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Journal articles on the topic 'Neodymium'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Wu, Yu Yin. "Design of NdFeB Permanent Magnet DC Generator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 1113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.1113.

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The advantages and development trend of automotive neodymium iron boron permanent magnet DC generator is summarized, analyzed the operation mode of neodymium iron Peng Yongci DC generator, and puts forward the neodymium iron boron permanent magnet DC generator has broad prospects for development. The design of the key parts of power system -- the neodymium iron boron permanent magnet DC generator, the excitation rotor and the armature winding parameters were designed to meet the needs of neodymium iron boron permanent magnet DC generator and improve the efficiency of the generator.

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2

Zheng, Xinliang, Juan Feng, Jiarui Zhang, Hongna Xing, Jiming Zheng, Mingzi Wang, Yan Zong, Jintao Bai, and Xinghua Li. "Anomalous Ferromagnetism and Electron Microscopy Characterization of High-Quality Neodymium Oxychlorides Nanocrystals." Nano 11, no. 03 (March 2016): 1650034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179329201650034x.

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High-quality neodymium oxychlorides nanocrystals with cubic shape were synthesized by a nonhydrolytic thermolysis route. The morphology and crystal structure of the neodymium oxychlorides nanocubes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy at the nanoscale. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image shows that the neodymium oxychlorides nanocrystals are nearly monodispersed with cube-like shape. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns of numerous neodymium oxychlorides nanocubes suggest a pure crystal phase with tetragonal PbFCl matlockite structure. HRTEM image of individual neodymium oxychlorides nanocubes indicate that each nanocubes have a single-crystalline nature with high quality. Unlike the anti-ferromagnetism of the bulk, the neodymium oxychlorides nanocubes show clearly anomalous ferromagnetic characteristic at room temperature. This finding provides a new platform for the exploration of diluted magnetic semiconductors, rare earth-based nanomaterials and so on.

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3

NIAZI, MUHAMMAD KHIZAR. "NEODYMIUM: YAG;." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (December 16, 2006): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4920.

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Objective: To evaluate the incidence of posterior capsule opacificationafter phacoemulsification, between acrylic and polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses, by comparing their YAG lasercapsulotomy rates. Design: It was a randomized clinical trial. Place and duration of study: Department ofOphthalmology, Military Hospital Rawalpindi, between March 2002-04. Patients and Methods: One hundred and fivepatients were randomized to receive either a foldable acrylic lens (fifty-two cases), or rigid polymethylmethacrylate lens(fifty-three cases) following phacoemulsification for cataracts. Postoperatively their visual acuities were recorded alongwith the presence of posterior capsular opacification. Laser capsulotomy was performed if the eyes had lost 2 or morelines of visual acuity. Results: The visual acuity loss at six months in the PMMA group was greater than that in theacrylic group (p< 0.001,Chi-square test).65% cases exhibiting PCO in the Polymethylmethacrylate group developedit within the first six months, whereas in the acrylic group the development of posterior capsular opacification was seeneighteen months after surgery in 60% cases. Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy was performed in 28% of cases in the PMMAgroup compared to 6% in the AcrySof group (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Acrylic intraocular lenses is associated with lessincidence of posterior capsular opacification and with a significantly reduced rate of YAG laser capsulotomy comparedwith Polymethylmethacrylate lenses.

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4

Pfeiffer, Dietrich, Rainer Moosdorf, Robert H. Svenson, Laszlo Littmann, Wolfram Grimm, Paul G. Kirchhoff, and Berndt Lu¨deritz. "Epicardial Neodymium." Circulation 94, no. 12 (December 15, 1996): 3221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.94.12.3221.

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5

Conlin, Michael J. "Re: Neodymium." Journal of Urology 157, no. 3 (March 1997): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(01)65107-3.

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6

Turkeri, Levent N., Yalcin llker, and Atif Akdas. "Re: Neodymium." Journal of Urology 157, no. 3 (March 1997): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(01)65108-5.

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7

Dickson, James B., Joseph C. Flanagan, and Jay L. Federman. "CONTACT NEODYMIUM." Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 5, no. 1 (March 1989): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002341-198903000-00003.

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8

Putterman, A. "Scalpel Neodymium." Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 7, no. 1 (March 1991): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002341-199103000-00031.

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9

Ishigaki, Atsushi, and Keiji Okumura. "Recovery of Neodymium from Neodymium Magnet Using Bismuth." Tetsu-to-Hagane 104, no. 11 (2018): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.tetsu-2018-037.

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10

Kipouros, Georges J., and Ram A. Sharma. "Characterization of neodymium trichloride hydrates and neodymium hydroxychloride." Journal of the Less Common Metals 160, no. 1 (April 1990): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(90)90110-6.

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11

Jin, Guo, Xiu Fang Cui, Er Bao Liu, and Qing Fen Li. "Effect of the Neodymium Content on Mechanical Properties of the Electro-Brush Plated Nano-Al₂O₃/Ni Composite Coating." Key Engineering Materials 525-526 (November 2012): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.525-526.277.

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The effect of the neodymium content on mechanical properties of the electro-brush plated nanoAl2O3/Ni composite coating was investigated in this paper. The microstructure and phase structure were studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The hardness and abrasion properties of several coatings with different neodymium content were studied by nanoindentation test and friction / wear experiment. Results show that the coatings are much finer and more compact when the neodymium was added, and the hardness and abrasion property of the coatings with neodymium were improved obviously. Besides, the small cracks conduced by the upgrowth stress in the coatings were ameliorated when the rare earth neodymium was added. The improvement mechanism was further discussed.

