species were heavily undersampled in terms of the richness of fruits known to occur in their diets. These astounding gaps in our cumulative knowledge highlight the challenges faced in assembling comprehensive fruit-frugivore networks for entire communities, where the diets of most consumers are even more poorly understood than for primates. This is particularly pertinent in the face of ever-increasing threats to ecosystems comprised of, and sustained by, these complex webs of interactions.
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Stafford, Ciara. "Impacts of indigenous communities on the biodiversity of neotropical rainforests." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/impacts-of-indigenous-communities-on-the-biodiversity-of-neotropical-rainforests(613e8c12-bf09-428b-98fc-eacb96845bcf).html.
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This thesis explores how indigenous communities in the neotropics affect the biodiversity of the forests in which they live; and assesses how the culture, preferences and perceptions of communities can influence the outcome of this relationship. This is first investigated via a case study that compares primate populations between a protected area in the Ecuadorian Amazon and a territory in its adjacent buffer zone that is owned by an indigenous Kichwa community. I then use an ethnoprimatological approach to investigate the attitudes of this community to primates, namely looking at (a) whether primates are seen as a distinct group, (b) the relative importance of primates as sources of bushmeat and pets and (c) the perceived value of primates in terms of their value as a resource or their ecological role. I show that diurnal primates are seen as a cohesive group, but that tree-dwelling non-primates including sloths, kinkajous and tamanduas are also frequently classified as 'monkeys'. The community's perceptions of the value of primates are more closely associated with their potential as bushmeat and pets, whereas few respondents view their importance in terms of their role in the forest ecosystem. I compare our findings to those in studies of other indigenous groups and discuss how they could contribute to more effective conservation planning. Next, I assess how hunting preferences for mammals and birds vary across communities over the whole of central America, Amazonia and the Guianan shield. I show that primates, cetartiodactyls and rodents are the mammalian cornerstones of prey provision for hunters in neotropical communities, whereas Galliformes, Tinamiformes, Psittaciformes, Gruiformes, Piciformes are the most commonly hunted bird orders. The location of a community alone is a significant but weak predictor of the structure of its hunting profile in terms of order preferences. In addition, I found no relationship between a community's age and size and the average biomass of birds or mammals hunted, or the number of mammal species that are targeted. I discuss whether the age and size of communities are robust indicators of past and current hunting pressure, as well as the suitability of cross-sectional data for monitoring large-scale hunting patterns.
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CARNEIRO, Jeferson Costa. "Filogenia e história biogeográfica do grupo Callicebus moloch (Primates, Pitheciidae)." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2015. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/8306.
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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Callicebus é um gênero de primata neotropical pertencente à família Pitheciidae, atualmente com 32 espécies reconhecidas. Estas espécies estão organizadas em grupos supraespecíficos, sendo dois subgêneros (Torquatus e Callicebus) e cinco grupos de espécies: C. torquatus, C. moloch, C. cupreus, C. donacophilus e C. personatus. A organização dos grupos foi realizada com base em dados morfológicos e de distribuição geográfica. Nesta dissertação de mestrado, fizemos inferências a partir de dados moleculares. No primerio capítulo, apresentamos uma introdução geral sobre a problemática taxonômica de Callicebus. No segundo capítulo realizamos inferências filogenéticas com base na presença e ausência de uma região molecular conhecida como elemento Alu, um transposon do genoma de primatas. Com base na análise desses marcadores Alu, descobrimos que os grupos C. moloch e C. cupreus são estreitamente relacionados e que C. torquatus é o grupo basal no gênero. No terceiro capítulo, a partir de uma abordagem multilocos investigamos as relações filogenéticas do grupo C. moloch e aplicamos o tempo de diversificação entre as espécies para testar a hipótese de formação das bacias hidrográficas da Amazônia durante o Plio-Pleistoceno. Nossos resultados corroboram a hipótese de formação dos rios amazônicos nos últimos 3 Ma. No entanto, nem todos os eventos de diversificão em Callicebus podem ser explicados pela teoria dos rios. Além disto, verificamos que os diferentes grupos de espécies de Callicebus são todos derivados de radiações na região Amazônica em diferentes momentos durante o Mioceno superior. Nossos resultados também sugerem que o conhecimento atual da diversidade de Callicebus está subestimado, e que espécies que diversificaram recentemente estão negligenciadas taxonomicamente.
