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Academic literature on the topic 'Neighbourhood effects'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Neighbourhood effects"

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Johnston, Ron, Carol Propper, Rebecca Sarker, Kelvyn Jones, Anne Bolster, and Simon Burgess. "Neighbourhood Social Capital and Neighbourhood Effects." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 8 (August 2005): 1443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37222.

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Recent research has provided very strong circumstantial evidence of the existence of neighbourhood effects in voting patterns at recent UK general elections. The usual reason adduced to account for these spatial variations is the neighbourhood effect. This hypothesises that people are influenced in their decisionmaking and behavioural patterns by their neighbours, with interpersonal conversation being the main means of transmitting such influence. Although there is an increasing body of evidence showing the impact of such conversations—that people who talk together, vote together—relatively little of this has grounded the geography of such conversations in the individuals' local neighbourhoods. Those who interact locally should show more evidence of ‘neighbourhood-effect-like’ patterns than those who do not. To inquire whether this is indeed so, this paper extends recent work on voting patterns in the United Kingdom by investigating the behaviour of individuals with different levels of participation in their local milieux—what we define below as neighbourhood social capital.
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Overman, Henry G. "Neighbourhood Effects in Large and Small Neighbourhoods." Urban Studies 39, no. 1 (January 2002): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980220099104.

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Miltenburg, Emily M., and Tom WG van der Meer. "Lingering neighbourhood effects: A framework to account for residential histories and temporal dynamics." Urban Studies 55, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016639012.

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The large and growing body of neighbourhood effect studies has almost exclusively neglected individuals’ particular residential histories. Yet, former residential neighbourhoods are likely to have lingering effects beyond those of the current one and are dependent on exposure times and number of moves. This paper tests to what extent this blind spot induced a misestimation of neighbourhood effects for individuals with differential residential histories. Ultimately, we develop a methodological framework for studying the temporal dynamics of neighbourhood effects, capable of dealing with residential histories (moving behaviour, the passage of time and temporal exposure to different neighbourhoods). We apply cross-classified multi-level models (residents nested in current and former neighbourhoods) to analyse longitudinal individual-level population data from Dutch Statistics, covering fine-grained measures of residential histories. Our systematic comparison to conventional models reveals the necessity of including a temporal dimension: our models reveal an overestimation of the effect of the current neighbourhood by 16–30%, and an underestimation of the total body of neighbourhood effects by at least 13–24%. Our results show that neighbourhood effects are lingering, long-lasting and structural and also cannot be confined to a single point in time.
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Ruther, Matt, Rebbeca Tesfai, and Janice Madden. "Foreign-born population concentration and neighbourhood growth and development within US metropolitan areas." Urban Studies 55, no. 4 (October 18, 2016): 826–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016672804.

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Immigrant populations are a major driver of growth in many US metropolitan areas, and considerable research has focused on the effects of immigrant populations on neighbourhood outcomes. However, much of this research is based on data from 1990 or earlier, prior to substantial growth in the diversity of the immigrant population and to changes in immigrants’ US settlement patterns. This research uses tract-level data from the 2000 Decennial Census and the 2009–2013 American Community Survey to explore the relationship between an existing immigrant population and future changes in neighbourhood characteristics within the 100 largest US metropolitan areas. Spatial regression models are used to identify the neighbourhood features that predict future proportional growth in a neighbourhood’s foreign-born population. In addition, the associations between a neighbourhood’s initial foreign-born concentration and future neighbourhood relative income and population growth are investigated. Consistent with previous work, our results indicate that foreign-born populations of all races tend to move towards existing immigrant population clusters. All of the immigrant minority racial groups are also attracted to neighbourhoods with existing same-race US-born populations. Overall proportional population growth is positively associated with the initial presence of the white and Asian immigrant population; black and Hispanic immigrant concentrations are associated with proportional population loss. While immigrants do not contribute to neighbourhood relative income growth, a greater presence of immigrants – relative to their US-born co-racial group – is associated with lower rates of neighbourhood relative income decline.
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Nieuwenhuis, Jaap, Pieter Hooimeijer, Maarten van Ham, and Wim Meeus. "Neighbourhood immigrant concentration effects on migrant and native youth’s educational commitments, an enquiry into personality differences." Urban Studies 54, no. 10 (March 31, 2016): 2285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016640693.

