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Books on the topic 'Neonatal outcomes'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Su, Min. Factors affecting adverse fetal, neonatal, and maternal outcomes in the Term Breech Trial. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.

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2

Ball, Hazel E. A literature review focusing on the outcomes of surviving infants from the neonatal intensive care unit. Leicester: De Montfort University, 2004.

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3

Rowland, Lisa E. Patient outcomes in maternal-infant nursing. Springhouse, Pa: Springhouse Corp., 1994.

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4

Evaluating the processes of neonatal intensive care: Thinking upstream to improve downstream processes. London: BMJ, 2004.

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5

Margaret, Redshaw, and English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting., eds. Evaluating the outcomes of Advanced Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Programmes. London: English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, 1999.

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6

Schulman, Joseph. Evaluating the Processes of Neonatal Intensive Care: Thinking Upstream to Improve Downstream Outcomes. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.

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7

Schulman, Joseph. Evaluating the Processes of Neonatal Intensive Care: Thinking Upstream to Improve Downstream Outcomes. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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8

Moore, David L., and Kenneth R. Goldschneider. Neonatal Epidural. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0058.

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Over the past couple of decades there has been increased awareness that opioid use for postoperative pain in neonates may not result in the best outcomes for these patients. Concurrently, there has been an increased use of regional techniques for postoperative pain in the neonate, in particular epidural anesthesia. The most common technique has been an epidural block via a caudal catheter. Caudal catheters can be used for lumbar and thoracic epidural blocks. The caudal catheter technique allows for a theoretically safer means of placement than the classic, at-level, loss-of-resistance technique.
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9

Moharir, Mahendranath D. Neonatal and childhood cerebral sinovenous thrombosis: Recanalization rates and outcomes. 2006.

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10

Jackson, Barbara J., and Howard Needelman. Follow-Up for NICU Graduates: Promoting Positive Developmental and Behavioral Outcomes for At-Risk Infants. Springer, 2018.

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11

Follow-Up for NICU Graduates: Promoting Positive Developmental and Behavioral Outcomes for At-Risk Infants. Springer, 2018.

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12

Kvale, Janice Keller. MATERNAL AND NEONATAL OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED INTRAPARTUM INTERVENTIONS (FETAL STRESS, CESAREAN). 1994.

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13

Perinatal Interventions to Improve Neonatal Outcomes, an Issue of Clinics in Perinatology. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2018.

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14

Mosher, Sara L. Care Coordination in the NICU: Implementing Family-Centered Nursing Care for Optimal Outcomes. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2009.

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15

Schulman, Joseph. Evaluating the Processes of Neonatal Intensive Care: Thinking Upstream to Understand Downstream Outcomes. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2004.

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16

Neonatal Encephalopathy and Neurologic Outcome. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014.

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17

Developmental Outcomes Of The Highrisk Neonate. W.B. Saunders Company, 2011.

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18

Stanley, Ip, United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality., and Tufts-New England Medical Center. Evidence-based Practice Center., eds. Management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Pubic Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2003.

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19

Le Doare, Kirsty, Christine E. Jones, and Paul T. Heath. Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0019.

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Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of early neonatal infection and neonatal mortality, with long-term adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in up to 50% of survivors of GBS meningitis. GBS has a likely underappreciated role in causing preterm birth and stillbirth. GBS colonizes the vagina and gastrointestinal tract of the pregnant woman, and transmission to the infant occurs during or just before delivery. Although the majority of these infants do not develop invasive disease, maternal colonization is a prerequisite for early onset disease (0–6 days of life, most commonly associated with sepsis and respiratory distress) and a significant risk factor for late onset disease (7–89 days of life, most commonly associated with sepsis and meningitis). The introduction of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has resulted in significant declines in the incidence of early onset disease but provides no protection against late onset disease.
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20

Gilroy, Mark N., and Juan C. Salazar. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0021.

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Syphilis, a chronic, sexually transmitted disease caused by the extracellular spirochete Treponema pallidum, has exhibited a remarkable resurgence in recent years. Despite the existence of inexpensive, easily administered, and highly effective antibiotic treatments, maternal and neonatal syphilis infections continue to be a major global public health problem. In addition to its potential to cause morbidity in the mother, untreated gestational syphilis (GS) can lead to serious adverse outcomes in the offspring, including stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight, and neonatal death. Congenital syphilis (CS) is regarded as a missed opportunity during the antenatal care of the mother, resulting from socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors that promote mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of syphilis. This chapter emphasizes emerging concepts about screening aimed at controlling the ongoing epidemic, including serological screening of mother and infant, newer paradigms of “reverse screening,” clinical presentation, therapy, and long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities that must be a component of follow-up care.
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21

Voinescu, P. Emanuela. A 27-Year-Old Woman with Epilepsy Planning for Pregnancy. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0028.

