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Journal articles on the topic 'Nematoda'
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1
Indarti, Siwi, Arif Wibowo, Siti Subandiyah, and Miftahul Ajri. "First Record: A Stem and Bulb Plant Parasitic Nematode at Garlic Area Centre Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia with Species Reference to Ditylenchus dipsaci." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 22, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.35321.
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A survey to investigate the stem and bulb plant parasitic nematode at one of garlic area centre, in Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia was conducted from Januaryto February 2018. Infected plant with specific symptoms, morphological and morphometric characters both of female and male of adult nematodes were used to describe a A1 quarantine plant parasitic nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Seven from nine observed locations were postively infected with population in average 2.67 nematodes per 100 g of soil and 2.67–189.33 per bulb. This is the first report of D. dipsaci from Indonesia and consequently further investigations were needed to know their distribution and also to confirm the origin of the nematode. IntisariSurvei keberadaan nematoda parasit batang dan umbi dilakukan pada bulan Januari–Februari 2018 pada satu sentra penangkaran bawang putih di Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Tanaman terinfeksi dengan gejala serangan yang spesifik, karakter morfologi dan morfometri nematoda betina dan jantan dewasa dipergunakan dalam identifikasi Ditylenchus dipsaci yang merupakan nematoda parasit tanaman yang termasuk OPTK A1 (Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman Karantina A1) di Indonesia. Sebanyak tujuh dari sembilan lokasi yang diamati mengindikasikan positif sebagai daerah sebaran nematoda tersebut dengan populasi rata-rata 2,67 ekor per 100 gram tanah dan 2,67–189,33 nematoda per umbi. Laporan pertama tentang nematoda D. dipsaci ini membawa konsekuensi perlunya penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui daerah sebaran dan juga konfirmasi dari mana nematoda tersebut berasal.
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Indrayati, Liestiana. "INVENTARISASI NEMATODA PARASIT PADA TANAMAN, HEWAN DAN MANUSIA." EnviroScienteae 13, no. 3 (December 20, 2017): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v13i3.4306.
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Pathogenic nematodas are widespread in nature, it can attack plants, animals, and humans and cause disruption to their hosts, then effect to lower quantity of plantation, yields, and livestock production and also affect to degradation of human resource quality. This paper is a systematic review that uses literature method about the inventory of nematoda parasite that attacks plants, animals and human, some method of examination and the effects that occurred by the host. The major parasite nematodas that infect the plants are Meloidogyne sp, Pratylenchut sp, and Radopholus sp., nematode in animals are Strongyloides spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagosomum spp., and Trichostrongyloides spp. In the fish variant, Anisakis spp, and nematode in humans are Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm. Some animal nematodas were found to attack humans whereas plant nematodas have not been reported to be found in humans or animals. Nematoda control is by anthelmintic consumption, environmental modification, personal hygiene and the use of biological agents.
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Irvine, Allister, Sharon A. Huws, Louise E. Atkinson, and Angela Mousley. "Exploring the antimicrobial peptidome of nematodes through phylum-spanning in silico analyses highlights novel opportunities for pathogen control." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 9 (September 6, 2023): e0011618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011618.
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Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are key constituents of the invertebrate innate immune system and provide critical protection against microbial threat. Nematodes display diverse life strategies where they are exposed to heterogenous, microbe rich, environments highlighting their need for an innate immune system. Within the Ecdysozoa, arthropod AMPs have been well characterised, however nematode-derived AMP knowledge is limited. In this study the distribution and abundance of putative AMP-encoding genes was examined in 134 nematode genomes providing the most comprehensive profile of AMP candidates within phylum Nematoda. Through genome and transcriptome analyses we reveal that phylum Nematoda is a rich source of putative AMP diversity and demonstrate (i) putative AMP group profiles that are influenced by nematode lifestyle where free-living nematodes appear to display enriched putative AMP profiles relative to parasitic species; (ii) major differences in the putative AMP profiles between nematode clades where Clade 9/V and 10/IV species possess expanded putative AMP repertoires; (iii) AMP groups with highly restricted profiles (e.g. Cecropins and Diapausins) and others [e.g. Nemapores and Glycine Rich Secreted Peptides (GRSPs)] which are more widely distributed; (iv) complexity in the distribution and abundance of CSαβ subgroup members; and (v) that putative AMPs are expressed in host-facing life stages and biofluids of key nematode parasites. These data indicate that phylum Nematoda displays diversity in putative AMPs and underscores the need for functional characterisation to reveal their role and importance to nematode biology and host-nematode-microbiome interactions.
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Malyutina. "ABOUT EFFECTS OF SOME NEUROPEPTIDES ON LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR OF CYST-FORMING PLANT NEMATODES." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.213-216.
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The article presents an analysis of world literature on the study of the physiological and functional significance of FMRFamide-like neuropeptides in the neurobiology of cyst-forming plant parasitic nematodes (by the example of larvae of the 2-yearold potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, and soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines). It was shown that the basic physiological and functional characteristics of FMRFamide-like neuropeptides were obtained from the effects that have some neuropeptides on the motor activity of intact nematode larvae, and molecular studies of flp-genes that encode FMRFamidelike neuropeptides. FMRFamide-like neuropeptides belong to the largest and most diverse family of signal neuropeptides found in invertebrate animals including numerous representatives of the Nematoda type which can significantly modulate the locomotor behavioral reactions of these animals. The work discusses a physiological function of FMRFamide-like neuropeptides and the identified putative receptor of one of the neuropeptides in locomotor behavioral reactions that ensure the vital activity of cyst-forming nematodes, and the possibility of using the data in developing new targeted anthelmintics. The fact of revealing the peptidergic nervous system in cyst-forming plant nematodes, parasitic nematodes of vertebrate animals and freeliving nematodes confirms the concept about the conservation of the peptidergic nervous system in representatives of the entire Nematoda type in general.
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Ramdani, Souhila, Jean-Paul Trilles, and Zouhir Ramdane. "Histopathological changes from parasitic Nematoda infestation in the musculature of some marine teleost fishes from the Algerian coast." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2022-0020.
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Abstract Numerous marine fishes from the Algerian coast were examined for nematode parasites. Our study revealed five species of nematodes that were identified according to morphological characteristics: Anisakis simplex, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Hysterothylacium reliquens, Hysterothylacium fabri, Dichelyne pleuronectidis. D. pleuronectidis was newly collected from the study region. Four new host species were recorded for A. simplex, six for H. aduncum, and three for H. fabri. The infection rates observed were higher for Hysterothylacium and Dichelyne than Anisakis. The highest infection rate by Nematoda parasites were recorded for Trachinus draco L., Pagellus acarne (Risso) and Mullus barbatus L. (P = 100%, P = 53.33%, P = 42.5%), respectively. Nematoda larvae were found in body cavity and musculature. Histological changes associated with nematode musculature infestation revealed myodegeneration of fibers with a loss of striated texture and skin damage.
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DJIWANTI, SETYOWATI RETNO, and SUPRIADI SUPRIADI. "EKOBIOLOGI NEMATODA HAWAR DAUN (Aphelenchoides fragariae) PADA TANAMAN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata)." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 17, no. 3 (June 19, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v17n3.2011.95-101.