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12

Heidari, Alireza, Katrina Schmitt, Maria Henderson, and Elizabeth Besana. "Advantages, effectiveness and efficiency of using neodymium nanoparticles by 3d finite element method (FEM) as an optothermal human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron radiation." International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 7, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v7i1.30034.

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In the current study, thermoplasmonic characteristics of Neodymium nanoparticles with spherical, coreâ€“shell and rod shapes are investigated. In order to investigate these characteristics, interaction of synchrotron radiation emission as a function of the beam energy and Neodymium nanoparticles were simulated using 3D finite element method. Firstly, absorption and extinction cross sections were calculated. Then, increases in temperature due to synchrotron radiation emission as a function of the beam energy absorption were calculated in Neodymium nanoparticles by solving heat equation. The obtained results show that Neodymium nanorods are more appropriate option for using in optothermal human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment method.Â Â Â Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of Neodymium nanoparticles with 50000x zoom.Â Â

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13

Asif, Adeena, Rana Yasir Nadeem, Muhammad Adnan Iqbal, Shamsa Bibi, and Muhammad Irfan. "Organometallic complexes of neodymium: an overview of synthetic methodologies based on coordinating elements." Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry 41, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 77–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revic-2020-0019.

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Abstract Organometallic complexes of neodymium have unique coordinating ability to form both micro and macromolecules as well as metal-based polymers. These complexes have been reported in different fields and play a tremendous role in luminescence, catalytic, biological and magnetic applications. So, the current study will comprise all possible routes for the synthesis of organometallic complexes of neodymium. Neodymium complexes have been synthesized of single, double, triple and tetra linkages with H, C, N, O as well as S, B, and X. The detailed synthetic routes have been classified into four categories but in brief, neodymium forms complexes by reacting metal chloride, nitrate or oxide (hydrated or dehydrated) as precursor along with appropriate ligand. Most applied solvents for neodymium complexes were Toluene and THF. These complexes required a range of temperature based on the nature of complexes as well as linkages. The authors have surveyed the research work published through 2011–2020 and provide a comprehensive overview to understand the synthetic routes of organometallic complexes of neodymium.

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14

Fedorov, Yu S., V. V. Samonin, A. S. Zotov, E. D. Khrylova, E. A. Spiridonova, A. E. Miroslavov, and A. A. Akatov. "Sorption of NdF3 and ThF4 from the LiF–NaF–KF Melt." Radiochemistry 63, no. 6 (November 2021): 754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1066362221060072.

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Abstract The sorption of neodymium and thorium fluorides by AG-3 activated carbon from molten alkali metal fluorides LiF–NaF–KF has been studied. The sorption isotherm of neodymium fluoride at 650°C has a pronounced convex and is adequately described by the Langmuir equation. The sorption of thorium fluoride under the same conditions is much weaker than that of neodymium fluoride, which is determined by the size of the neodymium and thorium fluoride complexes. The kinetic dependence of the sorption of neodymium fluoride at a temperature of 650°С is adequately described by a first-order equation for a reversible reaction. The temperature dependence of sorption capacity in the range 550–750°С passes a maximum within 600–650°С.

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15

Chen, Wei-Sheng, Li-Pang Wang, and Chen-Yao Hung. "Recovery of Valuable Metals from Acoustic Magnet Swarf Slurry." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185304015.

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Acoustic magnet swarf slurry (AMSS) has 1900 tons production worldwide. The composition of AMSS contained 12.45% neodymium, 34.35% iron, 0.48% boron and 52.5% of cooling reagent. Removing cooling reagent and decreasing iron dissolution percent were achieved by oxidation roasting and selective leaching. Selective leaching removed 89% of iron with parameter of 0.5M HCl, solid-liquid ratio equal to 1:100, 4 hours at 95℃. The rest of iron was separated by solvent extraction with Aliquat 336 as extractant. The optimal parameters of extracting iron were 0.1M A336, 3M chloride ion, aqueous-organic ratio equal to 1:3 and mixed for 1 minute. Oxalic acid added to solution after solvent extraction to precipitate neodymium. The final product was neodymium oxidize with 99% of purity by calcined neodymium oxalate at 900℃ for 0.5 hour. The recovery percent of neodymium was 99%.

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16

Liu, Xiao Zhen, Jian Qiang Gen, Ai Bing Yu, Gang Wang, Ling Ling Song, and Xiao Li Zhang. "Effect of Neodymium Salt in the Anodization of Aluminum in Sulphuric Acid." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1895.

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Neodymium salt was used as additives for the first time in preparing anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) films to improve its performance. AAO films were prepared by anodization method from a 15 vol. % sulphuric acid solution containing neodymium salt; the effects of concentration of neodymium on microhardness and thickness of AAO film were researched, respectively. The effect of heat treatment temperature on structure of AAO film was researched. AAO films were characterized by XRD, EDAX and SEM techniques. The microhardness and thickness of AAO film were 377.2HV and 85μm respectively, which were higher 12.60% and 21.43% than those of the film prepared in electrolyte of nothing addition neodymium salt, respectively. The surface of AAO film was smoother and the aperture of AAO film was more uniform than those of films prepared in electrolyte of nothing addition neodymium salt. The apertures of AAO film were in 25～30nm. There was not neodymium in AAO film. AAO films were amorphous when heat treatment temperatures of AAO film were below 800°C, heat treatment temperature of AAO film were 850°C and 1000°C respectively, AAO films were γ-Al2O3and α-Al2O3film respectively.

