Journal articles: 'Nematoda Anatomy'

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Huang, Ren-E., Runsheng Li, and Zhongying Zhao. "Discovery of a free-living nematode phylogenetically related to vertebrate parasites of the genus Strongyloides (Nematoda : Strongyloidoidea): morphological, anatomical and molecular characterisation." Invertebrate Systematics 30, no. 4 (2016): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is15048.

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Nematodes are important, largely because they frequently act as parasites and threaten the health of plants, animals and even humans. Here, we describe an interesting free-living nematode from land snails on Luofu Mountain, Guangdong, China. Alloionema luofuensis, sp. nov. is phylogenetically related to slug-parasite A. appendiculatum and the well-known vertebrate parasites Strongyloides spp. based on small subunit (SSU) and the D2-D3 domain of large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences. The new species possesses an extremely transparent body and is easily maintained using C. elegans culture media, suggesting a possible application prospect of this free-living nematode as a comparative model system for its related parasites. Morphology and anatomy of the gonochoristic A. luofuensis, sp. nov. adult were described and illustrated. The species is characterised by a filiform tail bisexually, ‘rhabditiform’ oesophagus and ‘rhabditid-like’ female anatomy, but its male caudal region is completely different from that of typical rhabditid nematodes, being absent from an enveloping bursa. It is the first marker taxon characterised morphologically as well as molecularly from the family Alloionematidae, a group of nematodes with hyperdiverse molecular genetic variations underlying highly conserved anatomy. Further molecular and genetic studies on A. luofuensis, sp. nov. populations hold promise to provide insight into evolution of the clade consisting of vertebrate parasites of the heterogonic nematode genus Strongyloides. This is because of its unusual high levels of heterozygosity maintained by the conserved rRNA genes of partial SSU and the D2-D3 domain of LSU for the type isolate of this species.

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Jones, H. I. "The functional anatomy of the anterior end of Skrjabinoptera goldmanae from Australian agamid lizards." Journal of Helminthology 69, no. 1 (March 1995): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00013808.

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AbstractFour muscle groups are responsible for the eversion and retraction of the apical denticles and enlarged pseudolabia in Skrjabinoptera goldmanae (Nematoda: Physalopteridae), which occurs in the lizards Chlamydosaurus kingii, Pogona spp. and Varanus gouldii in Australia. These muscles enable the nematode to bury its anterior portion in the gastric submucosa of its hosts. They comprise three sets which are derived from the somatic musculature and are inserted in the oesophagus and associated organs, and a fourth set of muscles which appears to be derived from the muscular oesophagus itself. These accessory muscle groups are described and illustrated, and from this their mode of action in everting and retracting the pseudolabia is derived. Possible selection pressures which led to their evolution are reviewed.

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Ley, Paul De, Marie-Anne Felix, Linda Frisse, Steven Nadler, Paul Sternberg, and W. Kelley Thomas. "Molecular and morphological characterisation of two reproductively isolated species with mirror-image anatomy (Nematoda: Cephalobidae)." Nematology 1, no. 6 (1999): 591–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199508559.

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Abstract Detailed descriptions are given of the amphimictic nematode strains PS1158, PS2052 and PS2160, which are unusual in that they only differ in predominant body handedness. Although these strains are morphologically identical in all other respects, published reproductive data and new DNA sequence data of the D2/D3 region of the large subunit rRNA gene show that they do represent two separate species. On the basis of comparison with type material, the left-handed strains PS1158 and PS2160 are identified as Acrobeloides bodenheimeri, and the right-handed strain PS2052 as A. camberenensis, which is re-instated as a valid species. A. bodenheimeri and its relatives exhibit various types of diagnostic and taxonomic problems at species level, and it is shown that D2/D3 sequence data provide an important new diagnostic tool for addressing these problems. Phylogenetic analysis shows that two right-handed parthenogenetic strains identified as A. maximus represent a third species which is more closely related to A. camberenensis than to A. bodenheimeri. Caracterisation morphologique et moleculaire de deux especes intersteriles de chiralite contraire (Nematoda: Cephalobidae) - Une description detaillee est donnee des souches amphimictiques de nematodes PS1158, PS2052 et PS2160, souches inhabituelles car differant par la chiralite du corps. Bien que ces souches soient morphologiquement identiques sous tout autre rapport, les resultats publies de tests de croisement et de nouvelles donnees concernant la sequence d'ADN de la region D2/D3 du gene de la grosse sous-unite d'ARN ribosomal montrent qu'elles representent en fait deux especes distinctes. Se fondant sur une comparaison avec le materiel type, les souches sinistres PS1158 et PS2160 sont identifiees comme Acrobeloides bodenheimeri et la souche dextre PS2052 comme A. camberenensis, ainsi retabli comme espece valide. A. bodenheimeri et les especes proches posent differents problemes diagnostiques et taxinomiques au niveau specifique, et nous montrons que les donnees de sequence D2/D3 fournissent un nouvel outil diagnostique important pour aborder ces problemes. L'analyse phylogenetique montre que deux souches parthenogenetiques dextres identifiees comme A. maximus representent en fait une troisieme espece, plus proche de A. camberenensis que de A. bodenheimeri.

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Tchesunov, Alexei, and Dmitry Miljutin. "On the histological anatomy of Benthimermis megala Petter, 1987, a giant nematode from the Norwegian deep-sea (Nematoda: Benthimermithidae)." Nematology 3, no. 6 (2001): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854101753389103.

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AbstractFree-living adult stages of Benthimermis megala Petter, 1987, the biggest species (body length 78 - 148 mm) of the genus, have been found in bottom sediments of the deep-sea off the Norway coast and studied histologically. The head region includes six subcuticular sensilla, four minute cephalic setae and pore-like amphids. Numerous tiny sensilla are distributed throughout the lateral sides of the body. An axial spine is present on the posterior body terminus. Hypodermal glands are associated with the somatic sensilla. There are eight chords in the hypodermis. Mouth opening is absent. Vestigial pharynx is glandular and devoid of an internal lumen. Midgut is a trophosome made up of large radial cells and a very thin axial internal lumen. The trophosome cells are filled with various inclusions, which are reduced in size and number with age. A few cuticular grains are present in a vestigial rectum. The nerve ring is embedded in the anterior trophosome. The female genital system is amphidelphic. The germinal zone of the ovaries extends the length of the gonad (hologonic ovary), whereas the ovaries of smaller Benthimermis species are telogonic. Neither spermatozoa nor spermatheca in female ducts were identified. No males of B. megala were found. Obviously, larval stages parasitise benthic invertebrates, while non-feeding adult stages dwell freely in sediment and reproduce.

