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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Neighbourhood effects'
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Knies, Gundi. "Neighbourhood effects in Germany." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442195.
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Hinton, Jane. "Neighbourhood effects during visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363914.
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Kelly, Brian Gerard. "People, place and change : a longitudinal study of individual, cohort and contextual effects on levels of belonging to neighbourhoods and interaction with neighbours, England 1998-2008." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/people-place-and-change-a-longitudinal-study-of-individual-cohort-and-contextual-effects-on-levels-of-belonging-to-neighbourhoods-and-interaction-with-neighbours-england-19982008(a214e81f-32c8-4137-acbe-32c427e8672d).html.
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In recent decades there has been a rekindling of academic interest in place, and with the way in which processes associated with modernity, globalisation and individualisation may have diminished place based communities, and weakened the attachment between individuals and the neighbourhoods in which they live. There are also debates about the importance of neighbourhood context, particularly whether neighbourhood level material deprivation and increased ethnic diversity act to reduce individual belonging to neighbourhoods and interactions between neighbours. This thesis aims to contribute towards an understanding of the ways in which individual belonging to neighbourhoods, and interaction with neighbours, may have changed over time, in relation to individual and neighbourhood context. Data from the British Household Panel Survey, for England, for the period 1998 to 2008, measuring the outcomes of individual level belonging to neighbourhoods and the likelihood of talking to neighbours, are combined with neighbourhood level Census data. Longitudinal models are used to test for age and cohort effects, and then extended to consider neighbourhood level context. Specific attention is given to the relationship between the outcomes under study and neighbourhood material deprivation, neighbourhood ethnic diversity, household income and individual mobility between neighbourhoods. Some evidence was found for cohort effects, with younger cohorts, particularly those in higher income households, being less likely to talk to neighbours. There were no apparent cohort effects for the outcome of belonging to the neighbourhood, which is found to be associated with age (generally increasing as individuals get older), and neighbourhood context. In materially deprived neighbourhoods levels of belonging are lower, but only for individuals in households with low incomes. Similarly any effect of individual mobility was found to be conditional on household income and neighbourhood level material deprivation. In general, high or increasing neighbourhood level ethnic diversity was not associated with reduced individual belonging to neighbourhoods or likelihood of talking to neighbours once other contextual variables were considered. Also, increased ethnic diversity had a small positive effect on the outcomes under study for individuals living in neighbourhoods with high levels of material deprivation.
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Urraro, Giuseppe. "Neighbourhood size and neighbourhood frequency effects in the recognition of Italian written words." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/340.
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2010 - 2011The present research investigates neighbourhood size and neighbourhood frequency effects in recognition of Italian written words. Neighbourhood size is the number of words that may be generated by changing one letter of the target word, preserving letter positions; neighbourhood frequency refers to the relationship between the frequencies of neighbours and the frequency of the stimulus word (Grainger, O’Regan, Jacobs & Segui, 1989). By extending the studies on Italian non words of Arduino & Burani (2004) and Mulatti, Peressotti & Job (2007) to Italian five-letter words, four experiments were carried out in order to test the neighbourhood size and the neighbourhood frequency effects, as well as the possible interaction between them. We have used, as experimental tasks, the simple lexical decision, the word and nonword naming and the lexical decision with unmasked orthographic priming.[edited by author]
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Broomhead, Tom. "Neighbourhood effects : spatial inequalities in tooth decay." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20729/.
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Objectives: Little theoretical work has been conducted on the topic of neighbourhood effects on health outcomes, let alone within dentistry. Previous work has often quantified and described outcomes without proper investigation of potential causal mechanisms and pathways. Therefore, the aim of this exploratory research was to investigate features of neighbourhood environments that may influence tooth decay in adults. Methods: Relevant literature was mapped onto a neighbourhood based theoretical framework to create numerous pathways by which neighbourhoods influence decay. Spatial microsimulation was used to combine data from the Adult Dental Health Survey (2009) with Census data to create a synthetic dataset of individuals at the small area level for the city of Sheffield (UK), including associated socio-economic, demographic and dental characteristics. This data formed the basis of the agent-based models which were used to test the theoretical pathways in two contrasting study areas in Sheffield, as well as a hypothetical scenario involving an extra shop being added to each location. Results: The trends of the agent-based models indicated that the same pathway (the interaction between shops, diet and sugar intake) had the largest impact in both study areas, leading to statistically significant increases in decay in both cases (p < 0.05). The results of the hypothetical simulation involving an extra shop revealed a statistically significant decrease in decay in the more affluent study area (p < 0.05), while decay scores remained similar in the less affluent study area. Conclusions: The findings suggest the interactions between shops, diet and sugar intake may be the most important neighbourhood based mechanisms for tooth decay, regardless of socio-economic status. However, additional simulations pointed to more opportunities to reduce decay in the more affluent study area through the local food environment. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of previous research and future work.
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Hedman, Lina. "Residential Mobility and Neighbourhood Effects: A Holistic Approach." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160428.
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The number of studies estimating neighbourhood effects has increased rapidly during the last two decades. Although results from these studies vary, a majority find at least small effects. But to what extent can we trust these estimates? Neighbourhood effect studies face many serious methodological challenges, of which some are related to the fact that people move. The mobility of individuals may cause neighbourhoods to change over time, result in exposure times that are too short and seriously bias estimates. These methodological problems have not been given enough attention in the neighbourhood effect literature: no study controls for them all, and implications of mobility are rarely included in theoretical discussions of neighbourhood effects. In a comprehensive summary and five different papers, I argue that the two scholarly fields of residential mobility and neighbourhood effect studies are intrinsically connected and that any arbitrary separation between the two is both conceptually problematic and risks leading to erroneous conclusions. Studies of neighbourhood effects must address the problems caused by mobility, before it can be convincingly argued that results actually show neighbourhood effects. To do this, longitudinal data are necessary. Furthermore, the connection between the two fields may also have implications for studies of residential mobility.
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PIAZZONI, CARLOTTA. "Neighbourhood Effects on Physical and Mental Health: Evidence from Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/374064.
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Negli ultimi 25 anni, la letteratura ha cercato di capire come rispondere alla domanda, comunque posta, sull'effetto indipendente che i contesti circostanti, insieme ai contesti sociali, hanno sulla salute individuale.
Non esiste uno studio che sia stato dedicato alla analisi del legame tra vicinato e salute per tutto il territorio italiano. Il presente studio vuole quindi dimostrare l'esistenza, in Italia, della associazione tra contesti di vita quotidiana e salute individuale. Questo lavoro è una esplorazione preliminare del fenomeno poiché non sono ancora disponibili informazioni per l'Italia.
L'indagine ITA.LI ha raccolto i dati di 8.778 soggetti appartenenti a 4.900 famiglie residenti in 278 comuni.
La salute individuale fisica e mentale, misurata attraverso la SF-12, è l'aspetto che viene considerato in questo studio. In sostanza, vengono analizzate due variabili dipendenti: una è il Physical Component Summary Scale Score (PCS) e l'altra è il Mental Component Summary Scale Score (MCS).
Per lo studio del contesto si fa riferimento sia a misure soggettive (coesione sociale e disordine di vicinato) sia a misure oggettive, sia compositive (dati censuari) che contestuali (condizioni meteorologiche). Inoltre, insieme alle caratteristiche individuali, viene considerata la deprivazione a livello familiare.
L'analisi multilivello viene implementata considerando una struttura a tre livelli dove gli individui sono nidificati in famiglie, che sono nidificate in quartieri. Vengono stimati quattro modelli: primo un modello null, secondo un modello random-intercepts, terzo un modello random-slopes e infine un modello contestuale cross-level.
I risultati suggeriscono l'esistenza di un effetto di vicinato in Italia, in particolare sulle condizioni di salute mentale. Le caratteristiche compositive come la disoccupazione e la proporzione di case affittate influiscono sulla salute fisica individuale, mentre la caratteristica contestuale influisce sulla salute mentale. La percezione soggettiva della coesione sociale è importante solo per la salute mentale, mentre il disturbo di vicinato è legato sia alla salute mentale che fisica. Risultati diversi si riscontrano tra regioni e macroaree.In the last 25 years, the literature has been figuring out how to answer the question, however outlined, on the independent effect that surrounding contexts, together with social contexts, have on individual health. There is no study that has been devoted to studying the link between places and health for the whole Italian territory. The present research wants to demonstrate the existence of the association between daily-living contexts and individual health in Italy. This work is a preliminary exploration of the phenomenon since no information is available for Italy yet. ITA.LI survey collected data from 8,778 subjects belonging to 4,900 families living in 278 municipalities. Individual physical and mental health, measured through the SF-12, is the outcome considered in this study. Essentially, two dependent variables are analysed: one is the Physical Component Summary Scale Score (PCS), and the other one is the Mental Component Summary Scale Score (MCS). In studying the context, reference is made to both subjective measures (social cohesion and neighborhood disorder) and objective measures, both compositional (census data) and contextual (meteorological conditions). Moreover, together with individual characteristics, household-level deprivation is considered. Multilevel analysis is implemented considering a three-level structure in which individuals are nested in families, which are nested in neighbourhoods. Four models are estimated: first a null model, second a random-intercepts model, third a random-slopes model, and finally a cross-level contextual model. Evidence suggests the existence of neighbourhood effects in Italy, especially on mental health conditions. Compositional characteristics such as unemployment and the proportion of rented houses affect individual physical health, while contextual characteristics affect mental health. The subjective perception of social cohesion is essential only to mental health, while neighborhood disorder is related to both mental and physical health. Different results are found between regions and macro-areas.
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Wong, Leung-wai, and 王良慧. "Investigating consistency and orthographic neighbourhood density effects in Chinese character processing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197118.
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With about 90% of all characters in a Chinese dictionary belonging to the semantic-phonetic compound category, Chinese orthography is really more phonetic than logographic. Previous studies have shown that regularity and consistency in the phonetic radical facilitate lexical access of phonetic compound characters. These findings are in line with the literature on lexical access of alphabetic languages, suggesting that phonology plays a common role in the process of visual word recognition across orthographies. The contradictory orthographic neighbourhood density effects found in Chinese and English studies, however, challenge the universal applicability of current models of lexical access.
This paper reports an empirical study which investigates regularity, consistency and orthographic neighbourhood density effects on the reading and naming of traditional Chinese phonetic compound characters based on Cantonese phonology. Results showed that by manipulating regularity and consistency at the body rime level, a facilitatory orthographic neighbourhood density effect could be found in lexical decision but not naming. The implication is that regularity and consistency at the level of rime (in addition to the syllable level) is functional in Chinese reading. It also suggests that the body rime might have a general role in lexical access across languages. These findings are interpreted within the connectionist and dual-route models of lexical access.published_or_final_version
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Master of Philosophy
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De, Villiers Madeleine. "Neighbourhood effects in educational outcomes with non-random assignment : a memberships approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5779.
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Includes bibliographical references.This paper uses a unique dataset from a large university in South Africa to analyse the role that neighbourhood and race effects play in determining academic performance. In particular, I am interested in ascertaining whether allocation to a particular residence, or group of residences, affects the academic outcomes of first year students. This paper departs from previous studies of peer interactions in higher education as allocation to residence is non-random in this setting.
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Hunter, Boyd Hamilton, and Boyd Hunter@anu edu au. "Changes in the Geographic Dispersion of Urban Employment in Australia." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 1996. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080215.102127.