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<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Nematoda hawar daun (Aphelenchoides fragariae) merupakan salahsatu kendala dalam budidaya tanaman obat sambiloto (Andrographispaniculata). Informasi tentang perilaku dan cara pengendalian nematodapada tanaman sambiloto masih sangat terbatas. Dalam rangka mencari carapengendalian nematoda yang efektif, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui ekobiologi nematoda tersebut seperti kisaran inang, sumberinokulum, dan pestisida. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca,dan kebun percobaan Balittro pada tahun 2006-2008. Studi kisaran inangalami dilakukan dengan mengamati karakteristik gejala khas penyakit,ekstraksi, dan karakterisasi morfologi nematoda dari sampel daun-daungulma yang tumbuh di pembibitan dan pertanaman sambiloto. Studi sum-ber penularan nematoda dilakukan dengan metode bioassay, yaitu denganmengamati gejala hawar daun dan jenis nematoda pada bibit sambilotoyang ditanam pada beberapa macam media tumbuh (tanah steril dicampurdengan beberapa macam jenis bahan organik seperti pupuk kandang,kompos, pupuk organik, dan potongan daun-daun sambiloto sakit).Sedangkan studi sensitivitas nematoda terhadap pestisida sintetik dannabati dilakukan di rumah kaca dan di lapang. Hasil penelitian menun-jukkan bahwa 6 jenis gulma, yaitu babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides),pulus hayam (Acalypha lanceolata), calincing (Oxalys sepium), gulmaBorreria sp., gulma daun sirih (Lindernia sp.), dan paku (Pleocnemia sp.)merupakan inang pengganti nematoda A. fragariae. Bahan organik sepertipupuk kandang dan serasah daun sambiloto sakit dalam tanah merupakansumber penting inokulum A. fragariae, tetapi penyebaran utama penyakitterjadi melalui bibit terinfeksi dan kontak fisik antara daun sakit dengandaun sehat. Perkembangan penyakit hawar daun berlangsung selama 2-4minggu setelah infeksi pertama. Senyawa karbofuran (2-5 g/tanaman),CNSL (cashew nut shell liquid) (0,5-1,0%), tepung (10,0-15,0 g/tanaman),dan ekstrak biji mimba (0,5-1,0%) efektif menekan populasi A. fragariae.Penanaman bibit sehat, sanitasi kebun, penggunaan pupuk kandang yangbenar-benar matang, dan aplikasi pestisida merupakan faktor pentingdalam pengendalian penyakit hawar daun nematoda pada sambiloto.</p><p>Kata kunci: Andrographis paniculata, sambiloto, nematoda hawar daun,Aphelenchoides fragariae, ekobiologi</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Bioecology of Leaf Blotch Nematode (Aphelenchoidesfragariae) on King of Bitter Plant (Andrographispaniculata)</p><p>Leaf blotch nematode (Aphelenchoides fragariae) is one of the mostimportant constrains on cultivation of king of bitter plant (Andrographispaniculata). Information on the bioecology and control method of thenematode is still limited. In relation to finding an effective control methodof the nematode, this study aimed to evaluate several bioecological factorsof the nematode, such as its host range, inoculums source, and sensitivityof the nematode to several chemicals. The studies were conducted inlaboratory, green house, and experimental station of the IndonesianMedicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute in 2006-2008. Naturalhost range of the nematode was studied by examining the typical diseasesymptoms on leaves of several weeds grown in the nursery and field of theking of bitter plants, followed with extraction and morphologicalexamination of nematodes. Infection source of the nematode was carriedout by bioassay method using healthy king of bitter seedlings grown onsoil planting medium incorporated with suspected infection sources suchas animal manure, compost, organic fertilizer, and diseased leaf cutting ofthe plants. Sensitivity of the nematode to several pesticides (carbofuran,neem seed powder, neem seed extract, and cashew nut shell liquid) wasconducted in the green house and field. The results showed that six weedssuch as Ageratum conyzoides, Acalypha lanceolata, Oxalys sepium,Borreria sp., Lindernia sp., and Pleocnemia sp. grown in the nursery andfield of king of bitter plantation were infected with the nematode; thereforethese plants are natural alternate hosts of A. fragariae. Organic animalmanure and infected fallen leaves of the king of bitter were importantsources of inoculums of A. fragariae, however, main spread of the diseasewas through infected seedlings and direct contact between healthy andinfected leaves. Leaf blotch disease development occurred 2-4 weeks afterfirst infection. Chemicals such as carbofuran (2-5 g/plant), cashew nutshell liquid (0.5-1.0%), neem seed powder (10.0-15.0 g/plant) and extract(0.5-1.0%) were effectively suppressed the nematode. Planting disease-free seedlings, sanitation, and application of well-decomposed animalmanure and certain chemical pesticides are important factors to control theleaf blotch nematode on king of bitter plant.</p><p>Key words: Andrographis paniculata, king of bitter, leaf blotchnematode, Aphelenchoides fragariae, bioecology.</p>
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HARNI, RITA, SUPRAMANA SUPRAMANA, MEITY S. SINAGA, GIYANTO GIYANTO, and SUPRIADI SUPRIADI. "PENGARUH FILTRAT BAKTERI ENDOFIT TERHADAP MORTALITAS, PENETASAN TELUR DAN POPULASI NEMATODA PELUKA AKAR Pratylenchus brachyurus PADA NILAM." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 16, no. 1 (June 19, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v16n1.2010.43-47.
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<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Pratylenchus brachyurus merupakan salah satu patogen utama padatanaman nilam di Indonesia. Pengendalian yang banyak dilakukan petanisaat ini adalah menggunakan pestisida sintetik. Penggunaan pestisidasintetik yang terus menerus merupakan ancaman terhadap lingkungan, dankesehatan manusia. Bakteri endofit mungkin dapat dimanfaatkan sebagaisalah satu teknik pengendalian nematoda yang ramah lingkungan karenabakteri endofit dapat menghasilkan racun yang toksik terhadap nematoda.Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat pengaruh kultur filtrat bakteri endofitterhadap mortalitas nematoda, penetasan telur dan perkembangannematoda di dalam akar nilam. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium danRumah kaca Hama dan Penyakit Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat danAromatik Bogor, dari bulan Januari sampai April 2008 menggunakanrancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Filtrat bakteri dibuat dengan caramenumbuhkan bakteri endofit pada media TSB selama 48 jam, kemudiandisentrifugasi dengan kecepatan 7.000 rpm selama 15 menit. Filtratdisaring dengan milipore berdiameter 0,22 µm, selanjutnya filtrat diujipada nematoda in vitro dan rumah kaca. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa filtrat dapat membunuh nematoda dalam waktu 24 jam dengannilai LC 50 sebesar 7,709%. Bakteri endofit isolat TT2 dan EH11memperlihatkan daya bunuh paling tinggi yaitu 91-100%. Di samping itufiltrat bakteri endofit juga dapat menekan penetasan telur nematoda 48,5-74,6% dibanding dengan kontrol. Namun hanya filtrat bakteri endofitisolat EH11 yang nyata dapat menekan populasi nematoda di dalam akarnilam dengan tingkat penekanan sebesar 81,3%.</p><p>Kata kunci : Pratylenchus brachyurus, bakteri endofit, kultur filtrat,Pogostemon cablin</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Effect of culture filtrates endophytic bacteria on themortality, hatching eggs and population of root lesionnematodes Pratylenchus brachyurus on patchouli</p><p>Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus) is an importantpathogen of patchouli in Indonesia and causes significant losses. Controlsystem that are done today is using synthetic pesticides. The use ofsynthetic pesticides is a continuing threat to the environment and humanhealth. However, endophytic bacterial culture filtrates may be used as oneof the nematode control that is environmentally friendly. Effect of culturefiltrates endophytic bacteria on the mortality, hatching eggs and populationroot lesion nematodes Pratylenchus brachyurus on patchouli has beendone in vitro and greenhouse. The results showed that the culture filtrate ofendophytic bacteria produced metabolite toxic to nematodes and wereable to kill P. brachyurus 100% within 24 hours with LC 50 7.709%. TT2and EH11 isolates showed high killing power of 91-100%. The culturefiltrates also inhibited hatching of P. brachyurus eggs compared withcontrols. Not all culture filtrates can suppress the nematode population inthe roots of patchouli. EH11 isolates filtrate really pressing nematodepopulations compared to other isolates.</p><p>Key words: Pratylenchus brachyurus, culture filtrate, endophyticbacteria, Pogostemon cablin</p>
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Mariyono, Mariyono, Eko Yuliarsha Sidhi, and Nugraheni Hadiyanti. "Keefektifan Patogenesitas Steirmema Carpocapsae (all strain) terhadap Hama Plutella xylostella L." Jurnal Agrinika : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Agribisnis 5, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/agrinika.v5i1.1555.