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Miljutin, Dmitry. "Histological studies on the anatomy of the parasitic stages of Australonema sp. (Nematoda: Marimermithida)." Nematology 5, no. 2 (2003): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854103767139752.

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AbstractParasitic stages (7-122 mm long) of Australonema sp. (Marimermithida, Enoplia) found in deep-sea polychaetes and in an echiurid from the Southern and Northern Atlantic, were studied histologically. The cephalic sensilla of the anterior end comprise six labial papillae and ten short cephalic papillae. The amphidial apertures are pore-like. Numerous tiny sensilla are distributed throughout the lateral regions of the body and there are eight hypodermal chords. A mouth opening, rectum and anus are all present. The pharynx is long and muscular with a triradial internal lumen, the pharyngeal glands opening almost at the apical part of the labia. The cardia is small with a triradial lumen. The midgut has a spacious lumen. The cervical excretory gland is two-cellular. The female genital system is amphidelphic, the germinal zone extending the length of the ovary (i.e., hologonic).

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Talluri, M. Vegni, L. Paggi, P. Orecchia, and R. Dallai. "Fine structure of buccal cavity and esophagus in Toxocara canis (nematoda, ascarididae) infective larve." Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research 97, no. 1-3 (October 1986): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-1605(86)80014-3.

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INGLIS, WILLIAM G. "THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE SUBULUMD HEAD (NEMATODA): WITH A CONSIDERATION OF ITS SYSTEMATIC IMPORTANCE." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 130, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 577–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1958.tb00587.x.

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Wright, Kenneth A. "Peripheral sensilla of some lower invertebrates: The platyhelminthes and nematoda." Microscopy Research and Technique 22, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070220306.

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Golinowski, Władysław, and Christer Magnusson. "Tissue response induced by Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda) in susceptible and resistant white mustard cultivars." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-009.

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The anatomy and ultrastructure of syncytia induced in white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) by the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) were studied in the nematode-susceptible cultivar Trico and the nematode-resistant cultivar Maxi. Although syncytia in both cultivars could reach similar volumes, they differed considerably in their ultrastructure. In the susceptible cultivar, xylem parenchyma cells responded with extensive hypertrophy, an increase in plastids and tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and formation of elaborate ingrowths of the cell walls abutting the xylem tracheary elements. In the resistant cultivar, xylem parenchyma cells, occasionally incorporated into the syncytium, necrotized. Normally, however, these cells resisted incorporation and stopped the syncytia from reaching the xylem tracheary elements. This resulted in the differentiation of cell wall ingrowths on the inner tangential walls of neighbouring stelar parenchyma cells. The improper coordination of syncytium differentiation with xylem morphogenesis, the malfunction in the symplast–apoplast interaction with an abnormal deposition of protoplasmic constituents into the apoplast, the small number of plastids, the lack of tubular smooth ER and degradation processes, further demonstrated the incompatible nature of the host–parasite interaction in the resistant cultivar Maxi. Key words: Sinapis alba, Heterodera schachtii, ultrastructure, resistance.

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Adamson, M. "Thelastoma dessetae n. sp. (Thelastomatoidea; Oxyurida; Nematoda) from Paraguayan diplopods with comments on reproductive anatomy in Thelastoma." Revue suisse de zoologie. 92 (1985): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.81623.

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Eng, F., and J. H. Youson. "Morphology of the bile ducts of the brook lamprey,Lampetra lamottenii (Le Sueur) before and during infection with the nematode,Truttaedacnitis stelmioides (Vessichelli, 1910) (Nematoda: Cucullanidae)." Anatomical Record 234, no. 2 (October 1992): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092340207.

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Ansary, T. H., Nasrin Moghaddar, and Hamid Reza Esmaeili. "Iranocichla hormuzensis (Coad 1982), a new paratenic host of Contracaecum sp. and Phocanema sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae)." Comparative Clinical Pathology 19, no. 4 (July 7, 2009): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-009-0872-1.

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Müller, Maria Isabel, Drausio Honorio Morais, Lorena Freitas Souza Tavares da Costa, Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos Melo, Elane Guerreiro Giese, Robson Waldemar Ávila, and Reinaldo José da Silva. "Revisiting the taxonomy of Rhabdias fuelleborni Travassos, 1928 (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) with approaches to delimitation of species and notes on molecular phylogeny." Parasitology International 92 (February 2023): 102692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2022.102692.

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Hantika, Rizki Kusuma, Ratna Djuniwati Lisminingsih, and Nour Athiroh AS. "Keanekaragaman Plankton Di Kolam Pertumbuhan Ikan Bandeng (Chanos chanos Forsskal) Yang Terparasiti Di Desa Balongpanggang Gresik." BIOSAINTROPIS (BIOSCIENCE-TROPIC) 6, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/e-jbst.v6i1.244.

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The role of plankton in ecology as a parameter of lush or not a waters, because plankton is the basis of the natural feed chain in the waters. The previous research has been done on the morphology and anatomy of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) at the pond in the village of Balongpanggang, Gresik, where the waters are polluted. Parasitic worms found nematodes in fish intestines have an impact on losses for fish farmers. The purpose of this study is to identify, find out the differences, determine the level of risk of the type of plankton and determine the condition of abiotic factors in the pond. The study used 24 samples from 3 parasites and 1 non-parasite pond using the Randomized Block Design (RBD) method. Based on the results of observations and identification of plankton in the Integrated Milkfish Growth Pool, there were 53 cells of Chlorococcum humicola and 37 individuals of Stentor roeseli. Phytoplankton found in all ponds, namely Chlorella variegatus, Chlorococcum humicola, Navicula cuspidata, Navicula placentula, Nostoc sphaericum, and Protococcus viridis. While Zooplankton is only 1 in all pools, namely Stentor roeseli. Unparasitic ponds have the highest plankton diversity level (5.7), rather than parasitic ponds 2 (5.0). The condition of abiotic factors (pH) in all ponds is still in accordance with water quality standards for aquaculture ponds. Keywords: Plankton, Identification, Diversity level ABSTRAK Peranan plankton dalam ekologi sebagai parameter subur tidaknya perairan, karena plankton merupakan dasar mata rantai pakan alami di perairan Penelitian terdahulu dilakukan pada morfologi dan anatomi ikan Bandeng (Chanos chanos Forsskal) dalam suatu tambak di desa Balongpanggang, Gresik yang perairannya tercemar. Ditemukan cacing parasit nematoda dalam usus ikan yang berimbas pada kerugian bagi petani ikan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi, mengetahui perbedaan, tingkat kenekargaman jenis plankton dan kondisi faktor abiotik kolam. Penelitian menggunakan 24 sampel dari 3 kolam yang terparasiti dan 1 kolam yang tidak terparasiti dengan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dan identifikasi plankton pada Kolam Pertumbuhan Ikan Bandeng yang Terparasiti didapatkan spesies Chlorococcum humicola sebanyak 53 sel dan spesies Stentor roeseli sebanyak 37 individu. Ditemukan Fitoplankton yang keberadaannya ada di semua kolam, yaitu Chlorella variegatus, Chlorococcum humicola, Navicula cuspidata, Navicula placentula, Nostoc sphaericum, dan Protococcus viridis. Sedangkan Zooplankton hanya 1 disemua kolam, yaitu Stentor roeseli. Kolam tidak terparasiti merupakan kolam yang memiliki nilai tingkat keanekaragaman plankton tertinggi (5,7), daripada kolam terparasiti 2 (5,0). Kondisi faktor abiotik (pH) pada semua kolam masih sesuai standar kualitas air untuk budidaya tambak. Kata kunci: Plankton, Identifikasi, Indeks Keanekaragaman