Callicebus is a genus of Neotropical primate of the family Pitheciidae. Thirty-two species are currently recognized. They are classified in two subgenera, Torquatus and Callicebus, and five species groups: C. torquatus, C. moloch, C. cupreus, C. donacophilus and C. personatus. The arrangement of subgenera and groups is based on morphology and geographic distributions. The first section, we is introduction to the taxonomy of Callicebus. In the second section, I present an article for submission to the jounrla Primates concerning the chapter presence or absence of a molecular region known as an Alu element. An Alu element is a transposon in the genome of primates Because of this particular characteristic of Alu insertion, I discovered that the C. moloch and C. cupreus groups are closely related and that C. torquatus is the basal group in the genus. In the third section , from a multilocus approach I investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the C. moloch group and the time of diversification between the species, in order to test the hypothesis of formation of the Amazon River basin during the Plio-Pleistocene. Our results support the hypothesis of origin of Amazonian rivers in the last 3 Ma. However, not all diversification events in Callicebus can be explained by the theory of rivers. the results also indicate that the different species groups are derived from a radiation in the Amazonian region at different times during the upper Miocene. The phylogenetic analysis identified a number of potentioal taxa that a number of taxa which the current knowledge of species diversity in Callicebus is underestimated, and that recently diversified species are taxonomically neglected.
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Monteiro, Frederico Ozanan Barros. "Ultra-sonografia ginecológica em macaco-da-noite (Aotus azara infulatus) Aotidae - Primates /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105942.
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Orientador: Wilter Ricardo Russiano VicenteBanca: Karin Werther
Banca: Nereu Carlos Prestes
Banca: Julio Carlos Canola
Banca: Pissinatti Alcides
Resumo: Objetivou-se condicionar fêmeas de macacos-da-noite ao exame de ultra-som ginecológico. Estabeleceu-se protocolo onde foram avaliadas freqüências cardíacas iniciais, finais e médias (Fci, Fc2 e Fc iv1), tempo de exame (TE), útero e ovários, durante dois períodos e em diferentes turnos. Utilizou-se transdutor linear de 5¬12MHz. O útero e os ovários foram avaliados em cortes sagitais e transversais. Para o útero, levou-se em consideração o número de partos das fêmeas (nulípara, primípara e plurípara). As Fc2 foram mais baixas que as Fc1 (P < 0,01) nos dois períodos. Observou-se correlação negativa entre o TE e Fc2 (r = - 0,14 e P < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os turnos. O volume uterino foi diretamente proporcional ao número de partos. O volume do ovário direito (VOD) foi maior que o do ovário esquerdo (VOE). Observaram-se correlações positivas (P < 0,05) entre o peso das fêmeas e o VOD (r = 0,28) e VOE (r = 0,16)
Abstract: The objective was to condition female owl monkeys to the gynaecological ultrasound exam. A protocol was established, where initial, final and average heart rate (HR1, HR2 and AHR) were evaluated, time spent on the examination procedure (T8), uterus and ovary, during two periods and in two different shifts. A linear probe of 5-12MHz was utilized. The uterus and ovary were evaluated at the sagital and transversal scan. As for the uterus, the females' number of parturitions (nuliparous, primiparous and pluriparous) was considered. The HR2 were lower than the HR1 (P < 0.01) in the two periods. A negative correlation was observed between T8 and HR2 (r= ¬0.14 and P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the shifts. The uterine volume was directly proportional to the number of parturitions. The volume of the right ovary (ROV) was larger than the left ovary (LOV). Positive correlations were observed (P < 0.05) between the females' weight and the ROV (r= 0.28) and VLO (r= 0.16)
Doutor
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Winandy, Mariana Mascarenhas. "O período juvenil em macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.): ontogenia das relações sociais e do forrageamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-19072012-105740/.