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In the literature examining neighbourhood effects on educational outcomes, the socialisation mechanism is usually investigated by looking at the association between neighbourhood characteristics and educational attainment. The step in between, that adolescents actually internalise educational norms held by residents, is often assumed. We attempt to fill this gap by looking at how the internalisation of educational norms (commitments) is influenced by neighbourhoods’ immigrant concentration. We investigate this process for both migrant and native youth, as both groups might be influenced differently by immigrant concentrations. To test our hypothesis we used longitudinal panel data with five waves (N = 4255), combined with between-within models which control for a large portion of potential selection bias. These models have an advantage over naïve OLS models in that they predict the effect of change in neighbourhood characteristics on change in educational commitment, and therefore offer a more dynamic approach to modelling neighbourhood effects. Our results show that living in neighbourhoods with higher proportions of immigrants increases the educational commitments of migrant youth compared to living in neighbourhoods with lower proportions. Besides, we find that adolescents with a resilient personality experience less influence of the neighbourhood context on educational commitments than do adolescents with non-resilient personalities.
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Hedayati Marzbali, Massoomeh, Mina Safizadeh, Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki, and Aldrin Abdullah. "Does Facilitating Human–Place Bonds Alleviate the Negative Effects of Incivilities on Health?" Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041894.

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The present study has two purposes—methodological and theoretical. The methodological purpose is to examine a method for the analysis of perceived incivilities and health in urban neighbourhoods. The current study investigates the direct and indirect relationships between the two variables. The theoretical purpose is to measure neighbourhood incivility as a second-order latent variable that represents physical and social incivilities, and investigates place identity and place attachment as mediators in the relationship between incivilities and health. Previous research has focused on a single dimension of incivility. By contrast, the current study considers a multidimensional form of incivility. This quantitative study comprises 265 residents from an urban neighbourhood in Penang, Malaysia. The results of the structural equation modelling suggest that perceptions towards neighbourhood play a mediating role in the relationship between incivility and health. The mediation roles of place identity and place attachment in the relationship between incivilities and health are also supported. Thus, facilitating human–place bonds alleviates the negative effects of incivilities on health in the study neighbourhood. Residents are less attached to neighbourhoods that are perceived as socially and physically deteriorated. Thus, reducing incivilities and improving place attachment may enhance neighbourhood health.
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Knies, Gundi. "Exploring the Value of Understanding Society for Neighbourhood Effects Analyses." Research Data Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (August 29, 2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24523666-01000006.

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Understanding Society is a large representative household panel study for the uk. The study follows the same 40,000 households over time, beginning in 2009 and providing a detailed picture of how people’s lives are changing. One of the many innovative features of Understanding Society is that a great deal of information about neighbourhoods can be used alongside the individual and household-level information collected in the study, making it a useful study for neighbourhood effects analyses. In this paper the author explores four Understanding Society data products, based on four different types of rural-urban neighbourhood classifications, to throw light on how much heterogeneity in neighbourhood contexts is captured in the first waves of Understanding Society, including change in neighbourhood contexts.
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Kwarteng, Jamila L., Amy J. Schulz, Graciela B. Mentz, Barbara A. Israel, Trina R. Shanks, and Denise White Perkins. "NEIGHBOURHOOD POVERTY, PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION AND CENTRAL ADIPOSITY IN THE USA: INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATIONS IN A REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 6 (May 30, 2016): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000225.

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SummaryThis study examines the independent effects of neighbourhood context (i.e. neighbourhood poverty) and exposure to perceived discrimination in shaping risk of obesity over time. Weighted three-level hierarchical linear regression models for a continuous outcome were used to assess the independent effects of neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination on obesity over time in a sample of 157 non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic adults in Detroit, USA, in 2002/2003 and 2007/2008. Independent associations were found between neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination with central adiposity over time. Residents of neighbourhoods with high concentrations of poverty were more likely to show increases in central adiposity compared with those in neighbourhoods with lower concentrations of poverty. In models adjusted for BMI, neighbourhood poverty at baseline was associated with a greater change in central adiposity among participants who lived in neighbourhoods in the second (B=3.79, p=0.025) and third (B=3.73, p=0.024) poverty quartiles, compared with those in the lowest poverty neighbourhoods. The results from models that included both neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination showed that both were associated with increased risk of increased central adiposity over time. Residents of neighbourhoods in the second (B=9.58, p<0.001), third (B=8.25, p=0.004) and fourth (B=7.66, p=0.030) quartiles of poverty were more likely to show greater increases in central adiposity over time, compared with those in the lowest poverty quartile, with mean discrimination at baseline independently and positively associated with increases in central adiposity over time (B=2.36, p=0.020). The results suggest that neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination are independently associated with a heightened risk of increase in central adiposity over time. Efforts to address persistent disparities in central adiposity in the USA should include strategies to reduce high concentrations of neighbourhood poverty as well as discrimination.
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Troost, Agata A., Maarten van Ham, and David J. Manley. "Neighbourhood effects on educational attainment. What matters more: Exposure to poverty or exposure to affluence?" PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 8, 2023): e0281928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281928.