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Овабе, Э., Ж. А. Жардин, К. Наглер, and Б. И. Сиренко. "НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ ПО ЭНДОБИОНТАМ ХИТОНОВ (MOLLUSCA), "Паразитология"." Паразитология, no. 5 (2018): 337–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0031184718050013.

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The strictly marine benthic Polyplacophora serve as basibionts for a wide spectrum of endobiotic taxa. Here we present detailed observations of three yet unrecorded polyplacophoran - copepod endobioses, with highly modified females and males, which not fit into the current concept of the Chitonophilidae, to which we attribute them. Furthermore, presumed larvae of two of them show that even the ontogeny to the adult copepods is not strictly in line with the present understanding of this family. Range extension and additional morphological details are also presented for the chitonophilid copepod Tesonesma reniformis Avdeev and Sirenko, 1994. We also show the double infestation with chitonophilid copepods in a single basibiont, more specific the new record refers to a mesobiotic Ischnochitonika sp. and to one of the three endobiotic chitonophilids. Representatives of usually free-living nematodes are shown to occur also in two different basibionts. The last new record refers to a tentatively identified protist found in a North Pacific chiton. In an updated summary of yet known endobionts of Polyplacophora we not only refer to old literature records but indicate further records, which were out of focus of the present study. The compilation of 35 endobiotic records shows that only 3.1 % of the currently known extant polyplacophorans, which represent 16 genera within nine families serve as basibionts for a wide range of phyla. The majority of records refer to Protista, followed by Nematoda and Crustacea. Only a few endobionts utilize the polyplacophoran’s valves as habitat, the overwhelming data refer to soft tissue infestations. Although the polyplacophoran anatomy of the involved taxa do not allow a prediction of endobiotic trends, the present data show a lack of basibionts from the more primitive polyplacophoran order Lepidopleurida. It is assumed that the scarcity of studied material of this primary deep-water group is more likely an explanation than the anatomical peculiarities of these polyplacophorans. The capability of polyplacophora as basibionts is definitively underrepresented and bears a wide source for future parasitological studies.

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Stroze, Camila T., Fernando C. Baida, Maria I. Balbi-Peña, Cláudia R. Dias-Arieira, and Débora C. Santiago. "Tagetes minuta Propagation and Interaction With Nematoide." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n1p139.

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Tagetes minuta is a plant presenting pest and disease control potential, although its activity on some plant parasite nematode species is poorly investigated. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the best T. minuta propagation way, as well as the plant reaction to nematodes such as Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus brachyurus, through nematode penetration and reproduction studies and root morphological assessments. Seedlings obtained from woody cuttings showed larger rooting and stem diameter. Heterodera glycines penetration was higher than that recorded for M. incognita. However, both species recorded reproduction factor (RF) lower than one, as well as maximum RF values 0.34 and 0.02 for H. glycines and M. incognita, respectively. The highest FR recorded for T. minuta were found in P. brachyurus (0.96 and 0.80) in the 60th and 80th day after inoculation (DAI). Root anatomy changes were observed in the 80th DAI in plants inoculated with P. brachyurus. Tagetes minuta was resistant to all nematodes; however, it did not prevent P. brachyurus activity in its roots.

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Schroeder, Nathan E. "Introduction to Pristionchus pacificus anatomy." Journal of Nematology 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-091.

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Abstract Pristionchus pacificus has emerged as an important nematode species used to understand the evolution of development and behavior. While P. pacificus (Diplogasteridae) is only distantly related to Caenorhabditis elegans (Rhabditidae), both use an identical reproductive strategy, are easily reared on bacteria in Petri dishes and complete their life cycles within a few days. Over the past 25 years, several detailed light and electron microscopy studies have elucidated the anatomy of P. pacificus and have demonstrated clear homology to many cells in C. elegans. Despite this similarity, sufficient anatomical differences between C. elegans and P. pacificus have allowed the latter to be used in comparative evo-devo studies. For example, the stoma of P. pacificus contains a large dorsal tooth used during predation on other nematodes when supplementing its primarily bacterial diet. This review discusses the main anatomical features of P. pacificus with emphasis on comparison to C. elegans.

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Steffens, W. L., Nancy B. Roberts, and J. M. Bowen. "Ultrastructure of neuromuscular relationships in the canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100143018.

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The canine heartworm is a common and serious nematode parasite of domestic dogs in many parts of the world. Although nematode neuroanatomy is fairly well documented, the emphasis has been on sensory anatomy and primarily in free-living soil species and ascarids. Lee and Miller reported on the muscular anatomy in the heartworm, but provided little insight into the peripheral nervous system or myoneural relationships. The classical fine-structural description of nematode muscle innervation is Rosenbluth's earlier work in Ascaris. Since the pharmacological effects of some nematacides currently being developed are neuromuscular in nature, a better understanding of heartworm myoneural anatomy, particularly in reference to the synaptic region is warranted.

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Schroeder, Nathan E., and David H. Hall. "Announcement of WormAtlas partnership with the Journal of Nematology." Journal of Nematology 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-090.

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Abstract A detailed understanding of nematode anatomy can be leveraged for the development of new parasitic nematode control strategies and for fundamental biological insights through nematode model organisms. The Center for C. elegans Anatomy, with its websites WormAtlas and WormImage, is the central anatomical resource for researchers studying the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we announce our expansion of the WormAtlas and WormImage resources beyond C. elegans to include additional nematode species. Towards this goal, we will partner with the Journal of Nematology to write and solicit anatomically focused review chapters for publication in the Journal and corresponding inclusion on the WormAtlas website.

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Ralmi, Nurul Hafiza Al Abadiyah, Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker, Khamsah Suryati Mohd, Ali Majrashi, Ahmed M. Fallatah, Noor Afiza Badaluddin, Nornasuha Yusoff, et al. "Influence of Rhizopheric H2O2 on Growth, Mineral Absorption, Root Anatomy and Nematode Infection of Ficus deltoidea." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040704.