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The utilization of entomopathogenic nematodes is an example of the uses of an environmentally friendly biological agent. Entomopathogenic nematodes of the family Steinernematidae and Hetrorhabditidae are very potential to control insect pests. The purpose of this study was to study the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (all strains) as a biological control against Plutella xylostella. This research includes 2 stages, namely the preparation stage and laboratory experiments. The experimental design in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of six treatments and three replications. The treatments tested were entomopathogenic nematode concentrations consisting of six levels: 0, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 infective juvenile per ml. The LC50 and LT50 values were calculated using Probit analysis. The results of observations of nematodes that enter the insect body and pest mortality were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), once showing a significant difference, it was then continued to the DMRT test at 5% level. Based on the results of the study, the highest pathogenicity against Plutella xylostella was Steinernema carpocapsae (all strains) when compared to Steinernema glaseri (NC) and Steinernema sp. local isolates. Resistance to Steinernema carpocapsae (all strains) and the LC50 value were determined by the age of Plutella xylostella larvae. The bigger and older the larvae, the more its resistance to Steinernema carpocapsae (All strains) and the LC50 value. The number of entomopathogenic nematodes that enter the body of Plutella xylostella increased with increasing length of contact time.Penggunaan nematoda entomopatogen merupakan salah satu pemanfaatan agensia hayati yang ramah lingkungan. Nematoda entomopatogen dari famili Steinernematidae dan Hetrorhabditidae sangat potensial untuk mengendalikan serangga hama. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari patogenisitas nematoda entomopatogen Steinernema carpocapsae (all strain) sebagai pengendali hayati terhadap hama Plutella xylostella. Penelitian ini meliputi 2 tahap yaitu tahap persiapan dan percobaan laboratorium. Rancangan percobaan pada penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri enam perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diujikan adalah konsentrasi nematoda entomopatogen yang terdiri enam taraf: 0, 8, 16, 32, 64 dan 128 infektif juvenile/ml. Nilai LC50 dan LT50 dihitung menggunakan analisis probit. Hasil pengamatan nematoda yang masuk dalam tubuh serangga dan mortalitas hama dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA), apabila menunjukkan beda nyata dilanjutkan uji DMRT taraf 5%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, patogenisitas tertinggi terhadap Plutella xylostella adalah Steinernema carpocapsae (all strain) bila dibandingkan dengan Steinernema glaseri (NC) dan Steinernema sp. isolat lokal. Ketahanan terhadap Steinernema carpocapsae (All strain) dan nilai LC50 ditentukan umur larva Plutella xylostella. Semakin besar dan tua umur larva, ketahanan terhadap Steinernema carpocapsae (All strain) dan nilai LC50 juga semakin meningkat. Jumlah nematoda entomopatogen yang masuk kedalam tubuh Plutella xylostella semakin banyak seiring dengan bertambah lamanya waktu kontak.
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Sánchez-Monge, Alcides, and Jorge Cortés. "Marine nematodes of Costa Rica: state of the art." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 19, no. 2 (June 28, 2024): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.19.e115345.
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Nematoda is the fourth most diverse animal phylum and is widely distributed. Marine nematodes are generally the most speciose group of meiofauna, yet there are relatively few studies on the taxonomy and biodiversity of free living marine nematodes. Here we present a review of the existing scientific literature and data in international databases on marine nematodes of Costa Rica. Most of the papers currently available mentioned Nematoda as the most abundant phylum in terms of the number of individuals within sand samples, nonetheless, only three publications included taxonomic data such as the description of new species or new records. Most publications are for the Pacific coast and we found only one paper for the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Large sections of the coasts and almost all the Exclusive Economic Zone remain unexplored in terms of nematode diversity, abundance and ecological role. Ten species, five free-living and five parasitic species, have been reported from the coasts of Costa Rica. Several reports indicate the presence of nematodes without further identification. More effort should be dedicated to the taxonomic identification of nematodes since, in addition to being the most abundant group, they can also be used as biological indicators.
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Gdemakarti, Yoshua, Bainah Sari Dewi, I. Gede Swibawa, and Irwan Sukri Banuwa. "KOMUNITAS NEMATODA TANAH DI BLOK LINDUNG HUTAN PENDIDIKAN KONSERVASI TERPADU TAMAN HUTAN RAYA WAN ABDUL RACHMAN." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 9, no. 1 (April 18, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v9i1.10464.
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Hutan Pendidikan Konservasi Terpadu (HPKT) is part of Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman (Tahura WAR) enabled to support educational activities and research. The quality of the soil in this area is influenced by several factors, one of the factors i.e. nematodes. The aim of study to know the community of nematodes on the Protection Block, Hutan Pendidikan Konservasi Terpadu, Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park. The research was conducted in April to May 2018. The soil samples were taken on arboretum seven, arboretum eight, arboretum nine and arboretum 10. Nematode observations were conducted in the laboratory of Plant Pests, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Nematodes have been identified to genus level based on morphological traits. The result of study showed that there are 29 genus of nematode consists of 17 plant parasitic nematode genera, seven nematoda bacterial-feeding, three nematode fungal-feeding, one omnivore nematode and one predator nematode. The dominant nematode genera are Criconomella, Helycotylenchulus dan Rotylenchulus. The abundance of nematodes ranges from 251-613 individuals / 300cc soil. The diversity of soil nematodes based on the Shannon-Wienner index ranges from 2.33-2.62. The Shannon-Whienner Index criteria are classified as moderate. The Simpson Index ranges from 0.862-0.907. The highest similarity index genus in arboretum seven with arboretum nine and arboretum eight with arboretum nine with a value of 0.81. The lowest in arboretum seven and arboretum 10 that is 0.63.
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BLAXTER, MARK, and GEORGIOS KOUTSOVOULOS. "The evolution of parasitism in Nematoda." Parasitology 142, S1 (June 25, 2014): S26—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000791.
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SUMMARYNematodes are abundant and diverse, and include many parasitic species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that parasitism of plants and animals has arisen at least 15 times independently. Extant nematode species also display lifestyles that are proposed to be on the evolutionary trajectory to parasitism. Recent advances have permitted the determination of the genomes and transcriptomes of many nematode species. These new data can be used to further resolve the phylogeny of Nematoda, and identify possible genetic patterns associated with parasitism. Plant-parasitic nematode genomes show evidence of horizontal gene transfer from other members of the rhizosphere, and these genes play important roles in the parasite-host interface. Similar horizontal transfer is not evident in animal parasitic groups. Many nematodes have bacterial symbionts that can be essential for survival. Horizontal transfer from symbionts to the nematode is also common, but its biological importance is unclear. Over 100 nematode species are currently targeted for sequencing, and these data will yield important insights into the biology and evolutionary history of parasitism. It is important that these new technologies are also applied to free-living taxa, so that the pre-parasitic ground state can be inferred, and the novelties associated with parasitism isolated.
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HODDA, M. "Phylum Nematoda: trends in species descriptions, the documentation of diversity, systematics, and the species concept." Zootaxa 5114, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 290–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5114.1.2.
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This paper summarizes the trends in nematode species description and systematics emerging from a comparison of the latest comprehensive classification and census of Phylum Nematoda (Hodda 2022a, b) with earlier classifications (listed in Hodda 2007). It also offers some general observations on trends in nematode systematics emerging from the review of the voluminous literature used to produce the classification. The trends in nematodes can be compared with developments in the systematics of other organisms to shed light on many of the general issues confronting systematists now and into the future.
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Riemann, F. "The deep-sea nematode Thalassomonhystera bathislandica sp. nov. and microhabitats of nematodes in flocculent surface sediments." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 3 (August 1995): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400039126.
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Thalassomonhystera bathislandica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Monhysteridae) was found in abundance in a few gelatinous phytodetritus aggregates collected from the surface of bottom sediments in the north-eastern Atlantic at depths of about 4000 m. The new species resembles T. islandica (De Coninck, 1943), an inhabitant of saltmarshes. Viscous detrital aggregates, including sediment agglutinations made by the nematodes themselves, are perceived as the preferred habitats of nematode species in fluffy surficial muds. It is suggested that physical constraints prevent nematodes from a fast invasion into freshly sedimented, loose detritus deposits.
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Legaspi, Jesusa C., Benjamin C. Legaspi, and Robert R. Saldaña. "Evaluation of Steinernema riobravis (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) Against the Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.2.141.
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The virulency of an endemic nematode, Steinernema riobravis Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), was tested against the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini(Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in the laboratory and field. Steinernema riobravis caused 100% mortality in E. loftini larvae at all concentrations of 20 to 240 nematodes per larva 2 d post treatment. Numbers of juvenile progeny increased significantly with inoculum dosage of nematodes. Average juvenile progeny ranged from 2,000 per borer larva at 10 nematodes per larva to over 4,000 per larva at 120 per larva. A field experiment on sugarcane (Saccharum spp. cv ‘NCo 310’) was performed using three treatments: (1) control (no nematodes); (2) low application rate (1.24 × 109 nematodes/ha); and, (3) high application rate (2.47 × 109 nematodes/ha). At weekly intervals, the field was sampled for numbers of internodes per stalk, numbers of internodes damaged by borer larvae, and parasitoids reared from larvae collected. The field results showed the nematode treatments were ineffective in reducing borer incidence or damage. Percentage of bored internodes and numbers of borers collected significantly increased with time, but treatment effects were not significant. Numbers of parasitoids emerging from the larvae collected were too low to be analyzed statistically. Plant height, aboveground biomass, and juice quality were not significantly affected by treatment. The ineffectiveness of the nematode applications may be due to desiccation caused by exposure to sunlight and inadequate humidity, as well as poor contact with the target insect.