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17

Patcharawit, Tapany, Woranittha Kritsarikan, Tanongsak Yingnakorn, and Sakhob Khumkoa. "Comparative Study of Manufacturing NdFeB Magnet Wastes Recycling: Oxidative Roasting-Selective Leaching and Whole Leaching Routes." Recycling 7, no. 5 (September 19, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7050068.

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This research investigated recycling of manufacturing NdFeB magnet wastes in as-sintered and powder forms which contained high carbon via pyro-hydro metallurgy process. Effects of oxidative roasting on selective leaching of the magnet wastes were the main focus in comparison to recycling via whole leaching without oxidative roasting. The process started from oxidative roasting at 600 °C, sulfuric leaching, drying, roasting at 750 °C for powder and 800 °C for sintered wastes, water leaching, oxalic acid precipitation and calcination at 1000 °C to obtain neodymium oxides. Oxidative roasting was found to reduce carbon and resulted in neodymium and iron oxide formation with a minimum amount of neodymium iron oxide. This provided effective selective leaching of neodymium. For whole leaching, a significant loss of neodymium into leached residue was observed. Oxidative roasting-selective leaching provided significant recovery in the amount of 75.46% while whole leaching resulted in only 31.62 wt.% in the case of sintered waste. The final composition via oxidative roasting-selective leaching consisted of 68.11 wt.% neodymium, 19.83 wt.% praseodymium and 0.31 wt.% iron, while whole leaching resulted in a higher amount of iron at 1.20 wt.%. Similar results were obtained for powder magnet waste.

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18

Chung, K. W., C. J. Kim, and H. S. Yoon. "Novel Extraction Process Of Rare Earth Elements From NdFeB Powders Via Alkaline Treatment." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0118.

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Abstract The alkaline treatment of NdFeB powders in NaOH solution at various equivalent amounts of NaOH at 100°C was performed. The resultant powders were then leached in 0.5M H2SO4 solution at 25°C for 2 minutes. At 5 equivalents of NaOH, neodymium in NdFeB powders was partially transformed to neodymium hydroxide. The transformation of neodymium to neodymium hydroxide actually occurred at 10 equivalents of NaOH and was facilitated by increasing the equivalent of NaOH from 10 to 30. In addition, iron was partially transformed to magnetite during the alkaline treatment, which was also promoted at a higher equivalent of NaOH. The leaching yield of neodymium from alkaline-treated powders was increased with an increasing equivalent of NaOH up to 10; however, it slightly decreased with the equivalent NaOH of over 10. The leaching yield of iron was inversely proportional to that of rare earth elements. NdFeB powders treated at 10 equivalents of NaOH showed a maximum leaching yield of neodymium and dysprosium of 91.6% and 94.6%, respectively, and the lowest leaching yield of iron of 24.2%, resulting in the highest selective leaching efficiency of 69.4%.

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19

Wu, Yichang, Anqi Yang, and Jinming Zhang. "Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the Gain Spectrum of 1250nm-1350nm Neodymium-doped Broadband Fibre Amplifiers." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 46 (April 25, 2023): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v46i.7713.

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Nowadays, with the rapid development of information technology, the optical transmission of signals has replaced electrical transmission and become the most widely used method in the world. However, when transmitting the light signal, the loss in energy could not be ignored in the long distance transmission, which highlights the importance of fibre amplifiers. This research focuses on studying the Neodymium-doped fibre amplifier operating in the 1250nm-1350nm band. In this paper, the rate equation and power propagation equation of Neodymium ions are modeled using MATLAB based on its four-level system. With that model, the variations of the gain of the Neodymium-doped fibre amplifier with fibre length, the concentration of Neodymium ions and pumping power are simulated. The results demonstrate that as the fibre length increases in the certain range, the gain rises at first and then drops. The presented peak could be easily obtained. The changing trend of the gain when the concentration of Neodymium ions increases is similar. However, the gain continues to increase when the pump power increases in the practical range. This experiment provides great references in the production of the Neodymium-doped fibre amplifier in the future.

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20

Liu, Qing Peng, Hui Zhi Li, Hai Yan Zhuang, and Mei Shan Pei. "Synthesis of a New Ion Imprinted Polymer Material for Separation and Preconcentration of Traces of Neodymium Ions." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.705.

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Neodymium ion imprinted polymers (IIP) were synthesized by formation of ternary complexes of neodymium ion with Vanillin Benzidine(VLB) and 4-vinylpyridine (VP) as chelating agent following copolymerizing with styrene as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linking monomer using 2,2´-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. Control polymers（CPs） were prepared under identical conditions without the use of neodymium imprint ion. The synthesized polymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyzer techniques. Of the several polymers synthesized, only the imprinted polymer formed with ternary complex of Nd3+–VLB–VP(1:1:2 IIP) showed quantitative enrichment of neodymium ion from aqueous solution.

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21

Beloglazov, Ilia, Sergey Savchenkov, Vladimir Bazhin, and Rudolf Kawalla. "Synthesis of Mg–Zn–Nd Master Alloy in Metallothermic Reduction of Neodymium from Fluoride–Chloride Melt." Crystals 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10110985.

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In the presented article, a differential thermal analysis was carried out and the temperatures of thermal effects were established that arise during the reduction of neodymium from a technological salt mixture KCl–NaCl–CaCl2–NdF3 with a magnesium–zinc alloy. The results of experimental studies on the reduction of neodymium from a fluoride–chloride melt in a shaft electric furnace at temperatures of 550, 600, 650, 700 °C are presented. In order to increase the degree of extraction of neodymium into the Mg–Zn–Nd master alloy, the study of the influence of technological parameters on the degree of extraction of neodymium was carried out. It was experimentally proven that when zinc is added to a reducing agent (magnesium), the degree of extraction of neodymium into the master alloy is 99.5–99.7%. The structure of the obtained master alloy samples, characterized by a uniform distribution of ternary intermetallic compounds (Mg3,4NdZn7) in the volume of a double magnesium–zinc eutectic, was studied by optical and electron microscopy.