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a broad-range chemical catalyst that is receiving rapidly increasing attention recently due to its role as a signaling molecule in various plant physiological and biochemical processes. A study was carried out to investigate the effects of H2O2 on the plant physiology, root growth, mineral nutrient accumulation, root anatomy, and nematode control of Ficus deltoidea, a slow growing shade tolerant and nematode susceptible medicinal plant. H2O2 at 0 (control), 15, 30, 60, and 90 mM was injected into the root zone of plants weekly. The results showed that the treatment of H2O2 enhanced the accumulation of pigments, photosynthetic characteristics, and quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of F. deltoidea. H2O2 at a 90 mM treatment significantly increased seedling height, leaf number, syconium number, biomass yield, relative water content, leaf dry matter, leaf moisture, and live line fuel moisture of the plant by 1.35-, 3.02-, 3.60-, 5.13-, 1.21-, 1.12-, 1.79- and 1.06-fold, respectively, over the control plant. In addition, root growth, which includes root crown diameter, root length, root volume, root tips, number of roots and root biomass, also exhibited the highest values with an application of 90 mM of H2O2. Heavy metals arsenic (As+) and antimony (Sb+) content in the leaves decreased by 4.08-and 1.63-fold, respectively, in the 60 mM H2O2 treated plant when compared to the control plant. In addition, 90 mM H2O2 was the best treatment for magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), and sodium (Na+) mineral accumulation in the syconium of F. deltoidea. Treatments with 60 mM H2O2 increased magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), and potassium (K+) content in leaves by 14%, 19%, and 15%, respectively, over the control plant. In the study of controlling root-knot nematode, both control and 15 mM treatments produced many root galls, whereas, 60 mM H2O2 treatment produced fewer tiny root galls and 90 mM of H2O2 showed no root gall formation. H2O2 treatments reduced root gall size, root/shoot ratio, and increased the shoot biomass of plants. The treated root developed an epidermal suberin, root periderm, resin duct, cortex, druses, and a well-developed vascular system compared to the control plants. Furthermore, no nematodes were observed in the roots of treated plants with 30–90 mM H2O2. The study concluded that injections of 60–90 mM H2O2 to the root zone weekly improved plant physiology, increased mineral accumulation, root growth and development, reduced root gall formation, improved root cellular structure, and controlled root-knot nematode of F. deltoidea plants.

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Suárez-Santana, Cristian M., Eva Sierra, Josue Díaz-Delgado, Daniele Zucca, Yara Bernaldo de Quirós, Raquel Puig-Lozano, Nakita Câmara, et al. "Prostatic Lesions in Odontocete Cetaceans." Veterinary Pathology 55, no. 3 (February 5, 2018): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818755252.

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The prostate is the only accessory male genital gland described in cetaceans. Although few studies describe the gross and histologic anatomy of the prostate in cetaceans, there is no information on pathological findings involving this organ. The prostate glands of 45 cetaceans, including 8 different odontocete species ( n = 44) and 1 mysticete, were evaluated. The main pathologic diagnoses were verminous prostatitis, septic prostatitis, viral prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostatitis of unknown etiology. Verminous prostatitis ( n = 12) was caused by nematodes of the genus Crassicauda, and different presentations were observed. Septic prostatitis, identified in 2 cases, both involved nematode infestation and Clostridium spp coinfection. One case of viral prostatitis was identified and was associated with morbillivirus infection. In prostatitis of unknown cause ( n = 7), varying degrees of prostatic lesions, mostly chronic inflammation, were identified. Impacts at individual levels (eg, localized disease, loss of reproductive capacity) and population levels (eg, decreased reproductive success) are plausible. Our results indicate a high occurrence of prostatic lesions in free-ranging odontocetes. For this reason, the prostate should be routinely inspected and sampled during necropsy of odontocete cetaceans.

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Honcharov, S. L. "Pathological anatomic changes among laboratory rats in case of experimental infection with the larvae of the nematode Eustrongylides excisus (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae)." Animal Biology 22, no. 1 (April 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol22.01.003.

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Inglis, WG. "Evolutionary Waves: Patterns in the Origins of Animal Phyla." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 2 (1985): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850153.

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Concordant patterns of embryology, morphology and functional anatomy delimit grades of animal phyla, each of which contains a 'Major Phylum': PARACOELOMATA (nom.nov.) = acoelomates + pseudocoelomates, flexible hydrostatic skeleton, Nematoda; DEUTEROSTOMIA (including lophophorates) = enterocoelic coelom, rigid internal skeleton, Chordata; and PROTOSTOMIA with two subgrades, MONOMERIC P. = unsegmented, single coelom, molluscan blastular cross, partial rigid exoskeleton, Molluscs; and POLYMERIC P. = segmented, multiple coelom, annelid cross, rigid exoskeleton, Uniramia. Such groups are usually treated as arbitrary stages in mono- and limited-branch phylogenies, but recent studies show them to be real and significant because the only phylogenetic links are from each Paracoelomata and Protostomia Phylum to Turbellaria; and each Deuterostomia Phylum to Cnidaria-Ctenophora and/or enteropneust Hemichordata. Similar grades have often been explained by hypothetical common ancestors, which are unnecessary if the phyla arose during 'evolutionary waves'. These attribute the origin of each grade to the likelihood that its constituent phyla arose independently, about the same time, from the same ciliary powered ancestral stock which was preadapted to enabling a potential body cavity to be actualized while evolving a cylindrical, wholly muscle-powered, body with a hydrostatic skeleton. Because such a skeleton is functionally dependent upon other structural modifications, particularly of the body wall, it could appear only when these were also available. If the latter could be supplied in a number of ways, all opportunities would be exploited and a body cavity would appear several times. The morphology suggests that this did happen, so that a pseudocoelom and coelom evolved independently in each phylum where they occur. Because of evidence that Protostomia and Deuterostomia were never linked during evolution, the origin of the coeloms in the former are explained by the Gonocoelic Theory and in the latter by the Enterocoelic. This, with the recognition of the monomeric protostomes as a distinct group, establishes that segmentation arose at the same time as the coeloms, so that their origins are one problem and not two as usually thought. Finally, protistan data suggest that Turbellaria, and so Paracoelomata and Protostomia, arose from 'close mitosis' flagellates, as did Fungi; while Cnidaria, and so Deuterostomia, arose from 'open mitosis' flagellates. as did Plantae. Thus, the classic Animalia division into Protostomia and Deuterostomia may represent a Protista division such that the animal groups are closer to fungi and plants respectively than they are to each other.