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This thesis is an empirical investigation of the concentration of employment in Australian cities since 1976. In 1976, Australians shared the same access to employment irrespective of where they lived. However, by 1991 the employmentpopulation ratios varied systematically by socio-economic status. The purpose of this thesis is to use a variety of basic statistical techniques to discern whether it matters where one lives.¶
A panel of 9384 small urban areas is constructed from the last four censuses to enable us to fully document the increasing spatial employment inequality in urban areas and to analyse the possible causes and effects of this increase. The first two chapters describe the overall changes in employment inequality in the urban panel using several summary indexes. Group averages from deciles ranked by socio-economic status are used to illustrate the nature of the problem.¶
The more formal analysis of the causes of increasing inequality commences with a shift share analysis of the changes in employment levels. The results show that national changes in industry structure play an important role in determining the intra-urban distribution of employment. The index of sectoral change also varies systematically within Australian cities, with sectoral change being concentrated in low status areas. The apparent importance of industry structure in determining the geographic dispersion of employment points to employment demand being a significant part of the story.¶
Basic regression techniques and principal component analysis are also used to shed light on several possible inter-related causes and effects of the increasing inequality of employmentpopulation ratios including: increased concentrations of personal characteristics, spatial mismatch, neighbourhood effects and the development of an underclass.¶
There are three main findings about the causes and effects of neighbourhood employment inequality. Firstly, spatial mismatch within or between Australian cities is not an important explanation of the changes in the geographic dispersion of employment. Outside Sydney the location of workers vis-à-vis firms does not influence neighbourhood employmentpopulation ratios. However, even in Sydney, spatial mismatch provides a very limited explanation of neighbourhood inequality.¶
Secondly, substantial neighbourhood-specific effects on employmentpopulation ratios are apparent in the bottom decile(s) of urban neighbourhoods ranked by socio-economic status. These neighbourhood effects explain between one and two-thirds of the differential between the top and bottom decile. The rest of the differential can be explained by differences in endowments of personal characteristics such as human capital variables.¶
Finally, there is convincing evidence that class, and perhaps even an Australian underclass, are important determinants of the distribution of employment outcomes. The underclass in Australia, as measured using techniques similar to US studies, is still very small but is increasing at an alarming rate. However, the sensitivity analysis shows that the underclass, so measured, is closely related to a more general concept of class captured in standard socio-economic status indexes.¶
The scope of this thesis is limited by the regional aggregates supplied in all four censuses. Regional aggregates prevent us from asking subtle questions about who is being affected by the observed changes. The lack of adequate individual-level migration data for neighbourhoods means that it is not possible to directly test any hypothesis about social mobility. This thesis is merely a preliminary analysis of whether the local social environment is important.
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Weinhardt, Felix Julian. "Does geography matter? an empirical investigation into neighbourhood, peer effects and electricity consumption." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/352/.
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This thesis consists of four distinct projects which sit at the crossroad between Labour, Education and Environmental Economics. The underlying and unifying theme is the examination of social and geographical inequalities using applied econometrics. In the first project, I estimate the effect of moving into a deprived high-density social housing neighbourhood on the educational attainments of teenagers in England. I exploit the timing of moving, which can be taken as exogenous because of long waiting lists for social housing in high-demand areas, to avoid the usual sorting problems. Using this strategy, I find no evidence for negative effects. The second project investigates the effect of neighbours' characteristics and prior achievements on teenagers' educational outcomes. The study relies on mover-induced variation in neighbourhood quality, whilst controlling for general gentrification trends and other unobservables. The results provide little evidence for significant effects on pupil test score progression. The third project looks at the size, significance and heterogeneity of ability peer effects in secondary schools in England. The methodological innovation is to identify ability peer effects using within-pupil-across-subject variation in students' test scores and peer prior achievements. The chapter shows that it is the low- and high-achievers, who account for most or all of the effect of average peer quality on the educational outcomes of other pupils and that this effect varies across genders. The final project presents -to the best of my knowledge- the first nationwide empirical assessment of residential electricity use in response to the timing of daylight for the US. Employing Geographical Information Systems (GIS), I calculate the solar times of sunrise and sunset for all locations in mainland US and show that two distinct sources of geographical variation can be used to estimate county-level responses in residential electricity consumption. Using both approaches I find that early sunrise is associated with lower residential electricity use in the North, but higher consumption in the South. This is a novel finding with potentially significant policy implications and I offer some suggestions about how future research should examine the behavioural channels that could cause these results.
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Santos, Maldonado M. C. "First and second language visual word recognition : neighbourhood effects in Spanish and English." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.661584.
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Current models of visual word recognition assume that the recognition of a stimulus word is affected by orthographically similar words (orthographic neighbourhood). In this thesis I explore the effects of neighbourhood on monolingual and bilingual word recognition. In particular I study the influence of Word Frequency, Neighbourhood Size (N) and Neighbourhood Frequency (NF) in English and Spanish lexical processing N refers to the number of real words that can be created from a given word by changing one letter at a time while preserving letter position. NF refers to the frequency of the neighbours in relation to the frequency of the target word. There is a great deal of controversy as to whether orthographic neighbours facilitate or inhibit lexical processing and whether neighbourhood effects are consistent across languages. These questions are examined in four experiments carried out within the lexical decision paradigm. Experiment 1 investigates the effects of Word Frequency, N and NF with English stimuli and twenty-four English native speakers. Latency differences are not statistically reliable, but they show a tendency for both N and NF to be facilitative of lexical processing. Experiment 2 examines the same variables with Spanish stimuli and sixty-three Spanish native speakers. Data reveals null effects of N and reliable inhibitory effects of NF, with an interaction of NF with Word Frequency. In Spanish having higher frequency neighbours seems to delay lexical decision times, and this effect appears to be more marked for low frequency words. Experiment 3 explores neighbourhood effects in eighty bilingual speakers of English and Spanish with bilingual stimuli presented in two language blocks. General results show null effects of N and significant inhibitory effects of NF. Results by target language show reliable facilitative effects of N in English and highly robust inhibitory effects of NF in Spanish. Experiment 4 further investigates effects of NF in a cross-language lexical decision task with semantic (translation) priming done with sixty-four bilingual speakers of English and Spanish. The purpose of the experiment is to examine the strength of cross-language priming effects under four NF conditions (NF Leaders and Nonleaders, for targets and primes). Data shows reliable priming effects in both language directions, L1 to L2 and L2 to L1. Data also exhibits a significant interaction between language and the priming influence of NF Leader primes and NF Nonleaders primes.
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Abdlrahman, Abdlrahman Y. A. "Insect herbivores and neighbourhood effects in plant communities of Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Libya." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12122/.
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Neighbouring plants in the locale of an individual plant may help or hinder it in the task of defence against herbivores, depending on their levels of defence (chemical or physical), and their interactions with potential herbivores. Such ‘neighborhood effects’ are part of the complex network of species interactions that structure ecological communities. This thesis sets out to test whether there are neighbourhood effects on insect herbivory among the plants of the Al Jabal Al Akhdar region of Libya. Having chosen to concentrate on the two main species of three study sites, Juniperus phoenicea and Pistacia atlantica, nine plots were mapped in detail and the insect herbivores sampled from focal plants, and then from all plants. Leaves were sampled for chemical analysis of their phenol (tannin) content. The set of insect herbivores collected from plants in the plots were identified to species using the expertise of the staff of the Natural History Museum in London. Some insects recorded are new to Libya, and there are several species not previously recorded as feeding on either of the two plant species studied. Tannin levels were much higher in Pistacia than in Juniperus, and there were effects of elevation as well: plants from middle elevation plots had the highest levels, while those from the lowest elevation at the coast had the lowest levels of tannins. There were clear effects of neighbouring plants on the insects of individual plants, in both Pistacia and Juniperus. These were much more complex effects in Pistacia, but both sets of predictors of insect herbivore density or species richness contained clear signs of neighbourhood effects, where the existence of close neighbours reduced the herbivore load on individual plants. There were no signs of any protective neighbourhood effects of tannin levels. Thus in the plant communities of Al Jabal Al Akhdar, associational avoidance appears to be the major mechanism of neighbourhood effects, rather than associational resistance.
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Zhang, Xin. "Area effects on health inequalities: the impact of neighbourhood deprivation on mortality and morbidity." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.583375.
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There is a long history of research showing that material deprivation indicators are important predictors of health inequalities. The gap between the richest and poorest members of society is more predictive' of ill-health than the deprivation per se in countries that are above a certain income threshold level. However, although . . . , demonstrated across nations and states, the exact nature of the association between the context of the local area and local health outcomes is unclear. The aim of this thesis is to examine area effects on health inequalities. It explores whether the socioeconomic conditions of neighbouring localities influence the mortality and self-reported morbidity of a target locality, analysing at different levels of small geographical units across the whole of England. It tests the hypothesis that areas which are geographically close, but divergent in terms of deprivation, have different health outcomes than those where deprivation is similar across neighbouring localities. The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) was used to create a neighbouring deprivation index (Adjacent Locality Deprivation-ALD) using a gravity model. Principal component analysis was then applied to disaggregate the strong correlation between the deprivation of a target area (lMD) and that of its surrounding areas (ALD). At lower super output area (LSOA) level (n=32,482, population size approximately 1,500 persons), the first principal component (PC1) represents the common effect of IMD and ALD. The second principal component (PC2) represents the additional effect due to the difference between IMD and ALD, which is interpreted as relative deprivation. However, at middle super output area (MSOA) level (n=6,780, population 7,500), IMD and ALD are already orthogonal, with the PCl being the equivalent of IMD and PC2 being ALD. Linear regression models were applied to scrutinize the association between the two principal component scores (predictors) and Directly Standardised Rate (DSR) mortality, self-reported morbidity (outcome variables), identifying the strength of the relative effect of the two principal component scores on health in different segments of the population. At LSOA level, areas that were deprived compared to their immediate neighbours . , . , suffered higher rates of mortality (~=0.162, p
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al, Farsi Badriya. "Semantic neighbourhood density effects in word identification during normal reading : evidence from eye movements." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370013/.
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Eye movement studies (e.g., lexical ambiguity and semantic plausibility studies) suggesting that word meaning can influence lexical processing relied on contextual information. Therefore, these studies provide only a limited insight into whether the semantic characteristics of a fixated word can be accessed before the completion of its unique word identification. The present thesis investigated the effect of the semantic characteristics of a word in its lexical processing during normal reading. In particular, four experiments were carried out to examine the effects of semantic neighbourhood density (SND, defined by mean distance between a given word and all its co-occurrence neighbours falling within a specific threshold in semantic space, Shaoul & Westbury, 2010a) in normal reading. The findings indicated that the SND characteristics of the fixated word influenced the lexical processing of the fixated word itself and the subsequent words, as evident in early reading time measures associated with lexical processing. These results suggest that a word’s semantic representation can be activated and can influence lexical processing before the completion of unique word identification during normal reading. The findings were discussed in terms of Stolz & Besner’s (1996) embellished interactive-activation model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981) and the models of eye movement control during reading.
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Sara, Amatul Sabooh. "Exploring Place Attachment and Neighbourhood Effects : A case study of Skärholmen and Vårberg, Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182394.