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22

Lu, Yuanjun. "Modeling of neodymium-doped wideband fiber amplifier gain spectrum and numerical simulation optimization based on Matlab genetic algorithm: 1300-1400 nm peak gain maximization." Applied and Computational Engineering 10, no. 1 (September 25, 2023): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/10/20230151.

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The gain spectrum of the neodymium-doped wideband fiber amplifier was modeled and simulated by Matlab, and the intelligent optimization algorithm (genetic algorithm) included in Matlab was used to optimize the fiber length and doping concentration to maximize the peak gain (find the optimal fiber length and doping concentration within the set range). According to the set signal optical wavelength range (1300 nm~1400 nm) and the corresponding neodymium ions four-level transition structure, the pump optical wavelength (800 nm) is designed and the four-level structure rate equation and power propagation equation are established, and Matlab programming calculates the change of gain with fiber length, neodymium ions doping concentration and pump optical power. According to the obtained gain curve, it can be inferred that under the parameter range set in this study, the gain of the neodymium-doped fiber amplifier increases significantly with fiber length and neodymium ions doping concentration, while the pump optical power has almost no effect on the gain value.

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23

Cai, Shu Lan, Fa Mei Feng, Kang Quan Qiao, Ying Zhang, and Xiu Lan Zhang. "Hydrolytic Activity of a Neodymium(III) Complex in DNA Cleavage." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.312.

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A azamacrocyclic compound with carboxyl branch, 5,5,7,12,12,1-hexamethy-1,4 ,8,11-tetraazacyclo- tetradecane-N/-acetic acid(L), and its neodymium complex ware synthesized and characterized. The mode of combination of the neodymium complex with DNA was investigated by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy methods. The cutting function of the neodymium complex to supercoiled DNA was studied by gel electrophoresis method. The results show that metal complex can bind to the phosphate of DNA double helix and promote the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bond of supercoiled DNA(Form I); Supercoiled form DNA was transformed into nicked form DNA(Form II) with strong cutting effect of the macrocyclic neodymium complex; the reaction of DNA cut is completed by a hydrolysis mechanism.

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24

Chebyshev, K. А., V. А. Turchenko, and S. Е. Kichanov. "Investigation of the Crystal Structure of Nd<sub>5</sub>Mo<sub>3</sub>O<sub>16 + δ</sub> in the Pressure Range 0–5.9 GPа." Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s1028096023040039.

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Neodymium molybdate with a cubic fluorite-like structure was obtained by solid state reactions from metal oxides. The formation of the final product occurs through the formation of a monoclinic structure of Ln2MoO6 type (space group C2/c) at 700°C, which probably contains vacancies in neodymium and oxygen lattices. Neodymium molybdate obtained at 900°C crystallizes in the space group Pn\(\bar {3}\)n with the cell parameter a ≈ 11.039 Å. The crystal structure of neodymium molybdate obtained at 700 and 900°C was studied by neutron diffraction and atomistic modeling using the GULP program in the pressure range 0–5.9 GPa, which demonstrated the stability of the cubic structure at elevated pressure.

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25

Sinclair, Nicholas Scott, Ruwani Wasalathanthri, Badri Mainali, Benjamin Holcombe, Alex Baker, Eunjeong Kim, Asya Orhan, Scott Mccall, and Rohan Akolkar. "(Invited) Rare Earth Metal Production Via Chloride Based Molten-Salt Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 21 (August 28, 2023): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01211522mtgabs.