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Treatment for women with epilepsy (WWE) of childbearing age should be cautiously selected, given that the benefits of treatment during potential future pregnancies have to be weighed against the adverse effects on the developing fetus. The number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has increased significantly in the last 20 years, and remarkable progress has been made in characterizing their teratogenicity, adverse neonatal outcomes, and neurodevelopmental problems. Not only the AED choice, but the number of AEDs used and their dose are also important. This chapter aims to introduce some of the basic guidelines for preconception counseling.
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22

Drennan, Kathryn J., and Maria Vanushkina. Spinal Cord Injury in Pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0029.

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Spinal cord injury is an uncommon complication of pregnancy. But women with spinal cord injuries should be counseled that successful pregnancy is possible. Pregnancies should be planned once the patient has reached optimal functional status. At the outset of pregnancy, complications should be planned for, and an overall functional and routine health maintenance assessment should be evaluated. Providers should pay particular attention to voiding and elimination management, prevention of urinary tract infection, respiratory complications, and autonomic dysreflexia. Urinary complications can be decreased by maintaining a low pressure voiding system as well as addressing urinary tract bacterial colonization. When autonomic dysreflexia is encountered, the source should be identified and eliminated. Proactive management of potential complications leads to successful pregnancies with neonatal outcomes indistinguishable from the general population. The management of acute spinal cord injury should emphasize maternal stabilization. If an acute spinal cord injury occurs in pregnancy, any steps needed to improve the outcome should be undertaken.
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23

Fox, Grenville, Nicholas Hoque, and Timothy Watts. Admission, discharge, and outcome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703952.003.0004.

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This chapter provides an overview of general issues encountered when babies are admitted to the Neonatal Unit, including routine documentation, monitoring, assessment of gestational age, initial care of the extremely premature infant, assessment and management of pain, perioperative management, and concepts of developmental care. It also provides information on admission criteria, follow-up, and long-term outcome of the very preterm baby.
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24

Navaratnam, M., and C. Ramamoorthy. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0009.

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Approximately 960 babies are born per year in the United States with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Over the last 20 years, advances in surgical techniques, perioperative care, cardiopulmonary bypass, and intensive care unit management have converted this previously fatal condition to one with a neonatal survival rate of 90% to 92% for standard risk patients. Understanding the factors affecting the balance of pulmonary blood flow and systemic blood flow and ensuring adequate cardiac output and end-organ perfusion is critical to successful outcomes. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation remains an important support modality following stage I palliation. This chapter discusses this syndrome and describes treatment options.
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25

Reich, David L., Stephan A. Mayer, and Suzan Uysal, eds. Neuroprotection in Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.001.0001.

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Clinicians caring for patients are challenged by the task of protecting the brain and spinal cord in high-risk situations. These include following cardiac arrest, in critical care settings, and during complex procedural and surgical care. This book provides a comprehensive overview of various types of neural injury commonly encountered in critical care and perioperative contexts and the neuroprotective strategies used to optimize clinical outcomes. In addition to introductory chapters on the physiologic modulators of neural injury and pharmacologic neuroprotectants, the topics covered include: imaging assessment; tissue biomarker identification; monitoring; assessment of functional outcomes and postoperative cognitive decline; traumatic brain injury; cardiac arrest and heart-related issues such as valvular and coronary artery bypass surgery, aortic surgery and stenting, and vascular and endovascular surgery; stroke; intracerebral hemorrhage; mechanical circulatory support; sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome; neonatal issues; spinal cord injury and spinal surgery; and issues related to general, orthopedic, peripheral vascular, and ear, nose and throat surgeries.
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26

Barksdale, Sylvia Joyce. FACTORS INFLUENCING DISCHARGE PLANNING IN SUBOPTIMAL PREGNANCY OUTCOMES (NEONATES). 1993.