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Sara, Amatul Sabooh (2020) Exploring place attachment and neighbourhood effects: A case study of Skärholmen and Vårberg, Sweden Urban and Regional Planning, advanced level, master thesis for master exam in Urban and Regional Planning, 30 ECTS credits Supervisors: Danielle Drozdsewski and Eva Andersson Language: English Key words: neighbourhood effect, place attachment, social cohesion, collective efficacy, social ties. Abstract If we take residential neighbourhoods as a space for making social ties and interactions, we can learn a lot about the generated neighbourhood effects on its residents and their subsequent attachments towards neighbourhoods as a place. It is believed that neighbourhoods have an impact on individuals and groups either significant or insignificant. The neighbourhood effect is understood by deeply observing the common trends, norms and similar behaviours, furthermore, by measuring the influence it has on life of its residents. This study intends to explore the relationships between neighbourhood effects and place attachment and is inspired from a bigger project ‘The Neighbourhood Revisited’ (Research programme in Department of Human Geography at Stockholm University, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 2019-2024) that explores the spatial polarization and social cohesion in contemporary Sweden. The aim of my study is to look at social ties, how it changes over time and what neighbourhood effects we can observe on its residents’ social lives. Neighbourhood effect and place attachment studied together, through the narratives of local residents give many new meanings to both concepts. My focus here is on social aspects of it.
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Adekanmbi, Victor. "Unravelling the effects of neighbourhood contextual influences on childhood mortality and morbidity in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/77279/.
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Background: The burden of childhood stunting and mortality remains huge in developing countries and in particular in the Sub-Saharan Africa region to which Nigeria is located. Despite the body of evidence supporting an association between neighbourhood contextual influences and health outcomes, few studies have examined the relationship between neighbourhood-level risk factors and childhood undernutrition (stunting) and mortality independent of the individual-level risk factors in a single analytical framework in Nigeria. Most studies to date have focused on individual-level factors overlooking the contribution of neighbourhood or area level factors. Beyond the effect of neighbourhood contextual influences, a child’s health will be influenced by the state, region and national policies and programs that in turn will affect the proximate determinants of his or her survival and health status. Aims: We described the variation that existed between the states in Nigeria using league table, control chart and spatial clustering of childhood stunting (Study I) and examined the contribution of community contextual factors at predicting childhood stunting beyond individual-level factors (Study II). We further identified and examined the predictors of childhood mortality in Nigeria (Study III) and developed prognostic model predicting differences in childhood mortality in Nigeria communities (Study IV). We also quantified the contribution of neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage alongside individual-level socioeconomic status to childhood mortality in Nigeria using multilevel analysis (Study V). Methods: We used the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) dataset which comprised of 28,647 and 31,482 under-five children nested within 888 and 896 communities for the 2008 and 2013 surveys respectively from 37 states including the Federal Capital Territory. We used league table, control chart and geospatial analysis to describe variations in childhood stunting that existed between the states in Nigeria (Study I). In study II, we applied multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis to describe the independent contribution of community contextual influences (factors) alongside the individual level factors on childhood stunting in Nigeria. We applied multivariable logistic regression analysis that included Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve to construct a model that examined the factors associated with childhood mortality (Study III). In study IV, we used mixed multivariable Poisson regression analysis to develop a prognostic model predicting differences in childhood mortality in Nigeria communities. In Study V, we applied multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis and considered three measures of individual socioeconomic status i.e. maternal educational attainment, household wealth status, and employment status of the mothers. At the neighbourhood (level 2) and state (level 3), we included poverty rate, unemployment rate, and illiteracy rate. Results: There were statistically significant variations in the odds of childhood stunting and mortality across the neighbourhoods (Study II, IV & V) and states (I) in Nigeria. This confirmed the evidence of community and state level contextual phenomenon influencing childhood survival and stunting. Children residing in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods had higher odds of childhood morbidity and mortality compared to their counterparts living in more socioeconomically advantageous neighbourhoods (Study II, IV & V). The odds of childhood morbidity and mortality were associated with neighbourhood and state socioecological conditions even after adjusting for individual’s household socioecological conditions (Study II, III, IV & V). There was moderate positive correlation between neighbourhood and individual variations in childhood mortality and morbidity (Study II & V). The odds of childhood stunting and mortality were higher in children residing in rural areas (Study II, III, IV & V) and in settings with poor sanitation (Study III & IV). Other factors that increased the odds of childhood mortality included low level of maternal health seeking behaviour, not breastfed for >18 months, being from a polygamous family setting, large family and high birth order, non-usage of contraceptive by mother, and mother having first marriage during their teenage years(Study III). Good household wealth status, adequate birth interval, being a female child and having normal birth weight, increasing maternal educational attainment were all associated with odds of not suffering from childhood stunting and surviving beyond five years of age (Study II & V). Conclusions: By adopting several modelling approaches including the multilevel modelling, we added to the growing body of evidence the effects of the neighbourhood contextual influences on childhood stunting and survival in Nigeria. Our study revealed that individual i.e. children and parental factors; neighbourhood and socioecological environment were associated with childhood stunting and mortality. Efforts at reducing the burden of childhood stunting and mortality should be directed at establishment of poverty alleviation programmes, effective publicly funded health care delivery, promotion of hygienic environmental practices and health education more importantly at the neighbourhood level. Lastly, given the importance of socioecological factors at influencing the lifestyles of neighbourhoods and individuals, interventions targeting structural make up of these two entities are vital in order to meet the MDGs 1 and 4 regarding childhood stunting and mortality in Nigeria and in particular developing countries in general.
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McDool, Emily. "Evaluation of neighbourhood, class setting and academy school effects on education outcomes in the UK." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15436/.
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This thesis includes three chapters that explore contemporary topics within the area of education in the UK. The initial empirical chapter examines whether living in a deprived neighbourhood impacts upon the probability of obtaining the benchmark GCSE outcomes, when adopting a propensity score matching methodology. The chapter also examines whether there is a differential impact of neighbourhood deprivation upon children with educated parents, relative to those with uneducated parents. The results show that living in a deprived neighbourhood negatively influences the probability of gaining the observed GCSE outcomes; individuals with educated parents lose out to a greater extent by living in a deprived neighbourhood, relative to individuals with uneducated parents. The subsequent chapter examines whether setting, which involves separating children into classes based on ability, influences the attitudes and behaviours of primary school children. A fixed effects methodology is initially adopted to identify the impact of being set in maths; the results signal that the behaviour of girls may be improved by setting. The chapter also investigates whether the level of the maths set in which the child is sorted influences behaviour by adopting an instrumental variables approach to overcome the likely endogeneity issue surrounding the set placement. The results indicate that whilst internalising behaviour was improved for girls placed in the lowest set, this set placement was detrimental to the internalising behaviour of boys. The final chapter analyses the impact of post-2010 primary converter academies on pupil progress. Adopting a difference-in-difference methodology, individuals who experience academy conversion are compared with those whose school converted after leaving from the same school year cohort. The results indicate that converter academies had a positive impact upon pupil progress. When examining the effect by neighbourhood deprivation, the positive impact of converter academies is more consistent for schools in the least deprived neighbourhoods.
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Russell, Jonsson K. "Where you live makes a difference : quantifying neighbourhood effects on the health of young people." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22287/.
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The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the geographic and individual/family-level factors influencing the development of psychopathological problems in young people aged between 10 and 15 years old residing in England and Wales. It includes three multilevel model studies based on data from a nationally representative longitudinal study linked to the 2011 UK census. The two outcome measures investigated were mental health and life satisfaction. Aggregated data from the census captured indicators of social capital, ethnic composition, and the socioeconomic and physical conditions of the neighbourhood. Individual/family-level variables included in the models were: youth age, gender and ethnicity, as well as measures relating to parental health, socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics. Study I revealed that the effects of social capital on deprivation depend on whether it is analysed in terms of mediation or moderation. Social capital attenuated the negative effects of socioeconomic deprivation on mental health and life satisfaction. Specifically, the effect of deprivation is reduced by homogenous friendship networks (bonding), civic engagement (bridging), and low average neighbourhood worry about crime (indicator of general trust). As a moderator, homogenous friendship networks and civic engagement buffered young people residing in more deprived neighbourhoods from greater mental health difficulties and low life satisfaction, whilst having little or no impact on those living in less deprived neighbourhoods. These results highlighted the importance of cultivating various forms of social capital because different components appear to offer different benefits. Study II revealed a negative association between socioeconomic deprivation and mental health among White British youths compared to their ethnic minority counterparts, and that ethnic density had a small but mitigating effect on these outcomes, while parental behaviour increased the gap in mental health differences between the two groups. Study III found a strong association between life satisfaction and ethnicity whereby Asian and Black youths reported better life satisfaction than their White counterparts. This differential association was attenuated by ethnic density and neighbourhood socioeconomic status. Overall, the results point to a strong relationship between the social and physical contexts of the neighbourhood, and mental health and life satisfaction. Although much of the observed variability in outcomes was explained by individual/family-level characteristics, the empirical evidence suggested that it was the intersection between neighbourhood composition and the individual/family predictors, which ultimately determined the direction and strength of mental health difficulties and life satisfaction among young people. The findings also suggest that the neighbourhood is an important arena for policies and initiatives targeted at improving the mental health and life satisfaction of young people.
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Pridmore, Alison. "Neighbourhood effects and the adoption of new vehicle technologies : exploring consumer take-up of Toyota Priuses." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230772.
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Innovative passenger vehicle technologies are required to make significant contributions to climate change mitigation. A number of challenges exist as barriers to their adoption. One key opportunity is the potential for social influence to have a positive impact on adoption rates. Social influence is how an individual's decisions can be influenced by other people – what their peers and others say and do and how this, in turn, affects the diffusion of new behaviours. The mixed method research detailed in this thesis contributes to an emerging interest in social influence in transport studies addressing a key research gap, the spatial aspects of this influence. Spatial analysis of private Toyota Prius vehicle ownership, was undertaken at the Output Area level for London for the period 2000 to 2011. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA), an important first step in spatial analysis, indicated the presence of spatial autocorrelation and Toyota Prius spatial clusters ('hotspots'). These 'hotspots' enlarged over time which can be indicative of social influence. This informed the need for in-depth quantitative analysis on the role of co-variables through the use of a Zero Inflated Negative Binomial model and the choice of case study areas for qualitative interviews. In the model, 'what your neighbours do' is a key co-variable represented by the average number of Priuses from neighbouring Output Areas (OA). This measure of social influence had a positive impact on the number of Toyota Priuses in a neighbourhood. The likelihood of Prius ownership in an OA increases by over 50% when the average number of Priuses in neighbouring OA increases by one. The case study OAs were examined in detail setting the scene for the qualitative interviews. Nine face-to-face semi-structured interviews were undertaken with current and potential future Toyota Prius owners. All referenced at least one form of social influence. The influences included direct observation of the vehicles, the opportunity to trial vehicles and changes in the symbolism of the vehicle through its adoption by others. Broader findings were consistent with the literature, for example with regard to the role of congestion charge exemptions and the socio-economic background of the participants. The confirmation of social influence indicated by these findings could assist in the geographic positioning of demonstration schemes or in the allocation of grants, with the economic assessment benefits of grant programmes, because of the 'knock-on' effects of social influence, potentially being wider than conventionally assumed.
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van, der Burgt Danielle. ""Där man bor tycker man det är bra" : Barns geografier i en segregerad stadsmiljö." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7414.
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Because of the socioeconomic and ethnic segregation in many Swedish towns, residents with different social backgrounds are often living in separate neighbourhoods. This thesis focuses on children aged between 11 and 14 and explores the spatial extent of their social networks, their spatial mobility and spatial representations. By studying these aspects of children’s daily lives the study attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind neighbourhood effects.