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The extraction and purification of metals such as aluminum has relied on the electrowinning process for decades. The Hall-Héroult process, developed in 1885, utilizes a molten salt electrolyte to electrochemically produce aluminum metal (Al) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and carbon.1–3 Similar molten salt techniques have been developed for a variety of other metals including the rare earth metal Neodymium (Nd). Neodymium is of particular interest recently with significant increases in demand being driven by the increased production of technologies such as wind turbines, electric vehicles, and hard disk drives that require neodymium in the form of neodymium–iron–boron (Nd–Fe–B) permanent magnets. 4,5 The current procedure for neodymium processing uses a neodymium and lithium fluoride molten salt electrolyte with a sacrificial carbon anode to convert neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) and carbon to neodymium metal and CO2.4,6 As an unfortunate byproduct of the fluoride containing molten salt, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) can also be produced simultaneously. The formation of PFCs combined with the emission of a significant amount of other greenhouse gases (CO,CO2) make the current process for neodymium electrowinning is dangerous and undesirable from an environmental standpoint. However rare earth metal production remains profitable enough that illegal processing operations make up a significant portion of the world’s supply of rare earth elements like neodymium. 7,8 Due to this, few places currently produce neodymium metal and virtually none is produced in the United States, creating supply chain risks with dire consequences.5 An alternative molten salt process has been proposed in which the fluoride salts have been replaced with chloride salts consisting of lithium chloride (LiCl) and potassium chloride (KCl). Rather than directly converting neodymium oxide to neodymium metal, the oxide is first converted to chloride salt form by reaction with hydrochloric acid. The neodymium salt is then dissolved into the LiCl-KCl molten salt and neodymium is electroplated via the below set of reactions.9,10 Cathode: 2NdCl3 + 6e- → 2Nd(solid) + 6Cl- Anode: 6Cl- → 3Cl2 + 6e- Overall: 2NdCl3 → 2Nd(solid) + 3Cl2 This process has several distinct advantages. Utilizing the chlorine reaction eliminates the need for a sacrificial anode material as well as the production of carbon dioxide. The chloride based molten salt also eliminates the formation of PFCs. The chlorine produced could then be recycled to make more hydrochloric acid for use in converting neodymium oxide to chloride. This talk focuses on recent advances to improve purity and lower energy consumption (kWh/kg). Our work evaluates anode and cathode behavior during this neodymium chloride molten salt process in order to determine its viability. Overpotential and stability of various anode materials are investigated in order to minimize energy consumption and ensure long life of process materials. The effect of various plating conditions such as current density and substrate material are investigated to determine impact on deposit quality, coulombic efficiency, and metal purity. Additional purification techniques such as vapor distillation procedures are developed to ensure a product that is viable for industrial use. This proof of concept work aims to develop a safe, sustainable and environmentally friendly path towards large scale production of rare earth elements. Reactor design and cathode efficiency results are based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under the Advanced Manufacturing Office, Award Number DE-EE0009434. Anode design work was supported through the Critical Materials Institute, an Energy Innovation Hub funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. Portions of this work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. T. R. Beck, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 23, 36–37 (2014). G. G. Botte, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 23, 49–55 (2014). W. E. Haupin, J. Chem. Educ., 60, 279–282 (1983). M. F. Chambers and J. E. Murphy, Electrolytic production of neodymium metal from a molten chloride electrolyte. B. Sprecher, R. Kleijn, and G. J. Kramer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9506–9513 (2014). V. S. Cvetković et al., Met. 2020, Vol. 10, Page 576, 10, 576 (2020). H. Vogel, B. Friedrich, H. Vogel, and B. Friedrich, Int. J. Nonferrous Metall., 6, 27–46 (2017). J. C. K. Lee and Z. Wen, Nat. Sustain. 2018 110, 1, 598–605 (2018). R. Akolkar, J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 043501 (2022). D. Shen and R. Akolkar, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, H5292–H5298 (2017).

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26

Sinclair, Nicholas Scott, Dona Ruwani N. Wasalathanthri, Badri Mainali, Benjamin Holcombe, Asya Orhan, and Rohan Akolkar. "Rare Earth Metal Production Via Molten-Salt Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 25 (October 9, 2022): 2500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02252500mtgabs.

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The extraction and purification of metals such as aluminum has relied on the electrowinning process for decades. The Hall-Héroult process, developed in 1885, utilizes a molten salt electrolyte to electrochemically produce aluminum metal (Al) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and carbon.1–3 Similar molten salt techniques have been developed for a variety of other metals including the rare earth metal Neodymium (Nd). Neodymium is of particular interest recently with significant increases in demand being driven by the increased production of new technologies such as electrified vehicles and magnetic data storage that require neodymium in the form of neodymium–iron–boron (Nd–Fe–B) permanent magnets. 4,5 The state of the art procedure for neodymium processing, similar to the aluminum process, utilizes a neodymium and lithium fluoride molten salt electrolyte with a sacrificial carbon anode to convert neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) and carbon to neodymium metal and carbon dioxide.4,6 As an unfortunate byproduct of this process performed in a fluoride containing molten salt, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) can also be produced simultaneously alongside carbon dioxide from the sacrificial anode. The formation of PFCs combined with the emission of a significant amount of greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide) make the current process for neodymium electrowinning undesirable from an environmental standpoint.7 An alternative molten salt process has been proposed in which the fluoride salts have been replaced with chloride salts consisting of lithium chloride (LiCl) and potassium chloride (KCl). Rather than directly converting neodymium oxide to neodymium metal, the oxide is first converted to chloride salt form by reaction with hydrochloric acid. The neodymium salt is then dissolved into the LiCl-KCl molten salt and neodymium is electroplated via the below set of reactions.8,9 Cathode: 2NdCl3 + 6e- → 2Nd(solid) + 6Cl- Anode: 6Cl- → 3Cl2 + 6e- Overall: 2NdCl3 → 2Nd(solid) + 3Cl2 This process has several distinct advantages. Utilizing the chlorine reaction eliminates the need for a sacrificial anode material as well as the production of carbon dioxide. The chloride based molten salt also eliminates the formation of PFCs. The chlorine produced could then be recycled to make more hydrochloric acid for use in converting neodymium oxide to chloride. Our work evaluates anode and cathode behavior during this neodymium chloride molten salt process in order to determine its viability. Overpotential and stability of various anode materials are investigated in order to minimize energy consumption and ensure long life of process materials. The effect of various plating conditions such as current density and substrate material are investigated to determine impact on deposit quality, coulombic efficiency, and metal purity. Additional purification techniques such as vapor distillation procedures are developed to ensure a product that is viable for industrial use. This proof of concept work aims to develop a safe, sustainable and environmentally friendly path towards large scale production of rare earth elements. Reactor design and cathode efficiency results are based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under the Advanced Manufacturing Office, Award Number DE-EE0009434. Anode design work was supported through a subcontract from the Ames Laboratory with funding from the Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11358; Agreement No. 26110-AMES-CMI. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. T. R. Beck, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 23, 36–37 (2014). G. G. Botte, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 23, 49–55 (2014). W. E. Haupin, J. Chem. Educ., 60, 279–282 (1983). M. F. Chambers and J. E. Murphy, Electrolytic production of neodymium metal from a molten chloride electrolyte. B. Sprecher, R. Kleijn, and G. J. Kramer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9506–9513 (2014). V. S. Cvetković et al., Met. 2020, Vol. 10, Page 576, 10, 576 (2020). H. Vogel, B. Friedrich, H. Vogel, and B. Friedrich, Int. J. Nonferrous Metall., 6, 27–46 (2017). R. Akolkar, J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 043501 (2022). D. Shen and R. Akolkar, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, H5292–H5298 (2017).