Full textAbstract:
Primatas apresentam maturação tardia em relação a outros mamíferos, com infância e, particularmente, juventude prolongadas. Duas hipóteses para explicar esta característica da ordem são a hipótese da necessidade de aprendizagem, que aponta a necessidade de aquisição de habilidades sociais ou de forrageamento como fator-chave, e a hipótese de aversão a riscos, segundo a qual primatas apresentam crescimento lento de modo a reduzir suas taxas metabólicas, uma vez que sofrem com a competição por alimento com indivíduos adultos devido à baixa posição hierárquica ou a uma menor eficiência no forrageamento. O presente trabalho analisou o desenvolvimento comportamental de jovens macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.) de um grupo que vive em semi-liberdade no Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo, de outubro de 2007 a maio de 2010. Os dados foram obtidos com os métodos Focal de Varredura e Todas as Ocorrências. Os resultados mostram uma hierarquia de dominância, de modo geral, herdada da mãe entre as fêmeas e dependente de idade entre os machos. O grande número de indivíduos com pouca participação em interações agonísticas e de díades sem relações de dominância e o baixo número de coalizões, que envolveram principalmente indivíduos dominantes, sugerem um mecanismo de evitação de conflitos por parte dos subordinados. Ao longo do desenvolvimento, houve uma redução na agressão sofrida pelos jovens, sugerindo que esse mecanismo de evitação é aprendido ao longo do desenvolvimento. As relações afiliativas de proximidade e catação dependeram fortemente do parentesco entre os indivíduos e de sua posição hierárquica, sendo que nas relações de proximidade houve também efeito da idade, com jovens mantendo-se próximos entre si. Jovens fêmeas investiram mais na construção e manutenção de redes afiliativas, por meio da catação, do que os jovens machos, e foram mais toleradas. O orçamento de atividades e o comportamento alimentar diferiram entre as categorias etárias, porém houve pouca influência do sexo. Houve evidências de sincronia de atividades entre os jovens e seus vizinhos mais próximos, porém as diferenças na dieta entre jovens e adultos sugerem que a aprendizagem social não foi o principal fator influenciando o comportamento alimentar dos jovens. Sua maior dedicação a recursos de fácil obtenção (frutos) do que a recursos mais difíceis de obter (invertebrados) indica menor eficiência no forrageamento. A menor dedicação a alimentos aprovisionados, por sua vez, sugere desvantagem na competição intra-grupo. O comportamento dos jovens no grupo estudado dá suporte ao modelo de aversão a riscos, embora haja evidências de que a aquisição de habilidades sociais e de forrageamento seja um fator importante no seu desenvolvimentoPrimates exhibit delayed maturation in comparison to other mammals, with a long juvenile period. Two attempts to explain this characteristic are the needing to learn hypothesis, which points towards the need to acquire social or foraging skills as important challenges for juveniles, and the juvenile risk aversion hypothesis, according to which primates have slow growth rates in order to reduce metabolic rates, because they have a disadvantage in the competition for resources against adults, due to lower hierarchical position or to less foraging efficiency. The present work analyses the behavioral development of juvenile capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp) from a semi-freeranging group at Parque Ecológico do Tietê (PET), São Paulo, Brazil, from October 2007 to May 2010. Data was obtained using scan sampling and all occurrences methods. Results show that the dominance hierarchy was mostly inherited from the mother, for juvenile females, and age-related, for males. The large number of individuals with little or no participation in agonistic interactions and of 0x0 ties, and the low number of coalitions, which involved mostly dominant individuals, suggest that a conflict-avoidance mechanism is being used by subordinates. There was a reduction in the aggression suffered by juveniles through time, suggesting that this mechanism is learned throughout the development. Affiliative relationships were highly dependent on kinship and hierarchical position, and in proximity there was also an effect of age, with juveniles close to one another. Juvenile females invested more in building and maintaining social networks, through grooming, than male juveniles, and were more tolerated in proximity. The activity budget and feeding behavior differed among age categories, but there was little influence of sex. There was evidence of synchrony of activities between juveniles and individuals in proximity, but differences in diet between juveniles and adults suggest that social learning was not the main influence on juveniles\' foraging behavior. They allocated more foraging time to resources easy to obtain (fruits) than to more difficult to obtain resources (invertebrates), which indicates they are less efficient in foraging. They also dedicated less time to provisioned food, suggesting a disadvantage in intra-group competition. The behavior of the juveniles observed in this study supports the risk aversion model, although there are evidences that the acquisition of social and foraging skills also plays an important role on their development
Books on the topic "Neotropical primates"
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Norconk, Marilyn A., Alfred L. Rosenberger, and Paul A. Garber, eds. Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8770-9.