The spatial extension of the daily lives of children in seven adjacent neighbourhoods in a medium sized Swedish town is mapped. By using children’s activity diaries, surveys with parents and children’s maps the study explores to which extent children with different personal characteristics and from different neighbourhoods have friends outside their own neighbourhoods, where they spend time and what kind of activities they engage in and with whom. The study shows that the possibility to get their own direct experience of other neighbourhoods differs between groups of children, much depending on the geographical extension of their social networks, which in turn appears mainly to be a consequence of school reception areas and, indirectly, school popularity.
By using children’s maps and group interviews children’s perspectives of their own and other neighbourhoods are analysed. The thesis illustrates how children feel about and discuss their own neighbourhoods and other neighbourhoods in town. The children in the study emphasize their own neighbourhood as a good and quiet neighbourhood, irrespective of the neighbourhood’s character and status. One of the neighbourhoods is stigmatised in the public discourse. Among the children there is a living debate in relation to this neighbourhood. In group interviews the children sometimes confirm, sometimes critically question the rumours about this neighbourhood. The children which live in this neighbourhood are aware of the bad reputation and also act and react upon it
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Hällmark, Kristin, and Baldesi Angelo Ljungquist. "Political views as neighbourhood effects : A study of Swedish voting behaviour using spatial analysis and socio-economic factors." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356145.
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Albor, Christo. "Are poor people healthier in rich or poor areas? : the psychosocial effects of socioeconomic incongruity in the neighbourhood." Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1595/.
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This thesis contributes to the understanding of how health is affected by the interaction between neighbourhood and individual socioeconomic status. It has been found that residents in high status neighbourhoods are healthier than those in low status neighbourhoods, controlling for individual status. Here it is hypothesised that such an association may not be found amongst low status individuals, because such individuals may have more detrimental psychosocial exposures in high status neighbourhoods than in low status neighbourhoods. For low status individuals, these detrimental psychosocial exposures, such as lacking social support and frequent status comparisons, may counteract positive material exposures in high status neighbourhoods. To test this hypothesis, three studies were conducted in this thesis. The first is an analysis of the difference in the association between neighbourhood status and health across individuals of different socioeconomic status, using a sample of mothers from England in the Millennium Cohort Study. The second study is similar and uses the same dataset, but instead of health, psychosocial factors were analysed. The third study, specific to London, uses data from the 2001 census to investigate the health impact of living in a low status city block within a wider neighbourhood of high status. In the first two studies, it was found that the positive association between neighbourhood status and health is weakest amongst the lowest status mothers, and whilst high status mothers were most likely to lack local friends and be depressed in low status neighbourhoods, there was an indication that in certain contexts the lowest status mothers were most likely to lack local friends and be depressed in high status neighbourhoods. In the third study, it was found that low status city blocks within high status neighbourhoods were more likely to have poor average health than those within low status neighbourhoods.
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Gavu, Emmanuel Kofi [Verfasser], and Karl-Werner [Gutachter] Schulte. "Understanding location and neighbourhood effects: An analysis of the housing submarkets in Accra – Ghana / Emmanuel Kofi Gavu ; Gutachter: Karl-Werner Schulte." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212661702/34.
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Eriksson, Katarina. "Spelar adressen någon roll? : En studie av områdeseffekter på medborgares politiska deltagande." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1326.
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The aim of this study is to describe and explain (individual level) public political participation, with particular focus on the significance of the local, geographical context. Studies of political participation have traditionally focused on individual level explanations. Here, however, the question of the significance of place, is also raised i.e. does place have an effect on the probability of the individual to take political action? Such causal relationships are known as contextual (or neighbourhood) effects. These occur when contextual factors affect individual behaviour so that it varies systematically between different contexts, even after controlling for individual level predictors. Although empirical research has been lacking, there is a widespread assumption that place of residence can have both positive and negative effects on outcomes at the level of the individual. This is the case especially with regard to urban residential segregation, which is believed to cause self-generating, negative effects on the political engagement of citizens. My line of argument is that contextual effects cannot be taken for granted; rather they must be tested empirically in a systematic way, using individual level data and appropriate techniques. Political participation is operationalised in terms of: voting in local elections, contacting local officials, and participating in manifestations. The local, geographical context is operationalised in two ways; as Swedish municipalities and as city districts. The latter is done using case studies of two Swedish cities; Umeå, a medium-sized town with moderate socioeconomic segregation, and Göteborg, a large city with extensive polarisation. Survey data is used and analysed by means of multilevel analysis, a technique developed especially for hierarchical data and contextual analysis of individual level outcomes. The results do not provide strong support for the hypothesis of contextual effects on public political participation. There are, in several cases, strong, bivariate relationships between socioeconomic composition and political participation at the aggregate level. However, this is not confirmed in analyses of individual level data. The variation between individuals residing in different places is significant in only one case; when the context is operationalised as municipalities and the dependent variable is participation in manifestations. This variation cannot, however, be explained neither by individual level SES/political engagement nor by socioeconomic composition at the municipal level. An analysis of crosslevel interactions shows that employed persons residing in affluent districts of Göteborg have a higher probability to vote and to participate in contacting than employed persons living in poor neighbourhoods. Similarly, individuals with an immigrant background living in affluent districts in Göteborg are more likely to vote than those living in poor areas. These results give some support for the hypothesis of contextual effects on political participation. However, as the number of observations in this particular analysis is very small, the results are not robust and, consequently, must be interpreted with caution. In order to identify relevant individual level predictors, the SES and CV-models are applied. The results indicate that socioeconomic variables such as employment status and education are important predictors of voting. However, when it comes to contacting officials and participating in manifestations, socio-political resources such as political engagement and organisational membership are better as predictors of political participation.
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Hachem, Maéva. "Do the Presence of Anchor Institutions Increase Opportunities in Life? : Exploring the Effects of Higher Education Institutions on Pupils’ School Achievements in different neighbourhood types." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377131.
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The number of universities in Sweden has increased since the 1960s and universities have been discussed to have economic and social advantages to the community they are established in. At the same time, residential segregation is an increasing problem which affects the opportunities in life of the most vulnerable. This study aims to explore if the presence of one or several anchor institutions may have an effect on the school achievements of pupils from neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status in secondary school and upper secondary school. Furthermore, it aims to investigate how the presence of HEIs affect adolescents’ opportunities in life, especially in vulnerable neighbourhoods. The effects of HEIs on the neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status in Sweden are measured through linear regression analyses with interaction effects. The findings suggest that (1) the presence of university campuses have an equalisation effect on the school achievements of secondary and upper secondary school pupils; (2) the university design matters: new universities have an equalisation effect on the school achievements in contrary to old universities; (3) the presence of a university hospital does not have an improving effect on the grades like universities do, in contrary, the findings suggest that they have a negative effect; and finally (4), there are some evidence indicating that the findings can be explained by endogenous neighbourhood effects, as the presence of universities increase the number of role models within the community, which would affect the school achievements of secondary and upper secondary school pupils.
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Verelzen, Wessel. "The effects of 'going local' during the planning process for onshore wind power development." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448710.
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In 2015 a Written Ministerial Statement (WMS) expanded the Localism Act in England which effectively gave neighbourhoods the power to decide on onshore wind power development in their area. By doing so, the planning process for such development ‘went local’. Literature on the effects of ‘going local’ during the planning process for onshore wind power development is conflicting. On the one hand, the involvement of local communities can lead to a higher level of trust and hence a higher success rate of development processes. On the other hand, it appears that people are often reluctant to accept wind power develompent in their own area even though they are in favour of the technology in general. This thesis explores the effects of ‘going local’, in the form of the WMS of 2015 in England, on onshore wind power development by investigating the local and neighbourhood plans, as well as the planning applications, in the administrative County of Cornwall with the help of qualitative document analysis and a thematic analysis framework provided by Braun & Clarke (2006). The results show that currently 4 out of the 213 Parish and Town Councils in the ceremonial county of Cornwall truly comply with the WMS, which means that onshore wind power development will only be possible in these areas. The development in these and all the other neighbourhoods is limited to small-scale clusters of turbines. In addition to this, the results show that there are four over-arching aspects that play a role in the decision-making process of neighbourhoods: i) benefits for the neighbourhood, ii) negative impacts on the neighbourhood area, iii) socio-political attitude, and iv) conditions set by the neighbourhoods or local authorities. The results show that, with the current planning policy framework in England, onshore wind power development will be limited to a significant extent in terms of size and possible locations. The conflicting literature on ‘going local’ reappears in the planning documents and a broad range of factors plays a role for all the neighbourhoods. The given weighting to the different factors is what determines a neighbourhood’s stance on onshore wind power development.
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Sjöblom, Anton, and Hampus Bengtsson. "Boendesegregationens grannskapseffekter – en studie av forskningen kring boendesegregationens konsekvenser." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23822.
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Forskningsämnet boendesegregation har på senare år kommit att få en allt större roll inom den svenska segregationsdiskussionen. Uppsatsen är en litteraturstudie som diskuterar hur forskare studerar och har studerat begreppet boendesegregation, hur den synliggörs, varför den uppstår och vilka konsekvenser den ha på individer.Genom att koppla ihop den rådande diskussionen kring boendesegregation, grannskapseffekter, stigmatiseringsprocesser samt blandad boendemiljö med empiriskt material från två fallstudieområden i Botkyrka Kommun, ämnar den här uppsatsen studera konsekvenser av boendesegregation.Resultatet av fallstudien och litteraturstudien har visat upp ett komplext forskningsläge där det, dels går att finna forskare som använder teorin om grannskapseffekter som utgångspunkt i sin forskning, medan det å andra sidan finns skeptiker som pekar på empiriska brister vad gäller beläggen för existensen av grannskapseffekter.I fallstudieområdena har det kunnat noteras relativt stora skillnader mellan den socioekonomiska karriären för unga vuxna i de båda områdena. Antydan till en exogen effekt av boende i områdena, har noterats, men i en studie av denna karaktären har inte ett orsakssamband mellan boendeområdet och invånarnas socioekonomiska karriär helt kunnat fastställas.The research regarding residential segregation has in recent years come to play an increasingly large role in the debate concerning segregation in Sweden. This paper is a literature study which discusses how researchers both have studied and are studying the conceptofsegregat ion,howsegregat ionismadevisible,whyitoccursa ndwhat consequences it may bring.By connecting the current discussion of residential segregation, neighbourhood effects, stigmatisation and mixed residential environments with empirical data from two case study areas in Botkyrka Kommun in Sweden, is the intention of this paper to study the consequences of residential segregation on inhabitants.The result of the case study and the literature study has shown a complex research area, whereas you on one hand can find researchers who uses the neighbourhood effect as a basis in their research, while on the other hand there are some sceptics who points at empirical shortcomings for the evidence of the existence of neighbourhood effects.Furthermore it has been possible to detect relatively large differences between the to case study areas, when it comes to the socio-economic career of young adults. Traces of an exogenous effect have been spotted, but the study has had difficulties in proving a cause-and- effect connection between the residential area and its inhabitants socioeconomic career.
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Wiklund, Carolina. "Boendekoncept baserat på eddan ”människan är människans största glädje” : En fallstudie – hur ska ett nytt bostadsområde i Åre utformas för att tilltala generationen 55+?" Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekoteknik- och hållbart byggande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42688.