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Daramola, Fisayo Y., Rinus Knoetze, Antoinette Swart, and Antoinette P. Malan. "First report and molecular characterization of the dagger nematode, Xiphinema oxycaudatum (Nematoda, Dorylaimidae) from South Africa." ZooKeys 894 (December 3, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.894.35281.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 comprise a complex group of nematode species, some of which are important vectors of plant viruses. During a field survey to determine the soil health of an abandoned honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) monoculture, a high density of the dagger nematode, Xiphinema oxycaudatum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 (Nematoda, Dorylaimidae), was observed in soil around the roots of honeybush plants in an abandoned farmland at Bereaville, an old mission station in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Soil samples were taken from the rhizosphere of plants and nematodes were extracted from the soil using a modified extraction tray method. Specimen of the dagger nematodes were processed for scanning electron microscopy, morphological and molecular analysis. Molecular profiling of the nematode species was done in order to give an accurate diagnosis and to effectively discriminate the nematode from other species within the Xiphinema americanum group. Phylogenetic analysis based on the D2D3 expansion segment of the 28S gene supported a close relationship of species within the americanum group, however, the protein-coding cytochrome oxidase (coxI) of the mitochondrial gene provided a useful tool for distinguishing the nematode from other species within the group. This study represents the first report of X. oxycaudatum from South Africa.
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Heve, William K., William T. Crow, and Tesfamarian Mengistu. "Dagger Nematode Xiphinema spp. (Cobb, 1913) Inglis, 1983 (Nematoda: Enoplea: Dorylaimia: Dorylaimina: Xiphinematinae)." EDIS 2015, no. 5 (August 5, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1097-2015.
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Dagger nematodes parasitize plants. They cause economic damage and death of host crops through feeding on the roots and by spreading viral mosaic and wilting diseases, but field studies have shown that some control measures targeting reduction in the population of dagger nematodes can be effective in controlling viral diseases in susceptible crops. This 7-page fact sheet was written by William K. Heve, William T. Crow, and Tesfamarian Mengistu, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, June 2015.
EENY 626/IN1097: Dagger Nematode Xiphinema spp. (Cobb, 1913) Inglis, 1983 (Nematoda: Enoplea: Dorylaimia: Dorylaimina: Xiphinematinae) (ufl.edu)
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Goldstein, Bob. "On the evolution of early development in the Nematoda." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1414 (October 29, 2001): 1521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0977.
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The phylum Nematoda serves as an excellent model system for exploring how development evolves, using a comparative approach to developmental genetics. More than 100 laboratories are studying developmental mechanisms in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , and many of the methods that have been developed for C. elegans can be applied to other nematodes. This review summarizes what is known so far about steps in early development that have evolved in the nematodes, and proposes potential experiments that could make use of these data to further our understanding of how development evolves. The promise of such a comparative approach to developmental genetics is to fill a wide gap in our understanding of evolution—a gap spanning from mutations in developmental genes through to their phenotypic results, on which natural selection may act.
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Holterman, Martijn, Michaela Schratzberger, and Johannes Helder. "Nematodes as evolutionary commuters between marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 756–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz107.
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Abstract Nematodes are the only major metazoan group which is persistently abundant and diverse across marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. This could be the result of a few major habitat transitions followed by extensive diversification, or numerous habitat transitions followed by moderate diversification. To pinpoint habitat transitions, we superposed nematode habitat associations on an available phylum-wide phylogenetic tree based on small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences (≈2730 SSU rDNA sequences covering ≈1750 nematode taxa). Our analysis revealed at least 30 major habitat transitions within the phylum Nematoda. These transitions as well as their directionality were unevenly spread over the 12 major clades. Most transitions reside in Clades 1–6, and these transitions are bidirectional. Members of Clades 8–12 showed five full transitions, and these took place exclusively from terrestrial to marine systems. We relate our results to the distinct secretory–excretory systems in Clades 1–6 and Clades 8–12, as well as to differences in water permeability of the nematode cuticle. Hence, the phylum Nematoda is characterized by a relatively large number of habitat transitions followed by moderate diversification. The identification of multiple habitat transitions at a low taxonomic level will facilitate future investigations into the mechanisms underlying this unusual ecological flexibility.
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Morais, Aprígio Mota, Melissa Querido Cárdenas, and José Celso de Oliveira Malta. "Nematofauna of red piranha Pygocentrus nattereri (Kner, 1958) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Amazonia, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 3 (July 2019): 458–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019055.
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Abstract Between March and October 2008, 355 specimens of Pygocentrus nattereri were collected from the lowland lakes of Central Amazonia, Brazil, to study their nematode fauna. A total of 1.116 specimens of Nematoda were collected, belonging to six species. Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus was the species with the highest parasite indices. Larvae of Anisakis sp. have zoonotic potential and were found parasitizing the intestine and liver of Pygocentrus nattereri. Some of these nematode species were new records for the host P. nattereri. The diversity of nematodes that use P. nattereri as a host indicates the important role of this fish species in the maintenance of these six nematode species in the lowland lakes of Central Amazonia.
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Reyes-Torres, Limarie Judith, Yazminne Meléndez-Torres, and Alonso Ramírez. "Ocurrencia de nemátodos en ninfas de Ephemeroptera en una quebrada de bosque tropical lluvioso." Intropica 11 (December 21, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21676/23897864.1863.
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Nematodes are common symbionts of aquatic insects. Here, we assessed the presence of nematodes in mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera), evaluated their prevalence in the population, and determined factors associated with nematode presence. Mayflies were collected (n = 130) from three stream habitats (riffles, pools, and boulders) using a D net, in Prieta stream, El Verde Field Station, Puerto Rico. Mayflies were dissected and nematode presence was determined under a light microscope (4 x and 10 x). Nematode prevalence was 50 %. Nematodes were not identified beyond Phylum level, but we were able to eliminate various groups as infective agents (Nematoda: Mermithidae and Nematomorpha: Gordiida). They were mostly found in the abdomen, head or thorax of mayflies. There were differences in infection among taxa, Neohagenulus was the group with the highest proportion of infection. Mayfly body shape, feeding strategy, or activity potentially explain differences in infection among taxa. There were no differences in infection among habitats, but mayflies were less abundant in riffles; and there was no relation between mayfly body length and the number of nematodes present. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a nematode present in mayfly nymphs in Puerto Rico.
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DAVIES, KERRIE A., WEIMIN YE, ROBIN M. GIBLIN-DAVIS, GARY S. TAYLOR, SONJA SCHEFFER, and W. KELLEY THOMAS. "The nematode genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae): molecular phylogeny, descriptions of clades and associated galls, host plants and Fergusonina fly larvae." Zootaxa 2633, no. 1 (October 1, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2633.1.1.
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Collection data and biological information is presented on the genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) from Australasia, India and The Philippines, an emended diagnosis of the genus is presented, and its putative phylogeny is discussed based on molecular and morphological evidence. About 20 clades have been found, and are outlined, including information on nematode and fly morphology; plant host species and distribution. Fly morphology, particularly the structure of the dorsal shield of third stage larvae, is congruent with the clades of nematodes, suggesting coevolution. However, little evidence of coevolution between the fly/nematode association and their host plants is apparent: host-switching appears to have been common, although host-specificity is stringent among most clades. A key to the species and morphospecies of nematodes collected from Corymbia, Angophora, Metrosideros, Syzygium, narrow-leaved Melaleuca, and Eucalyptus is presented.
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Poinar, George. "Heydenius brownii sp. n. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitising a planthopper (Homoptera: Achilidae) in Baltic amber." Nematology 3, no. 8 (2001): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854101753625263.
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AbstractA fossil mermithid nematode, Heydenius brownii sp. n. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) emerging from a planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Achilidae) in Baltic amber, is described. This is the first parasite of a fossil member of the order Hemiptera. There are no reports of mermithid parasitism of extant achilids; however, other families of planthoppers are attacked by mermithids in North America, Asia and Australia today. This find shows that parasitism of achilid fulgorids by mermithid nematodes was well established some 40 million years ago.