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27

Jones, Mary Louise Helfrich. OUTCOME MEASURES OF MANAGED CARE IN AN INTENSIVE CARE NURSERY (NEONATAL). 1994.

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28

J, Pollitt R., Health Technology Assessment Programme, National Co-ordinating Centre for HTA (Great Britain), Great Britain. Standing Group on Health Technology., and HTA Commissioning Board, eds. Neonatal screening for inborn errors of metabolism: Cost, yield and outcome. Alton: Core Research, on behalf of the NCCHTA, 1997.

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29

Olson-Chen, Courtney. Neurologic Infections in Pregnancy. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0011.

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Despite advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, infectious diseases continue to be a major cause of maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Immunologic changes in pregnancy can increase both susceptibility to certain infections and the severity of infection. Infectious diseases in pregnancy contribute to the development of congenital fetal syndromes in addition to adverse outcomes including preterm birth, stillbirth, and intrauterine growth restriction. While infections of the maternal central nervous system, or CNS, are rare during pregnancy, the potential impact can be critical.1 This chapter will cover both the types of infections within the CNS and the potential organisms that cause these infections. The chapter will also provide general management recommendations for pregnancy in order to both prevent and maintain awareness about CNS infections.
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30

Report of the Morecambe Bay Investigation: An Independent Investigation into the Management, Delivery and Outcomes of Care Provided by the Maternity and Neonatal Services at the University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust from January 2004 to June 2013. Stationery Office, The, 2015.

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31

Fichtner, Alexander, and Franz Schaefer. Acute kidney injury in children. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0239.

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In the past few decades, the overall incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in paediatric patients has increased and the aetiological spectrum has shifted from infection-related and intrinsic renal causes towards secondary forms of AKI related to exposure to nephrotoxic drugs and complex surgical, oncological, and intensive care manoeuvres. In addition, neonatal kidney impairment and haemolytic uraemic syndrome continue to be important specific paediatric causes of AKI raising unique challenges regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The search for new biomarkers is a current focus of research in paediatric as in adult AKI research.Pharmacological intervention studies to prevent or attenuate AKI have provided positive evidence only for the prophylactic use of theophylline in severely depressed neonates, whereas dopamine and loop diuretics did not demonstrate any efficacy. Preliminary findings support a dose-dependent renoprotective action of fenoldopam in infants undergoing cardiac surgery.Critical issues in the management of AKI in children include fluid handling, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and the choice of renal replacement therapy modality. Observational studies have suggested an adverse impact of fluid overload and late start of renal replacement therapy, and a randomized clinical trial revealed detrimental effects of aggressive fluid bolus therapy in volume-depleted children.Technological advances have made it possible to apply continuous replacement therapies in children of all ages, including preterm neonates, using appropriately sized catheters, filters, tubing, and flow settings adapted to paediatric needs. However, the majority of children with AKI worldwide are still treated with peritoneal dialysis, and comparative studies demonstrating superiority of extracorporeal techniques over peritoneal dialysis are lacking.The outcomes of paediatric AKI are comparable to adult patients. In critically ill children, mortality risk increases with each stage of AKI; mortality rates typically range between 15% and 30% for all AKI stages and 30% to 60% in children requiring renal replacement therapy. Chronic kidney disease develops in approximately 10% of children surviving AKI.
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32

Dinopoulos, Argirios. Atypical Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0030.

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Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) or glycine encephalopathy (GE) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of glycine degradation due to a defect in the glycine cleavage system (GCS). Accumulation of glycine, particularly in the central nervous system, leads to a variety of neurological symptoms, which may be progressive in infants. Clinical symptoms in atypical NKH are heterogeneous and, according to the age of presentation, cases can be divided in three forms: neonatal, infantile, and late onset. Late-onset atypical cases display an intermittent or a chronic course and may become apparent in adulthood. Psychiatric symptoms are common, and diagnosis may be difficult due to the rarity of the disorder. The CSF/plasma glycine ratio is diagnostic but in atypical cases is usually lower than the diagnostic cut-point for classical NKH. Treatment consists of dietary measures, but no consistent outcomes have been reported.
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33

Balzafiore, Danielle, Thalia Robakis, Sarah Borish, Vena Budhan, and Natalie Rasgon. The treatment of bipolar disorder in women. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0020.