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Strock, Christopher F., Hannah M. Schneider, Tania Galindo-Castañeda, Benjamin T. Hall, Bart Van Gansbeke, Diane E. Mather, Mitchell G. Roth, et al. "Laser ablation tomography for visualization of root colonization by edaphic organisms." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 19 (June 13, 2019): 5327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz271.

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Abstract Soil biota have important effects on crop productivity, but can be difficult to study in situ. Laser ablation tomography (LAT) is a novel method that allows for rapid, three-dimensional quantitative and qualitative analysis of root anatomy, providing new opportunities to investigate interactions between roots and edaphic organisms. LAT was used for analysis of maize roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, maize roots herbivorized by western corn rootworm, barley roots parasitized by cereal cyst nematode, and common bean roots damaged by Fusarium. UV excitation of root tissues affected by edaphic organisms resulted in differential autofluorescence emission, facilitating the classification of tissues and anatomical features. Samples were spatially resolved in three dimensions, enabling quantification of the volume and distribution of fungal colonization, western corn rootworm damage, nematode feeding sites, tissue compromised by Fusarium, and as well as root anatomical phenotypes. Owing to its capability for high-throughput sample imaging, LAT serves as an excellent tool to conduct large, quantitative screens to characterize genetic control of root anatomy and interactions with edaphic organisms. Additionally, this technology improves interpretation of root–organism interactions in relatively large, opaque root segments, providing opportunities for novel research investigating the effects of root anatomical phenes on associations with edaphic organisms.

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Wright, E. J., Guy Cox, and D. M. Dwarte. "Membrane particle changes accompanying activation of nematode sperm." Journal of Ultrastructure Research 90, no. 1 (January 1985): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1605(85)90115-6.

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Sadikin, Irma Suwandi, Husni Thamrin, and Ersyad Hamda. "How to Safely Remove Live Nematode in The Eye." Ophthalmologica Indonesiana 46, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.35749/journal.v46i2.100088.

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Objective: To provide information about a safe and easy technique to remove live nematode in the anterior chamber. Case Presentation: A 21-year old male presented with a sudden-onset of pain in right eye for 5 days. The complaint was accompanied with irritation and photophobia. On examination, visual acuity was 6/6,5 with his best corrected, with circumcorneal congestion. We performed slit-lamp examination on the AC and witnessed a thin, white motile object with wriggling movement, that was swimming live in AC. The worm was removed surgically from AC by using forceps and adding lidocain with nacl 0,9% intracorneal to stop its movement. The worm was sent to pathological anatomy department to be examined microscopically. Conclusion: A method of using lidocaine as a chemoparalysis substance has been proven effective to facilitate an easy removal of the worm so as to prevent major harm to the ocular structure.

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Rovati, Clementina, Fausto Barbagli, and Carlo Violani. "The waxworks by Angelo Maestri (1806–1889) preserved in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Pavia, Italy." Archives of Natural History 34, no. 2 (October 2007): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2007.34.2.259.

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A description is given of the waxworks made by the Italian physician Angelo Maestri (1806–1889), preparator, taxidermist and model-maker at the Museum of Natural History of Pavia University where the majority of his wax models are held today. Maestri's main works deal with the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the silkworm, the morphology of mushrooms and the poison fangs of snakes. He also made models of the life cycle of the nematode Trichinella spiralis and of the blood circulation in some vertebrates. Several preparations in wax by Maestri are held in other scientific institutions in Italy.

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INGLIS, WILLIAM G. "THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HEAD IN THE NEMATODE FAMILY HETERAKIDAE." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 128, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1957.tb00260.x.

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29

Achor, Dianne, Larry Duncan, Renato Inserra, and Alberto Troccoli. "Ultrastructure of the attachment and feeding sites of Gracilacus latescens Raski, 1976 in timber bamboo roots and selected anatomical details of the female stylet." Nematology 5, no. 2 (2003): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854103767139770.

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AbstractMature female Gracilacus latescens are sedentary and remain attached by the stylet to the surface of timber bamboo roots (Phyllostachys bambusoides) for their entire life. Observations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the anatomy of the anterior portion of the female body showed the stylet shaft surrounded by a thick stomatal wall sensu Endo (1983) and by large protractor muscles. Cross sections of the root at the site of nematode attachment showed accumulation of electron-opaque material between the nematode body and the epidermal wall penetrated by the stylet. Electron-dense material enwrapped the stylet from the point of its insertion in an epidermal cell wall until its end in the lumen of a sclerenchymal or cortical cell. Two to three cells are penetrated by the stylet. The electron-dense material appeared to originate from the walls of epidermal, cortical parenchymal and sclerenchymal cells perforated by the stylet. The thickness of this material increased with the number of sclerenchyma cell walls penetrated by the stylet. Cross sections of the enwrapped stylet showed it tightly encased in the electron-dense material, which appeared to anchor the stylet and consequently the nematode body to the root surface. A syncytium originates from the innermost cell reached by the enwrapped stylet and expands into the inner cortex and stele. Cell wall dissolution and pit fields are characteristics of the syncytium.

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Qian, Xiu Juan, Li Na Gu, Yu Fang Xing, and Chang ZHong Liu. "Entomopathogenic Nematodes Isolated from Gansu Province and Four New Species in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.328.

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With the morphological characters, anatomy and molecular biology research, 29 entomopathogenic nematodes populations isolated from Gansu province were identified and the resoult showed that they were 8 species of EPN, Steinernema feltiae,Steinernema bicornutum,Steinernema affin,Steinernema krusse and Steinernema karil were belong to Steinernema while Heterorhabditis brevicaudis,Heterorhabditis megidi and Heterorhabditis marelatu were belong to Heterorhabditis respectively. And what more research found that S. affin,S. krusse,S. karil and H. marelatu were new species in China.

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ÖZTÜRK, Mehmet Oğuz. "Pseudocapillaria tomentosa (Nematoda: Capillariidae)’nın Anatomik ve Morfolojik Özellikleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma." Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering 19, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.393882.

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32

Holtmann, B., M. Kleine, and F. M. W. Grundler. "Ultrastructure and anatomy of nematode-induced syncytia in roots of susceptible and resistant sugar beet." Protoplasma 211, no. 1-2 (March 2000): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01279898.

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Leach, L., D. L. Trudgill, and P. B. Gahan. "Immunocytochemical localization of neurosecretory amines and peptides in the free-living nematode,Goodeyus ulmi." Histochemical Journal 19, no. 9 (September 1987): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01675416.

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Gossen, Reonna R. Slagell, Ronald J. Tyrl, Marilyne Hauhouot, Thomas F. Peeper, P. Larry Claypool, and John B. Solie. "Effects of mechanical damage on cheat (Bromus secalinus) caryopsis anatomy and germination." Weed Science 46, no. 2 (April 1998): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500090494.