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Neighbourhood effects studies typically investigate the negative effects on individual outcomes of living in areas with concentrated poverty. The literature rarely pays attention to the potential beneficial effects of living in areas with concentrated affluence. This poverty paradigm might hinder our understanding of spatial context effects. Our paper uses individual geocoded data from the Netherlands to compare the effects of exposure to neighbourhood affluence and poverty on educational attainment within the same statistical models. Using bespoke neighbourhoods, we create individual neighbourhood histories which allow us to distinguish exposure effects from early childhood and adolescence. We follow an entire cohort born in 1995 and we measure their educational level in 2018. The results show that, in the Netherlands, neighbourhood affluence has a stronger effect on educational attainment than neighbourhood poverty for all the time periods studied. Additionally, interactions with parental education indicate that children with higher educated parents are not affected by neighbourhood poverty. These results highlight the need for more studies on the effects of concentrated affluence and can inspire anti-segregation policies.
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Kemppainen, Teemu, Marko Elovainio, Matti Kortteinen, and Mari Vaattovaara. "Involuntary staying and self-rated health: A multilevel study on housing, health and neighbourhood effects." Urban Studies 57, no. 5 (March 27, 2019): 1049–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019827521.

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Involuntary staying, or a desire to move without the possibility to do so, is an under-studied topic. In this study, we examine involuntary staying among the residents of post-Second World War Finnish housing estates; we study its frequency, association with self-rated health and role in the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and self-rated health. Involuntary staying and poor health are expected to be associated through long-term stress related to housing and health-based selection in inconvenient housing outcomes. Furthermore, we address the self-perceived reasons for involuntary staying and the interaction between involuntary staying and household income. Two types of involuntary staying are distinguished, depending on whether a resident wants to move within or away from the current neighbourhood. The survey data ( n = 7369) from a stratified cluster sample of the residents of 70 Finnish housing estate neighbourhoods are combined with the corresponding geo-referenced register data on these neighbourhoods’ sociodemographic characteristics. Of the residents, 35% are found to be involuntary stayers, and over half of the involuntary stayers want to move away from their current neighbourhoods. Financial concern is the most common self-perceived reason for involuntary staying. Both types of involuntary staying are associated with low self-rated health after adjusting for potential confounders. Being trapped in the current neighbourhood partially mediates the adjusted association between neighbourhood disadvantage and self-rated health. The association between self-rated health and involuntary staying is not modified by household income. In conclusion, involuntary staying is common in the study population and furthers the understanding about neighbourhood inequalities in health.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neighbourhood effects"

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Knies, Gundi. "Neighbourhood effects in Germany." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442195.

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Hinton, Jane. "Neighbourhood effects during visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363914.

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Kelly, Brian Gerard. "People, place and change : a longitudinal study of individual, cohort and contextual effects on levels of belonging to neighbourhoods and interaction with neighbours, England 1998-2008." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/people-place-and-change-a-longitudinal-study-of-individual-cohort-and-contextual-effects-on-levels-of-belonging-to-neighbourhoods-and-interaction-with-neighbours-england-19982008(a214e81f-32c8-4137-acbe-32c427e8672d).html.