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Zheng, Jinshui, Donghai Peng, Ling Chen, Hualin Liu, Feng Chen, Mengci Xu, Shouyong Ju, Lifang Ruan, and Ming Sun. "The Ditylenchus destructor genome provides new insights into the evolution of plant parasitic nematodes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1835 (July 27, 2016): 20160942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0942.
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Plant-parasitic nematodes were found in 4 of the 12 clades of phylum Nematoda. These nematodes in different clades may have originated independently from their free-living fungivorous ancestors. However, the exact evolutionary process of these parasites is unclear. Here, we sequenced the genome sequence of a migratory plant nematode, Ditylenchus destructor . We performed comparative genomics among the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans and all the plant nematodes with genome sequences available. We found that, compared with C. elegans , the core developmental control processes underwent heavy reduction, though most signal transduction pathways were conserved. We also found D. destructor contained more homologies of the key genes in the above processes than the other plant nematodes. We suggest that Ditylenchus spp. may be an intermediate evolutionary history stage from free-living nematodes that feed on fungi to obligate plant-parasitic nematodes. Based on the facts that D. destructor can feed on fungi and has a relatively short life cycle, and that it has similar features to both C. elegans and sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes from clade 12, we propose it as a new model to study the biology, biocontrol of plant nematodes and the interaction between nematodes and plants.
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Fitzpatrick, David A., and Damien M. O'Halloran. "Investigating the Relationship between Topology and Evolution in a Dynamic Nematode Odor Genetic Network." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 (September 28, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/548081.
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The relationship between biological network architectures and evolution is unclear. Within the phylum nematoda olfaction represents a critical survival tool. For nematodes, olfaction contributes to multiple processes including the finding of food, hosts, and reproductive partners, making developmental decisions, and evading predators. Here we examine a dynamic nematode odor genetic network to investigate how divergence, diversity, and contribution are shaped by network topology. Our findings describe connectivity frameworks and characteristics that correlate with molecular evolution and contribution across the olfactory network. Our data helps guide the development of a robust evolutionary description of the nematode odor network that may eventually aid in the prediction of interactive and functional qualities of novel nodes.
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Wiratno, Siswanto, and I. M. Trisawa. "Prospek Ekstrak Daun Tembakau Sebagai Nematisida Nabati." Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 5, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bultas.v5n2.2013.91-98.
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<p>Nematisida nabati adalah salah satu jenis nematisida alami yang saat ini sedang banyak dipelajari peranan-nya dalam mengendalikan nematoda. Nematisida ini relatif aman bagi lingkungan dan organisme hidup karena bahan aktifnya berasal dari senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman yang mudah terurai. Pemanfaatan senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman sebagai bahan aktif nematisida nabati didasarkan pada fungsinya bagi tanaman, di antaranya sebagai sarana untuk perlindungan diri dari serangan hama dan penyakit. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan adalah tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum). Daun tembakau mengandung senyawa nikotin dan secara in vivo mampu membunuh nematoda Meloidogyne incognita dengan nilai LC50 dan LC90 berturut-turut sebesar 1,9 dan 3,6 mg ekstrak/ml air. Nematoda yang mati terpapar ekstrak daun tembakau berbentuk keriting (curly), menyerupai bentuk nematoda yang mati terpapar insektisida organo-fosfat dan karbamat yang menghambat pembentukan senyawa acetylcholine dalam sistem syaraf organisme hidup. Fenomena ini dapat dijadikan salah satu indikator untuk mendeteksi cara kerja berbagai senyawa se-kunder tanaman dalam membunuh hama yang hingga kini masih belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan dari penu-lisan tinjauan ini adalah untuk mengkaji prospek ekstrak daun tembakau sebagai nematisida nabati, juga sebagai alternatif diversifikasi pemanfaatan tembakau selain untuk bahan baku rokok.</p><p> </p><p>Botanical nematicide is one type of natural pesticide, which is currently being studied for its role in the control of nematodes. This nematicide is safer for the environment and living organisms as the active ingredient de-rived from secondary metabolite of plants is biodegradable. Utilization of this compound as active ingredients of botanical nematicide is based on naturally used as a mean of self-protection against pests and diseases. One plant that potentially to be used as nematicide is tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Tobacco leaves extract is able to kill the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, with LC50 and LC90 values are 1.9 and 3.6 mg extract/ml of water, respectively. Body of the dead nematodes exposed by this extract shows curly shape similar to that of exposed by an organophosphate and carbamate groups, which acts as acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors. Meanwhile the body of naturally dead nematode shows straight shape. This phenomenon can be used as an indicator to detect the mode of action of plant secondary metabolite compounds that have not been widely known. This paper would discuss about possibility of using extracted tobacco leaf as botanical nematicide, and also alternatife of tobacco diversification usage except cigarette.</p>
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Crow, William T. "Spiral Nematode Helicotylenchus spp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae)." EDIS 2017, no. 5 (October 3, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in973-2017.
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Also published on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/NEMATODE/spiral_nematode.htm
Includes: Introduction - Distribution - Life Cycle and Biology - Hosts - Symptoms - Identification - Economic Importance - Management - Selected References
Original EDIS publication:
Crow, William. 2013. “Spiral Nematode, Helicotylenchus Pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1941) Golden, 1956 (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae)”. EDIS 2013 (1). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/120478.
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POINAR, GEORGE, and JUSTIN B. RUNYON. "Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae), a tylenchid nematode parasite of long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)." Zootaxa 5072, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5072.1.5.
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A tylenchid nematode parasite of a male long-legged fly, Tachytrechus sanus Osten Sacken (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Montana, USA is described as Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae). The new species is characterized by the presence of an extremely long first generation female and numerous short and wide second generation males and females produced in “enclosed” clusters in the host’s body cavity. Both generation female nematodes are ovoviviparous, with short stylets lacking knobs and simple tails lacking spikes, palps or mucrons. The second generation males have paired, separate spicules, short stylets, and a bursa but no visible gubernaculum. The fly host shows evidence of demasculinization, which is attributed to nematode parasitism. The gonads of the second generation adults are infected with a microsporidium (Microsporidia), which is a new host record for tylenchid nematodes. A tylenchid-infected Baltic amber dolichopodid shows that associations between these two organisms extend back at least to the Eocene.
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Castillo, Pablo. "Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae)." Plant Pathology 61, no. 2 (March 14, 2012): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02563.x.
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Nyaku, S. T., T. Amponsah-Awuku, E. Belbaar-Ib Guri, and S. Asare-Okai. "Parasitic nematode populations associated with developmental stages of mango in production regions of Ghana." African Crop Science Journal 32, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v32i1.6.
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Nematode (Phylum nematoda) infestation is a major set back in mango (Mangifera indica) production world-wide. Control of nematodes requires understanding of their diversity, distribution and population densities. The objective of this study was to identify plant-parasitic nematodes associated with mangoes and their population densities at seedling and maturity stages in production regions of Ghana. The study was conducted in Greater Accra (Manya and Klagon) and the Eastern region (Somanya) during December 2016 to January 2018. Mango farmlands were surveyed for soil and root samples, from which nematodes were extracted, identified and quantified. Twenty-four nematode genera were identified in mango seedlings and matured trees from Somanya; and 14 genera dentified in seedlings and 22 in matured trees from Manya; while at Klagon, 15 nematode genera were identified in matured trees. Helicotylenchus spp. were the most populated in seedlings obtained from Somanya and Manya, with relative abundance of 23.29%. Tylenchus spp. had the highest population in mature trees, with relative abundance of 24.49% at Somanya and 38.86% at Manya; while Helicotylenchus spp. had the highest relative abundance of 43.96% at Klagon. Mature trees had higher nematode population densities, compared to seedlings. There were significant variation in nematode populations between seedlings and matured stages of mango.
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Sunarto, Toto, Tarkus Suganda, Martua Suhunan Sianipar, and Aep Wawan Irwan. "Ketahanan Sistemik Terinduksi pada Tanaman Padi dengan Ekstrak Tumbuhan terhadap Nematoda Bengkak Akar (Meloidogyne graminicola Golden and Birchfiels)." Agrikultura 30, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v30i1.22624.