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A hammer mill removed most of the lemmas, paleas, and pericarps from cheat florets. Typically, the cuticular layer of the testa was the only remaining intact layer, and damage to the embryos and endosperm was severe. A roller mill disrupted tissue organization of lemmas, paleas, and outer layers of the caryopses primarily at the cuts. Large gaps between the aleurone layer and testa, between testa and pericarp, and between the scutellum and endosperm were created. In the field, germination of mill-damaged florets was reduced, and florets exhibited progressive degradation the longer they were buried. Nematodes and fungi penetrated the cuticular layer of mill-damaged seed. Attaching a hammer mill or a roller mill to a grain combine to treat cheat seed before it is returned to the field could provide a novel method of cheat control.

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35

Chaves, Andréa, Elvira Maria Régis Pedrosa, Rejane Magalhães de Mendonça Pimentel, Rildo Sartori Barbosa Coelho, Lílian Margarete Paes Guimarães, and Sandra Roberta Vaz Lira Maranhão. "Resistance induction for Meloidogyne incognita in sugarcane through mineral organic fertilizers." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, no. 6 (December 2009): 1393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000600011.

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The effects of Coda Radimax (CR), Coda Humus-PK (CH) and Coda Vit (CV) on the induction of resistance for Meloidogyne incognita in sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) varieties (RB92579, RB863129, RB867515) through nematode reproduction, plant development and root anatomy analysis, emphasizing the differences of the lignin deposition, and cortex-vascular cylinder proportions were investigated. In 90 days after inoculation with eggs of M. incognita, CR reduced the number of eggs per root system in all the sugarcane varieties; CH and CV reduced eggs density in RB867515; CR increased stalk number in RB92579 and fresh weight of shoots in RB863129 and RB92579; CH increased plant height in RB92579 and fresh weight of shoots in RB92579 and RB867515, CV affected fresh weigh of shoots and roots of RB863129. All the tested compounds did not affect stalk diameter, number and dry weight of shoots. Cross-sections of roots showed no anatomical changes in the M. incognita inoculated tissues.

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Garita, Sebastián Andrés, Valeria Fernanda Bernardo, Matias Gonzalez, Juan Ignacio Ripodas, María Cecilia Arango, and Marcela Ruscitti. "“The false root-knot nematode: Modification of the root anatomy and alteration of the physiological performance in tomato plants”." Rhizosphere 20 (December 2021): 100424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2021.100424.

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37

González-Cortazar, Manases, Alejandro Zamilpa, María Eugenia López-Arellano, Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino, David Emanuel Reyes-Guerrero, Sara Olazarán-Jenkins, Gabriel Ramírez-Vargas, Agustín Olmedo-Juárez, and Pedro Mendoza-de-Gives. "Lysiloma acapulcensis leaves contain anthelmintic metabolites that reduce the gastrointestinal nematode egg population in sheep faeces." Comparative Clinical Pathology 27, no. 1 (October 25, 2017): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2577-1.

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38

Sepsenwol, S., H. Ris, and T. M. Roberts. "A unique cytoskeleton associated with crawling in the amoeboid sperm of the nematode, Ascaris suum." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.1.55.

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Nematode sperm extend pseudopods and pull themselves over substrates. They lack an axoneme or the actin and myosins of other types of motile cells, but their pseudopods contain abundant major sperm protein (MSP), a family of 14-kD polypeptides found exclusively in male gametes. Using high voltage electron microscopy, a unique cytoskeleton was discovered in the pseudopod of in vitro-activated, crawling sperm of the pig intestinal nematode Ascaris suum. It consists of 5-10-nm fuzzy fibers organized into 150-250-nm-thick fiber complexes, which connect to each of the moving pseudopodial membrane projections, villipodia, which in turn make contact with the substrate. Individual fibers in a complex splay out radially from its axis in all directions. The centripetal ends intercalate with fibers from other complexes or terminate in a thickened layer just beneath the pseudopod membrane. Monoclonal antibodies directed against MSP heavily label the fiber complexes as well as individual pseudopodial filaments throughout their length. This represents the first evidence that MSP may be the major filament protein in the Ascaris sperm cytoskeleton. The large fiber complexes can be seen clearly in the pseudopods of live, crawling sperm by computer-enhanced video, differential-interference contrast microscopy, forming with the villipodia at the leading edge of the sperm pseudopod. Even before the pseudopod attaches, the entire cytoskeleton and villipodia move continuously rearwards in unison toward the cell body. During crawling, complexes and villipodia in the pseudopod recede at the same speed as the spermatozoon moves forward, both disappearing at the pseudopod-cell body junction. Sections at this region of high membrane turnover reveal a band of densely packed smooth vesicles with round and tubular profiles, some of which are associated with the pseudopod plasma membrane. The exceptional anatomy, biochemistry, and phenomenology of Ascaris sperm locomotion permit direct study of the involvement of the cytoskeleton in amoeboid motility.

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39

INGLIS, WILLIAM G. "FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE HEAD IN THE NEMATODE FAMILY SUBULURIDAE: WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 135, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05835.x.

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40

Danish, Mohammad, Merajul Islam Robab, Najat Marraiki, Mohammad Shahid, Nouf S. S. Zaghloul, Yasar Nishat, and Hisamuddin Shaikh. "Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita induced changes in morpho-anatomy and antioxidant enzymes activities in Trachyspermum ammi (L.) plant: A microscopic observation." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 116 (December 2021): 101725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101725.

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41

Nematollahi, Ahmad, Parisa Shahbazi, Mohammad F. Abbasi, Saeid Ghaemmaghami, and Iraj Mobedi. "The first report of Nematode (Contracaecum) and two Acanthocephala (Serrasentis sagittifer, Tenuiosentis niloticus) in Persian Gulf’s Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus)." Comparative Clinical Pathology 27, no. 5 (May 9, 2018): 1303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2739-9.

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42

Fudali, Sylwia, and Władysław Golinowski. "The reorganization of root anatomy and ultrastructure of syncytial cells in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) infected with potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll.)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 76, no. 3 (2011): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2007.021.

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The sequence of anatomical and ultrastructural events leading to the syncytium development in tomato roots infected with <em>Globodera rostochiensis</em> was examined. The syncytia were preferentially induced in cortical or pericyclic cells in the elongation zone of root. They developed towards the vascular cylinder by incorporation of new cells via local cell wall breakdown. After surrounding primary phloem bundle and reaching xylem tracheary elements syncytia spread along vascular cylinder. Roots in primary state of growth seemed to be the best place for syncytium induction as syncytia formed in the zone of secondary growth were less hypertrophied. At the ultrastructural level syncytial elements were characterized by strong hypertrophy, breakdown of central vacuole, increased volume of cytoplasm, proliferation of organelles, and enlargement of nuclei. On the syncytial wall adjoining vessels the cell wall ingrowths were formed, while the syncytial walls at interface of phloem were considerably thickened. They lacked of functional plasmodesmata and did not form any ingrowths. Using immunofluorescent-labelling and immunogold-labelling methods tomato expansin 5 protein was localized in nematode infected roots. The distribution of LeEXP A5 was restricted only to the walls of syncytia. The protein distribution pattern indicated that LeEXP A5 could mediates cell wall expansion during hypertrophy of syncytial elements.