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In recent decades there has been a rekindling of academic interest in place, and with the way in which processes associated with modernity, globalisation and individualisation may have diminished place based communities, and weakened the attachment between individuals and the neighbourhoods in which they live. There are also debates about the importance of neighbourhood context, particularly whether neighbourhood level material deprivation and increased ethnic diversity act to reduce individual belonging to neighbourhoods and interactions between neighbours. This thesis aims to contribute towards an understanding of the ways in which individual belonging to neighbourhoods, and interaction with neighbours, may have changed over time, in relation to individual and neighbourhood context. Data from the British Household Panel Survey, for England, for the period 1998 to 2008, measuring the outcomes of individual level belonging to neighbourhoods and the likelihood of talking to neighbours, are combined with neighbourhood level Census data. Longitudinal models are used to test for age and cohort effects, and then extended to consider neighbourhood level context. Specific attention is given to the relationship between the outcomes under study and neighbourhood material deprivation, neighbourhood ethnic diversity, household income and individual mobility between neighbourhoods. Some evidence was found for cohort effects, with younger cohorts, particularly those in higher income households, being less likely to talk to neighbours. There were no apparent cohort effects for the outcome of belonging to the neighbourhood, which is found to be associated with age (generally increasing as individuals get older), and neighbourhood context. In materially deprived neighbourhoods levels of belonging are lower, but only for individuals in households with low incomes. Similarly any effect of individual mobility was found to be conditional on household income and neighbourhood level material deprivation. In general, high or increasing neighbourhood level ethnic diversity was not associated with reduced individual belonging to neighbourhoods or likelihood of talking to neighbours once other contextual variables were considered. Also, increased ethnic diversity had a small positive effect on the outcomes under study for individuals living in neighbourhoods with high levels of material deprivation.
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Urraro, Giuseppe. "Neighbourhood size and neighbourhood frequency effects in the recognition of Italian written words." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/340.

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2010 - 2011
The present research investigates neighbourhood size and neighbourhood frequency effects in recognition of Italian written words. Neighbourhood size is the number of words that may be generated by changing one letter of the target word, preserving letter positions; neighbourhood frequency refers to the relationship between the frequencies of neighbours and the frequency of the stimulus word (Grainger, O’Regan, Jacobs & Segui, 1989). By extending the studies on Italian non words of Arduino & Burani (2004) and Mulatti, Peressotti & Job (2007) to Italian five-letter words, four experiments were carried out in order to test the neighbourhood size and the neighbourhood frequency effects, as well as the possible interaction between them. We have used, as experimental tasks, the simple lexical decision, the word and nonword naming and the lexical decision with unmasked orthographic priming.[edited by author]
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Broomhead, Tom. "Neighbourhood effects : spatial inequalities in tooth decay." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20729/.

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Objectives: Little theoretical work has been conducted on the topic of neighbourhood effects on health outcomes, let alone within dentistry. Previous work has often quantified and described outcomes without proper investigation of potential causal mechanisms and pathways. Therefore, the aim of this exploratory research was to investigate features of neighbourhood environments that may influence tooth decay in adults. Methods: Relevant literature was mapped onto a neighbourhood based theoretical framework to create numerous pathways by which neighbourhoods influence decay. Spatial microsimulation was used to combine data from the Adult Dental Health Survey (2009) with Census data to create a synthetic dataset of individuals at the small area level for the city of Sheffield (UK), including associated socio-economic, demographic and dental characteristics. This data formed the basis of the agent-based models which were used to test the theoretical pathways in two contrasting study areas in Sheffield, as well as a hypothetical scenario involving an extra shop being added to each location. Results: The trends of the agent-based models indicated that the same pathway (the interaction between shops, diet and sugar intake) had the largest impact in both study areas, leading to statistically significant increases in decay in both cases (p < 0.05). The results of the hypothetical simulation involving an extra shop revealed a statistically significant decrease in decay in the more affluent study area (p < 0.05), while decay scores remained similar in the less affluent study area. Conclusions: The findings suggest the interactions between shops, diet and sugar intake may be the most important neighbourhood based mechanisms for tooth decay, regardless of socio-economic status. However, additional simulations pointed to more opportunities to reduce decay in the more affluent study area through the local food environment. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of previous research and future work.
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Hedman, Lina. "Residential Mobility and Neighbourhood Effects: A Holistic Approach." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160428.

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The number of studies estimating neighbourhood effects has increased rapidly during the last two decades. Although results from these studies vary, a majority find at least small effects. But to what extent can we trust these estimates? Neighbourhood effect studies face many serious methodological challenges, of which some are related to the fact that people move. The mobility of individuals may cause neighbourhoods to change over time, result in exposure times that are too short and seriously bias estimates. These methodological problems have not been given enough attention in the neighbourhood effect literature: no study controls for them all, and implications of mobility are rarely included in theoretical discussions of neighbourhood effects. In a comprehensive summary and five different papers, I argue that the two scholarly fields of residential mobility and neighbourhood effect studies are intrinsically connected and that any arbitrary separation between the two is both conceptually problematic and risks leading to erroneous conclusions. Studies of neighbourhood effects must address the problems caused by mobility, before it can be convincingly argued that results actually show neighbourhood effects. To do this, longitudinal data are necessary. Furthermore, the connection between the two fields may also have implications for studies of residential mobility.
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PIAZZONI, CARLOTTA. "Neighbourhood Effects on Physical and Mental Health: Evidence from Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/374064.