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Samhällsplanering är en stor fråga med många olika perspektiv. I Agenda 2030 beskrivs två mål som är direkt applicerbara på samhällsplanering. Mål 3 innebär att alla människor, oavsett ålder ska ha förutsättningar för att leva ett gott liv med gott välbefinnande där mötet med andra människor är en viktig faktor. Det andra målet, Mål 11 innebär att bostadsområden och städer ska vara inkluderande och hållbara. I Sverige har vi en växande befolkning som är 65 år och äldre. Detta som en effekt av den ökade livslängden och gäller även i Åredalen. Intresset för att tillbringa tid i Åre växer och en effekt av detta är att efterfrågan på både fritids- och permanentbostäder ökar. Under 1980-talet flyttade många till Åre och av de som blivit kvar i Åredalen sedan dess är det flera som bor i villor. Dessa villor skulle kunna vara intressanta för de yngre generationer som börjat bilda familj och etablerar sig i dalgången. Idag saknas boende som riktar sig till generationen 55+ trots att undersökningen i studien visar på att behovet finns. En slutsats av studien är att ett boendekoncept som riktar sig till bland annat målgruppen 55+ skulle kunna stimulera flyttkedjan i dalgången. Syftet med studien är att ta fram ett koncept för exploatering av en 45 000 kvadratmeter stor fastighet i Åre by med det sociala perspektivet som utgångspunkt. Fastigheten ingår i fastighetsbolaget Diös bestånd idag och de befintliga byggnaderna inrymmer olika typer av verksamheter. Några av de verksamheter som finns på fastigheten är vård, polis och coworkingytor. Eddadikten ”Människan är människans största glädje” har använts som utgångspunkt vid framtagningen av förslaget. För att skapa ett förslag med anknytning till det behov som finns i dalgången baseras förslaget på den enkätundersökning samt de intervjuer och platsbesök som genomförts under studiens gång.Urban planning is challenging and includes many different perspectives. Agenda 2030 describes two objectives that are directly applicable to urban planning. Objective 3 means that all humans, regardless of age, should have the prerequisites to live a good life with good well-being where meeting with other people is an important factor. The other objective, Objective 11, means that residential areas and cities should be inclusive and sustainable. In Sweden, we have a growing population that is 65 years and older. This is an effect of the increased length of life and also applies in Åredalen. The interest of spending time in Åre is growing and one effect of this is that the demand for both holiday and permanent housing is increasing. During the 1980s, many people moved to Åre. Of those who have remained in the valley since then, several lives in villas. These villas could be of interest to the younger generations who have started to establish their family life in the valley. Today, there is no accommodation aimed at the generation 55+ even though the study shows that the need exists. One conclusion of the study is that an accommodation concept aimed at, among other things, the target group 55+ could stimulate the moving chain in the valley. The purpose of the study is to develop a concept for the development of a 45,000 square meter property in Åre based on the social perspective. The property is part of the real estate company Diö's portfolio today and the existing buildings house different types of businesses. Some of the activities carried out on the properties are healthcare, police and coworking areas. The eddic poem "Man is man's greatest joy" has been used as a starting point in the preparation of the proposal. In order to create a proposal related to the needs of the valley, the proposal is based on the survey as well as the interviews and site visits conducted during the study.
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O'Grady, Kathryn. "Effect of neighbourhood economic characteristics on the health of individuals." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26999.
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This multilevel study examined the influence of neighbourhood socioeconomic context on individual health as measured by self-rated health status and the Health Utilities Index (HUI) in urban neighbourhoods of the City of Ottawa and the combined cities of Ottawa and Gatineau. The samples were drawn from the respondents to the Canadian Community Health Survey 2000--2001 which included individuals 12 years of age and older. There were 1441 respondents within the 37 Ottawa neighbourhoods and 711 respondents within the 14 Gatineau neighbourhoods. The neighbourhood characteristics were derived from the 2001 Census.
In Ottawa there was significant variation in health at the neighbourhood level. In age-adjusted models the neighbourhood low income rate and the neighbourhood low education rate were significantly associated with self-rated health (OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.01--1.81; OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.00--1.06, respectively) and a HUI score <0.973 (OR=1.31, 95% CI 1.10--1.56; OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.07--1.52, respectively). However, adjustment for individual level factors reduced the influence of the neighbourhood level variables such that they were no longer statistically significant. Similar results were found for the analysis of the combined cities.
This study suggests that the differences in health between neighbourhoods of Ottawa and Ottawa-Gatineau can be attributed primarily to the compositional impact of the characteristics of individuals within the neighbourhoods.
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Heilmann, A. "Neighbourhoods and children's social and cognitive development : pathways of effects." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1399070/.
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Background: The relevance of neighbourhoods for inequalities in children’s development, while receiving increasing attention, is still debated. This PhD thesis aimed to examine whether children’s place of residence influenced their social and cognitive development, and to test two specific pathways through which such place effects might operate. It was hypothesised that schools contribute to the variability in children’s socio-emotional and cognitive outcomes across neighbourhoods, and further, that neighbourhood characteristics affect children via maternal psychological distress and parenting. Methods: Participants were 7-year-old children and their mothers from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Cross-classified multilevel models were run to simultaneously estimate the variability in the child outcomes between neighbourhoods and schools; and to examine potential mediating effects via maternal psychological distress and selected parenting behaviours. Results: Most of the variability in children’s socio-emotional difficulties across neighbourhoods and schools was explained by the clustering of children from similar socioeconomic backgrounds. However, for children’s cognitive test performance, considerable variability between neighbourhoods and schools remained even after allowing for such compositional effects. Structural neighbourhood factors such as median household income were associated with cognitive outcomes, while neighbourhood social processes were related to children’s socio-emotional development. The data did not support a mediating role for maternal psychological distress in relation to teacher-reported socio-emotional difficulties or cognitive test performance. However, maternal psychological distress was on the pathway between social processes in the neighbourhood and socio-emotional difficulties reported by the mother. There was no evidence to suggest mediation via the examined parenting practices. Conclusions: Children’s experiences within their neighbourhoods and schools contribute to their social and cognitive development. Schools appear to be an important area for investment. However, given the fundamental role of families’ individual circumstances, an integrated approach is needed which combines policies directed at schools and neighbourhoods with measures that support children and their families directly.
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Levi, Loïc. "Comportements d'investissement et performances des exploitations agricoles selon la position dans le cycle de vie." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARE053/document.
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L'investissement et l'innovation jouent un rôle important dans le secteur agricole, permettant aux exploitations de s'adapter aux changements de politiques et aux conditions du marché. Au cours des dernières décennies, les exploitations agricoles de l'Union européenne (UE) ont été confrontées à des changements substantiels à travers la politique agricole commune (PAC). C'est notamment le cas du secteur laitier, qui a vu la fin du régime de quotas laitiers et également vu une volatilité accrue des prix. De tels changements pourraient affecter la productivité et l’efficacité des exploitations agricoles, la compétitivité du secteur laitier et les changements structurels. Comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au comportement d’investissement des exploitations pourrait permettre d’identifier les principaux facteurs qui influent sur les tendances observées. Cela pourrait aider à anticiper les futurs changements structurels, prévoir les besoins des exploitations et aider les décideurs publicet les autres acteurs du secteur agricole à adapter leurs politiques. La thèse contribue à cet objectif en analysant pour les exploitations laitières d'une sous-région de Bretagne (Ille-et-Vilaine) en France, (i) l'impact de la suppression du quota laitier sur les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs et l'hétérogénéité de leurs réactions (ii) le lien entre la performance agricole et les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs, (iii) le rôle des interactions sociales liées aux effets de voisinage sur la décision d'investissement des agriculteurs. Les résultats montrent que la fin: Investment and innovation play an important role in the agricultural sector, allowing farms to adapt to policy changes and market condition changes. In the last decades, farms in the European Union (EU) have faced substantial changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This is particularly the case of the dairy sector, which has seen the end of milk quota regime and increased price volatility. Such changes could affect farm productivity and efficiency, the dairy sector’s competitiveness and structural change. Understanding the mechanisms underlying farms’ investment behaviour could allow identifying key drivers that influence the observed trends. This could help anticipate future structural changes, predict farms’ needs and help policy makers and other stakeholders in farming to adapt their policy. The thesis contributes to this objective by analysing for dairy farms in a sub-region of Brittany (Ille-et-Vilaine) in France, (i) the impact of the termination of the milk quota onfarmers’ investment decisions and the heterogeneity of farm investment behaviour, (ii) the link between farm performance and farmers’ investment decisions, (iii) the role of social interactions related to neighbourhood effects on farmers' investment decision. Findings show that the termination of the dairy quota policy increased farmers’ incentive to invest, contributing to the trend towards larger, more capital intensive and more specialised dairy farms. In addition, the thesis underlines the need to take into account farmers’ heterogeneity in modelling investment behaviour. Doing so allows
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Kumar, Anjeela Marie. "The Effect of the Neighbourhood Built Environment on Obesity in Christchurch." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3196.
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Obesity is becoming a worldwide concern, with more than 300 million individuals who are obese and a further 750 million who are overweight. This increase is important as obesity has been linked to an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, type two diabetes mellitus, stroke and some cancers. One factor receiving increasing attention to explain variation in obesity prevalence is the role of the built environment. This involves examining how features of the built environment such as green space or food premises vary by neighbourhood area. The presence of such resources within a neighbourhood can influence obesity through encouraging a healthy or unhealthy environment. It is important to understand how neighbourhoods influence obesity. This will allow the creation of effective public policy and urban design initiatives to reduce the obesity prevalence. Little research has examined how the quality of these resources varies between neighbourhoods and their effect on the prevalence of obesity. This thesis addresses this using a systematic site survey tool to investigate how the quality of built environment resources varies by neighbourhood deprivation. It also employs a questionnaire to examine residents’ perception of their neighbourhood as these can influence obesity through the utilisation of healthy resources. Three key findings were identified: there is a significant relationship between deprivation and the number of neighbourhood resources; the quality of these resources increases as deprivation increases; and residents in a high deprivation neighbourhood had a more positive perception of the neighbourhood. As a result, high deprivation neighbourhoods may be less likely to promote obesity as they have higher quality resources and residents have a more positive perception of the environment. These findings suggest that the influence of the built environment is context specific and that it may not be as influential on obesity in Christchurch. It highlights the need to consider both individual and environmental factors in explaining the geographic variation of obesity.
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Silan, Margherita. "Propensity score techniques in multiple treatments framework: the estimation of neighbourhood effect." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424970.
Full textAbstract:
Neighbourhood effects have been defined by Oakes (2004) as the independent causal effects of neighbourhood on a given number of health or social outcome(s).
The aim of this thesis is to estimate the neighbourhood effect on old population in Turin with a propensity score approach.
To achieve this goal, we need to work on adapting propensity score techniques to work well in a framework with many treatments (with ten or more treatments).
Data used in the thesis come from the Turin Longitudinal Study (SLT), described in chapter 3.
Our main goal is to understand if the observed differences in health outcomes across neighbourhoods can be causally attributed to neighbourhoods' as opposed to their different composition, i.e. to the fact that individuals with different risks factors live in different areas.
In order to adjust for confounders and simulate an experimental approach, we focused on propensity score techniques that are briefly described in chapter 2. The first part of the analysis focuses on the performance evaluation of an inverse probability of treatment approach (IPTW) in a 10-treatment framework (chapter 4) and its application on real data on two different health outcomes: hospitalized fractures and mental health (chapter 5).
In the second part of the thesis we propose a novel method that consists on a matching based on partially ordered sets (poset) (chapter 6).