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Sex-specific effects in the clinical presentation and course of bipolar disorder in women have important treatment implications for the management of symptoms across the menstrual cycle and reproductive lifespan. Women with bipolar disorder are particularly vulnerable to premenstrual mood symptoms, menstrual abnormalities, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Special considerations include understanding the interactions between these reproductive issues, oral contraceptives, and mood-stabilizing agents. Additionally, the management of bipolar disorder during the perinatal period requires a careful approach to psychotropic medication to optimize the maintenance of mood stability while minimizing the potential for adverse risk of fetal and neonatal outcomes. Non-pharmaceutical approaches, including electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, selected psychotherapies, and social and behavioural interventions may represent efficacious treatment options to reduce medication burden. Lastly, women with bipolar disorder may be at particular risk for worsening of affective symptoms during the menopausal transition, and strategies to reduce sleep disruption are imperative.
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34

Dozio, Nicoletta. Pregnancy planning in Type 1 diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0010.

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Pregnancy outcomes in Type 1 diabetes have progressively improved, but are not yet at background population level. Insulin requirements increase early in pregnancy, followed by a nadir at 16–18 weeks, consistently climbing nearly to delivery. Everyone who sees Type 1 patients of childbearing years should be able to deliver concise and practical advice on pre-pregnancy management, including contraception advice. About one-third of UK pregnancies are unplanned. Even where formal counselling is readily available, most women do not access it. Maternal risks during pregnancy include exacerbation of pre-existing complications, hypoglycaemia, and pre-eclampsia; foetal risks include pregnancy loss, fetal malformation, prematurity, macrosomia, stillbirth, and neonatal death. Ideal preconception A1C is 6 to 7% (42 to 53 mmol/mol). Most insulin preparations are safe during pregnancy. Continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump therapy are increasingly used, but evidence of definite benefit is awaited. Women are usually highly motivated to optimize glycaemic control during pregnancy.
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35

Richardson, Michael G. STAT Caesarean Delivery. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0043.

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During emergency cesarean delivery (CD), indicated by immediate threat to fetal or maternal life, the anesthesiologist must quickly provide anesthesia that is rapid in onset and safe for both patients. Neuraxial anesthesia using well-functioning in-dwelling epidural catheters is achievable with early enough notification. Still, general anesthesia is often the most expedient method. Advanced airway devices and evolving difficult airway management algorithms have likely contributed to observed reductions maternal morbidity and mortality associated with general anesthesia. Long before the crisis arises, other measures can mitigate against risk, including early assessment and identification of at-risk patients, establishment of effective neuraxial labor analgesia in high-risk patients, and effective teamwork and communication. Establishing interprofessional labor and delivery unit goals and strategies, conducting team debrief sessions after each STAT CD, and identifying obstacles and generating case-specific strategies to overcome them constitute a resource-effective way to substantially reduce decision-to-delivery intervals and improve neonatal outcomes.
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36

Community-based intervention packages for preventing maternal morbibity and mortality and improving neonatal outcome. New Delhi: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, 2010.

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37

Tripathy, Prof () Pravati. Effect of Induction of Labour on Maternal and Neonatal Outcome: At a Tertiary Care Hospital, Odisha. INSC International Publisher (IIP), 2021.

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38

Maitre, Nathalie, and Andrea F. Duncan. Neurological and Developmental Outcomes of High-Risk Neonates, an Issue of Clinics in Perinatology. Elsevier, 2023.

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39

Hardman, Jonathan G., Philip M. Hopkins, and Michel M. R. F. Struys, eds. Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.001.0001.

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This two-volume work of 91 chapters covers all aspects of practice in anaesthesia. Volume 1 addresses the underpinning sciences of anaesthesia including physiology, pharmacology, physics, anaesthetic equipment, statistics, and evidence-based anaesthesia. Volume 1 also outlines the fundamental principles of anaesthetic practice including ethics, risk, informatics and technology for anaesthesia, human factors and simulation in anaesthetic practice, safety and quality assurance in anaesthesia, teaching, research, and outcomes, as well as all stages of the perioperative journey including preoperative assessment and optimization for anaesthesia, intraoperative monitoring, avoiding and managing hazards, post-surgical analgesia and acute pain management, and post-surgical anaesthetic complications. Volume 2 focuses on the clinical aspects of anaesthesia, including procedures, techniques and therapies, regional anaesthesia, the conduct of anaesthesia by surgical specialty, and paediatric and neonatal anaesthesia, including the resuscitation, stabilization, and transfer of sick and injured children. The clinical second volume also addresses the conduct of anaesthesia outside the operating theatre, including pre-hospital care, anaesthesia in remote locations, and military anaesthesia. The core knowledge for providing anaesthesia and managing comorbidities is provided, and in addition, those aspects of intensive care and pain medicine that are core knowledge for the general anaesthetist are covered. The book brings together key concepts, pertinent research from ongoing scientific endeavours, and clinical practice guidelines.
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40

Jacquemyn, Yves, and Anneke Kwee. Antenatal and intrapartum fetal evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0006.