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Negli ultimi 25 anni, la letteratura ha cercato di capire come rispondere alla domanda, comunque posta, sull'effetto indipendente che i contesti circostanti, insieme ai contesti sociali, hanno sulla salute individuale. Non esiste uno studio che sia stato dedicato alla analisi del legame tra vicinato e salute per tutto il territorio italiano. Il presente studio vuole quindi dimostrare l'esistenza, in Italia, della associazione tra contesti di vita quotidiana e salute individuale. Questo lavoro è una esplorazione preliminare del fenomeno poiché non sono ancora disponibili informazioni per l'Italia. L'indagine ITA.LI ha raccolto i dati di 8.778 soggetti appartenenti a 4.900 famiglie residenti in 278 comuni. La salute individuale fisica e mentale, misurata attraverso la SF-12, è l'aspetto che viene considerato in questo studio. In sostanza, vengono analizzate due variabili dipendenti: una è il Physical Component Summary Scale Score (PCS) e l'altra è il Mental Component Summary Scale Score (MCS). Per lo studio del contesto si fa riferimento sia a misure soggettive (coesione sociale e disordine di vicinato) sia a misure oggettive, sia compositive (dati censuari) che contestuali (condizioni meteorologiche). Inoltre, insieme alle caratteristiche individuali, viene considerata la deprivazione a livello familiare. L'analisi multilivello viene implementata considerando una struttura a tre livelli dove gli individui sono nidificati in famiglie, che sono nidificate in quartieri. Vengono stimati quattro modelli: primo un modello null, secondo un modello random-intercepts, terzo un modello random-slopes e infine un modello contestuale cross-level. I risultati suggeriscono l'esistenza di un effetto di vicinato in Italia, in particolare sulle condizioni di salute mentale. Le caratteristiche compositive come la disoccupazione e la proporzione di case affittate influiscono sulla salute fisica individuale, mentre la caratteristica contestuale influisce sulla salute mentale. La percezione soggettiva della coesione sociale è importante solo per la salute mentale, mentre il disturbo di vicinato è legato sia alla salute mentale che fisica. Risultati diversi si riscontrano tra regioni e macroaree.
In the last 25 years, the literature has been figuring out how to answer the question, however outlined, on the independent effect that surrounding contexts, together with social contexts, have on individual health. There is no study that has been devoted to studying the link between places and health for the whole Italian territory. The present research wants to demonstrate the existence of the association between daily-living contexts and individual health in Italy. This work is a preliminary exploration of the phenomenon since no information is available for Italy yet. ITA.LI survey collected data from 8,778 subjects belonging to 4,900 families living in 278 municipalities. Individual physical and mental health, measured through the SF-12, is the outcome considered in this study. Essentially, two dependent variables are analysed: one is the Physical Component Summary Scale Score (PCS), and the other one is the Mental Component Summary Scale Score (MCS). In studying the context, reference is made to both subjective measures (social cohesion and neighborhood disorder) and objective measures, both compositional (census data) and contextual (meteorological conditions). Moreover, together with individual characteristics, household-level deprivation is considered. Multilevel analysis is implemented considering a three-level structure in which individuals are nested in families, which are nested in neighbourhoods. Four models are estimated: first a null model, second a random-intercepts model, third a random-slopes model, and finally a cross-level contextual model. Evidence suggests the existence of neighbourhood effects in Italy, especially on mental health conditions. Compositional characteristics such as unemployment and the proportion of rented houses affect individual physical health, while contextual characteristics affect mental health. The subjective perception of social cohesion is essential only to mental health, while neighborhood disorder is related to both mental and physical health. Different results are found between regions and macro-areas.
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Wong, Leung-wai, and 王良慧. "Investigating consistency and orthographic neighbourhood density effects in Chinese character processing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197118.