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ABSTRACTInduced systemic resistance in rice plant with plant extract to rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola Golden and Birchfiels)Rice is one of important crop that constantly infected by various pathogens. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne graminicola) can decrease rice productivity in Southeast Asia. These nematodes have been reported in Indonesia. Currently nematode control is focused on biological control, application of organic and inorganic materials, natural nematicide, and induction of resistance. The study was conducted in the greenhouse Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. The purpose of this study was to obtain an effective type of plant extract as an inducer of rice plant resistance to M. graminicola. The experiment used experimental method with Randomized Block Design consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment consists of application of plant leaf extract: kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata), beluntas (Plucea indica), water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), spinach thorn (Amaranthus spinosus), control (without plant extract), and carbofuran. The experimental results showed that the extract of beluntas (P. indica) and spinach thorn (A. spinosus) can decrease the amount of gall on the roots of rice plants, and can suppress the amount of juvenile II M. graminicola in 100 ml of soil.Keywords: Induced systemic resistance, Meloidogyne graminicola, Plant extract, RiceABSTRAKTanaman padi merupakan tanaman serealia penting di dunia. Patogen tanaman seperti jamur, bakteri, virus, dan nematoda merupakan faktor pembatas pada budidaya tanaman padi. Nematoda bengkak akar (Meloidogyne graminicola) dapat menurunkan produktivitas padi di Asia Tenggara, dan nematoda ini telah dilaporkan terdapat di Indonesia. Pengendalian nematoda parasit tanaman sangat sulit, umumnya menggunakan nematisida kimia yang berbahaya bagi manusia dan lingkungan. Saat ini pengendalian nematoda difokuskan pada pengendalian secara biologi, aplikasi bahan organik dan inorganik, nematisida alami, dan induksi resistensi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di rumah kaca Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk memperoleh jenis ekstrak tumbuhan yang efektif sebagai bahan penginduksi ketahanan tanaman padi terhadap M. graminicola. Penelitian menggunakan metode percobaan dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok terdiri dari 6 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari kontrol (tanpa ekstrak tumbuhan), aplikasi ekstrak daun tumbuhan kirinyuh, beluntas, eceng gondok, bayam duri, dan karbofuran. fek ekstrak tumbuhan sebagai bahan penginduksi tanaman diuji terhadap jumlah gall pada akar, jumlah juvenile tingkat kedua (J2) M. graminicola dalam tanah, berat basah bagian atas tanaman, berat basah akar, dan tinggi tanaman padi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ekstrak daun tanaman bayam duri dan beluntas dengan metode seed treatment (perendaman benih padi) dan soil drench (penyiraman pada tanah sekitar tanaman padi) dapat menurunkan jumlah gall pada akar padi dan tanaman padi resisten terhadap M. graminicola. Ekstrak daun bayam duri dan beluntas dapat menekan jumlah J2 M. graminicola dalam tanah dan meningkatkan berat basah akar dan tinggi tanaman padi.Kata Kunci: Ekstrak tumbuhan, Ketahanan sistemik terinduksi, Meloidogyne graminicola, Padi
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Dvoretsky, Alexander G., Mariana P. Plaksina, and Vladimir G. Dvoretsky. "First Record of Nematode Larvae in the Amphipod Ischyrocerus commensalis Colonizing Red King Crabs in the Barents Sea." Diversity 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010040.
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In this study, nematodes were first reported in the amphipods, Ischyrocerus commensalis, collected from the introduced and commercially important red king crabs, Paralithodes camtschaticus, in the coastal Barents Sea in July 2022. Commensal amphipods were registered on all red king crabs captured (n = 70, prevalence 100%). Further laboratory analysis revealed that 11 out of 467 amphipod individuals (prevalence 2.4%) harbored single third-stage larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. l. (Nematoda: Anisakidae). The nematode larvae ranged from 0.63 to 6.10 mm in body length. Due to the low prevalence of nematodes and lower vulnerability of the host amphipods to fish predators, negative effects on the Barents Sea ecosystem through the range expansion of crab-associated amphipods and their parasites are unlikely.
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Delli Lefiana and Dihan Kurnia. "Prevalensi nematoda gastrointestinal pada sapi di Pasar Ternak Payakumbuh." Agrivet : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian dan Peternakan (Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Veteriner) 12, no. 1 (June 12, 2024): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31949/agrivet.v12i1.9585.
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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Nematoda infection in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle at Payakumbuh Cattle Market. The research was conducted in August 2020. The method used was a survey using purposive sampling. One hundred fifty-five cow dung samples were collected from the Payakumbuh Cattle Market. The fecal examination was performed using the flotation method and sedimentation method. The gastrointestinal nematode was Strongyloides sp, Ostertagia sp., and Trichuris sp. Infection with one roundworm species in 18.46% of cows and 24% of bulls. Infection with two roundworm species in 10% of cows and 20% bulls. Infection with three roundworm species in 2.3% in cows and 4% in bulls. The prevalence of three roundworm species was 0.77% in cows and not found in bulls. The rate of nematode infection in the 0-2-year-old group was 29.16%, and the > two-year-old group was 33.73%. It can be concluded that the average cattle in the Payakumbuh Cattle Market are infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, and severe treatment is needed either by farmers or by involvement from the local government.
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Mehmood, Tabassum Ara Khanum, Salma Javed, Nasir. "DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF METARHABDITIS LONGICAUDATUS (NEMATODA: RHABDITIDAE) WITH THREE NEW RECORDS FROM SINDH, PAKISTAN." Plant Protection 3, no. 3 (December 29, 2019): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.003.03.3110.
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Many rhabditid nematodes like Metarhabditis belonging to the bacteriophage group are considered to be necromenic associates of insects and used to be facultative entomopathogenic nematodes or as biocontrol agents. These nematodes can be safely used against insect pests of different crops and vegetables. In the present study, nematode specimens of new and known species were collected from different areas of Sindh and isolated from soil samples by baiting technique using last instar Galleria mellonella. One new nematode species Metarhabditis longicaudata n. sp. and three new records of M. adenobia, M. amasactae, and M. rainai (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) were found from Sindh. M. longicaudata n. sp. differed from the species of the genus Metarhabditis by having long un-covered tail spike. It was also characterized by a large sized male 1286 (1154-1325) µm; longer male tail 69.5 (62-76) µm; longer spicule 43 (40-46) µm; leptoderan bursa; longer gubernaculum 27 (20-34) µm. The female was also of large size of 1507 (1366-1684) µm with larger tail 102 (94-112) µm and longer pharynx 231 (206-265) µm. The genus Metarhabditis is reported for the first time from Sindh, Pakistan.
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Noni Rahmadhini, Okta Gegana Purwadi, and Wiludjeng Widayati. "EKSPLORASI NEMATODA SISTA KENTANG (Globodera rostochiensis) PADA LAHAN TANAMAN KENTANG DI DESA SUMBER BRANTAS JAWA TIMUR." Agrisintech (Journal of Agribusiness and Agrotechnology) 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/agrisintech.v4i1.514.
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Kentang merupakan salah satu komoditas penting dan mendapat prioritas untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia karena potensi ekspor yang tinggi ke negara lain. Salah satu hambatan dalam peningkatan produksi tanaman kentang yaitu adanya serangan nematoda sista kentang (NSK). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberadaan NSK pada lahan kentang di Desa Sumber Brantas, Kecamatan Bumi Aji, Kota Batu, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara survei yaitu pengambilan sampel tanah di 2 lahan pertanaman kentang dan mengidentifikasi nematoda yang terdapat di dalamnya. Proses identifikasi dilakukan di Laboratorium Balai Besar Karantina Pertanian, Surabaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2022. Identifikasi dilakukan melalui pendekatan morfologi pada karakter pola perineal/sidik pantat nematoda betina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada lokasi penelitian telah ditemukan sebanyak 1528 sista yang berasal dari spesies Globodera rostochiensis. Potato is one of the important commodities and has priority to be developed in Indonesia because of its high export potential to other countries. One of the obstacles in increasing the production of potato plants is the potato cyst nematode (NSK) attack. This study aims to determine the presence of NSK on potato fields in Sumber Brantas Village, Bumi Aji District, Batu City, East Java Province. This research was conducted by means of a survey, namely taking soil samples in 2 potato plantations and identifying the nematodes present in them. The assistance process was carried out at the Laboratory of the Agricultural Quarantine Center, Surabaya. The study was conducted from April to May 2022. Identification was carried out through a morphological approach to the perineal pattern/butt print of female nematodes. The results showed that 1528 cysts from the Globodera rostochiensis species were found at the study site
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Boyko, A. A. "Helmintofauna of sheep and goats in Dnipropetrovsk region." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 6, no. 2 (August 25, 2015): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021516.