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Antenatal and intrapartum fetal monitoring aim to identify the beginning of the process of fetal hypoxia before irreversible fetal damage has taken place. Fetal movement counting by the mother has not been reported to be of any benefit. The biophysical profile score, incorporating ultrasound and fetal heart rate monitoring, has not been proven to reduce perinatal mortality in randomized trials. Doppler ultrasound allows the exploration of the perfusion of different fetal organ systems and provides data on possible hypoxia and fetal anaemia. Maternal uterine artery Doppler can be used to select women with a high risk for intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia but does not directly provide information on fetal status. Umbilical artery Doppler has been shown to reduce perinatal mortality significantly in high-risk pregnancies (but not in low-risk women). Adding middle cerebral artery Doppler to umbilical artery Doppler does not increase accuracy for detecting adverse perinatal outcome. Ductus venosus Doppler demonstrates moderate value in diagnosing fetal compromise; it is not known whether its use adds any value to umbilical artery Doppler alone. Cardiotocography (CTG) reflects the interaction between the fetal brain and peripheral cardiovascular system. Prelabour routine use of CTG in low-risk pregnancies has not been proven to improve outcome; computerized CTG significantly reduces perinatal mortality in high-risk pregnancies. Monitoring the fetus during labour with intermittent auscultation has not been compared to no monitoring at all; when compared with CTG no difference in perinatal mortality or cerebral palsy has been noted. CTG does lower neonatal seizures and is accompanied by a statistically non-significant rise in caesarean delivery. Fetal blood sampling to detect fetal pH and base deficit lowers caesarean delivery rate and neonatal convulsions when used in adjunct to CTG. Determination of fetal scalp lactate has not been shown to have an effect on neonatal outcome or on the rate of instrumental deliveries but is less often hampered by technical failure than fetal scalp pH. Analysis of the ST segment of the fetal ECG (STAN®) in combination with CTG during labour results in fewer vaginal operative deliveries, less need for neonatal intensive care, and less use of fetal blood sampling during labour, without a change in fetal metabolic acidosis when compared to CTG alone.
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41

Palomäki, Outi, and Petri Volmanen. Alternative neural blocks for labour analgesia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0018.

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Although neuraxial analgesia is available to the majority of parturients in developed countries, alternative neural blocks for labour analgesia are needed for medical, individual, and institutional reasons. Paracervical and pudendal blocks are usually administered transvaginally by an obstetrician. An injection of 0.25% bupivacaine using a superficial technique into the lateral fornixes gives rapid pain relief and has been found to have no negative effect on either fetal oxygenation, or maternal and neonatal outcomes. Low rates of post-analgesic bradycardia and high rates of spontaneous vaginal delivery have been described in low-risk populations. The analgesic effect of a paracervical block is moderate and is limited to the first stage of labour. A pudendal block, administered transvaginally, can be used for pain relief in the late first stage, the second stage, in cases of vacuum extraction, or for episiotomy repair. In clinical use, 1% lidocaine gives rapid pain relief but the success rate is variable. The complications of pudendal block are rare and localized. The sympathetic and paravertebral blocks are currently mainly of historic interest. However, they may benefit parturients in exceptional conditions if the anaesthesiologist is experienced in the techniques. Lumbar sympathetic block provides fast pain relief during the first stage of labour when a combination of 0.5% bupivacaine with fentanyl and epinephrine is employed. With the currently available data, no conclusion on the analgesic effects of thoracic paravertebral block can be drawn when it is used for labour pain relief. Potential maternal risks limit the use of these methods in modern obstetrics.
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42

Davis, Dana-Ain. Reproductive Injustice. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479812271.001.0001.