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With about 90% of all characters in a Chinese dictionary belonging to the semantic-phonetic compound category, Chinese orthography is really more phonetic than logographic. Previous studies have shown that regularity and consistency in the phonetic radical facilitate lexical access of phonetic compound characters. These findings are in line with the literature on lexical access of alphabetic languages, suggesting that phonology plays a common role in the process of visual word recognition across orthographies. The contradictory orthographic neighbourhood density effects found in Chinese and English studies, however, challenge the universal applicability of current models of lexical access. This paper reports an empirical study which investigates regularity, consistency and orthographic neighbourhood density effects on the reading and naming of traditional Chinese phonetic compound characters based on Cantonese phonology. Results showed that by manipulating regularity and consistency at the body rime level, a facilitatory orthographic neighbourhood density effect could be found in lexical decision but not naming. The implication is that regularity and consistency at the level of rime (in addition to the syllable level) is functional in Chinese reading. It also suggests that the body rime might have a general role in lexical access across languages. These findings are interpreted within the connectionist and dual-route models of lexical access.
published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Master
Master of Philosophy
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De, Villiers Madeleine. "Neighbourhood effects in educational outcomes with non-random assignment : a memberships approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5779.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This paper uses a unique dataset from a large university in South Africa to analyse the role that neighbourhood and race effects play in determining academic performance. In particular, I am interested in ascertaining whether allocation to a particular residence, or group of residences, affects the academic outcomes of first year students. This paper departs from previous studies of peer interactions in higher education as allocation to residence is non-random in this setting.
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Hunter, Boyd Hamilton, and Boyd Hunter@anu edu au. "Changes in the Geographic Dispersion of Urban Employment in Australia." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 1996. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080215.102127.

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This thesis is an empirical investigation of the concentration of employment in Australian cities since 1976. In 1976, Australians shared the same access to employment irrespective of where they lived. However, by 1991 the employment–population ratios varied systematically by socio-economic status. The purpose of this thesis is to use a variety of basic statistical techniques to discern whether it matters where one lives.¶ A panel of 9384 small urban areas is constructed from the last four censuses to enable us to fully document the increasing spatial employment inequality in urban areas and to analyse the possible causes and effects of this increase. The first two chapters describe the overall changes in employment inequality in the urban panel using several summary indexes. Group averages from deciles ranked by socio-economic status are used to illustrate the nature of the problem.¶ The more formal analysis of the causes of increasing inequality commences with a shift share analysis of the changes in employment levels. The results show that national changes in industry structure play an important role in determining the intra-urban distribution of employment. The index of sectoral change also varies systematically within Australian cities, with sectoral change being concentrated in low status areas. The apparent importance of industry structure in determining the geographic dispersion of employment points to employment demand being a significant part of the story.¶ Basic regression techniques and principal component analysis are also used to shed light on several possible inter-related causes and effects of the increasing inequality of employment–population ratios including: increased concentrations of personal characteristics, spatial mismatch, neighbourhood effects and the development of an underclass.¶ There are three main findings about the causes and effects of neighbourhood employment inequality. Firstly, spatial mismatch within or between Australian cities is not an important explanation of the changes in the geographic dispersion of employment. Outside Sydney the location of workers vis-à-vis firms does not influence neighbourhood employment–population ratios. However, even in Sydney, spatial mismatch provides a very limited explanation of neighbourhood inequality.¶ Secondly, substantial neighbourhood-specific effects on employment–population ratios are apparent in the bottom decile(s) of urban neighbourhoods ranked by socio-economic status. These neighbourhood effects explain between one and two-thirds of the differential between the top and bottom decile. The rest of the differential can be explained by differences in endowments of personal characteristics such as human capital variables.¶ Finally, there is convincing evidence that class, and perhaps even an Australian underclass, are important determinants of the distribution of employment outcomes. The underclass in Australia, as measured using techniques similar to US studies, is still very small but is increasing at an alarming rate. However, the sensitivity analysis shows that the underclass, so measured, is closely related to a more general concept of class captured in standard socio-economic status indexes.¶ The scope of this thesis is limited by the regional aggregates supplied in all four censuses. Regional aggregates prevent us from asking subtle questions about who is being affected by the observed changes. The lack of adequate individual-level migration data for neighbourhoods means that it is not possible to directly test any hypothesis about social mobility. This thesis is merely a preliminary analysis of whether the local social environment is important.
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Books on the topic "Neighbourhood effects"

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Manley, David, Maarten van Ham, Nick Bailey, Ludi Simpson, and Duncan Maclennan, eds. Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems? Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2.

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van Ham, Maarten, David Manley, Nick Bailey, Ludi Simpson, and Duncan Maclennan, eds. Neighbourhood Effects Research: New Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2309-2.