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27

Su, Kongzhao, Feilong Jiang, Mingyan Wu, Jinjie Qian, Jiandong Pang, Daqiang Yuan, and Maochun Hong. "Syntheses, structures, luminescence and magnetic properties of three high-nuclearity neodymium compounds based on mixed sulfonylcalix[4]arene-phosphonate ligands." CrystEngComm 18, no. 26 (2016): 4921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ce00092d.

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The solvothermal reactions of p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene (H₄BSC4A), phosphonic acid and neodymium chloride have resulted in three novel high-nuclearity neodymium coordination compounds.

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28

DeBacker, Christopher M., Saad El-Naggar, Joel Sugar, and Wico W. Lai. "Effect of Neodymium." Cornea 15, no. 1 (January 1996): 15???17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-199601000-00004.

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29

Little, H. L., and R. L. Jack. "Q-Switched Neodymium." RETINA 7, no. 3 (1987): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006982-198700730-00014.

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30

Timofte, Tudor, Arash Babai, Gerd Meyer, and Anja-Verena Mudring. "Neodymium triiodide nonahydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 61, no. 5 (April 27, 2005): i87—i88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160053680501216x.

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31

Curtis, William J., and Jonathan C. Javitt. "Complications of neodymium." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 5, no. 3 (June 1994): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199406000-00006.

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32

Hardten, David R., J. David Brown, and Edward J. Holland. "Results of Neodymium." Journal of Glaucoma 2, no. 4 (1993): 241???245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00061198-199300240-00003.

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33

Sharma, Ram A. "Neodymium Production Processes." JOM 39, no. 2 (February 1987): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03259468.

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34

Thornton, Brett F., and Shawn C. Burdette. "The neodymium neologism." Nature Chemistry 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2722.

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35

Beresnev, E. N., O. B. Kuznetsova, and M. A. Kop’eva. "Neodymium nitrilotris(methylenephosphonate)." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 54, no. 7 (July 2009): 1023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023609070067.

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36

Russin, David J. "Neodymium-YAG Laser." Archives of Surgery 121, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1986.01400120045007.

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37

Stewart, Seán M. "Some simple demonstration experiments involving homopolar motors." Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física 29, no. 2 (2007): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-47442007000200012.

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The ready availability of very strong permanent magnets in the form of rare-earth magnetic alloys such as neodymium-iron-boron has lead to renewed interest in one of the oldest types of electric motors - the homopolar motor. The ease with which a demonstration homopolar motor can now be built and operated when neodymium magnets are used is quite remarkable. In this paper some simple homopolar motors employing neodymium magnets suitable for demonstrational purposes are described and discussed.

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38

Onoda, H., and A. Iinuma. "Selective formation of neodymium phosphate from iron-neodymium magnet waste." Cerâmica 68, no. 387 (September 2022): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132022683873320.

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39

Yamada, Emi, Hironori Murakami, Syouhei Nishihama, and Kazuharu Yoshizuka. "Separation process of dysprosium and neodymium from waste neodymium magnet." Separation and Purification Technology 192 (February 2018): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.062.

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40

Biswas, A., I. G. Sharma, G. B. Kale, and D. K. Bose. "Synthesis of neodymium aluminide by aluminothermic reduction of neodymium oxide." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 29, no. 2 (April 1998): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-998-0107-x.

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41

Scharf, Christiane, and André Ditze. "Thermodynamic evaluation using the law of mass action under consideration of the activity coefficients in the system NdCl3-HCl (or NaOH)-H2O-DEHPA-kerosene." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 6 (2018): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018063.

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For the recovery of neodymium, an important rare earth metal, solvent extraction using DEHPA as extractant is a possible process for winning and recycling. A preceding study by the authors has provided extensive experimental data of the system neodymium-chloride-hydrochloric acid (or sodium hydroxide)-water-di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA)-kerosene. It was found that the description of the reaction Nd3++3(DEHPA)2 ⇄ Nd(DEHP‧DEHPA)3+3H+ by an ideal mass action law is only partly satisfactory. This article investigates the contribution of several parameters to non-ideality. On this basis, expressions for activity coefficients of neodymium in the aqueous phase as well as DEHPA and neodymium in the organic phase are derived. The resulting equations are shown to represent the system with considerably better accuracy than previously possible.

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42

Шалимова, М. Б., and И. В. Белянина. "Изменение параметров МДП-структур с соединениями редкоземельных элементов в условиях повышенной влажности." Физика и техника полупроводников 57, no. 2 (2023): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2023.02.55328.4124.

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The properties of MIS structures with yttrium, neodymium, samarium fluorides on germanium, neodymium and samarium fluorides on n and p silicon substrates, as well as Al-Y2O3-nSi, Al-Y2O3-pSi structures under conditions of high ambient humidity were studied. Additionally, the structures were exposed to an electric field of ~ 0.5 – 4 MV/cm. For MIS structures with films of yttrium, neodymium, and samarium fluoride on germanium, as well as neodymium and samarium fluoride on n and p silicon substrates, a clear increase in the maximum specific capacitance with increasing relative humidity of the medium is observed. It has been found that the incorporation of water into the structure of the REE film fluorides studied in this work is sorption and does not cause irreversible changes in the dielectric film at the studied temperatures.