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Garber, Paul A., Alfred L. Rosenberger, and Marilyn Norconk. Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates. Springer, 2011.
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(Editor), Marilyn A. Norconk, Alfred L. Rosenberger (Editor), and Paul A. Garber (Editor), eds. Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates. Springer, 1997.
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A, Norconk Marilyn, Rosenberger Alfred L, Garber Paul Alan, and Conference on Neotropical Primates: Setting the Future Research Agenda (1995 : Washington, D.C.), eds. Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.
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Garber, Paul A., Alfred L. Rosenberger, and Marilyn A. Norconk. Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates. Springer, 2012.
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Garber, Paul A., Alfred L. Rosenberger, and Marilyn A. Norconk. Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates. Springer London, Limited, 2011.
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A, Mittermeier Russell, ed. Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund, 1988.
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Lizarralde, Manuel, and Bernardo Urbani. Neotropical Ethnoprimatology: Indigenous Peoples’ Perceptions of and Interactions with Nonhuman Primates. Springer, 2020.
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Lizarralde, Manuel, and Bernardo Urbani. Neotropical Ethnoprimatology: Indigenous Peoples' Perceptions of and Interactions with Nonhuman Primates. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
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Shostell, Joseph Mark, and Manuel Ruiz-Garcia. Phylogeny, Molecular Population Genetics, Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of the Neotropical Primates. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2016.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Neotropical primates"
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Mittermeier, Russell A. "Primate Conservation Priorities in the Neotropical Region." In Primates, 221–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4918-4_16.
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Williams, Lawrence, and Corinna N. Ross. "Behavioral Management of Neotropical Primates." In Handbook of Primate Behavioral Management, 409–34. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315120652-24.
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Rylands, Anthony B., Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Yuri L. R. Leite, and Russell A. Mittermeier. "Primates of the Atlantic Forest." In Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates, 21–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8770-9_2.
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Norconk, Marilyn A., Robert W. Sussman, and Jane Phillips-Conroy. "Primates of Guayana Shield Forests." In Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates, 69–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8770-9_4.
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Levin, Margaret Franzen. "The Importance of Nonhuman Primates in Waorani Communities of the Ecuadorian Amazon." In Neotropical Ethnoprimatology, 295–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27504-4_14.
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Townsend, Wendy R., Robert B. Wallace, Kantuta Lara-Delgado, and Guido Miranda-Chumacero. "Importance of Primates to Tacana Indigenous Subsistence Hunting in the Bolivian Amazon." In Neotropical Ethnoprimatology, 343–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27504-4_17.
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Boubli, Jean P., Bernardo Urbani, Hortensia Caballero-Arias, Glenn H. Shepard, and Manuel Lizarralde. "Primates in the Lives of the Yanomami People of Brazil and Venezuela." In Neotropical Ethnoprimatology, 199–224. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27504-4_9.
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Wright, Patricia C. "The Neotropical Primate Adaptation to Nocturnality." In Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates, 369–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8770-9_21.
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Pinto-Marroquin, Marianna, and Juan Carlos Serio-Silva. "Perception and Uses of Primates Among Popoluca Indigenous People in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico." In Neotropical Ethnoprimatology, 3–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27504-4_1.
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Schneider, H., and A. L. Rosenberger. "Molecules, Morphology, and Platyrrhine Systematics." In Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates, 3–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8770-9_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Neotropical primates"
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Fonseca, Álvaro Luan Santana, and Martin Johannes Enk. "USO DE PRIMATAS NEOTROPICAIS DO GÊNERO Sapajus NA PADRONIZAÇÃO DE MODELO EXPERIMENTAL PARA Schistosoma mansoni." In VIII Seminário de Integração Científica da Universidade do Estado do Pará. Universidade do Estado do Pará, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31792/21759766.viiisic.2019.190-196.
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