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Wenda van der Laan Bouma-Doff. Puzzling neighbourhood effects: Spatial selection, ethnic concentration and neighbourhood impacts. Amsterdam: Delft University Press, 2010.

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Goux, Dominique. Close neighbours matter: Neighbourhood effects on early performance at school. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Andrews, Dan. Neighbourhood effects and community spillovers in the Australian youth labour market. Camberwell, Vic: ACER, 2002.

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Soubhi, Hassan. Effects of neighbourhood, family, and child behaviour on childhood injury in Canada. [Hull, Quebec]: Applied Research Branch, Human Resources Development Canada, 2001.

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Cheshire, Paul C. Evaluating the impact of neighbourhood effects on house prices and land rents: An hedonic approach. Reading: University of Reading, Department of Economics, 1991.

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Foundation, Joseph Rowntree, ed. The Effect of community regeneration organisations on neighbourhood regeneration: Summary. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1995.

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Livingston, Mark. People's attachment to place: The influence of neighbourhood deprivation. Coventry: Chartered Institute of Housing, 2008.

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Livingston, Mark. People's attachment to place: The influence of neighbourhood deprivation. Coventry: Chartered Institute of Housing, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Neighbourhood effects"

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Manley, David, Maarten van Ham, Nick Bailey, Ludi Simpson, and Duncan Maclennan. "Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems? A Policy Context." In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 1–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_1.

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Bolt, Gideon, and Ronald van Kempen. "Neighbourhood Based Policies in the Netherlands: Counteracting Neighbourhood Effects?" In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 195–213. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_10.

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Galster, George C. "U.S. Assisted Housing Programs and Poverty Deconcentration: A Critical Geographic Review." In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 215–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_11.

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Arthurson, Kathy. "Neighbourhood Effects and Social Cohesion: Exploring the Evidence in Australian Urban Renewal Policies." In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 251–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_12.

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Maclennan, Duncan. "Neighbourhoods: Evolving Ideas, Evidence and Changing Policies." In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 269–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_13.

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Raffo, Carlo. "Educational Area Based Initiatives: Issues of Redistribution and Recognition." In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 25–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_2.

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Syrett, Stephen, and David North. "Spatially-Concentrated Worklessness and Neighbourhood Policies: Experiences from New Labour in England." In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 43–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_3.

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Brunton-Smith, Ian, Alex Sutherland, and Jonathan Jackson. "The Role of Neighbourhoods in Shaping Crime and Perceptions of Crime." In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 67–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_4.

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Pearce, Jamie. "An Environmental Justice Framework for Understanding Neighbourhood Inequalities in Health and Well-Being." In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 89–111. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_5.

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Slater, Tom. "Capitalist Urbanization Affects Your Life Chances: Exorcising the Ghosts of ‘Neighbourhood Effects’." In Neighbourhood Effects or Neighbourhood Based Problems?, 113–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6695-2_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Neighbourhood effects"

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Letourneau, Steven, Nathan Ell, Peter Cheung, Jordan McCaskill, and Mohamad El-Hajj. "The effects of neighbourhood characteristics on crime incidence." In 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccwc.2018.8301675.

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Hasthanasombat, Apinan, and Cecilia Mascolo. "Understanding the Effects of the Neighbourhood Built Environment on Public Health with Open Data." In WWW '19: The Web Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313701.

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Hawick, Ken A. "Neighbourhood, Geometry and Initial Conditional Effects on Fairness and Agent Longevity in Large-Scale SugarScape Models." In Computers and Advanced Technology in Education. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2014.820-016.

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Roy, Rajkumar, Ian C. Parmee, and Graham Purchase. "Sensitivity Analysis of Engineering Designs Using Taguchi’s Methodology." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1455.

