Journal articles on the topic 'Nelson Diffusions'

The adsorption of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solutions onto a KOH-activated polypyrrole-based adsorbent (PACK) was investigated using batch and fixed-bed column techniques. The structural, thermal, and morphological properties of the PACK, analyzed by various methods, support its applicability as an adsorbent. An adsorption kinetic study revealed a preferably pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.9996) and rate-limiting step controlled by both film and intra-particle diffusions. The thermodynamic adsorption tests resulted in negative ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° values, which decreased as the temperature and concentration increased, indicating the spontaneous and exothermic adsorption over 25–45 °C. The adsorption isotherms fit the experimental data in the order of Langmuir ≈ Freundlich > Temkin, with evidence of adsorption operating well via the monolayer physical adsorption process, and maximum monolayer adsorption ranging from 520.8 to 497.5 mg/g. The breakthrough curve of the fixed-bed column experiment was modeled using the Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, and Hill models, resulting in an equilibrium capacity of 57.21 mg/g. A 73% MO recovery was achieved, indicating the possibility of column regeneration. Compared to other adsorbents reported, PACK had comparable or even superior capacity toward MO. For cost-effectiveness, similar nitrogen-containing polymeric wastes could be exploited to obtain such excellent materials for various applications.

It is shown that uncertanity relations, as well as coherent and squeezed states, are structural properties of stochastic processes with Fokker–Planck dynamics. The quantum mechanical coherent and squeezed states are explicitly constructed via Nelson stochastic quantization. The method is applied to derive new minimum uncertainty states in time-dependent oscillator potentials.

Os trabalhos pioneiros de Nelson e Winter sugeriram uma nova forma de abordar a teoria microeconômica. O artigo de Silverberg, Dosi e Orsenigo, originalmente publicado em 1988 na revista The Economic Journal e agora reproduzida na RBI, parte dos elementos centrais da abordagem de Nelson e Winter e os desenvolve para dar sustentação a um modelo teórico que procura representar a dinâmica coevolutiva da inovação e da difusão de tecnologia.

The article is devoted to diffusion models. The authors discuss the theoretical and methodological foundations of diffusion models in financial mathematics. Like the economic system, the modern world is developing rapidly. It seems impossible to predict what will happen tomorrow, how the emergence of new technologies will affect the market, and how changes in random factors will affect the product and the market as a whole. Diffusion models are one of the main methods for studying economic objects and processes. This is why it is so important to develop a diffusion model. The authors propose extending the applicability of the models by passing from Itô type stochastic equations to equations with so-called derivatives in the mean. For this, following E. Nelson, the authors introduce the concept of derivatives in the mean on the right and on the left. The equation with the derivative in the mean does not involve the Wiener process, therefore, it is not assumed in advance that the solution is diffusional. The article describes some well-known diffusion models, in which the transition from equations like an Itô type stochastic differential equation to equations satisfying a system of equations with derivatives in the mean leads to an expansion of the set of possible solutions. The authors also consider a generalization of geometric Brownian motion that satisfies a system of stochastic equations with derivatives in the mean and can cover a wider class of problems.

We propose a generalization of quantum mechanical equations in the hydrodynamic form by introducing, into the Lagrangian density, terms taking into account the diffusion velocity at zero and finite temperatures and the diffusion pressure energy of the warm vacuum. Based on this, for the model of one-dimensional hydrodynamics, we construct a system of equations that are analogous to the Euler equations, but with the inclusion of quantum and thermal effects. They are a generalization of the equations of the Nelson stochastic mechanics. The numerical analysis of the system’s solutions’ behavior determined that this system can be used to describe the process of quantum-thermal fluctuation relaxation.

We develop a method for estimating equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and fuel moisture response time, using data collected for Eucalyptus twig litter. The method is based on the governing differential equation for the diffusion of water vapour from the fuel, and on a semi-physical formulation for EMC (Nelson 1984), based on the change in Gibbs free energy, which estimates the EMC as a function of fuel temperature and humidity. We then test the model on data collected in Western Australian mallee shrubland and in Tasmanian buttongrass moorland. This method is more generally applicable than those described by Viney and Catchpole (1991) and Viney (1992). The estimates of EMC and response time are in broad agreement with laboratory-based estimates for similar fuels (Anderson 1990a ; Nelson 1984). The model can be used to predict fuel moisture content by a book-keeping method. The predictions agree wellwith the observations for all three of our data sets.

It is assumed that the drift parameter is dependent on the acceleration variables and the diffusion coefficient remains the same across the whole accelerated degradation test (ADT) in most of the literature based on Wiener process. However, the diffusion coefficient variation would also become obvious in some applications with the stress increasing. Aiming at the phenomenon, the paper concludes that both the drift parameter and the diffusion parameter depend on stress variables based on the invariance principle of failure mechanism and Nelson assumption. Accordingly, constant stress accelerated degradation process (CSADP) and step stress accelerated degradation process (SSADP) with random effects are modeled. The unknown parameters in the established model are estimated based on the property of degradation and degradation increment, separately for CASDT and SSADT, by the maximum likelihood estimation approach with measurement error. In addition, the simulation steps of accelerated degradation data are provided and simulated step stress accelerated degradation data is designed to validate the proposed model compared to other models. Finally, a case study of CSADT is conducted to demonstrate the benefits of our model in the practical engineering.

In this study, the sorption and desorption isotherms from the dynamic vapor sorption test are modeled by using six different models, that is, the (i) BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), (ii) modified BET, (iii) GAB (Guggenheim–Anderson–Boer), (iv) PEK (parallel exponential kinetics), (v) HH (Hailwood–Horrobin), and (vi) Nelson and Young models. The application principle of each model is explained and a comparison is done between these models, based on the understanding of sorption mechanisms on or into the textile substrates. They mainly depend on the chemical nature of the fibers used to manufacture the samples. Thus, the presence of various sorption/desorption sites on the surface and/or in the inner core of hydrophilic materials promotes the formation of more hydrogen bonds with water vapor molecules than for hydrophobic materials. Among these previous used models, the PEK, HH, and Nelson and Young models were studied to analyze the water molecule diffusion into the structures, while the GAB and BET models were selected to gain information on the water uptaken as the monolayer and energies of interactions between fibers and water molecules. By understanding the hydric behavior of fabrics during sorption/desorption processes, the fiber blends can be modified for improving the wearer comfort.

In this paper we make a distinction between condifiable and non-condifiable knowledge (R.R. Nelson) and want to emphasize, contrary to the neoclassical theory, the general social importance of routine behaviour and impossibility of reducing "the tacit knowledge" (M. Polanyi) or "the unteachable knowledge" (E. Penrose) to information because it is partly rooted in unconscious reactions and cannot be encoded. The validity of the diffusion hypothesis depends on balance between condifiable and non-condifiable knowledge in economy. Our intention is to show that the presumed model of technological development in the diffusion hypothesis does not suffice for understanding of the complexity of knowledge and technology under conditions of productive advantage. In contrast to Kaldor?s, Gomulka?s, and Olson?s analyses, we take account of differences in knowledge transferable functions of economic structures and institutions and draw a conclusion that the institutional model, based on indicators of institutional rigidity or flexibility, is equally successful in theoretical and empirical terms as other available theories.