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43

Novikova, E. S., E. I. Levkovskaya, E. E. Senderskaya, G. G. Chernyavskiy, and T. S. Belorukova. "Isoprene Polymerization in the Presence of Phosphate Catalytic Systems Based on a Mixture of Neodymium and Gadolinium Salts." Журнал прикладной химии, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044461823020068.

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Coordination polymerization of isoprene in the presence of Ziegler–Natta catalytic systems based on a mixture of neodymium and gadolinium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphates at the neodymium/gadolinium molar ratios of 25/75, 50/50, and 75/25 was studied. These catalytic systems exhibit high catalytic activity in isoprene polymerization, equal to that of the catalytic system based on neodymium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. The influence of the Nd/Gd ratio on the molecular-mass characteristics and microstructure of the polymers obtained was examined. The kinetic parameters of the isoprene polymerization using catalytic systems based on a mixture of neodymium and gadolinium salts were determined. The possibility of using such systems in the synthesis of stereoregular cis-1,4-polyisoprene with the optimum level of molecular masses was demonstrated

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44

Sinclair, Nicholas Scott, Benjamin P. Holcombe, Alex Baker, Eunjeong Kim, Scott Mccall, and Rohan Akolkar. "Neodymium Metal Production Via Chloride Based Molten-Salt Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 24 (December 22, 2023): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02241338mtgabs.

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The extraction and purification of metals such as aluminum has relied on the electrowinning process for decades. The Hall-Héroult process, developed in 1885, utilizes a molten salt electrolyte to electrochemically produce aluminum metal (Al) and carbon dioxide (CO2).1–3 Similar molten salt techniques exist for a variety of other metals including the rare earth metal Neodymium (Nd). Neodymium has seen significant increases in demand from increased production of wind turbines, electric vehicles, and hard disk drives that use neodymium–iron–boron (Nd–Fe–B) permanent magnets. 4,5 The current procedure for neodymium processing uses a neodymium and lithium fluoride molten salt electrolyte with a sacrificial carbon anode to convert neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) and carbon to neodymium metal and CO2.4,6 As an unfortunate byproduct of the fluoride containing molten salt, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) can also be produced simultaneously. The formation of PFCs combined with the emission of other greenhouse gases (CO,CO2) makes the current process dangerous and undesirable from an environmental standpoint. Due to this, few places currently produce neodymium metal and virtually none is produced in the United States, creating supply chain risks with dire consequences.5 An alternative molten salt process has been proposed where rather than directly converting neodymium oxide to neodymium metal, the oxide is first converted to chloride salt form by reaction with hydrochloric acid. The neodymium salt is then dissolved into a chloride salt based melt and neodymium is electroplated via the below set of reactions.7,8 Cathode: 2NdCl3 + 6e- → 2Nd(solid) + 6Cl- Anode: 6Cl- → 3Cl2 + 6e- Overall: 2NdCl3 → 2Nd(solid) + 3Cl2 This process has several distinct advantages. The chlorine reaction eliminates the need for a sacrificial anode material as well as the production of carbon dioxide. The chloride based molten salt also eliminates the formation of PFCs. The chlorine is then recycled to make more hydrochloric acid for use in converting neodymium oxide to chloride. This talk focuses on recent advances to improve purity and lower energy consumption (kWh/kg). We evaluate anode and cathode behavior during this neodymium chloride molten salt process. Over-potential and stability of various anode materials are investigated in order to minimize energy consumption and ensure long life of process materials. A new stable analytic cathode is demonstrated which is lowers chlorine over-potential by more than 200 mV at current density of 250 mA/cm2. The effect of various plating conditions such as current density and substrate material are investigated to determine impact on deposit quality, coulombic efficiency, and metal purity. Highly porous Nd deposits are known to form in chloride molten salt but are undesirable due to the energy required to separate out the high volume fraction of salt remaining in the solid sponge. Effects of temperature and electrolyte composition on deposit morphology are investigated and improvements toward densifying the sponge to minimize post electrolysis purification are reported. This proof of concept work aims to develop a safe, sustainable and environmentally friendly path towards large scale production of rare earth elements. Reactor design and cathode efficiency results are based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under the Advanced Manufacturing Office, Award Number DE-EE0009434. Anode design work was supported through the Critical Materials Institute, an Energy Innovation Hub funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. Portions of this work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. T. R. Beck, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 23, 36–37 (2014). G. G. Botte, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 23, 49–55 (2014). W. E. Haupin, J. Chem. Educ., 60, 279–282 (1983). M. F. Chambers and J. E. Murphy, Electrolytic production of neodymium metal from a molten chloride electrolyte. B. Sprecher, R. Kleijn, and G. J. Kramer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9506–9513 (2014). V. S. Cvetković et al., Met. 2020, Vol. 10, Page 576, 10, 576 (2020). R. Akolkar, J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 043501 (2022). D. Shen and R. Akolkar, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, H5292–H5298 (2017).

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45

Blagojević, Sofija, Lana Vujanović, and Andreana Ćurić. "Magnetic Properties." Natural Science and Advanced Technology Education 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/nat2022-4.01.

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Here will be explained and showed what magnetic properties and magnetism it self are. The experiments are based on showing how different materials work in magnetic field or what happened to them in magnetic field. The magnetic properties will be shown on aluminium, pyrolytic spitz, apple and matches. Further explanations of these magnetic properties and phenomenon are in the continuation of this document. All the experiments will include neodymium magnet. Neodymium magnet is type of rare-earth magnet. It is a permanent magnet made from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and baron to form the tetragonal crystalline structure. Neodymium magnet can very easily be demagnatize and that can be permanently on temperature of 80 celcius or even less. This temeprature is also called “The Kiri’s temperature”. We need to be very careful when using this magnet because it can get demagnetize.