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43

Alcorn, Melissa R., Davon C. Callander, Agustín López-Santos, Yamila N. Torres Cleuren, Bilge Birsoy, Pradeep M. Joshi, Anna W. Santure, and Joel H. Rothman. "Heterotaxy in Caenorhabditis : widespread natural variation in left–right arrangement of the major organs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1710 (December 19, 2016): 20150404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0404.

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Although the arrangement of internal organs in most metazoans is profoundly left–right (L/R) asymmetric with a predominant handedness, rare individuals show full (mirror-symmetric) or partial (heterotaxy) reversals. While the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is known for its highly determinate development, including stereotyped L/R organ handedness, we found that L/R asymmetry of the major organs, the gut and gonad, varies among natural isolates of the species in both males and hermaphrodites. In hermaphrodites, heterotaxy can involve one or both bilaterally asymmetric gonad arms. Male heterotaxy is probably not attributable to relaxed selection in this hermaphroditic species, as it is also seen in gonochoristic Caenorhabditis species. Heterotaxy increases in many isolates at elevated temperature, with one showing a pregastrulation temperature-sensitive period, suggesting a very early embryonic or germline effect on this much later developmental outcome. A genome-wide association study of 100 isolates showed that male heterotaxy is associated with three genomic regions. Analysis of recombinant inbred lines suggests that a small number of loci are responsible for the observed variation. These findings reveal that heterotaxy is a widely varying quantitative trait in an animal with an otherwise highly stereotyped anatomy, demonstrating unexpected plasticity in an L/R arrangement of the major organs even in a simple animal. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Provocative questions in left–right asymmetry’.

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44

Kutnyánszky, Vera, Balázs Hargitai, Bernadette Hotzi, Mónika Kosztelnik, Csaba Ortutay, Tibor Kovács, Eszter Győry, et al. "Sex-specific regulation of neuronal functions in Caenorhabditis elegans: the sex-determining protein TRA-1 represses goa-1/Gα(i/o)." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 295, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01625-0.

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AbstractFemales and males differ substantially in various neuronal functions in divergent, sexually dimorphic animal species, including humans. Despite its developmental, physiological and medical significance, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which sex-specific differences in the anatomy and operation of the nervous system are established remains a fundamental problem in biology. Here, we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans (nematodes), the global sex-determining factor TRA-1 regulates food leaving (mate searching), male mating and adaptation to odorants in a sex-specific manner by repressing the expression of goa-1 gene, which encodes the Gα(i/o) subunit of heterotrimeric G (guanine–nucleotide binding) proteins triggering physiological responses elicited by diverse neurotransmitters and sensory stimuli. Mutations in tra-1 and goa-1 decouple behavioural patterns from the number of X chromosomes. TRA-1 binds to a conserved binding site located in the goa-1 coding region, and downregulates goa-1 expression in hermaphrodites, particularly during embryogenesis when neuronal development largely occurs. These data suggest that the sex-determination machinery is an important modulator of heterotrimeric G protein-mediated signalling and thereby various neuronal functions in this organism and perhaps in other animal phyla.

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45

Geier, Benedikt, Janina Oetjen, Bernhard Ruthensteiner, Maxim Polikarpov, Harald R. Gruber-Vodicka, and Manuel Liebeke. "Connecting structure and function from organisms to molecules in small-animal symbioses through chemo-histo-tomography." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 27 (June 28, 2021): e2023773118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023773118.

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Our understanding of metabolic interactions between small symbiotic animals and bacteria or parasitic eukaryotes that reside within their bodies is extremely limited. This gap in knowledge originates from a methodological challenge, namely to connect histological changes in host tissues induced by beneficial and parasitic (micro)organisms to the underlying metabolites. We addressed this challenge and developed chemo-histo-tomography (CHEMHIST), a culture-independent approach to connect anatomic structure and metabolic function in millimeter-sized symbiotic animals. CHEMHIST combines chemical imaging of metabolites based on mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and microanatomy-based micro-computed X-ray tomography (micro-CT) on the same animal. Both high-resolution MSI and micro-CT allowed us to correlate the distribution of metabolites to the same animal’s three-dimensional (3D) histology down to submicrometer resolutions. Our protocol is compatible with tissue-specific DNA sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the taxonomic identification and localization of the associated micro(organisms). Building CHEMHIST upon in situ imaging, we sampled an earthworm from its natural habitat and created an interactive 3D model of its physical and chemical interactions with bacteria and parasitic nematodes in its tissues. Combining MSI and micro-CT, we present a methodological groundwork for connecting metabolic and anatomic phenotypes of small symbiotic animals that often represent keystone species for ecosystem functioning.

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Ketema, Afework, and Edget Abayneh. "Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Small Ruminants in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia, with a Special Reference to Field Survey on Parasite Management and Risk Factor Analysis." Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 36, no. 1 (2022): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0813.2022.00003.1.

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47

Borgonie, G., A. Coomans, D. De Waele, E. Van Driessche, and C. D. Link. "Tissue treatment for whole mount internal lectin staining in the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans, Panagrolaimus superbus and Acrobeloides maximus." Histochemistry 101, no. 5 (June 1994): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00269000.

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48

Williamson, Angela L., Sara Lustigman, Yelena Oksov, Vehid Deumic, Jordan Plieskatt, Susana Mendez, Bin Zhan, Maria Elena Bottazzi, Peter J. Hotez, and Alex Loukas. "Ancylostoma caninum MTP-1, an Astacin-Like Metalloprotease Secreted by Infective Hookworm Larvae, Is Involved in Tissue Migration." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 2 (February 2006): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.2.961-967.2006.