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Wormsof classes Nematoda Rudolphi, 1808, Trematoda Rudolphi, 1808 and Cestoda Rudolphi, 1808 were registered in small ruminants (sheep and goats) in Dnipropetrovsk region. Identified nematodes belongto Strongylata Railliet et Henry, 1913, Rhabditata Chitwood, 1933 and Trichurata Skrjabin, 1915. Among the trematodes, representatives of Fasciolata (Skrjabin et Schulz, 1935) were identified. Cestodes were represented by Anoplocephalata (Skrjabin, 1933). Among the specific types of nematodes,representatives of the Strongylata suborder were found: Muellerius sp., Protostrongylus sp., Haemonchus contortus Rundolphi, 1802, Nematodirus sp. Among the helminths Rhabditata we identified Strongyloides papillosus Wedl, 1856, Trichurata –Trichuris sp., Fasciolata –Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 andDicrocelium lanceatum Stiles et Hassall, 1896, Anoplocephalata –Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1810) andM. benedeni (Moniez, 1879). The dominant species among worms in ungulates was defined as nematode H. contortus. The smallest share in the group was taken by trematode species F. hepatica and nematodesTrichuris sp. The highest biodiversity indices are recorded in samples of material selected from ungulates consuming pasture herbage from May to September (ten species of worms belonging to three classes:Muellerius sp., Protostrongylus sp., H. contortus, Nematodirus sp., S. papillosus, Trichuris sp., F. hepatica, D. lanceatum, M. expansa, M. benedeni were registered). In animals not pastured throughout the year three types of worms of the class Nematoda: S. papillosus, H. contortus and Nematodirus sp. were defined.
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Akopian, Mkrtchian, Galstian, and Khurshudyan. "ON THE FAUNA OF PHYTONEMATODES OF ANTHROPOGENICALLY TRANSFORMED BIOCOENOSES IN ARMENIA." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.38-43.
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We have examined the fauna and structure of soil nematode communities in anthropogenically transformed biocoenoses of Armenia by example of two biotopes in Yerevan city – fruit and berry gardens, and woodland park area. Ecotrophic characteristics of the identified nematode groups was given, and population density for the most pathogenic groups was determined. Research was conducted in 2019 in the Dalma fruit and berry gardens, and woodland park area of the Hrazdan gorge of Yerevan. 167 soil samples were collected during the research in rhizosphere of 35 plant species. Soil samples were collected by standard methods for nematology. During the research, we identified 22 genera of Nematoda including 8 parasitic ones, belonging to 16 families and 6 orders. Ecotrophic structure of nematode communities in the mentioned biotopes was represented by 5 ecotrophic groups: bacteriotrophs – Rhabditis, Plectus, Cephalobus, Eucephalobus, Panagrolaimus, mycotrophs – Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, predators – Discolaimus,Mononchus, Mylonchulus, Clarcus, polytrophs – Dorylaimus, Eudorylaimus, Mesodorylaimus, phytotrophs: obligate and facultative parasites of plants – Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Criconema, Macroposthonia, Xiphinema, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Tylenchus. Plant parasitic nematodes (8 genera) were represented by the most diverse generic structure. Among them Xiphinema, Helicotylenchus, and Macroposthonia were found everywhere. However, high density of these Nematoda population was found in rhizosphere of fruit and berry crops in the Dalma gardens. The highest number of Xiphinemahas was detected in rhizosphere of grape (Vitis vinifera) – (147 specimens per 100 cm3 of soil), Macroposthonia in rhizosphere of fig (Ficus carica) – (178 specimens per 100 cm3 of soil) and grape (Vitis vinifera) – (185 specimens per 100 cm3 of soil), and Helicotylenchus in rhizosphere of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) – (250 specimens per 100 cm3 of soil). Bacteriotrophs and polytrophs were the next prevalent trophic groups of nematodes. The highest density of their population was detected in rhizosphere of ornamental plants in the Hrazdan gorge.
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Suryanti, Suryanti, Bambang Hadisutrisno, Mulyadi Mulyadi, and Jaka Widada. "IDENTIFIKASI FUSARIUM DAN NEMATODA PARASITIK YANG BERASOSIASI DENGAN PENYAKIT KUNING LADA DI KALIMANTAN BARAT (FUSARIUM IDENTIFICATION AND PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE ASSOCIATED WITH PEPPER YELLOWING DISEASE IN WEST KALIMANTAN)." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 19, no. 1 (November 16, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.16019.
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Pepper (Piper nigrum), known as the “King of Spices” is one of the most important spices. In the international market, Indonesian pepper has high selling value, due to its flavor characteristics. Pepper yellowing disease is one of the most important disease that caused the decrease of pepper production and become the main problem in the cultivation of pepper in West Kalimantan. This research was conducted to determine the major causal agent of leaf yellowing disease of pepper. The Fusarium associated with diseased plant were isolated from the symptomatic plant and nematodes were isolated from the root with leaf yellowing symptom. The Fusarium isolates were cultured on agar medium, and the nematode was cultured on tomato plant. From diseased pepper in West Kalimantan, it was isolated 4 Fusarium isolates and plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne. The result showed that H isolate of Fusarium was the most virulent isolate and identified asFusarium solani. The Meloidogyne was identified by the female perenial patern.The nematode was identified as Meloidogyne incognita.Keywords: Fusarium solani, Meloidogyne incognita, pepper yellowing diseaseLada (Piper nigrum L.) merupakan salah satu jenis rempah penting yang telah dikenal sebagai “King of Spices”. Di pasar internasional, lada Indonesia mempunyai daya jual tinggi karena cita rasanya yang khas. Salah satu kendaladalam budidaya lada adalah adanya penyakit kuning lada dan sampai saat ini menjadi masalah utama pada pertanaman lada di Kalimantan Barat. Informasi tentang patogen utama yang berinteraksi dengan penyakit kuning lada masih sangat terbatas, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi patogen utama yang berasosiasi dengan penyakit kuning lada. Isolasi Fusarium dilakukan dari batang lada dan isolasi nematoda dilakukan dari akar lada yang bergejalapenyakit kuning di Kalimantan Barat. Fusarium hasil isolasi dikulturkan dalam medium agar, sedangkan nematoda hasil isolasi dikulturkan dalam akar tomat. Dari hasil isolasi berhasil didapatkan empat isolat Fusarium dan nematodaMeloidogyne. Identifikasi Fusarium dilakukan secara morfologis dan molekuler, dan identifikasi Meloidogyne dilakukan dengan menggunakan irisan bagian posterior nematoda betina. Dari hasil identifikasi diketahui bahwa patogenyang berasosiasi dengan penyakit kuning lada adalah Fusarium solani dan Meloidogyne incognita.Kata kunci: Fusarium solani, Meloidogyne incognita, penyakit kuning lada
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Jessen, Peter, Reiner Luttmann, Ralf-Udo Ehlers, Olaf Strauch, and Urs Wyss. "Carbon dioxide triggers recovery from dauer juvenile stage in entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp.)." Nematology 2, no. 3 (2000): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100509196.