Industrial compost piles contain large volumes of bulk organic materials. Normally, there are two main heat generation processes—oxidation of cellulosic materials and biological activity within the compost pile. Biological heating occurs at a lower temperature range, but it may `kick-start' the oxidation reaction. Nevertheless, biological heating is desirable and is a key component in composting operations. However, there are cases when the temperature within the compost piles increases beyond the ignition temperature of cellulosic materials which can result in spontaneous ignition. This investigation considers the self-heating process that occurs in a compost pile using a two-dimensional spatially-dependent model incorporating terms that account for self-heating due to both biological and oxidative mechanisms. The variation of temperature distribution within different pile geometries is examined. References P. C. Bowes. Self heating: evaluating and controlling the hazard. 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Numerical modelling of a composting process with aeration. J. Porous Media 12.10 (2009), pp. 927–938. doi: 10.1615/JPorMedia.v12.i10.10 T. Luangwilai and H. S. Sidhu. Determining critical conditions for two dimensional compost piles with air flow via numerical simulations. Proceedings of the 15th Biennial Computational Techniques and Applications Conference, CTAC-2010. Ed. by W. McLean and A. J. Roberts. Vol. 52. ANZIAM J. 2011, pp. C463–C481. doi: 10.21914/anziamj.v52i0.3753 T. Luangwilai, H. S. Sidhu, and M. I. Nelson. A two dimensional, reaction-diffusion model of compost piles. Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Engineering Mathematics and Applications Conference, EMAC-2011. Ed. by M. Nelson, M. Coupland, H. Sidhu, T. Hamilton, and A. J. Roberts. Vol. 53. ANZIAM J. 2012, pp. C34–C52. doi: 10.21914/anziamj.v53i0.5083 T. Luangwilai, H. S. Sidhu, and M. I. Nelson. One-dimensional spatial model for self-heating in compost piles: Investigating effects of moisture and air flow. Food Bioprod. Process. 108 (2018), pp. 18–26. doi: 10.1016/j.fbp.2017.12.001 T. Luangwilai, H. S. Sidhu, and M. I. Nelson. Understanding effects of ambient humidity on self-heating of compost piles. CHEMECA 2018. Institution of Chemical Engineers. 2018, p. 68. url: https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.049196748938234 T. Luangwilai, H. S. Sidhu, and M. I. Nelson. Understanding the role of moisture in the self-heating process of compost piles. CHEMECA 2012. Engineers Australia. 2012, pp. 1834–1846. url: https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.867764346204981 T. Luangwilai, H. S. Sidhu, M. I. Nelson, and X. D. Chen. Biological self-heating of compost piles with airflow. CHEMECA 2009. Engineers Australia. 2009, pp. 2683–2692. url: https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.799299549211365 T. Luangwilai, H. S. Sidhu, M. I. Nelson, and X. D. Chen. Modelling air flow and ambient temperature effects on the biological self-heating of compost piles. Asia-Pacific J. Chem. Eng. 5.4 (2010), pp. 609–618. doi: 10.1002/apj.438 T. Luangwilai, H. S. Sidhu, M. I. Nelson, and X. D. Chen. Modelling the effects of air flow, ambient temperature and radiative boundary conditions in compost piles. CHEMECA 2010. Engineers Australia. 2010, pp. 3585–3596. url: https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.484992904303574 T. Luangwilai, H. S. Sidhu, M. I. Nelson, and X. D. Chen. Modelling the effects of moisture content in compost piles. CHEMECA 2011. Engineers Australia. 2011, pp. 1473–1484. url: https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.174710980721893 T. Luangwilai, S. D. Watt, S. Fu, H. S. Sidhu, and M. I. Nelson. Modelling the effects of ambient temperature variation on self-heating process of compost piles. Engineers Australia (2019), pp. 84–96. url: https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.689351109484953 N. O. Moraga, F. Corvalan, M. Escudey, A. Arias, and C. E. Zambra. Unsteady 2D coupled heat and mass transfer in porous media with biological and chemical heat generations. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 52 (2009), pp. 5841–5848. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.07.027 PDE Solutions Inc. FlexPDE v 6.05. PDE Solutions Inc. Cambridge MA, 2009. url: http://www.pdesolutions.com R. Rynk. Fires at composting facilities: causes and conditions Part I. BioCycle 41.1 (2000), pp. 54–58 H. S. Sidhu, M. I. Nelson, and X. D. Chen. A simple spatial model for self-heating compost piles. Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Computational Techniques and Applications Conference, CTAC-2006. Ed. by W. Read and A. J. Roberts. Vol. 48. ANZIAM J. 2007, pp. C135–C150. doi: 10.21914/anziamj.v48i0.86

Completando seu 11o volume, a Revista Brasileira de Inovação apresenta neste número uma reedição do artigo clássico de Gerald Silverberg, Giovanni Dosi e Luigi Orsenigo: Innovation, Diversity and Diffusion: A Self-Organisation Model, originalmente publicado em 1988 no periódico The Economic Journal. Ao apresentar o artigo, Gabriel Porcile destaca que o modelo teórico construído pelos autores fundamenta-se na abordagem pioneira de Richard Nelson e Sidney Winter sobre a dinâmica coevolutiva da inovação e da difusão tecnológica. Aponta ainda os principais pontos que dão sustentação ao modelo, faz excelente contraponto com o modelo convencional da firma representativa, e discute sucintamente visões complementares e desdobramentos teórico-metodológicos a partir da contribuição de Silverberg, Dosi e Orsenigo.

In this paper we study the uniqueness in the sense of the essential self-adjointness for the generator of Nelson’s diffusion on L∞. As consequence it is obtained the L1 -uniqueness of weak solutions for the associated FokkerPlanck-Kolmogorov equation.

In this study, the structure, morphology and composition of the synthesized magnetite/3D-printed wollastonite (3D_W/M) composite were characterized, and its adsorption performance with respect to As(V) and Cr(VI) were studied. Magnetite (MG) modified 3D printed wollastonite was obtained by two step procedure: modification of 3D_W with 3-aminoproylsilane (APTES) followed by controlled magnetite (MG) deposition to obtain 3D_W/M adsorbent. The structure/properties of 3D_W/M were confirmed by applying FTIR, XRD, TGD/DTA, and SEM analysis. The adsorption properties of hybrid adsorbents were carried out for As(V) and Cr(VI) removal - one relative to the initial pH value, the adsorbent mass, the temperature, and the adsorption time. Time-dependent adsorption study was best described by pseudo-second order equation, while Weber Morris analysis showed that intraparticle diffusion controled diffusional transport. Similar activation energy, 17.44 and 14.49 kJ?mol-1 for adsorption As(V) and Cr(VI) on 3D_W/M, respectively, indicated main contribution of physical adsorption. Determination of adsorption parameters was performed by applying different adsorption isotherm models, and the best fit was obtained using Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity of 24.16 and 29.6 mg g-1 for As(V) and Cr(VI) at 2?C, Co = 5.5 and 5.3 mg L-1, respectively, were obtained. Thermodynamic study indicated favourable process at a higher temperature. Preliminary fixed-bed column study and results fitting with Bohart-Adams, Yoon-Nelson, Thomas, and Modified dose-response model showed good agreement with results from the batch study.

Due to the complexity imposed by all the attributes of the fracture network of many naturally fractured reservoirs, it has been observed that fluid flow does not necessarily represent a normal diffusion, i.e., Darcy’s law. Thus, to capture the sub-diffusion process, various tools have been implemented, from fractal geometry to characterize the structure of the porous medium to fractional calculus to include the memory effect in the fluid flow. Considering infinite naturally fractured reservoirs (Type I system of Nelson), a spatial fractional Darcy’s law is proposed, where the spatial derivative is replaced by the Weyl fractional derivative, and the resulting flow model also considers Caputo’s fractional derivative in time. The proposed model maintains its dimensional balance and is solved numerically. The results of analyzing the effect of the spatial fractional Darcy’s law on the pressure drop and its Bourdet derivative are shown, proving that two definitions of fractional derivatives are compatible. Finally, the results of the proposed model are compared with models that consider fractal geometry showing a good agreement. It is shown that modified Darcy’s law, which considers the dependency of the fluid flow path, includes the intrinsic geometry of the porous medium, thus recovering the heterogeneity at the phenomenological level.

Boyle's law: The volume of a given mass of gas, at constant temperature, is inversely proportional to its pressure. Dalton's law: The pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its constituents. Charles's law (Gay-Lussac's law): The volume of a given mass of gas, at constant pressure, increases by 1/273 of its value at 0°C, for every degree Centigrade rise in temperature. Henry's law: The amount of gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas over the solution. Law of gas diffusion: Gas molecules will diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. Graham's law: The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square of its density. Convection and forced convection: The transfer of heat in a gas or liquid is proportional to temperature difference and can be increased by increasing airflow. —Nelkon and Parker, 1962

Alan G. Vaughan e Andrew Samuels, entrambi analisti junghiani, hanno avuto il piacere di incontrarsi durante la prima Conferenza di Analysis & Activism tenutasi a Londra nel 2014. Entrambi colpiti dalla presentazione di nuovi paradigmi e dalla applicazione dei principi della psicologia analitica oltre la stanza di analisi, alle comunità più diverse dal punto di vista etnico ed economico, le loro conversazioni si sono intensificate attraverso lo scambio di e-mail e la condivisione delle loro idee.Nell'agosto 2017 si sono incontrati di persona durante la conferenza dell'International Association of Jungian Studies (IAJS) a Cape Town, in Sudafrica, città natale di Nelson Mandela. Gli scambi sono stati animati e ricchi, il rapporto genuino. Hanno discusso di psicologia analitica, analisi e attivismo, politica, economia, diaspora africana e della diffusione della psicopatologia del razzismo. Le loro conversazioni sono continuate, sulle colline di Oakland in California, il 17 dicembre 2017.

Alan G. Vaughan e Andrew Samuels, entrambi analisti junghiani, hanno avuto il piacere di incontrarsi durante la prima Conferenza di Analysis & Activism tenutasi a Londra nel 2014. Entrambi colpiti dalla presentazione di nuovi paradigmi e dalla applicazione dei principi della psicologia analitica oltre la stanza di analisi, alle comunità più diverse dal punto di vista etnico ed economico, le loro conversazioni si sono intensificate attraverso lo scambio di e-mail e la condivisione delle loro idee.Nell'agosto 2017 si sono incontrati di persona durante la conferenza dell'International Association of Jungian Studies (IAJS) a Cape Town, in Sudafrica, città natale di Nelson Mandela. Gli scambi sono stati animati e ricchi, il rapporto genuino. Hanno discusso di psicologia analitica, analisi e attivismo, politica, economia, diaspora africana e della diffusione della psicopatologia del razzismo. Le loro conversazioni sono continuate, sulle colline di Oakland in California, il 17 dicembre 2017.