The Matching on Poset based Average Rank for Multiple Treatment (MARMoT), tested with some simulations, has revealed to be really useful to estimate neighbourhood effect, reducing bias of estimates because of the initial improvement of covariates' balance between groups.L'effetto di vicinato è stato definito da Oakes (2004) come l'effetto causale indipendente di un vicinato su qualsiasi esito sociale o di salute. Lo scopo principale di questo elaborato consiste nello stimare l'effetto di vicinato sullo stato di salute degli anziani residenti a Torino con un approccio basato sull'uso del propensity score. Tuttavia, risulta necessario adattare le tecniche di propensity score, generalmente utilizzate con trattamenti dicotomici, a casi di trattamento multiplo, in cui siano eventualmente coinvolti molti trattamenti (10 o più). I dati utilizzati nella tesi provengono dallo studio longitudinale torinese (SLT), descritto nel capitolo 3. Una delle domande di ricerca principali in questa tesi consiste nello stimare quanto le differenze osservate nello stato di salute degli anziani residenti in diversi vicinati siano dovute al vicinato di residenza e quanto invece siano legate alle diverse caratteristiche degli individui che lo compongono. Per aggiustare per l'effetto dei confondenti e ricostruire un approccio sperimentale, abbiamo preferito adottare tecniche basate sull'uso del propensity score, che sono brevemente descritte nel capitolo 2. Nella prima parte delle analisi viene valutato il funzionamento di un approccio di inverse probability of treatment weighting in uno scenario costituito da 10 trattamenti (capitolo 4). Viene poi applicato su dati reali per stimare l'effetto di vicinato su due esiti di salute: le fratture ospedalizzate e le malattie mentali (capitolo 5). Nella seconda parte della tesi invece viene descritta una proposta originale che consiste in un matching che sfrutta la teoria degli ordinamenti parziali poset). Questo approccio, che abbiamo chiamato Matching on Poset based Average Rank for Multiple Treatment (MARMoT), è stato testato attraverso uno studio di simulazione e si è rivelato essere particolarmente utile per la stima degli effetti di vicinato, riducendo la distorsione delle stime grazie al miglioramento del bilanciamento delle variabili confondenti tra i vicinati.
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Banks, Christopher Phillip. "At What Level Does Place Matter? Threshold Effects in Australian Urban Neighbourhoods." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366765.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates neighbourhood effects and specifically whether these effects act in a non-linear manner in an Australian urban context. The hypothesis driving the research is that neighbourhood disadvantage and disorder must reach a critical threshold before the mechanisms of neighbourhood effects have an impact on residents’ economic outcomes, such as unemployment and financial difficulties, and on the overall dynamics and conditions of the neighbourhood.
Three lines of inquiry were pursued to test the hypothesis. The first (Chapter 2) used census data from the 1996, 2001 and 2006 Australian Census of Population and Housing to test whether a number of neighbourhood indicators had a threshold-like relationship with changes in the mean unemployment rate of neighbourhoods over five and ten years. A spline regression analysis technique was employed to uncover discontinuous ‘break points’ consistent with the threshold hypothesis. Statistically significant discontinuous ‘break points’ were found in all eight neighbourhood indicators but the indicators with the highest predicted changes were ‘in low status jobs’ and ‘without qualifications.’ Neighbourhoods above the 99th percentile in these indicators showed statistically significant increases in unemployment (10.41 per cent and 8.56 per cent, respectively, higher increase in the proportion of residents unemployed than neighbourhoods just below the 99th percentile over five years). Based on the analyses, a tentative conclusion is made that urban neighbourhoods with very high proportions of residents with particular features show more pronounced increases in unemployment over time; however, the results are neither entirely consistent nor straight-forward.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Malgas, Shannon M. "The effects of subsidized housing on the property values of neighbourhoods within its vicinity." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27981.
Full textAbstract:
Over time neighbourhoods have shown opposition to Government subsidized housing programmes being developed within their neighbourhoods. This is due to the perceived negative impacts that these housing developments have on the neighbourhood. Opposition has grown since implementation of the Housing Code of 2009. The Code aims to integrate low income households into more affluent areas, in order to provide these households with greater access to economic and social opportunities, which they were previously denied having been placed on the urban periphery. Opponents to subsidized housing developments have nevertheless expressed concerns with a possible decline in property values. These concerns are however based on perception, rather than factual evidence to this effect. There is a paucity of studies on the topic within the South African context. While there are a number of studies on the topic within other countries, the results cannot be generalized due to the difference in demographics, housing subsidy programmes and structure of the City of Cape Town. An analysis of the impact within the City of Cape Town context may thus be beneficial. This paper analysed the impacts of Residential Development Programme (RDP) housing and Social Housing (rental) projects, as these are the subsidized housing developments that have received the most opposition. The paper has thus used a Difference-in-Difference Hedonic Pricing Model analysis to determine the neighbourhood impacts of subsidized housing on the property values of surrounding neighbourhoods. RDP housing was estimated to have a negative effect on proximate property values, while Social Housing was estimated to have no effect. It is recommended that future developments are aesthetically appealing, have landscaping, are well maintained and are well integrated with the surrounding community. These efforts should also be well communicated to the host communities during the public participation events. Further analysis is required to determine the cause of the negative effects of the RDP development to ensure that these are mitigated in future RDP projects. These may allow the State to provide the much-needed housing opportunities, with limited opposition from the host communities.
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Jivraj, Stephen. "The effect of internal migration on the socioeconomic composition of neighbourhoods in England." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effect-of-internal-migration-on-the-socioeconomic-composition-of-neighbourhoods-in-england(10b2e42a-daaf-460d-9094-a14c4b899684).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis determines the extent to which internal migration affects the socioeconomic composition of neighbourhoods in England and how its impact compares with that of other components of area change. It is hypothesised that the selective character of internal migration contributes to increased concentration of poverty in the most deprived neighbourhoods. The focus of the analysis at this small spatial scale will interest policy makers who have sought to reverse the spiral of socioeconomic decline in selected neighbourhoods through area-based regeneration initiatives. It will also add to neighbourhood change theory that assumes internal migration is widening spatial inequalities, which has rarely been empirically tested. The analysis is conducted using an administrative dataset called the School Census. The School Census enables detailed geographical analysis that is not possible with existing datasets used to measure internal migration in the UK. The thesis demonstrates the potential of the School Census for migration research and its usefulness in shaping policy. Change in the socioeconomic composition of a neighbourhood can be measured using the proportion of pupils claiming Free School Meals (FSM), which is widely used as a measure of poverty in educational research. The change in the concentration of FSM pupils is uniquely analysed at varying spatial scales to determine an appropriate neighbourhood level at which to conduct further analysis. The effect of internal migration on neighbourhood socioeconomic change is analysed using a growth model for Lower Super Output Areas. It shows that internal migration contributes to increased concentration of FSM pupils in the most deprived neighbourhoods. However, the effect is small. The effect of pupils changing their FSM status but not moving (in-situ change) is more dominant and reduced the concentration of FSM pupils in the most deprived neighbourhoods during the period 2002-2007. These findings contribute to a small but growing literature that suggests the effect of internal migration is minor when compared with in-situ change. Factors related to internal migration at the neighbourhood level are modelled using linear and spatial regression. A number of characteristics are found to be similarly associated with net migration of FSM and non-FSM pupils. This suggests there is an element of choice exercised by all families with school children when they move. However, there are discriminating effects, including school quality, that are related to higher net migration of non-FSM pupils but not FSM pupils. Moreover, the effects of some neighbourhood characteristics on migration including worklessness are shown to vary across different parts of the country. These findings suggest policy makers should be sensitive to local contexts when planning public service provision.
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Tu, Andrew. "Developmental growth patterns of Canadian children and the effect of the neighbourhood environment on growth." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50498.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Efforts are needed to identify individuals at risk of becoming obese to facilitate the development and implementation of targeted prevention strategies. The objective of this dissertation was to identify the developmental trajectories of body mass index (BMI) among children as they age into adulthood and examine how the neighbourhood environment influences childhood obesity rates and BMI development.
Methods: Data from Canada’s National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth was used for this dissertation. Group based trajectory modeling was used to examine eight waves (14 years) of data to identify distinct trajectories of BMI. Neighbourhood types were defined by grouping neighbourhoods with similar attributes using latent class analysis. A mediation analysis was then conducted to assess the mediating role of physical activity and sedentary behaviour on the cross-sectional relationship between neighbourhood type and obesity. The relationship between neighbourhood type and obesity was examined longitudinally using both variable- and person-centred approaches.
Results: This study identified four distinct BMI trajectories among children: low, decreasing, medium, and high. Born large for gestational age, living in a rural area, and maternal smoking were associated with the high trajectory. Children were found to live within one of five neighbourhood types. Compared with children living in an affluent urban type neighbourhood, higher rates of obesity were observed in the remaining four neighbourhood types. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were found to partially mediate the relationship between neighbourhood type and obesity; however, not among children living in predominantly rural neighbourhoods. Children living in predominantly rural neighbourhoods were found to have a significantly higher BMI trajectory and were more likely to be on a BMI trajectory leading to obesity by adulthood.
Conclusions: This dissertation identified children at risk of becoming obese by adulthood and neighbourhood types that are most conducive of children developing obesity. The results suggest that prevention efforts should be targeted to children living in rural areas and that these efforts should differ from those applied in urban settings. Physical activity explains a small proportion of obesity risk suggesting that other factors (e.g., diet) may play an important role in obesity risk associated with neighbourhood factors.Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate
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Neuman, Emma. "Essays on Ethnic Segregation and Economic Outcomes." Licentiate thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-30202.
Full textAbstract:
Essay 1: This paper studies tipping behaviour in the residential mobility of the native population inSweden between 1990 and 2007. Using regression discontinuity methods, we find that thegrowth in native population in a neighbourhood discontinuously drops once aneighbourhood’s immigrant share exceeds the identified tipping point. In the 1990s the dropcan be attributed both to increased out-migration of natives (native flight) and to thedecreased in-migration of natives (native avoidance) while native flight appears to be drivingthe segregation pattern between the years 2000 and 2007. Further, we find native migrationfrom neighbourhoods that have tipped is selective, in the sense that natives with a high levelof educational attainment are the most likely to move from such neighbourhood. We concludethat the native residential mobility has contributed to increased ethnic segregation but it alsoappears to have increased socio-economic segregation in Sweden between 1990 and 2007. Essay 2: This paper focuses on second-generation immigrants and analyses the short- and long-termeffects of immigrant and ethnic group concentration in childhood neighbourhood on earnings,unemployment, reliance on income support and educational attainment. The results show thata high immigrant concentration in a childhood neighbourhood is negatively associated witheconomic outcomes of both second-generation immigrants and natives. Ethnic groupconcentration seems to work in the opposite direction, improving economic outcomes forsecond-generation immigrants. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of includingtime dynamics in any analysis of the effect of childhood neighbourhood ethnic compositionon economic outcomes.
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Mohammad, Pour Sara. "Implementing a neighbourhood scale stormwater retrofit : effect of self-draining rain barrels on an urban stream." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44268.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past 50 years, as North America has become more urbanized, extensive research has
been done to understand the impact of urbanization on the hydrological cycle. Specifically, land development is known to significantly alter the hydrological cycle and consequently the aquatic habitat by increasing the magnitude and frequency of flooding events, by increasing storm flow flashiness and by altering base flow regimes in streams. The current approach to mitigating the negative impacts of land development on receiving streams involves decentralized treatment of frequently occurring rainfall events at the source in other words on-site stormwater management. Stormwater practitioners and researchers have identified the need for pilot scale research projects to improve the current understanding of on-site stormwater management techniques. The objectives of the current study were to determine the level of effort and methods required to gain volunteer participation for on-site stormwater management retrofit projects as well as to determine if retrofitting single family lots on a neighbourhood scale can have a an effect on the hydrological response of the receiving stream. The objectives were achieved through collaborating with the City of Burnaby, to plan and implement a pilot project in two residential neighbourhoods in the Beecher Creek Watershed. It was hypothesized that with the cooperation of the municipality, sufficient landowner participation (at least 30% of the study area residents) could be gained through door-to-door meetings with residents and through offering incentives for participation in the study. It was also hypothesized that retrofitting the houses in the study area with self-draining rain barrels that detain roof runoff could have a regulating effect on the stream response. Two sub-catchments in the Beecher Creek watershed were chosen as the sites of the study and flow-monitoring stations were set up at sub-catchments’ outfalls. A communication strategy was developed and executed over a seven-month period that resulted in participation of 26 (out of 77 possible) residents. Overall, 40 rain barrels were installed to capture the runoff from about 3.5% to 7% of the catchment area. Analysis of the initial collected data indicated that the rain barrels had a regulating effect on the stream response.