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AbstractHeterorhabditis spp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) live in a close symbiosis with the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. For biocontrol purposes the nematodes are produced in liquid culture pre-incubated with P. luminescens. The bacteria produce a food signal, inducing dauer juveniles (DJ) to initiate development. In rhabditid nematodes the exit from this developmentally arrested third stage DJ is called recovery. Attempts to produce Heterorhabditis spp. in liquid culture have often failed due to low and delayed recovery of the inoculated DJ. The influence of carbon dioxide as a recovery co-factor was investigated. Increasing concentrations of CO2 enhanced DJ recovery in the presence of the bacterial food signal. The effect could not be related to a decline of the pH caused by increasing CO2 concentrations. On the contrary, at lower pH the DJ recovery decreased. In one experiment a considerable spontaneous recovery was observed in the absence of a food signal. This phenomenon and a variable threshold response of the DJ to CO2 lead to the assumption that they are differently pre-disposed to respond to recovery inducing signals. Providing the results can be confirmed in laboratory scale bioreactors, the control of carbon dioxide during nematode liquid culture can help to improve the bioreactor process technology.Heterorhabditis spp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) leben in enger Symbiose mit dem Bakterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Für die biologische Bekämpfung werden die Nematoden in Flüssigkulturen vermehrt, die vorher mit P. luminescens inkubiert wurden. Die Bakterien produzieren ein Nahrungssignal, das die Dauerlarven (DJ) veranlasst, ihre Entwicklung wieder aufzunehmen. Bei rhabditiden Nematoden wird das Verlassen des entwicklungsphysiologisch gehemmten Dauerlarvenstadiums als “recovery” bezeichnet. Versuche, Heterorhabditis spp. in Flüssigkultur zu produzieren sind oft aufgrund einer niedrigen oder verspäteten “recovery” gescheitert. Der Einfluß von Kohlendioxid als Einflussfaktor auf die “recovery” wurde untersucht. Zunehmende CO2 Konzentrationen förderten die “recovery” bei Anwesenheit des Nahrungssignals. Einem mit zunehmender CO2-Konzentration fallenden pH-Wert konnte die Wirkung nicht zugeschrieben werden. Im Gegenteil, bei niedrigen pH-Werten nahm die “recovery” ab. In einem Experiment wurde eine spontane “recovery” beobachtet, ohne dass ein Nahrungssignal vorhanden war. Dieses Phänomen und die variable Antwort der Dauerlarven auf gleiche CO2-Konzentrationen lassen den Schluss zu, dass die Dauerlarven unterschiedlich prädisponiert sind in ihrer Reaktion auf die “recovery” induzierenden Signale. Vorausgesetzt die Ergebnisse können in LaborBioreaktoren bestätigt werden, ist die Regelung des Kohlendioxidgehalts während der Nematoden-Flüssigkultur eine Hilfe die Prozesstechnik zu optimieren.
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Poinar, George O. "A mermithid nematode, Cretacimermis aphidophilus sp. n. (Nematoda: Mermithidae), parasitising an aphid (Hemiptera: Burmitaphididae) in Myanmar amber: a 100 million year association." Nematology 19, no. 5 (2017): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003063.
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A new species of fossil mermithid,Cretacimermis aphidophilussp. n. (Nematoda: Mermithidae), is described from the primitive extinct aphid,Caulinus burmitis(Hemiptera: Burmitaphididae), in mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Aphid parasitism by mermithid nematodes is rare today with only two known cases involving root-feeding aphids. Based on the habits of the parasitised extant aphid hosts, it is likely that the fossil aphid was also a root parasite and encountered the infective stage mermithid in the soil. Such fossils provide rare glimpses of nematode-host associations from the distant past and provide minimum dates for the appearance of specific mermithid clades.
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Panjerrino, Yoshua Gdemakarti, Bainah Sari Dewi, and I. Gede Swibawa. "Diversity of Soil Nematode in Utilization Block Integrated Educational Conservation Forest, Wan Abdul Rachman Great Forest Park." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 7, no. 2 (June 18, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl27214-224.
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Change of land forest in Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park became agroforestry, affect of cover condition and decrease the content of soil matter. Nematode was one of the soils biotas that can be used as an indicator of change in the soil status. The aim of study is to know the community and diversity of nematodes on the Utilization Block, Integrated Educational Conservation Forest, Wan Abdul Rachman Great Forest Park. The research was conducted in April to May 2018. The soil samples were taken on arboretum one, arboretum two, arboretum three and arboretum four in Integrated Educational Conservation Forest, Wan Abdul Rachman Great Forest Park. Nematode observations were conducted in the Plant Pests Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Nematodes was identified to genus level based on morphological traits. The analysis used were including the index of diversity, dominance and similarities between genus arboretum. The results showed that there were 30 genus of nematode consists of 19 plant parasitic nematode genera, six nematoda bacterial-feeding, three nematode fungal-feeding and two predator nematodes. The dominant nematode genera were Criconomella, Helycotylenchulus and Rotylenchulus. The abundance of nematodes ranges from 171-617 individuals/300cm3 soil. The diversity of soil nematodes based on the Shannon-Wienner index ranges from 2,47 – 2,80. The Shannon-Whienner Index criteria were classified as moderate. The Simpson Index ranges from 0,89 – 0,93. The highest similarity index genus in arboretum three and four with a value of 0,81 and the lowest in arboretum two and three which is 0,54. Key words: nematodes community, Integrated Educational Conservation Forest, Wan Abdul Rachman Great Forest Park
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Shakya, Shilpy. "Nematicidal Activity of Natural Products against Root-knot Nematode: A Review." Journal of Plant Science Research 38, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jpsr.2022.38.02.20.
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Phylum Nematoda is the most abundant group among the metazoans. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are a serious threat to agrarian plants worldwide. RKN is among the most predominant spp. which affects a variety of plants and vegetables. It is challenging for farmers to manage these nematodes. The usage of nematicides is an efficient means of management of plant-parasitic nematodes. The continuous use of chemical nematicides can cause augmentation in cases of nematode resistance. In order to fulfill the requirement of modern sustainable agriculture along with safe environment and human health, there is need to switch over to natural remedies to control RKNs. Lately, many research studies have been carried out to isolate product from natural resources and evaluate their nematicidal activity against these nematodes. The present review provides a summary of nematicidal activity of the naturally derived substances against Meloidogyne incognita over the past few years.
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Tabassum, A. K. "Two new records of entomopathogenic nematodes(Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from Gilgit- Bultistan, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Nematology 35, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18681/pjn.v35.i02.p157-173.
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Lima, Fábio, Alice Pozza, and Pablo Lehmann. "Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) and Eustrongylides spp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) nematode larvae with zoonotic potencial found in two fish species from Tramandaí river basin, southern Brazil." Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 45, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): e495. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.3.495.
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Haegeman, Annelies, John T. Jones, and Etienne G. J. Danchin. "Horizontal Gene Transfer in Nematodes: A Catalyst for Plant Parasitism?" Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 8 (August 2011): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-11-0055.
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The origin of plant parasitism within the phylum Nematoda is intriguing. The ability to parasitize plants has originated independently at least three times during nematode evolution and, as more molecular data has emerged, it has become clear that multiple instances of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria and fungi have played a crucial role in the nematode's adaptation to this new lifestyle. The first reported HGT cases in plant-parasitic nematodes were genes encoding plant cell wall–degrading enzymes. Other putative examples of HGT were subsequently described, including genes that may be involved in the modulation of the plant's defense system, the establishment of a nematode feeding site, and the synthesis or processing of nutrients. Although, in many cases, it is difficult to pinpoint the donor organism, candidate donors are usually soil dwelling and are either plant-pathogenic or plant-associated microorganisms, hence occupying the same ecological niche as the nematodes. The exact mechanisms of transfer are unknown, although close contacts with donor microorganisms, such as symbiotic or trophic interactions, are a possibility. The widespread occurrence of horizontally transferred genes in evolutionarily independent plant-parasitic nematode lineages suggests that HGT may be a prerequisite for successful plant parasitism in nematodes.
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Crow, William T. "Sting Nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Belonolaimidae)." EDIS 2015, no. 3 (May 6, 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1080-2015.
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Among the most destructive plant-parasitic nematodes to a wide range of plants, Belonolaimus longicaudatus damages plant roots. When the plants cannot take up water and nutrients from the soil, they become stunted, wilt, and with severe infestation, die. Florida is considered to be the point-of-origin for Belonolaimus longicaudatus, and therefore this nematode exhibits a great deal of diversity in morphology, host preference, and genetics in our region. This 6-page fact sheet was written by W. T. Crow, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, March 2015. (Photo W. T. Crow, UF/IFAS)
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Ponair, George O., and Božidar P. M. Çurčič. "Nematode (Nematoda) Associates and Parasites of Pseudoscorpions (Arachnida)." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 63, no. 1 (January 1994): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1994.1016.
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Baqri, Qaiser H., and K. C. Kansal. "Plant and Soil Nematodes (Nematoda) of Bihar." Records of the Zoological Survey of India 98, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v98/i2/2000/159675.
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Hunt, David. "Free-living nematodes of Hungary (Nematoda errantia)." Nematology 10, no. 2 (2008): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854108783476296.
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Hunt, David. "Free-living nematodes of Hungary (Nematoda errantia)." Nematology 10, no. 2 (2008): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854108783476395.
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Eyualem Abebe, Wilfrida Decraemer, and Paul De Ley. "Global diversity of nematodes (Nematoda) in freshwater." Hydrobiologia 595, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9005-5.
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