Among the famous formulations of quantum mechanics, the stochastic picture developed since the middle of the last century remains one of the less known ones. It is possible to describe quantum mechanical systems with kinetic equations of motion in configuration space based on conservative diffusion processes. This leads to the representation of physical observables through stochastic processes instead of self-adjoint operators. The mathematical foundations of this approach were laid by Edward Nelson in 1966. It allows a different perspective on quantum phenomena without necessarily using the wave-function. This article recaps the development of stochastic mechanics with a focus on variational and extremal principles. Furthermore, based on recent developments of optimal control theory, the derivation of generalized canonical equations of motion for quantum systems within the stochastic picture are discussed. These so-called quantum Hamilton equations add another layer to the different formalisms from classical mechanics that find their counterpart in quantum mechanics.

Abstract We investigate whether increasing the education quality causes increases in economic growth allowing poorer countries to catch up. To this end, we extend Nelson-Phelps's classic paper by introducing differences in education quality (proxied by students' performance on the Program for International Student Assessment [PISA] test) in a leader-follower type of growth model with knowledge diffusion. We use students' performance in a standardized international PISA test to measure education quality's impact on economic growth using a panel Vector Error Correction allowing for cross-correlation in the co-integration analysis in a set of all countries observed over the years 1975–2018. Additionally, we consider the possible reverse causality that characterizes economic development and the quality of education. Our results confirm the relevance of education quality as a significant causal factor of economic growth. However, further analyses indicate that the discussed relation is long-run, which may have important implications for policymakers.

Nelson Paillou can be considered a major sports leader of the second half of 20th century France. He was president of the French Handball Federation from 1964 to 1982, vice-president and eventually president of the French National Olympic and Sports Committee (CNOSF) from 1971 to 1993, and a key person in the foundation of the French association for violence-free sport and fair play. Based on printed sources and on personal as well as institutional archives, this article questions the role Paillou played in the development of French sport. First, Paillou worked to introduce and disseminate handball in France, and he developed a policy to enable masses of people to learn to play handball across the country. As such, he targeted the French youth and founded a national executive for handball technique in order to structure the supervision of players of all levels, from initiation up to the elite level. Second, Nelson Paillou also contributed to the recognition and visibility of handball in France and at European and international levels. He developed a significant communication policy and assured a remarkable presence at all handball events in order to reinforce his choices in terms of management and diffusion of the game. Finally, it appears that during the second half of the 20th century, Paillou, who strongly supported the ideals of Pierre de Coubertin, emerged as a promotor of humanist values in sport and in handball. His position against sponsors and some kind of professionalism was overcome with difficulties but it was necessary to open French handball to the international field. Paillou presented himself as an ambiguous French sports leader who sometimes took contradictory decisions. However, Paillou’s resolutions reflected the choices of an opportunistic leader in front of the transformation of sport in a period marked by the arrival of show business and professionalism.

The treatment of water contaminated by toxic metals using ion exchange with zeolites is becoming attractive due to its low capital costs and high potential for removal capacity. Mathematical modelling of this process allows for operational control and estimation of the ability to remove these metals. In this work, the kinetic modelling was performed based on finite bath experimental data, with Intraparticle Diffusion (IPD) and External Liquid Film Mass Transfer (MTEF) models. The models Thomas (TH), Yoon-Nelson (YN) and Solid Film Mass Transfer (MTSF) were used to estimate the saturation time, ion exchange capacity and sizing variables of a fixed bed column. For the finite bath system, the results showed that the mass transfer was better represented by the IPD phenomenon. The breakthrough curve obtained by the Aspen Adsorption (MTSF) model presented the best fit, compared with experimental data, with R2≥0.9923. The average ion exchange capacities calculated for MTSF, TH and YN were respectively 2.22, 2.12 and 2.07 meq Zn2+(aq)/ g of zeolite. The model simulated with Aspen Adsorption was also used to analyze the continuous system behaviour, by varying the height of the bed. It was observed that increasing the height, the saturation time and ion exchange capacity also increase, while reducing the height makes axial dispersion the predominant mass transfer phenomenon, which reduces the diffusion of Zn2+(aq) ions.

The objective of this research was to investigate the behavior and conditions for CO2 adsorption using a mixture of CO2/N2 over a fixed-bed column of zeolite 5A. The study was performed with a variation in gas composition of CO2/N2 as a 20/80, 50/50, and 80/20 volume %, the adsorption temperatures as 298, 333, and 373 K and the total feed flow rates as 1, 2, and 4 L/h under 100 kPa pressure. The Bohart–Adams, Yoon–Nelson, and Thomas models were used to predict the breakthrough behavior of CO2 adsorption in a fixed column. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanism has been investigated using the kinetics adsorption of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Boyd model, and intraparticle model. Increasing the CO2 composition of a gas mixture resulted in a high CO2 adsorption capacity because of the high partial pressure of CO2. The capacity of CO2 adsorption was decreased with increasing temperature because of physical adsorption with an exothermic reaction. The CO2 adsorption capacity was also decreased with increasing feed flow rates with inadequate time for CO2 adsorbates diffusion into the pores of the adsorbent before exiting the packed bed. The CO2 adsorption by zeolite 5A confirmed that the physical adsorption with intraparticle diffusion was the rate-controlling step of the whole process.

Abstract Activated carbon made from agricultural waste (walnut shells) was investigated as a suitable adsorbent for effectively removing quinoline from industrial wastewater. The activated carbon was treated with phosphoric acid and oxidized by ammonium persulfate and its ability to adsorb pyridine and quinoline in aqueous solution was investigated. Kinetic parameters for the adsorption process were determined through pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion models. Equilibrium experiments and adsorption isotherms were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. After reaching equilibrium, the activated carbon adsorbed quinoline in preference to pyridine: the equilibrium adsorptions from individual aqueous solutions (200 μL L−1) of quinoline and pyridine were 166.907 mg g−1 and 72.165 mg g−1, respectively. Thermodynamic studies of quinoline adsorption were conducted at different temperatures and indicated that quinoline adsorption was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The column-adsorption of quinoline and pyridine was consistent with the Thomas model and the Yoon-Nelson model. The removal efficiency of quinoline reached more than 97% for a velocity of 6 mL min−1 at the initial adsorption stage.

This paper studies and compares the actual historic solar photovoltaic (PV) installation data in Japan and the United States and proposes two deployment models to account for the differences. Deployment, along with research, development and demonstration, constitutes what is known as the RD3 (PCAST — President's Council of Advances in Science and Technology, United States) innovative chain of a new technology. Japan deploys PV focusing on the niche of utility grid-tied small-scale system (90 per cent of which is standardised roof-top residential PV system) using highly integrated value chain; this seems to draw upon her strong manufacturing culture and associated social technology and institutions for suppliers-dominated innovations. The United States deploys PV as a broadly defined innovation emphasising user-oriented customisation in both on and off grid, residential and industrial applications using small independent and intermediary system integrators. Empirical analysis of the diffusion patterns in the grid-tied small system category in respective contexts suggests that Japan's institutions seem to match her mass deployment strategy while the United States' combination of fragmented industry structure and diversity deployment gives rise to a complex diffusion pattern calling for continual institutional innovation or co-evolution. Our research, therefore, highlights that commercialisation of new technology or technical change, in general, is not an autonomous process and has strong institutional underpinnings. We formalise and generalise this "match" (Perez, 1983) argument in accordance with Nelson and Sampat's (2001) framework of physical technology vs social technology and their interactions. Some potential future extensions regarding utilities for this model are then highlighted.

The low-cost calcium-based bentonite modified with anionic and cationic surfactants was granulated by cross-linking to sodium alginate (SA) to promote the adsorption efficiencies of norfloxacin (NOR). The characterization studies illustrated that the intercalation of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) was successful. The modification improved the pore structure and the granular SA/organically modified bentonite composite (GOMBt) exhibited a lamellar structure with some roughness. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms indicated that adsorption of NOR on GOMBt was an endothermic process. The effects of various factors on the adsorption of NOR suggested that the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained under acidic conditions and cations improved the adsorption process. A fixed-bed column was employed to investigate the dynamic adsorption characteristics of NOR by GOMBt. The breakthrough time and bed height had a positive correlation; however, the relation of flow rate, pH, and breakthrough time had a negative correlation. The results showed that the dynamic adsorption data of NOR on GOMBt fitted Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models. The internal and external diffusion in GOMBt dynamic adsorption was not a rate-limiting step.