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ABSTRACT Infective larvae (L3) of nematodes secrete macromolecules that are critical to infection and establishment of the parasite in the host. The dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum secretes an astacin-like metalloprotease, Ac-MTP-1, upon activation in vitro with host serum. Recombinant Ac-MTP-1 was expressed in the baculovirus/insect cell system as a secreted protein and was purified from culture medium by two separate methods, cation-exchange fast-performance liquid chromatography and gelatin-affinity chromatography. Recombinant MTP-1 was catalytically active and digested a range of native and denatured connective tissue substrates, including gelatin, collagen, laminin, and fibronectin. A dog was immunized with recombinant Ac-MTP-1 formulated with AS03 adjuvant, and the antiserum was used to immunolocalize the anatomic sites of expression within A. caninum L3 to secretory granules in the glandular esophagus and the channels that connect the esophagus to the L3 surface and to the cuticle. Antiserum inhibited the ability of recombinant MTP-1 to digest collagen by 85% and inhibited larval migration through tissue in vitro by 70 to 75%, in contrast to just 5 to 10% inhibition obtained with preimmunization serum. The metalloprotease inhibitors EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline also reduced the penetration of L3 through skin in vitro by 43 to 61%. The data strongly suggest that Ac-MTP-1 is critical for the invasion process of hookworm larvae, and moreover, that antibodies against the enzyme can neutralize its function and inhibit migration.

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Morgan, Kevin T. "Approaches to the Identification and Recording of Nasal Lesions in Toxicology Studies." Toxicologic Pathology 19, no. 4_part_1 (November 1991): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623391019004-103.

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The identification, recording, and interpretation of nasal lesions can be a difficult task in toxicology studies. The objective of this article is to provide some guidelines for approaches to nasal toxicologic pathology, based on the author's experience and information available in the published literature. Identification of treatment-induced nasal lesions requires adequate in-life and post-mortem observation, and thorough histopathology. Histopathologic assessment is dependent upon high quality and consistent histologic preparations, adequate knowledge of nasal anatomy and histology, and experience with the range of aging, background, and treatment-induced lesions that may be encountered. In recent years there has been a marked increase in the number of articles reporting nasal pathology in studies for which materials were delivered by inhalation and by non-inhalation routes. Because of the increasing size of this database, it is recommended that standardized and systematic nomenclature be developed for these changes. The following points are considered to be particularly important: 1) alert animal care staff to clinical changes that may indicate nasal lesions; 2) screen animals for nasal disease, such as nasal nematodes in non-human primates; 3) record gross lesions during trimming of decalcified nasal tissues; 4) save spare tissue in fixative; 5) remember that the normal bilateral symmetry of the nose can be a valuable diagnostic aid; 6) avoid excessive lumping or splitting of diagnoses; 7) develop a logical order for recording of lesions (the approach preferred by the author is degenerative, inflammatory, regenerative, proliferative, for each of the epithelial types in a logical anatomical order, such as squamous, transitional, respiratory, and olfactory); 8) accurately determine the site of toxic responses; 9) keep a notebook of interesting or important observations and ideas if you are using a computerized data acquisition system; 10) consider the role of factors that may account for lesion distribution (regional dose and tissue susceptibility) during interpretation of tissue responses; and 11) during preparation of the descriptive narrative, clearly define what occurred, where and when it occurred, and consider the use of simple anatomical diagrams as an adjunct to the text. Adequate lesion detection and characterization by the toxicologic pathologist is often a critical feature of toxicology studies, and can play an important role in determination of human risks associated with exposure to xenobiotics. A systematic but flexible approach is recommended.

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Sapin, Carolina Da Fonseca, Luísa Cerqueira Silva-Mariano, Andressa Dutra Piovesan, Cristina Gevehr Fernandes, Josaine Cristina da Silva Rappeti, Fabrício De Vargas Arigony Braga, Guilherme Albuquerque Cavalcante, Bruna Müller Rosenthal, and Fabiane Borelli Grecco. "Anatomopathologic Study of Kidneys parasitized by Dioctophyme renale in Dogs." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.79788.

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Abstract:

Background: Dioctophymiasis is a disease caused by the nematode Dioctophyme renale and is a relatively common condition in dogs. The parasite affects the kidney, especially the right, enters the kidney capsule and causes destruction and atrophy of the parenchyma. The lesion severity depends on the amount of parasites affecting the kidney, the duration of the infection, number of kidneys involved and concurrent occurrence of kidney disease. The disease’s clinical presentation may be asymptomatic or with nonspecific clinical signs. The diagnosis is based on ultrasound examination and the detection of eggs in urine, however, diagnosis is often reached only through necropsy or histopathology. This study aimed to analyze the dog kidney anatomical and pathological changes when parasitized by Dioctophyme renale.Materials, Methods & Results: The kidneys of 21 dogs diagnosed with dioctophymiasis were nephrectomized, analyzed by ultrasound and forwarded to macro and microscopic analysis. Macroscopically, the kidney size was measured as well as its renal capsule thicknes. The presences of dilatation of the renal pelvis and ureter, as well as changes of the capsule, were also observed. These fragments were collected and submitted for routine analysis and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathological examination was performed blindly by three evaluators. The intensity of fibrosis was evaluated by the presence or absence of infiltration, the absence or presence of parasite eggs and when present whether there was inflammatory tissue response, among other changes. All received organs were right kidneys and showed clear atrophy or absence of the parenchyma. The kidney size ranged from 3,8x2,5x1,3 cm to 8,4x8,2x4,0 cm and the capsule thickness between 0.1 and 3.6cm. In renal capsule were observed whitish, irregular and firm plates (10 out of 21 cases) and papilliform projections (4 out of 21). In two specimens were identified cases of hydroureter and hydronephrosis. Microscopically, all specimens had some degree of fibrosis which replaced the renal parenchyma, six classified as mild, ten were moderate and five intense. In 13 cases there was intense deposition of parasite eggs and 18 cases showed inflammatory infiltrate of which one was pyogranulomatous and one granulomatous. Papilliform projections were observed in six out of 21 cases (composed of connective tissue proliferation and neovascularization), there was also hyperplasia of the pelvis transition epithelial (6 out of 21) and osseous metaplasia of the renal capsule (4 out of 21). The vessels walls were hypertrophic in nine out of 21 cases.Discussion: The diagnosis of dioctophymiasis was performed by ultrasonography. All 21 kidneys analyzed were rights; this is related to the parasite penetration in the duodenal wall, which tends to migrate by anatomic proximity to the right kidneys. Dioctophyme renale feeds through digestion and ingestion of the renal parenchyma by the action of parasite’s oesophageal enzymes causing progressive destruction of the cortical and medullar layers and consequently the proliferation of fibrous tissue. In this study, different intensities of fibrosis were observed. Bone metaplasia characterizes the chronicity of the process and the connective tissue’s attempt to adapt. Animals affected by dioctophymiasis often develop chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure is characterized by continuous and irreversible morphologic changes in the renal parenchyma with loss of nephron components and the formation of a vicious cycle of replacement by fibrous connective tissue. The hypertrophy of vascular epithelium observed in six cases of this study may be associated with fibrous connective tissue proliferation stimulus. The injuries described here may be related to the parasitosis late diagnosis.

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