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Jaganmohan, Madhumitha [Verfasser]. "Cooling effects of urban green spaces on residential neighbourhoods : a review and empirical study / Madhumitha Jaganmohan." Halle, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1179184386/34.
Full text
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Mehdipanah, Roshanak 1984. "Urban renewal and health : the effects of the Neighbourhoods Law on health and health inequalities in Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/301438.
Full textAbstract:
Urban renewal interventions aim to improve physical infrastrucutres, promote social
integration and increase economic gains. However, they also have the potential to
improve the wellbeing of residents.
The objective of this dissertation was to better understand how an urban renewal policy,
the Neighbourhoods Law, could affect health and health inequality in Barcelona, Spain.
Using a mixed-methods approach, three studies were produced to better understand this
connection. The first study used Concept Mapping techniques to study the perception of
neighbours towards changes that had occurred in their intervened neighbourhoods in
recent years and their importance for their wellbeing. The second study used the
Barcelona Health Survey to analyse poor self-rated health and mental health status in
women and men, before and after the intervention in participating neighbourhoods
while comparing them to a group of non-intervened neighbourhood but with similar
socio-demographic characteristics. The analysis was repeated to introduce the
dimension of health inequality using social (occupational) class as a stratifying
indicator. The third study used the results attained from previous studies and the
existing literature to propose possible mechanisms linking urban renewal to health.
The results from these studies indicate that the Neighbourhoods Law had a positive
effect on residents’ health and health inequality.Les intervencions de renovació urbana tenen com a objectiu millorar les infraestructures físiques, promoure la integració social i augmentar els guanys econòmics. A més, també tenen el potencial de millorar el benestar dels residents. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és poder comprendre com una política de renovació urbana, la Llei de Barris, pot afectar a la salut i a les desigualtats en salut a la ciutat de Barcelona. Per respondre a aquest objectiu s’han realitzat tres articles usant un enfocament de mètodes mixtos. El primer estudi utilitza la metodologia de “Concept Mapping” per analitzar la percepció dels veïns en relació als canvis que s’han produït en el barri en els últims anys i la seva importància per al seu benestar. El segon estudi utilitza l'Enquesta de Salut de Barcelona per analitzar la mala salut autopercebuda i l'estat de salut mental, abans i després de la Llei de Barris en els barris participants utilitzant com a grup de comparació un grup de barris no participants de característiques socio-demogràfiques similars. Les anàlisis es van repetir per introduir la dimensió de la desigualtat en salut utilitzant la classe social (ocupacional) com a indicador. El tercer estudi utilitza els resultats obtinguts dels dos estudis anteriors i de la bibliografia existent per proposar possibles mecanismes que vinculin la renovació urbana en la salut. Els resultats d'aquests estudis indiquen que la Llei de Barris té un efecte positiu en la salut i en la desigualtat en salut dels veïns.
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Noueihed, Cherine. "An investigation of the effect of neighbourhood characteristics on traumatic dental injuries among a sample of Quebec children." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40724.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Evidence suggests that neighbourhood characteristics are associated with health; however, this association has not been fully explored in regards to Traumatic Dental Injury (TDI) in Quebec. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with TDI to permanent anterior teeth in children participating in the QUALITY cohort. Methods: Study participants (N=279) include children 8-10 years of age at risk of obesity, and their families. TDI was clinically evaluated using the same criteria of the Children's Dental Health Survey’s questionnaire, UK. Questionnaires completed by children and their parents collected data on socio-demographic, behavioural and environmental factors. Results: The prevalence of TDI was 12.9%. Children with incisal overjet greater than 5mm, from high socioeconomic backgrounds, and residing in neighbourhoods with high levels of social capital were more likely to have TDI. Conclusion: Neighbourhood characteristics, such as social capital and socioeconomic status may be associated with TDI experience.Introduction: Des études ont démontré que les caractéristiques des quartiers étaient associées à la santé; toutefois, cette association n'a pas été complètement explorée en regard du trauma dentaire (TD) au Québec. Objectifs: Évaluer la prévalence de TD ainsi que les facteurs associés au TD sur les dents antérieures chez les enfants participants à la cohorte QUALITY. Méthodes: Les participants (N=279) étaient des enfants, âgés de 8 à 10 ans et ayant un risque élevé de développer l'obésité, ainsi que leurs familles. TD a été cliniquement évalué en utilisant les mêmes critères du questionnaire de l'Enquête de Santé Dentaire des Enfants du Royaume-Uni. Les questionnaires complétés par les enfants et leurs parents ont permis de recueillir des données sociodémographiques, comportement mentales et environnementales. Résultats: La prédominance de TD s’élevait à 12.9 %. Les enfants ayant un surjet incisal plus grand que 5 millimètres, une position socioéconomique élevée et résidant dans les quartiers avec un niveau de capital social élevé étaient plus à risque de TD. Conclusion: Les caractéristiques des quartiers tels que le capital social et le statut socioéconomique pourraient être associées avec le TD.
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CONSOLAZIO, DAVID. "Social and Spatial Inequalities in Health in Milan: the Case of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/263136.
Full textAbstract:
La presente tesi di dottorato si propone di indagare lo stato delle disuguaglianze di salute nella città di Milano. Si parla di disuguaglianze di salute in presenza di differenze negli stati di salute delle persone all’interno di una popolazione, o tra gruppi di individui, quando queste sono attribuibili alle condizioni socioeconomiche delle persone, in virtù dell’iniqua distribuzione di risorse sociali, economiche, culturali e relazionali che consentono a ciascuno di raggiungere il proprio potenziale di salute. In aggiunta, il raggiungimento di uno stato di salute ottimale può essere influenzato anche dalle caratteristiche materiali e psicosociali del contesto di residenza, esponendo coloro che vivono in contesti svantaggiati a maggiori rischi per la loro.
Muovendo dai presupposti teorici e concettuali della Fundamental Causes Theory e dall’approccio alla salute basato sui determinanti sociali questo lavoro si pone l’obiettivo di fornire una mappatura della distribuzione delle condizioni di salute all’interno del territorio milanese, contribuendo altresì al dibattito circa la presenza di neighbourhood effects sulla salute. Il lavoro svolto si basa sull’utilizzo di un approccio interdisciplinare, nel quale si fa ricorso a metodi e strumenti di tipo sociologico, epidemiologico, e geografico. Uno studio dettagliato della distribuzione sociale e territoriale di una patologia nei diversi quartieri della città è ad oggi assente, abbiamo dunque deciso di concentrarci sul Diabete Mellito di Tipo 2 alla luce della sua tipica associazione sia con le condizioni socioeconomiche individuali che con le caratteristiche dell’ambiente di vita.
Facendo ricorso all’utilizzo inedito di dati amministrativi del sistema sanitario forniti dall’Unità di Epidemiologia dell’Agenzia di Tutela della Salute della Città Metropolitana di Milano, in combinazione con i dati provenienti dall’ultimo censimento della popolazione italiana, abbiamo condotto uno studio caso-controllo multilivello, con l’obiettivo di esaminare l’impatto relativo delle condizioni socioeconomiche individuali e del quartiere di residenza sul rischio di sviluppare la patologia in esame.
I risultati hanno confermato la presenza di un gradiente sociale nella patologia, con una più alta prevalenza rintracciabile nelle persone con titolo di studio più basso. È stata inoltre riscontrata un’eterogeneità nella distribuzione territoriale della patologia, la quale non viene tuttavia spiegata unicamente dalle condizioni socioeconomiche individuali: l’associazione tra condizioni socioeconomiche del quartiere di residenza e rischio di sviluppo del Diabete Mellito di Tipo 2 risulta infatti essere statisticamente significativa anche controllando per le variabili individuali, suggerendo un ruolo del contesto di residenza nel plasmare l’esposizione al rischio indipendentemente dalla concentrazione di individui con caratteristiche simili nelle stesse aree.
In linea con la letteratura di riferimento, è stato riscontrato che le caratteristiche individuali giocano un ruolo predominate nel determinare l’esposizione, ciononostante il quartiere dove le persone vivono esercita un effetto non trascurabile sulla salute e necessita di essere tenuto in considerazione nello sviluppo di politiche volte a contrastare l’incidenza della patologia e a ridurre le disuguaglianze sociali connaturate alla sua insorgenza. Pur essendo parzialmente in grado di mitigare le disparità in ambito di gestione della patologia e qualità delle cure, è evidente che il sistema sanitario da solo non può essere in grado di porre rimedio alle disuguaglianze sociali esistenti nel Diabete Mellito di Tipo 2, evidenziando il bisogno di interventi più ampi capaci di agire sulla struttura che contribuisce a generare e perpetuare le disuguaglianze sociali e territoriali in relazione alla patologia.This PhD dissertation is aimed at studying health inequalities in the Italian city of Milan. Health inequalities can be defined as differences in people’s health across the population and between population groups, which are attributable to individuals’ socioeconomic status as a consequence of the uneven distribution of social, economic, cultural, and relational resources that enable people to reach their health potential (Sarti et al., 2011). Moreover, people’s health may also be affected by psychosocial and physical characteristics of the local environment in which they live, so that those living in disadvantaged areas may be at a higher risk of being subjected to worse health conditions (Macintyre and Ellaway, 2000; 2003). Moving from the theoretical and conceptual foundations of the Fundamental Causes Theory (Link and Phelan 1995; Phelan et al., 2010) and the Social Determinants of Health approach ( Solar and Irwin, 2010; Wilkinson and Marmot, 2003) this work intends to provide both an accurate mapping of the distribution of health conditions within the Milanese territory – and its association with individual and contextual socioeconomic status – and to contribute to the debate on the presence of neighbourhood effects on health (Diez-Roux, 2004; Galster, 2012). We thus relied on an interdisciplinary approach, making use of tools and methods from sociology, epidemiology, and geography. A fine-grained study of disease distribution among the neighbourhoods of the city of Milan was missing, and we opted to focus on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in light of its typical association with both individual socioeconomic conditions (Agardh et al., 2011) and environmental characteristics (Den Braver et al., 2018). Relying on the unprecedented use of administrative healthcare data provided by the Epidemiology Unit of the Health Protection Agency of the Metropolitan City of Milan, linked with data from the most recent Italian census, we performed a multilevel case-control study, aimed at assessing the relative impact of individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status on the risk of developing the disease. Our results confirmed the presence of a social gradient in the distribution of the disease, with an increasing prevalence in correspondence with lower educational attainment. Moreover, we found evidence of a spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of the disease, which was not entirely explained by individual socioeconomic status: the association between neighbourhood socioeconomic status and the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus remained statistically significant even after accounting for individual-level variables, suggesting a role of the context in shaping risk exposure independently of the clustering of individuals with similar characteristics in the same areas. In line with the existing literature, we found that individual characteristics still play a major role in explaining risk exposure, but also that the context where people live has a non-negligible effect and should be encompassed in the design of policies aimed at tackling the disease and reducing social inequalities at its onset. Despite playing a role in mitigating disparities in relation to disease management and quality of care, there is evidence that the healthcare system alone is not able to effectively tackle existing inequalities, and that broader actions intervening in the structure that contribute to the generation and perpetuation of social and spatial inequalities are needed.