Abstract The present work reports studies on the effective removal of Rhodamine-B (RhB) using Aliquat-336 modified Amberlite XAD-4 resin in the fixed-bed columns in series. The effect of flow rate (Q = 2 to 6 mL·min−1), bed height (h = 3.5 to 7 cm) and initial RhB dye concentration (Cin = 10 to 20 mg·L−1) was studied. When a single column was used, 93% RhB dye was removed in 3 h at Q= 2 mL·min−1, Cin = 10 mg·L−1, and h = 7 cm. When three columns in series were used, almost 100% dye was removed until 80 h. The maximum breakthrough time (142 h) and saturation time (244 h) were found by keeping Q= 2 mL·min−1, h = 7 cm of each column and Cin = 10 mg·L−1. Mathematical modeling of the breakthrough curves was done by using Yoon-Nelson, Clark, Wolborska, and pore diffusion models. The Clark model best fitted the experimental data. The possible interaction mechanism between Aliquat-336 and RhB dye was proposed. The column was regenerated in continuous mode using 1 M HCl solution and maintaining a flow rate of 2 mL·min−1.

Cationic dye adsorption from aqueous solution onto synthesized geopolymer was investigated by batch and fixed bed column experiments. The geopolymer material was elaborated by alkali solution and fly ash supplied by Jorf Lasfar power plant of Morocco. Physical and chemical characteristics of samples were determined by FX, DRX, SEM, 29Si MAS NMR and Zeta potential methods. The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) technique is used to determine the surface area. The Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method was performed to obtain pore size distribution curves and average pore diameter. Kinetics data were analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. To predict the breakthrough curves and determine the main fixed bed column parameters, three kinetic models; Tomas, Bohart–Adams and Yoon-Nelson models are applied to fitting the experimental data. The kinetic study showed that the pseudo-second-order can be used to describe the methylene blue (MB) adsorption process on the geopolymer matrix. The kinetic models of the adsorption in dynamic column are suitable to describe the continuous adsorption process of dyestuff by the geopolymer. The results of this study indicated that geopolymer derived from fly ash can be used as a low cost effective adsorbent for cationic dye removal from industrial aqueous effluent.

Cation diffusion facilitator transporters are found in all three Kingdoms of life and are involved in transporting transition metals out of the cytosol. The metals they transport include Zn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+; however, no single transporter transports all metals. Previously we showed that a single amino acid mutation in the yeast vacuolar zinc transporter Zrc1 changed its substrate specificity from Zn2+ to Fe2+ and Mn2+ [Lin, Kumanovics, Nelson, Warner, Ward and Kaplan (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283, 33865–33873]. Mutant Zrc1 that gained iron transport activity could protect cells with a deletion in the vacuolar iron transporter (CCC1) from high iron toxicity. Utilizing suppression of high iron toxicity and PCR mutagenesis of ZRC1, we identified other amino acid substitutions within ZRC1 that changed its metal specificity. All Zrc1 mutants that transported Fe2+ could also transport Mn2+. Some Zrc1 mutants lost the ability to transport Zn2+, but others retained the ability to transport Zn2+. All of the amino acid substitutions that resulted in a gain in Fe2+ transport activity were found in transmembrane domains. In addition to alteration of residues adjacent to the putative metal- binding site in two transmembrane domains, alteration of residues distant from the binding site affected substrate specificity. These results suggest that substrate selection involves co-operativity between transmembrane domains.

The reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from palm oil mill effluent (POME) is very significant to ensure aquatic protection and the environment. Continuous adsorption of COD in a fixed bed column can be an effective treatment process for its reduction prior to discharge. Adsorption capacity of bone derived biocomposite synthesized from fresh cow bones, zeolite, and coconut shells for the reduction in the organic pollutant parameter was investigated in this study in a fixed bed column. The effect of influent flow rate (1.4, 2.0, and 2.6 mL/min) was determined at an influent pH 7. The optimum bed capacity on the fabricated composite of surface area of 251.9669 m2/g was obtained at 1.4 mL/min at breakthrough time of 5.15 h influent POME concentration. The experimental data were fitted to Thomas, Adams–Bohart, and Yoon–Nelson models fixed bed adsorption models. It was revealed that the results fitted well to the Adams Bohart model with a correlation coefficient of R2 > 0.96 at different influent concentration. Adsorption rate constant was observed to increase at lower flow rate influent concentration, resulting in longer empty bed contact time (EBCT) for the mass transfer zone of the column to reach the outlet of the effluent concentration. In general, the overall kinetics of adsorption indicated that the reduction in COD from POME using a bone-biocomposite was effective at the initial stage of adsorption. The pore diffusion model better described the breakthrough characteristics for COD reduction with high correlation coefficient. Shorter breakthrough time compared to EBCT before regeneration indicated that the bone composite was suitable and effective for the reduction in COD from POME using fixed bed column adsorption.

It is now well recognized that education expedites the process of growth in an economy. In agriculture, leaving aside the external effects, it affects productivity in two quite distinct ways known as the allocative effect and the worker effect (Welch, 1970). The former centres on beller allocation decisions including adoption and diffusion of new technology whereas the latter relates to a more efficient use of given inputs, i.e. the technical efficiency aspect of production. While the allocative effect is inherently predicated on disequilibrium (created, for example, by a change in technology) (Nelson and Phelps 1966), there is some evidence to suggest that even the worker effect of education is more likely to arise in disequilibrium resulting from technical change (Maack 1981). This is because technical change renders the cultural practices learnt over generations obsolete or inadequate and calls for an adjustment. A more educated farmer is supposed to make the required adjustment more quickly. In this paper I have attempted to test this hypothesis for Pakistan during the green revolution period when the introduction of new crop varieties disturbed the prevailing equilibrium. For this purpose I have used production function analysis and have conducted the analysis for not only the new but also the traditional crops. The results lend support to the hypothesis by showing that the worker effect is more pronounced in the case of new crop varieties as compared to the traditional ones. The paper is divided into three sections. In Section II, I have presented the hypothesis and discussed the methodology used for the analysis. Section III concludes the paper with a discussion of the results.

This paper presents the methodology for the preparation of hydrochar obtained from waste materials of natural origin and investigates its applicability for removing mercury ions from aqueous systems. The sorption properties of the obtained hydrochar were investigated in a batch and in a flow-through column system. The hydrochar material was obtained from apple pomace, which was hydrothermally carbonized in 230 °C for 5 h in a hydrothermal reactor. The hydrochar formed in the process was thermally activated with an inert gas flow—CO2. Obtained materials were characterised with XRD, FTIR-ATR, SEM‑EDS and nitrogen sorption (BET) analyses, which confirmed the obtaining of a highly porous carbon material with a specific surface area of 145.72 m2/g and an average pore diameter of 1.93 nm. The obtained hydrochar was analysed for sorption of mercury ions from aqueous solutions. Equilibrium isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Temkin, Hill, Redlich-Peterson, Sips and Toth) and kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion) were determined. The sorption process of mercury on the obtained material is best described using the Freundlich isotherm and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. This indicates that the process is chemical in nature The sorption of mercury ions from an aqueous solution with a concentration of C0 = 100 mg Hg/dm3 has been also carried out in a flow-through column system. The data obtained from adsorption were fitted to mathematical dynamic models (Bohart–Adams, Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, Clark, BDST and Yan) to illustrate the bed breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic column parameters. The Yan model has the best fit across the study area, although the Thomas model better predicts the maximum capacity of the bed, which is qmax= 111.5 mg/g.