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46

Nikitin, D. I., I. B. Polovov, O. I. Rebrin, A. V. Shchetinsky, and A. S. Dedyukhin. "ANODIC PROCESSES OF URANIUM ALLOYS CONTAINING PALLADIUM AND NEODYMIUM IN 3LiCl–2KCl-UCl<sub>3</sub> MELTS." Расплавы, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0235010623020081.

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At the reprocessing module of the pilot demonstration power complex site of the Siberian Chemical Combine, a combined technological scheme for the reprocessing of mixed nitride uranium-plutonium spent fuel consisting of pyrochemical operations, hydrometallurgical refining of uranium, plutonium and neptunium is implemented step by step. According to this scheme, the target pyrochemical reprocessing products, purified from the main mass of fission products with actinoid content not less than 99.9%, are sent for hydrometallurgical reprocessing. For pyrochemical reprocessing it is necessary to develop a technology of electrorefining of metallised spent nuclear fuel. To carry out electrolytic refining it is necessary to define processes and regimes of anodic dissolution of alloys simulating product of this head operation “metallization”. In the present work the results of investigations of processes of anodic dissolution of U–Pd and U–Pd–Nd model alloys with different concentrations of palladium and neodymium in melts based on 3LiCl–2KCl–UCl3 (10.1 wt % UCl3) at 550°C using different methods are presented. Uranium alloys containing palladium and neodymium were prepared by direct alloying of uranium metal and palladium metal powders of PdAP-1 grade, and neodymium metal (99.99%) in high-purity argon medium (99.998%). Electrochemical measurements were performed using an Autolab 302N potentiostat/halvanostat equipped with a Booster 20A high-current module. The anodic polarisation curves consist of only one oxidation wave which was attributed to the dissolution of uranium metal. Increasing the palladium content in the alloy from 1.5 to 10.0 wt %, does not affect the shape of the polarisation curves. The increase of neodymium content in the alloy from 1.0 to 10.0 wt % also does not affect the shape of polarization curves. Electrorefining parameters of uranium alloys containing palladium and neodymium were determined. The limiting current density of uranium evolution from uranium alloys containing palladium and neodymium in the electrolyte 3LiCl–2KCl–UCl3 (10.1 wt % UCl3) at 550°C was 0.4 A/cm2. It was shown that palladium does not diffuse into the melt as a result of anodic dissolution and neodymium accumulates in the electrolyte only when the alloy is refined with 10.0 wt % neodymium, which is much higher than the future real concentrations of electrotreated uranium alloy components in the technological chain of spent nuclear fuel processing.

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47

Bogatyreva, Elena V., and Filipp Melnik. "INFLUENCE OF NEODYMIUM COMPOUNDS ENERGY CONTENT ON THE SPECIFIC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF NEODYMIUM COBALTITE." Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre of RAS. Series: Engineering Sciences 2, no. 2/2023 (April 10, 2023): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1215.2023.14.2.006.

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The influence of the genesis of neodymium cobaltite on its energy content and specific electrical conductivity has been established. The dependences of the specific electrical conductivity of neodymium cobaltite on its energy content, calculated according to X-ray diffraction analysis, and temperature are determined.

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48

Markovich, Sergey I., Anna V. Popova, and Sergey A. Kuznetsov. "Electrochemistry of Neodymium in an Equimolar NaCl-KCl Melt without and with Addition of Fluoride Ions." ECS Transactions 109, no. 14 (September 30, 2022): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10914.0029ecst.

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The paper presents results of neodymium electrochemical behavior in chloride and chloride-fluoride melts. It was shown that the process of neodymium electroreduction in the NaCl-KCl-NdCl3 melt proceeds in two stages. It was established by diagnostic criteria of voltammetry that the discharge process of Nd(III) to Nd(II) at a sweep rate in the range of 0.6 ≤ n ≤ 1.0 V s-1 is not complicated by reaction disproportionation. In this study diffusion coefficients, activation energy of diffusion for Nd(III) complexes and standard rate constants of charge transfer for the Nd(III)/Nd(II) redox couple in the NaCl-KCl melt were determined. It was shown that the addition of fluorine anions into the NaCl-KCl-NdCl3 melt leads to stabilization of the higher oxidation state of neodymium in chloride-fluoride melts and neodymium in the intermediate oxidation state +2 in these melts does not exist.

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49

Shalimova M.B. and Belyanina I.V. "Changing the Parameters of MIS Structures with REE Compounds under Conditions of High Humidity." Semiconductors 57, no. 2 (2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/sc.2023.02.55951.4124.

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The properties of MIS structures with yttrium, neodymium, samarium fluorides on germanium, neodymium and samarium fluorides on n and p silicon substrates, as well as Al-Y2O3-nSi, Al-Y2O3-pSi structures under conditions of high ambient humidity were studied. Additionally, the structures were exposed to an electric field of ~0.5-4 MV/cm. For MIS structures with films of yttrium, neodymium, and samarium fluoride on germanium, as well as neodymium and samarium fluoride on n and p silicon substrates, a clear increase in the maximum specific capacitance with increasing relative humidity of the medium is observed. It has been found that the incorporation of water into the structure of the REE film fluorides studied in this work is sorption and does not cause irreversible changes in the dielectric film at the studied temperatures. Keywords: MIS structure, silicon, germanium, density of surface states, humidity.

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50

SHIBATA, Takemasa, Koji TAMURA, and Koichi OGURA. "Secondary Electron Emission from Neodymium Surface due to Neodymium Ion Bombardment." SHINKU 40, no. 8 (1997): 668–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.40.668.

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