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Galhardo, Jacques. "Effets et usages du patrimoine urbain. Processus de territorialisation et actions publiques dans le quartier de la Mouraria (Lisbonne)." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR1501/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse a pour objet l’analyse des processus de patrimonialisation et des différentes transactions entre un ensemble d’acteurs publics, dans le cadre d’une intervention municipale. Celle-ci s’est déroulée entre 2010 et 2014 dans une partie du centre ancien de Lisbonne désigné par « quartier de la Mouraria ». Il s’agit de comprendre comment une action publique patrimoniale trouve dans l’échelle d’un quartier populaire ancien les ressources nécessaires à des arrangements entre les acteurs publics. Mais c’est aussi l’occasion de comprendre comment, dans une « scène publique » traversée par les controverses et les conflits entre ces mêmes acteurs, ces derniers participent simultanément à la construction de formes variées d’engagement et de partenariat autour d’un projet complexe de réhabilitation/requalification. L’analyse des usages des ressources mémorielles et patrimoniales permet à la fois de comprendre la construction d’une territorialité spécifique et son intégration dans les normes et les stratégies urbaines. La recherche permet aussi de saisir les effets réflexifs de cette forme de territorialisation sur la fabrique de la villeThe aim of this doctoral thesis is to analyse the process of heritage policy and the different exchanges between public actors, within the framework of a town council intervention. The latter occurred between 2010 and 2014 in part of the old Lisbon city centre known as “the Mouraria neighbourhood”. The purpose is to understand how a public policy for heritage finds the necessary resources for arrangements between the public players at the level of an old popular neighbourhood. But this is also an opportunity to know how those very same players take part in the building of various forms of commitment and partnership around a challenging project of rehabilitation / requalification on a “public” stage swept by controversies and conflicts between them. Not only does analysing the use of heritage and memories resources enable to understand how to build a specific territoriality but also how to integrate it into the norms of urban strategies. This research also enables to grasp the reflexive effects of this form of territorialisation on the making of cities
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ZAMPATTI, DAVIDE. "GAUGING ETHNIC AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN URBAN CONTEXTS: THE CASE OF BRESCIA, ITALY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/634805.
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This dissertation aims to improve our understanding of the link between migrant ethnicity, space and socio-economic inequality. In the last three decades, the migratory pressure in Europe has reached significant levels. The massive flux of different ethnic groups has created significant tensions in many countries, causing widespread political conflicts and is now eroding the credibility of traditional political institutions. Here, we focused on three main issues, i.e., the residential segregation of immigrants, the immigrant’s earnings at the neighbourhood level and the school choice of immigrant families. Our approach has been quantitative and has tried to combine and integrate certain social, economic and geographical factors. The core of our study has been a detailed analysis on a census-style database on the Italian city of Brescia, which permitted us to geolocalise households at a block level. The structure of the dissertation includes four main chapters followed by a conclusion chapter. First presents an extensive literature review that examined various socio-economic aspects of migrations. We first considered housing market discrimination, segregation theories, segregation measurement. Besides we introduced literature on labour market discrimination, social inequality and neighbourhood and network effects. Furthermore, we reviewed second generation problems, education inequality, social cohesion and assimilation theories. The second presents an empirical study on Brescia, one of the most relevant cities in Italy for the share of immigrants. While this context allowed us to reflect on complex forms of segregation in South Europe, we explored segregation in the city. We analysed segregation by aggregate ethnic groups to cover the whole city immigrant population. These aggregates are East Europeans, South Asians, Middle Easterns and North Africans, Sub Saharan Africans, Chinese, East and South East Asians and South Americans. Segregation is particularly strong for South Asians and Chinese communities. The third chapter examines neighbourhood effect on immigrants’ earnings. The chapter considers the economic and social nexus of segregation by estimating neighbourhood effects on immigrants’ earnings within an urban context. For doing this, we linked socio-economic and spatial-demographic characteristics of immigrants by following an “egohood” approach, which jointly considers socialisation and proximity effects. An egohood is an ego-centred circular neighbourhood of given dimension around individual residence. We found that immigrants in areas with high probability to meet co-ethnics had lower earnings; there was no effect for the probability to meet natives. The fourth examines ethnic differentials in school choices in primary school as a determinant of education inequality. Education inequality is crucial in countries receiving considerable levels of migrations. We hypothesised that households choose schools by homophily, i.e. they chose a school with a high percentage of co-ethnics. Furthermore, we hypothesised that and households prefer schools with a high share of high socio economics status-pupils while being constrained by geographical proximity. Households are sensitive to socio-economic status, ethnic composition and home-school distance. However, we also found that choices by second-generation immigrants, i.e., those who were born in Italy, had lower differences with natives, while born abroad children display different choices. The fifth presents conclusions, limitation and future developments of this dissertation. Finally, some chapters reproduce independent research articles. This implies that some repetitions are possible, especially when discussing previous research and presenting the study context.
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Bandow, KI. "Neighbourhood effects on plant functional traits in an experimental forest." Thesis, 2022. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/47054/1/Bandow_whole_thesis.pdf.
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Understanding the way plants respond to their environment is a central aim in plant ecology, as these responses are what fundamentally influence ecosystem function. Plant functional traits describe morphological, physiological, and phenological characteristics that affect overall plant fitness through their influence on survival, growth, and reproduction. Functional traits are heralded as a dynamic, representative, and simple way to capture plant response and predict ecosystem processes. In recent years, there has been a focus on understanding trait patterns that emerge along abiotic environmental gradients, however there is little research on the role of the biotic environment, a key aspect underpinning plant co-existence. This study aimed to address whether there is, in fact, a functional trait response to biotic influences, in an experimental forest, or if responses are due to microclimate alone. This research took place at the Australian Forest Evenness Experiment (AFEX), Using this experimental forest provides a unique opportunity to investigate neighbourhood interactions, where the density and spatial patterning of individuals is the result of experimental manipulation, rather than a consequence of variation in abiotic conditions. Four species, Eucalyptus regnans, Eucalyptus delegatensis, Pomaderris apetala and Acacia dealbata, were measured for six plant functional traits: specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), predawn water potential (Ψleaf), bark thickness, foliar nitrogen content (Nleaf), and the leaf area to sapwood area ratio (LA:SA). I found that neighbourhood interactions influence plant functional traits in ways that are highly dependent on the species involved. The effect of traits was often not mediated by microclimate although competition for light was common. I demonstrated that the functional traits of E. delegatensis, particularly those related to water relations, were significantly altered in the presence of P. apetala neighbours, indicating a strong competitive interaction between the two species for water. E. regnans, on the other hand, did not adjust its traits in response to P. apetala. In contrast, E. delegatensis and E. regnans did not display strong trait responses to the neighbourhood effect of the other, and therefore may not be directly competing. In fact, E. regnans may be providing a facilitative influence in this case. The information gathered in this study demonstrates that plant functional traits dictate plant responses to ththe biological environment, and that these responses are not solely dependent on the abiotic environment.
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Oliver, Lisa Nicole. "Does neighbourhood residence influence the readiness to learn of kindergarten children in Vanouver? : a multilevel analysis of neighbourhood effects." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13447.
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This thesis investigates the relations between socio-economic dimensions of neighbourhoods and readiness to learn scores among kindergarten children, independent of family income. The study is based on readiness to learn data collected for 3,721 children attending kindergarten in the Vancouver School District in February 2000. Readiness to learn is assessed by each child's teacher using the Educational Development Instrument (EDI), a questionnaire that assesses readiness to learn in five sub-scales: emotional health and maturity, social knowledge and competence, communication skills and general knowledge, physical health and well-being, and language and cognitive development. Factor analysis at the census tract level is used to agglomerate Vancouver census tracts with similar socio-economic dimensions into 68 neighbourhoods that have a minimum of 30 kindergarten children. Map displays, correlation analysis, and regression analysis, at the ecological level, show a positive relationship between readiness to learn in each of the 5 sub-scales and neighbourhood socio-economic status. Multilevel analysis shows that the socioeconomic status of neighbourhoods has an independent effect on children's readiness to learn, when controlling for family income and ESL status, in each of the 5 EDI sub-scales. Results indicate that a neighbourhoods' socioeconomic status statistically accounts for under 3 percent of the variance in children's readiness to learn. Multilevel analysis for each of the sub-scales show that language and cognitive skills have stronger neighbourhood effects than emotional maturity and social skills, suggesting neighbourhoods may have more influence on certain dimensions of children's development.
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Morton, Tanya Rosemary. "Neighbourhood Correlates of Child Injury: A Case Sudy of Toronto, Canada." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32777.
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This study identifies the extent to which neighbourhood socioeconomic trends are related to intentional and unintentional child injuries in Toronto, Ontario. Children living in lower socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods have often been found to face a higher injury death and morbidity rate than more well‐off children. A likely explanation is an increase in the unequal exposure to injury-promoting environments on the basis of the income polarization (a declining middle income group). However, the strength of the inverse relationship between SES and injury is related to a number of factors, including the SES indicator chosen by the researcher. Hence, a goal of the study is to determine whether neighbourhood socioeconomic trends toward income polarization have predictive power in explaining variation in injury rates in young children aged 0-6, over and above more typical measures of SES and neighbourhood disadvantage.
Census data were used to determine socioeconomic trends. Neighbourhoods (census tracts) were divided into three distinct categories based on neighbourhood change in average individual income: neighbourhoods that have been improving, declining, and those displaying mixed trends. This analysis of neighbourhoods was merged with geo-coded hospital-based emergency department data to calculate rates of overall injuries, falls, burns and poisoning. The predictive power of neighbourhood socioeconomic trends on injury was compared to more typical neighbourhood disadvantage measures such as income (high, medium, low), neighbourhood employment rates, education levels, and housing quality from the 2006 census.
Socioeconomic trends contributed significantly to injury outcomes, but the contribution of other neighbourhood disadvantage indicators was higher. Housing in need of repair and individuals with no university degree in a neighbourhood were positively correlated with three of four outcomes. A high immigrant population in a neighbourhood was negatively correlated with three of four outcomes. Neighbourhood socioeconomic trends had slightly more predictive power than the more typical measure of SES (high, medium or low income). Researchers should carefully consider their socioeconomic status measures when predicting injury outcomes.
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Hunter, Boyd. "Changes in the Geographic Dispersion of Urban Employment in Australia." Phd thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/47287.
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This thesis is an empirical investigation of the concentration of employment in Australian cities since 1976. In 1976, Australians shared the same access to employment irrespective of where they lived. However, by 1991 the employment–population ratios varied systematically by socio-economic status. The purpose of this thesis is to use a variety of basic statistical techniques to discern whether it matters where one lives.¶ A panel of 9384 small urban areas is constructed from the last four censuses to enable us to fully document the increasing spatial employment inequality in urban areas and to analyse the possible causes and effects of this increase. The first two chapters describe the overall changes in employment inequality in the urban panel using several summary indexes. Group averages from deciles ranked by socio-economic status are used to illustrate the nature of the problem.¶ ...