We have studied the role of restrictions to lateral mobility in the segregation of proteins to apical and basolateral domains of MDCK epithelial cells. Radioimmunoassay and semiquantitative video analysis of immunofluorescence on frozen sections showed that one apical and three basolateral glycoproteins, defined by monoclonal antibodies and binding of beta-2-microglobulin, were incompletely extracted with 0.5% Triton X-100 in a buffer that preserves the cortical cytoskeleton (Fey, E. G., K. M. Wan, and S. Penman. 1984. J. Cell Biol. 98:1973-1984; Nelson, W. T. and P. J. Veshnock. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 103:1751-1766). The marker proteins were preferentially extracted from the "incorrect" domain (i.e., the apical domain for a basolateral marker), indicating that the cytoskeletal anchoring was most effective on the "correct" domain. The two basolateral markers were unpolarized and almost completely extractable in cells prevented from establishing cell-cell contacts by incubation in low Ca++ medium, while an apical marker was only extracted from the basal surface under the same conditions. Procedures were developed to apply fluorescent probes to either the apical or the basolateral surface of live cells grown on native collagen gels. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of predominantly basolateral antigens showed a large percent of cells (28-52%) with no recoverable fluorescence on the basal domain but normal fluorescence recovery on the apical surface of most cells (92-100%). Diffusion coefficients in cells with normal fluorescence recovery were in the order of 1.1 x 10(-9) cm2/s in the apical domain and 0.6-0.9 x 10(-9) cm2/s in the basal surface, but the difference was not significant. The data from both techniques indicate (a) the existence of mobile and immobile protein fractions in both plasma membrane domains, and (b) that linkage to a domain specific submembrane cytoskeleton plays an important role in the maintenance of epithelial cell surface polarity.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has been received growing attention in the electrical energy storage fields due to their low cost and earth-abundant sodium. [1] However, there has been a lack of new discoveries, growth directions, and real advancement with respect to Na-storage anodes. Despite the chemical similarities between sodium and lithium as alkali elements, the larger Na ion than Li ions (ionic radii of 0.98 Å and 0.68 Å, respectively) is limited to insertion into host materials and results in different phase transition behavior. [2] Among the available anode candidate materials for SIBs, lead (Pb), which has a large atomic size than other elements (e.g. Si, Sn), provides a big interstitial space to accommodate large Na ions by fast ionic diffusion, enabling reversible Na alloying/dealloying and exhibiting high volumetric capacity. [3] Furthermore, when Pb is used as anode with layered sodium transition metal oxide as cathode, the energy density of the pouch-type cell is estimated to be 549 Wh/L and the cost is lower than 63.5 USD/kWh according to the Argonne BatPac model. [4] Therefore, Pb-based materials have competitive potential as promising anodes and it is crucial to understand the electrochemical process from a fundamental perspective. Here, we investigate a unique Na storage mechanism using a novel Pb-based carbon nanocomposite anode synthesized by a simple high-energy milling method. The electrochemical data show a decent cycle performance with a reversible capacity of 381 mAh/g. Nevertheless, the Na-storage performance of the Pb-based anode was not attractive compared to Li cells. In-situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveal the reaction mechanism and Zintl-phase formation that limits the Na storage, unlike the Li reaction. We expect these findings provide fundamental knowledge of Na-alloying reaction and guidance for designing anode materials for high-performance SIBs. [1] K. Kubota and S. Komaba Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162 (14) A2538-A2550 [2] M. Lao, Y. Zhang, W. Luo, Q. Yan, W. Sun, and S. X. Dou Adv. Mater. 2017, 29 , 1700622 [3] Chia-Yun Chou, Myungsuk Lee, and Gyeong S. Hwang, J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 27, 14843–14850 [4] P. Nelson, K. Gallagher, I. Bloom, Dennis Dees, and Shabbir Ahmed, BatPaC, Argonne National Laboratory. http://www.cse.anl.gov/batpac.

1548 Background: Lung cancer screening continues to be an area of great opportunity in public health, especially in developing countries. In Mexico, about 10,000 new cases of lung cancer are detected annually, of which less than 5% are diagnosed in early stages. There are no national programs for timely detection of lung cancer in our country, so it is essential to seek accessible measures to prioritize resources for high-risk people. Methods: We developed a web app that consisted of a short survey to stratify patients according to their risk of lung cancer (https://cuccuanl.com/tamiz_pulmon/). The questions were based on Nelson's criteria to categorize high-risk subjects who are deemed candidates for screening. The program contained automated logic programmed using JavaScript to guide people to the low or high-risk page if they met standard risk criteria in those age 50 and older. The high-risk page alerted people of their risk, displaying general information about lung cancer as well as contact information to make an appointment at our cancer center. An appointment could be also scheduled within the app if the person so wished. The web app was launched and distributed through social media. Results: After a period of 2 months, 939 people completed the survey. The median age of the responders was 40 years, and 61% were men. Of the total, 185 participants were 50 years of age or older. 268 people (29% of the total) were sent to the high-risk page, including persons under 50 years of age with symptoms highly suggestive of lung cancer. According to their smoking status, 80% of the subjects reported active smoking, while 9% reported heavy smoking, considered as more than 20 pack-years. Among all the people evaluated, 44 high-risk subjects scheduled a specialized medical appointment within the web app. Conclusions: This pilot study showed a high response of Mexican population seeking lung cancer risk evaluation, especially among the persons who smoke regularly. The use of web apps can result in mass diffusion which will help reach people with less medical access, a common scenario in many developing countries. Further analysis should be made to measure the real impact on lung cancer diagnosis and oncological outcomes. Our study shows how effective social media is as a means of diffusion on health topics. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

Bacterial wilt of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by the yellow and orange variants of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. Flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins & Jones was found in western Canada in 2002 (1). A purple variant was found in a pooled sample of discolored cull seeds of great northern bean (cv. US1140) from a crop grown near Bow Island, Alberta, Canada in 2005. Bacterial colonies isolated from purple seed using modified Burkholder's agar (MBA) (3) were convex, glistening, and smooth edged with blue pigment diffusing into the medium. Three isolates (V154, V155, and V254) were identified with conventional tests (2), carbohydrate oxidation (GP Microplates, Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), and cellular fatty acids (CFA) (MIDI, Inc., Newark, DE). All were grampositive, motile, aerobic rods with yellow colonies producing extracellular blue pigment on MBA when grown at 20 ± 2°C. Bacterial isolates grew at 27°C but grew weakly at 37°C. They were positive for catalase and hydrolysis of hippurate and indoxyl acetate and negative for urease, gelatin liquification, and oxidase. CFA profiles were approximately 48% 15:0 anteiso, 40% 17:0 anteiso, 7% 16:0 iso, and 3% 15:0 iso; with 17:1 anteiso A variable but <1%. Many carbohydrates were oxidized in the Biolog microplates with little acid production. The results match C. flaccumfaciens (2) and the MIDI and Biolog databases, as well as the purple variant of C. flaccumfaciens found in Nebraska, the only previous report of this variant (4). The pathogenicity of the three isolates was tested. Seeds of great northern (cv. US1140) and navy (cv. Morden003) beans were soaked in a bacterial suspension (1 × 108 CFU/ml) or distilled water (control) for 1 h, planted in Cornell mix in root trainers, incubated at 28/22°C (16-h day/8-h night) in a growth cabinet for 14 days, and examined for seedling wilt. The test had three replicates per treatment and 20 seeds per replicate in a completely randomized design. All three isolates were pathogenic to both bean cultivars. The wilt incidences were 51, 57, and 56% on US1140 and 64, 76, and 69% on Morden003 for isolates V154, V155, and V254, respectively. The purple variant of C. flaccumfaciens was reisolated from hypocotyls of wilted seedlings but not from healthy controls. The experiment was repeated using the reisolated bacteria and the results were similar to the first experiment, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the purple variant of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in Canada. References: (1) T. F. Hsieh et al. Plant Dis. 86:1275, 2002. (2) K. Komagata et al. Page 1313 in: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2. Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore, MD, 1986. (3) G. A. Nelson and G. Semeniuk. Phytopathology 54:330, 1964. (4) M. L. Schuster et al. Can. J. Microbiol. 14:423, 1968.

Background: Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, caused by telomerase dysfunction leading to shortened telomeres.1 Recent literature shows only a 23% estimated 10-year survival, secondary to death from pulmonary complications.2 Currently, hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the only curative therapy for marrow failure but has been limited by mortality related to infection, sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and respiratory failure.3,4 The ideal conditioning regimen that optimizes engraftment while maximizing long-term survival is yet to be determined. Methods: We describe three consecutive patients with DC who underwent matched unrelated donor (MUD) allogeneic HCT following a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen similar to protocol NCT03330795 that uses a reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) while maximizing the benefits of shielding vulnerable organs in this populations. These three patients received a RIC regimen of rituximab, alemtuzumab, hydroxyurea, thiotepa, fludarabine, and 250 cGy total body irradiation; patients 1 and 2 received 85% lung shielding and 50% liver shielding. Results: Patient 1 is a 17-year-old male with reduced diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), splenomegaly, splenic varices and nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) who presented with pancytopenia. Testing revealed telomeres below the 1st percentile in all WBC subtypes, a PARN c.1257dup heterozygous mutation and a TERC c.17_31 mutation. He underwent a 12/12 MUD HCT and engrafted on Day +18. His course was complicated by poor adherence to medications and visits, and development of skin and GI GVHD, which responded to steroids. He was weaned off of immunosuppression by 11 months post-transplant. Twenty-eight months post-transplant, he remains 100% donor engrafted with no chronic GVHD or organ toxicity, including stable pulmonary function tests (PFT). See figure 1 and 2. Patient 2 is a 16-year-old male with reduced DLCO, splenomegaly and NRH who was diagnosed after his brother (Patient 1). He was found to have very short telomeres in all testable WBC subtypes and the same mutations as his brother. After marrow failure, he underwent a 12/12 MUD HCT, with neutrophil engraftment on Day +16. His course was complicated by sudden noncompliance with tacrolimus at day +100, after which he suffered GI GVHD which responded to steroids. He then developed disseminated adenovirus infection which responded to an adenovirus-specific T-cell infusion. He is now Day +356 after transplant and has been off all immunosuppression for 4 months. He remains &gt;98% donor-engrafted without evidence of GVHD or organ toxicity, and his PFTs have remained stable. Patient 3 is a 16-year-old male with a history of antibody-negative autoimmune hepatitis who later developed pancytopenia. Telomere testing revealed very short telomeres in 4 of the 5 evaluable WBC subtypes. His genetic testing did not uncover a mutation yet identified as pathogenic in DC. He received a 12/12 MUD HCT and engrafted on Day +12. He had skin GVHD which responded to ruxolitinib. He remains 100% donor-engrafted, most recently at 9 months post-transplant without organ toxicity. Conclusions: All patients had timely neutrophil engraftment without SOS or other organ toxicity, despite being at increased risk for organ morbidity due to preexisting liver and lung disease. GVHD was noted, although two of the cases were related to poor adherence, and all responded to treatment. There is sustained donor-engraftment at a median of 637 days (range 356-1186 days) post-transplant. References 1. Dietz AC, Orchard PJ, Baker KS, et al. Disease-specific hematopoietic cell transplantation: nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen for dyskeratosis congenita. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46(1):98-104. 2. Elmahadi S, Muramatsu H, Kojima S. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for dyskeratosis congenita. Curr Opin Hematol. 2016;23(6):501-507. 3. Nelson AS, Marsh RA, Myers KC, et al. A Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Regimen for Patients with Dyskeratosis Congenita Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22(5):884-888. 4. Fioredda F, Iacobelli S, Korthof ET, et al. Outcome of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in dyskeratosis congenita. Br. J. Haematol. 2018;183(1):110-118. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