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The premature birth rate in the United States has been persistently high among Black women for many decades. While most research on the topic of premature birth involves poor and low-income women, this book focuses on the experiences of more affluent women to show that race is as much a common denominator as class in adverse birth outcomes. Using the afterlife of slavery framework, the book argues that racism shapes professional and college-educated Black women’s prenatal and birthing medical encounters, which have precedents that emanate from slavery. The book weaves in historic examples of medical racism, offering analytical context for understanding contemporary Black women’s interpretations of medical encounters of prenatal care, labor, birthing, and the admission of their premature child to the neonatal intensive care unit. Based on ethnographic observations, archival research, and nearly fifty interviews with parents, medical professionals, public health administrators, and birth workers, including midwives, doulas and reproductive justice advocates, the book is divided into two parts. Part I offers definitions of prematurity, outlines some of its causes, and describes what it is like to have a premature child. This part also explores the everyday forms of racism, such as diagnostic lapses or being dismissed by medical personnel, and links those experiences to past ideologies and practices of medical racism. Part II uses a critical racial lens to explore three strategies to address prematurity: technological intervention, public health intervention, and the preventionist approach taken up by birth workers. The conclusion gestures toward ideas to address medical racism.
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43

Bale, James F. Congenital and Perinatal Viral Infections. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0160.

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Despite remarkable advancements in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, congenital (also known as intrauterine) and perinatal (also known as neonatal) infections remain major causes of permanent neurodevelopmental disabilities worldwide. Fortunately, relatively few viral pathogens can infect the developing fetus or the newborn postnatally and induce neurological disease. These pathogens include cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, the nonpolio enteroviruses, parechovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus. This chapter describes the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of these congenital and perinatal viral infections.
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44

Archer, Nick, and Nicky Manning. Management of fetal structural cardiac disease in pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0023.

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Introduction 304Diagnosis 306Counselling 308Management of pregnancy 310Fetal intervention 312Management of delivery 314Place of delivery 316Future pregnancies 318Cardiac abnormalities account for approximately 20% of neonatal deaths and in some the cardiac cause is only identified at post-mortem; a significant proportion of CHD remains undetected during pregnancy and thus does not influence management of the pregnancy or delivery. However, there are some lesions whose early postnatal management may be altered in the light of prior knowledge and thus prenatal diagnosis may improve postnatal outcome both in terms of mortality and morbidity....
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45

Hawkins, Joy L. Severe Peripartum Hemorrhage. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0049.

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Peripartum hemorrhage remains an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Antepartum factors contributing to hemorrhage risk include abnormal placentation, while in the postpartum period uterine atony is the most common cause. Regardless of etiology, early recognition and timely treatment of peripartum hemorrhage is necessary to prevent massive blood loss and to improve outcomes for the mother and neonate. Massive transfusion protocols are crucial to successful resuscitation, and during situations of significant hemorrhage providers should also consider use of cell salvage, uterine artery embolization, antifibrinolytics, and clotting factor concentrates. Appropriate teamwork can lead to favorable outcomes even in cases of massive hemorrhage.
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46

Kendrisic, Mirjana, and Borislava Pujic. Endocrine and autoimmune disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0047.

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Advanced maternal age and increasing numbers of women of childbearing age with endocrine and autoimmune disorders have become the challenge for both anaesthetists and obstetricians. Genetic studies have provided new insight into underlying causes of endocrine disorders and prenatal prediction of inheritance. The expression of endocrine disease may influence the interpretation of diagnostic laboratory testing during pregnancy. Better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms enables new therapeutic approaches which can compromise pregnancy outcome. Although only a small number of drugs have been shown through clinical studies to be safe for use in pregnancy, intensive therapy for chronic disease is usually needed. Thus, anaesthetic management of women with endocrine disorders in pregnancy has become more complex. The most frequently encountered endocrine disorders during pregnancy include gestational diabetes mellitus and thyroid and adrenal disorders. Gestational diabetes has become increasingly common in pregnant women. Not only does it influence pregnancy outcome, but it also carries a risk for mother and offspring of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Intensive glucose control may prevent maternal and fetal complications and improve long-term outcome. Pregnancy itself has been found to influence the course of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, autoimmune diseases may have adverse consequences for maternal, fetal, and neonatal health. There is a relative paucity of literature concerning anaesthetic management of autoimmune diseases. Early recognition and immediate treatment of the common complications have been the key elements to achieving the ultimate goal—good pregnancy outcome.
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