AbstractThe performance of crab shell chitosan (600 µm) as prospective adsorbent for phenol removal was studied in dynamics mode. The chitosan adsorbent had specific surface area of 191 m2/g and showed the surface characteristics linked to amine/amide groups. The effects of operating conditions on phenol adsorption at different concentrations (100 and 200 mg/L), flow rates (2.17 and 2.90 mL/min) and bed heights (1.75 and 3.5 cm) were evaluated. Results showed that the maximum phenol adsorption capacity by the crab shell chitosan was recorded at 190 mg/g. Thomas, Yoon–Nelson and Adam–Bohart models displayed good correlation with experimental data, hence best described the dynamics breakthrough of phenol removal. External and internal diffusion were the rate controlling mechanism, while the entire system was predominated by a simultaneous steady state process of intraparticle diffusion and ionic interactions. The crab shell chitosan shows a promising potential as adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

AbstractWe present an English translation of Erwin Schrödinger’s paper on “On the Reversal of the Laws of Nature‘’. In this paper, Schrödinger analyses the idea of time reversal of a diffusion process. Schrödinger’s paper acted as a prominent source of inspiration for the works of Bernstein on reciprocal processes and of Kolmogorov on time reversal properties of Markov processes and detailed balance. The ideas outlined by Schrödinger also inspired the development of probabilistic interpretations of quantum mechanics by Fényes, Nelson and others as well as the notion of “Euclidean Quantum Mechanics” as probabilistic analogue of quantization. In the second part of the paper, Schrödinger discusses the relation between time reversal and statistical laws of physics. We emphasize in our commentary the relevance of Schrödinger’s intuitions for contemporary developments in statistical nano-physics.

La mayoría de los investigadores que diseñan experiencias innovadoras de aprendizaje digital y luego realizan investigaciones que investigan la utilidad de esas experiencias de aprendizaje, no aplican completamente la teoría de la instrucción (Reigeluth, 1983, 1999; Reigeluth y Carr-Chellman, 2009a) como la base de sus diseños y El foco de su investigación. Esta elección impacta negativamente el juicio de diseño de los investigadores (Boling, et al.2017) y su credibilidad como garantes del diseño (Stolterman y Nelson, 2000). Esto finalmente conduce a barreras de difusión cuando se difunden sus innovaciones de aprendizaje digital. El propósito de este documento es ayudar a los investigadores y diseñadores de experiencias de aprendizaje a superar estas barreras de difusión al adoptar la teoría de la instrucción como base para sus diseños y utilizar seis principios para realizar investigaciones alineadas con la teoría de la instrucción: 1) Conocer los sistemas complejos cualitativamente, 2) Valor los fundamentos del diseño del tratamiento, 3) Practique una consideración imparcial de los métodos de instrucción, 4) Respete el triángulo de hierro del diseño de instrucción, 5) Distinga entre métodos y medios, y 6) Conozca su teoría de diseño de instrucción personal. Most researchers who design innovative digital learning experiences, and then conduct research that investigates the usefulness of those learning experiences, fail to fully apply instructional theory (Reigeluth, 1983, 1999; Reigeluth & Carr-Chellman, 2009a) as the foundation of their designs and the focus of their research. This choice negatively impacts researchers’ design judgment (Boling, et al. 2017) and their credibility as the guarantor of design (Stolterman & Nelson, 2000). This ultimately leads to diffusion barriers when disseminating their digital learning innovations. The purpose of this paper is to help researchers and learning-experience designers overcome these diffusion barriers by embracing instructional theory as the foundation for their designs and using six principles for conducting research aligned with instructional theory: 1) Know complex systems qualitatively, 2) Value the treatment design fundamentals, 3) Practice unbiased consideration of instructional methods, 4) Respect the instructional design iron triangle, 5) Differentiate between methods and media, and 6) Know your personal instructional design theory.

The presented research belongs to the sphere of evolutionary economics. It indicates that it is innovation that is the trigger for the evolution of both the economy as a whole and its individual industries and regions. The maximum evolutionary effect of innovation is the transition of the economy to a new technological order. Equally important is the role of innovation in the social development of society. They change not only the means of transport, communication, education and medicine, but also the way of life habitual for society. The difference between the terms «innovation» and «innovation» is defined. The classification of innovations is considered, proceeding from their evolutionary component. Innovations with qualitative and quantitative evolutionary effect, innovations with the effect of social and spatial evolution are singled out. An analysis of the evolutionary essence of innovations, determined in the works of well-known authors, is carried out. Such as J. Schumpeter, N.D. Kondratiev, R. Nelson, S. Winter, and others. Influence of diffusion of innovations on the process of territorial evolution is determined. The types of diffusion of innovations with characteristics of each of them are described. It is indicated that in the process of changing business-routines there is a dual essence of innovations. It consists in that, on the one hand, innovations are external factors of evolution, and on the other hand – by its internal factors. The role of multiplicative effects as a mechanism that changes the trajectory of the development of the innovation process, making it less predictable and, accordingly, difficult to manage, is defined.

Background: The present research aimed to develop and optimize extended-release floating tablets of Sacubitril and Valsartan through Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Risk analysis by formulation assessment and process parameters showed that optimizing the levels of the polymer will minimize high risk to meet the target profile. A two (2) level three (3) full factorial experimental design along with midpoints was carefully chosen for optimization and statistical analysis. Based on the literature, the independent and dependent variables were selected. Results: HPMC K100, Carbopol 934P had a positive effect, whereas Ethylcellulose had a negative effect on Floating time, drug release at 2 h, drug release at 12 h and, 50% responses. Drug release kinetics followed the first-order release with Higuchi and Fickian diffusion. Contour and overlay plots were utilized for an assortment of design space and optimized formula. ANOVA results of all the factors exhibited significance at p<0.05. Abdominal X-ray imaging of the optimized tablets on healthy rabbit’s stomach confirmed the floating behavior for more than 12 h. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits showed that the optimized formulation exhibited prolonged and extended drug release with improved Cmax, tmax, AUCo-t, and t1/2 of test product when compared to marketed product. IVIVC model was developed by using dissolution data of in vitro and pharmacokinetics data of in-vivo by de-convolution method (Wagner-Nelson method). Conclusion: The Quality by Design implementation in the formulation and optimization abridged the number of trials to produce a cost-effective formula. In vivo studies confirmed that the formula was successfully developed with extended floating time (12 h) and drug release by risk analysis and experimental designs. Level A correlation was observed which confirmed a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo data.

Background and Objectives: Little is known about carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPK) in Sudan. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CPK in a major hospital in Khartoum, Sudan between may 2015 - January 2017 and to characterize the isolates and detect the types of carbapenemase (s) they produced. Materials and Methods: The study was done in the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratories Science, Al-Neleen University. All the isolates were obtained from clinical samples of patients treated inside the hospitals. Strains of K. pneumoniae resistant to at least one carbapenem (imipenem or meropenem) by using disc diffusion technique according to the CLSI guidelines were included in this study. Molecular detection of carbapenemase genes was achieved using Real-Time PCR (Sacace Biotechnologie, Italie). Results: A total 96 strains of K. pneumoniae of different non duplicated isolates were obtained from different hospitals. Seventy-two percent (70/96) isolates were positive for carbapenemase genes; 59.4% (57/96) were positive for blaKPC genes, 57.3% (55/96) were positive for blaNDM genes, 37.5% (36/96) were positive for blaVIM genes and 35.4% (34/96) were positive for blaOXA-48 genes. Nineteen isolates possessed four genes (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM and blaOXA-48), fourteen isolates possessed three genes{( blaNDM, blaVIM and blaOXA-48=6), (blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA-48=3), (blaKPC, blaNDM and blaVIM =3), (blaKPC, blaVIM and blaOXA-48=2)}, 27 isolates possessed two genes{( blaKPC and blaNDM =21), (blaKPC, blaOXA-48=2), (blaNDM and blaVIM =3), (blaNDM and blaOXA-48=1)}, 10 isolates possessed only one gene (blaKPC =8, blaOXA-48=1 and blaVIM =1) and the remaining 26 isolates were free from these genes. Conclusion & Recommendation: In Sudan, the most common type of carbapenemase gene multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae is KPC. Co-production of KPC, VIM, NDM and OXA-48 genes are found in K. pneumoniae. To our knowledge, this study was done for the first time in Sudan. Therefore, it is necessary to determine carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates and take essential infection control precautions to avoid spread of this resistance.

Introduction Many anthropologists and other academics have attempted to argue that the spread of technology is a global homogenising force, socialising the remaining indigenous groups across the planet into an indistinct Western "monoculture" focussed on consumption, where they are rapidly losing their cultural distinctiveness. In many cases, these intellectuals -– people such as Jerry Mander -- often blame the diffusion of television (particularly through new innovations that are allowing it to penetrate further into rural areas, such as satellite and cable) as a key force in the effort to "assimilate" indigenous groups and eradicate their unique identities. Such writers suggest that indigenous groups can do nothing to resist the onslaught of the technologically, economically, and aesthetically superior power of Western television. Ironically, while often protesting the plight of indigenous groups and heralding their need for cultural survival, these authors often fail to recognise these groups’ abilities to fend for themselves and preserve their cultural integrity. On the other side of the debate are visual anthropologists and others who are arguing that indigenous groups are quickly becoming savvy to Western technologies, and that they are now using them for cultural revitalisation, linguistic revival, and the creation of outlets for the indigenous voice. In this school of thought, technology is seen not so much as a threat to indigenous groups, but instead as a remarkable opportunity to reverse the misfortunes of these groups at the hands of colonisation and national programmes of attempted assimilation. From this perspective, the rush of indigenous groups to adopt new technologies comes hand-in-hand with recent efforts to assert their tribal sovereignty and their independence. Technology has become a "weapon" in their struggle for technological autonomy. As a result, many are starting their own television stations and networks, and thus transforming the way television operates in their societies -– away from global monocultures and toward local interests. I hypothesise that in fact there is no correlation between television viewing and acculturation, and that, in fact, the more familiar people are with the technology of television and the current way the technology is utilised, the more likely they are to be interested in using it to revive and promote their own culture. Whatever slight negative effect exists depends on the degree to which local people can understand and redirect how that technology is used within their own cultural context. However, it should be stated that for terms of this investigation, I consider the technologies of "video" and "television" to be identical. One is the recording aspect, and the other the distribution aspect, of the same technology. Once people become aware that they can control what is on the television screen through the instrumentality of video, they immediately begin attempting to assert cultural values through it. And this is precisely what is going on on the Cheyenne River Reservation. This project is significant because the phenomenon of globalisation is real and Western technologies such as video, radio, and PCs are spreading throughout the world, including the "Fourth World" of the planet’s indigenous peoples. However, in order to deal with the phenomenon of globalisation, anthropologists and others may need to deal more realistically with the phenomenon of technological diffusion, which operates far less simply than they might assume. Well-meaning anthropologists seeking to "protect" indigenous groups from the "invasion" of technologies which will change their way of life may be doing these groups a disservice. If they turned some of their effort away from fending off these technologies and toward teaching indigenous groups how to use them, perhaps they might have a better result in creating a better future for them. I hope this study will show a more productive model for dealing with technological diffusion and what effects it has on cultural change in indigenous societies. There have been very few authors that have dealt with this topic head-on. One of the first to do so was Pace (1993), who suggested that some Brazilian Indians were acculturating more quickly as a result of television finally coming to their remote villages in the 1960s. Molohon (1984) looked at two Cree communities, and found that the one which had more heavy television viewing was culturally closer to its neighboring white towns. Zimmerman (1996) fingered television as one of the key elements in causing Indian teenagers to lose their sense of identity, thus putting them at higher risk for suicide. Gillespie (1995) argued that television is actually a ‘weapon’ of national states everywhere in their efforts to assimilate and socialise indigenous and other ethnic minority groups. In contrast, authors like Weiner (1997), Straubhaar (1991), and Graburn (1982) have all critiqued these approaches, suggesting that they deny subjectivity and critical thinking to indigenous TV audiences. Each of these researchers suggest, based on their field work, that indigenous people are no more likely than anybody else to believe that the things they see on television are true, and no more likely to adopt the values or worldviews promoted by Western TV programmers and advertisers. In fact, Graburn has observed that the Inuit became so disgusted with what they saw on Canadian national television, that they went out and started their own TV network in an effort to provide their people with meaningful alternatives on their screens. Bell (1995) sounds a cautionary note against studies like Graburn’s, noting that the efforts of indigenous New Zealanders to create their own TV programming for local markets failed, largely because they were crowded out by the "media imperialism" of outside international television. Although the indigenous groups there tried to put their own faces on the screen, many local viewers preferred to see the faces of J.R. Ewing and company, and lowered the ratings share of these efforts. Salween (1991) thinks that global media "cultural imperialism" is real -– that it is an objective pursued by international television marketers -– and suggests a media effects approach might be the best way to see whether it works. Woll (1987) notes that historically many ethnic groups have formed their self-images based on the way they have been portrayed onscreen, and that so far these portrayals have been far from sympathetic. In fact, even once these groups started their own cinemas or TV programmes, they unconsciously perpetuated stereotypes first foisted on them by other people. This study tends to side with those who have observed that indigenous people do not tend to "roll over" in the wake of the onslaught of Western television. Although cautionary studies need to be examined carefully, this research will posit that although the dominant forces controlling TV are antithetical to indigenous groups and their goals, the efforts of indigenous people to take control of their TV screens and their own "media literacy" are also increasing. Thus, this study should contribute to the viewpoint that perhaps the best way to save indigenous groups from cultural eradication is to give them access to television and show them how to set up their own stations and distribute their own video programming. In fact, it appears to be the case that TV, the Internet, and electronic 'new media' are helping to foster a process of cultural renewal, not just among the Lakota, but also among the Inuit, the Australian aborigines, and other indigenous groups. These new technologies are helping them renew their native languages, cultural values, and ceremonial traditions, sometimes by giving them new vehicles and forms. Methods The research for this project was conducted on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation headquartered in Eagle Butte, South Dakota. Participants chosen for this project were Lakota Sioux who were of the age of consent (18 or older) and who were tribal members living on the reservation. They were given a survey which consisted of five components: a demographic question section identifying their age, gender, and individual data; a technology question section identifying what technologies they had in their home; a TV question section measuring the amount of television they watched; an acculturation question section determining their comparative level of acculturation; and a cultural knowledge question section determining their knowledge of Lakota history. This questionnaire was often followed up by unstructured ethnographic interviews. Thirty-three people of mixed age and gender were given this questionnaire, and for the purposes of this research paper, I focussed primarily on their responses dealing with television and acculturation. These people were chosen through strictly random sampling based on picking addresses at random from the phone book and visiting their houses. The television section asked specifically how many hours of TV they watched per day and per week, what shows they watched, what kinds of shows they preferred, and what rooms in their home had TVs. The acculturation section asked them questions such as how much they used the Lakota language, how close their values were to Lakota values, and how much participation they had in traditional indigenous rituals and customs. To assure open and honest responses, each participant filled out a consent form, and was promised anonymity of their answers. To avoid data contamination, I remained with each person until they completed the questionnaire. For my data analysis, I attempted to determine if there was any correlation (Pearson’s coefficient r of correlation) between such things as hours of TV viewed per week or years of TV ownership with such things as the number of traditional ceremonies they attended in the past year, the number of non-traditional Lakota values they had, their fluency in the Lakota language, their level of cultural knowledge, or the number of traditional practices and customs they had engaged in in their lives. Through simple statistical tests, I determined whether television viewing had any impact on these variables which were reasonable proxies for level of acculturation. Findings Having chosen two independent variables, hours of TV watched per week, and years of TV ownership, I tested if there was any significant correlation between them and the dependent variables of Lakota peoples’ level of cultural knowledge, participation in traditional practices, conformity of values to non-Lakota or non-traditional values, fluency in Lakota, and participation in traditional ceremonies (Table 1). These variables all seemed like reasonable proxies for acculturation since acculturated Lakota would know less of their own culture, go to fewer ceremonies, and so on. The cultural knowledge score was based on how many complete answers the respondents knew to ‘fill in the blank’ questions regarding Lakota history, historical figures, and important events. Participation in traditional practices was based on how many items they marked in a survey of whether or not they had ever raised a tipi, used traditional medicine, etc. The score for conformity to non-Lakota values was based on how many items they marked with a contrary answer to the emic Lakota value system ("the seven Ws".) Lakota fluency was based on how well they could speak, write, or use the Lakota language. And ceremonial attendance was based on the number of traditional ceremonies they had attended in the past year. There were no significant correlations between either of these TV-related variables and these indexes of acculturation. Table 1. R-Scores (Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation) between Variables Representing Television and Acculturation R-SCORES Cultural Knowledge Traditional Practices Modern Values Lakota Fluency Ceremonial Attendance Years Owning TV 0.1399 -0.0445 -0.4646 -0.0660 0.1465 Hours of TV/Week -0.3414 -0.2640 -0.2798 -0.3349 0.2048 The strongest correlation was between the number of years the Lakota person owned a television, and the number of non-Lakota (or ‘modern Western’) values they held in their value system. But even that correlation was pretty weak, and nowhere near the r-score of other linear correlations, such as between their age and the number of children they had. How much television Lakota people watched did not seem to have any influence on how much cultural knowledge they knew, how many traditional practices they had participated in, how many non-Lakota values they held, how well they spoke or used the Lakota language, or how many ceremonies they attended. Even though there does not appear to be anything unusual about their television preferences, and in general they are watching the same shows as other non-Lakota people on the reservation, they are not becoming more acculturated as a result of their exposure to television. Although the Lakota people may be losing aspects of their culture, language, and traditions, other causes seem to be at the forefront than television. I also found that people who were very interested in television production as well as consumption saw this as a tool for putting more Lakota-oriented programs on the air. The more they knew about how television worked, the more they were interested in using it as a tool in their own community. And where I was working at the Cultural Center, there was an effort to videotape many community and cultural events. The Center had a massive archive of videotaped material, but unfortunately while they had faithfully recorded all kinds of cultural events, many of them were not quite "broadcast ready". There was more focus on showing these video programmes, especially oral history interviews with elders, on VCRs in the school system, and in integrating them into various kinds of multimedia and hypermedia. While the Cultural Center had begun broadcasting (remotely through a radio modem) a weekly radio show, ‘Wakpa Waste’ (Good Morning CRST), on the radio station to the north, KLND-Standing Rock, there had never been any forays into TV broadcasting. The Cultural Center director had looked into the feasibility of putting up a television signal transmission tower, and had applied for a grant to erect one, but that grant was denied. The local cable system in Eagle Butte unfortunately lacked the technology to carry true "local access" programming; although the Channel 8 of the system carried CRST News and text announcements, there was no open channel available to carry locally produced public access programming. The way the cable system was set up, it was purely a "relay" or feed from news and channels from elsewhere. Also, people were investing heavily in satellite systems, especially the new DBS (direct broadcast satellite) receivers, and would not be able to pick up local access programmes anyway. The main problem hindering the Lakotas’ efforts to preserve their culture through TV and video was lack of access to broadcast distribution technology. They had the interest, the means, and the stock of programming to put on the air. They had the production and editing equipment, although not the studios to do a "live" show. Were they able to have more local access to and control over TV distribution technology, they would have a potent "arsenal" for resisting the drastic acculturation their community is undergoing. TV has the potential to be a tool for great cultural revitalisation, but because the technology and know-how for producing it was located elsewhere, the Lakotas could not benefit from it. Discussion I hypothesised that the effects if TV viewing on levels of indigenous acculturation would be negligible. The data support my hypothesis that TV does not seem to have a major correlation with other indices of acculturation. Previous studies by anthropologists such as Pace and Molohon suggested that TV was a key determinant in the acculturation of indigenous people in Brazil and the U.S. -– this being the theory of cultural imperialism. However, this research suggests that TV’s effect on the decline of indigenous culture is weak and inconclusive. In fact, the qualitative data suggest that the Lakota most familiar with TV are also the most interested in using it as a tool for cultural preservation. Although the CRST Lakota currently lack the means for mass broadcast of cultural programming, there is great interest in it, and new technologies such as the Internet and micro-broadcast may give them the means. There are other examples of this phenomenon worldwide, which suggest that the Lakota experience is not unique. In recent years, Australian Aborigines, Canadian Inuit, and Brazilian Kayapo have each begun ambitious efforts in creating satellite-based television networks that allow them to reach their far-flung populations with programming in their own indigenous language. In Australia, Aboriginal activists have created music television programming which has helped them assert their position in land claims disputes with the Australian government (Michaels 1994), and also to educate the Europeans of Australia about the aboriginal way of life. In Canada, the Inuit have also created satellite TV networks which are indigenous-owned and operated and carry traditional cultural programming (Valaskakis 1992). Like the Aborigines and the Inuit, the Lakota through their HVJ Lakota Cultural Center are beginning to create their own radio and video programming on a smaller scale, but are beginning to examine using the reservation's cable network to carry some of this material. Since my quantitative survey included only 33 respondents, the data are not as robust as would be determined from a larger sample. However, ethnographic interviews focussing on how people approach TV, as well as other qualitative data, support the inferences of the quantitative research. It is not clear that my work with the Lakota is necessarily generalisable to other populations. Practically, it does suggest that anthropologists interested in cultural and linguistic preservation should strive to increase indigenous access to, and control of, TV production technology. ‘Protecting’ indigenous groups from new technologies may cause more harm than good. Future applied anthropologists should work with the ‘natives’ and help teach them how to adopt and adapt this technology for their own purposes. Although this is a matter that I deal with more intensively in my dissertation, it also appears to me to be the case that, contrary to the warnings of Mander, many indigenous cultures are not being culturally assimilated by media technology, but instead are assimilating the technology into their own particular cultural contexts. The technology is part of a process of revitalisation or renewal -- although there is a definite process of change and adaptation underway, this actually represents an 'updating' of old cultural practices for new situations in an attempt to make them viable for the modern situation. Indeed, I think that the Internet, globally, is allowing indigenous people to reassert themselves as a Fourth World "power bloc" on the world stage, as linkages are being formed between Saami, Maya, Lakota, Kayapo, Inuit, and Aborigines. Further research should focus on: why TV seems to have a greater acculturative influence on certain indigenous groups rather than others; whether indigenous people can truly compete equally in the broadcast "marketplace" with Western cultural programming; and whether attempts to quantify the success of TV/video technology in cultural preservation and revival can truly demonstrate that this technology plays a positive role. In conclusion, social scientists may need to take a sidelong look at why precisely they have been such strong critics of introducing new technologies into indigenous societies. There is a better role that they can play –- that of technology ‘broker’. They can cooperate with indigenous groups, serving to facilitate the exchange of knowledge, expertise, and technology between them and the majority society. References Bell, Avril. "'An Endangered Species’: Local Programming in the New Zealand Television Market." Media, Culture & Society 17.1 (1995): 182-202. Gillespie, Marie. Television, Ethnicity, and Cultural Change. New York: Routledge, 1995. Graburn, Nelson. "Television and the Canadian Inuit". Inuit Etudes 6.2 (1982): 7-24. Michaels, Eric. Bad Aboriginal Art: Tradition, Media, and Technological Horizons. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1994. Molohon, K.T. "Responses to Television in Two Swampy Cree Communities on the West James Bay." Kroeber Anthropology Society Papers 63/64 (1982): 95-103. Pace, Richard. "First-Time Televiewing in Amazonia: Television Acculturation in Gurupa, Brazil." Ethnology 32.1 (1993): 187-206. Salween, Michael. "Cultural Imperialism: A Media Effects Approach." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 8.2 (1991): 29-39. Straubhaar, J. "Beyond Media Imperialism: Asymmetrical Interdependence and Cultural Proximity". Critical Studies in Mass Communication 8.1 (1991): 39-70. Valaskakis, Gail. "Communication, Culture, and Technology: Satellites and Northern Native Broadcasting in Canada". Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1992. Weiner, J. "Televisualist Anthropology: Representation, Aesthetics, Politics." Current Anthropology 38.3 (1997): 197-236. Woll, Allen. Ethnic and Racial Images in American Film and Television: Historical Essays and Bibliography. New York: Garland Press, 1987. Zimmerman, M. "The Development of a Measure of Enculturation for Native American Youth." American Journal of Community Psychology 24.1 (1996): 295-311. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Steven Mizrach. "Natives on the Electronic Frontier: Television and Cultural Change on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.6 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0012/natives.php>. Chicago style: Steven Mizrach, "Natives on the Electronic Frontier: Television and Cultural Change on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 6 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0012/natives.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Steven Mizrach. (2000) Natives on the electronic frontier: television and cultural change on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(6). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0012/natives.php> ([your date of access]).