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Abstract The sensitivity analysis of engineering designs has been performed following Taguchi’s methodology. The technique is reliable and computationally inexpensive, thus suitable for real life problems. The design problem involves a mathematical model of a gas turbine blade cooling hole system. The model includes twelve input variables and three non linear constraints. The orthogonal matrix as suggested by Taguchi and the tolerances on the input design variables are used to define a neighbourhood of a design solution. Three different categories of sensitivity are defined, such as, design solution sensitivity, design variable sensitivity and constraint sensitivity. The sensitivities are defined within the neighbourhood of a design solution. The use of the orthogonal matrix allows an approximate sensitivity analysis without resorting to exhaustive local search. Taguchi’s signal to noise ratio is used to define the design solution sensitivity. Methodology involved in the estimation of factor effects in an experiment is used to calculate the design variable sensitivity. The extents of constraint satisfaction within the neighbourhood of a design solution defines different categories of constraint sensitivity, such as, constraint satisfied, statistically active constraint, quasi-active constraint, peak-active constraint and constraint not satisfied. The paper briefly discusses Taguchi’s methodology and then defines the different sensitivities. Results from the sensitivity analysis of the real life turbine blade cooling hole system are presented and discussed.
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Papadopoulos, Christos I., and Ioannis T. Georgiou. "Structure-Excitation Modal Decoupling by Modification of the Involved Acoustic Modes of the Sound Insulating Enclosure." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21412.

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Abstract Several noise sources such as machinery with rotating or reciprocating parts routinely produce high levels of noise in narrow frequency ranges lying in the neighbourhood of the rotating or reciprocating frequency and their harmonics. When enclosures are used to isolate such noise sources, peak response might be observed at these frequency ranges due both to increased excitation amplitude and resonating phenomena caused by the interaction of the excitation with the acoustic modes of the enclosure. Especially in the low frequency range and for low or intermediate wall absorption, the acoustic response of the enclosure is modal and these peak responses can be intense. This paper proposes a methodology to minimize the effect of narrow-frequency-band noise by redistribution of the acoustic modes of the insulating enclosure. This can be achieved by shifting the enclosure acoustic modes away from the excitation frequency so as to make superimposed resonating phenomena less intense. For that, several variable geometric modifications of the enclosure walls are introduced. The magnitude of those modifications that will lead to sparse mode distribution in the neighbourhood of the excitation frequency is estimated by means of a combined finite element-optimisation method. The above methodology is applied to an orthogonal enclosure and two different narrow-band loads in the neighbourhood of 90 and 120 Hz are studied. It is shown that, for each frequency load, a feasible set of geometric modifications can be found so as for the neighbouring modes to be shifted and, consecutively, for resonating effects to be made less intense. Furthermore it is shown that feasible solution to the problem of simultaneous control of noise having two or more intense excitation frequencies is also attainable.
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Randell, David, Yanyun Wu, Philip Jonathan, and Kevin Ewans. "Modelling Covariate Effects in Extremes of Storm Severity on the Australian North West Shelf." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10187.

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Careful modelling of covariate effects is critical to reliable specification of design criteria. We present a spline based methodology to incorporate spatial, directional, temporal and other covariate effects in extreme value models for environmental variables such as storm severity. For storm peak significant wave height events, the approach uses quantile regression to estimate a suitable extremal threshold, a Poisson process model for the rate of occurrence of threshold exceedances, and a generalised Pareto model for size of threshold. Multidimensional covariate effects are incorporated at each stage using penalised tensor products of B-splines to give smooth model parameter variation as a function of multiple covariates. Optimal smoothing penalties are selected using cross-validation, and model uncertainty is quantified using a bootstrap resampling procedure. The method is applied to estimate return values for a large spatial neighbourhood of locations off the North West Shelf of Australia, incorporating spatial and directional effects.
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Godeferd, Fabien, Claude Cambon, and Alexandre Delache. "Dimensionality of Anisotropic Homogeneous Turbulence With Distortions: Compared Effects Between the Coriolis Force and the Lorentz Force." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-22022.

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We consider initially isotropic homogeneous turbulence which is submitted to an external force, in statistically axisymmetric configurations. First, we study hydrodynamical turbulence in a rotating frame, in which case the Coriolis force modifies the structure and dynamics of the flow, thus creating elongated structures along the axis of rotation, corresponding to an accumulation of energy in the neighbourhood of the equatorial spectral plane. Secondly, a very similar configuration is that of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of a conducting fluid within an externally applied space uniform magnetic field, in which case the Lorentz force also concentrates energy to the same spectral equatorial manifold, but creates axially extending current sheets, along the magnetic field. We more specifically consider the quasi-static limit at small magnetic Reynolds number, in which the induction equation is analytically solved. We study the anisotropy of each turbulent flow using progressively refined statistics applied to results of direct numerical simulations, and we show that an accurate characterization of the flow structure requires advanced two-point statistics, which are available easily only in spectral space.
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Hidalgo, Alberto, Massimo Riccaboni, and Francisco J. Velázquez. "The effect of peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodations on the local economy: evidence from Madrid." In IX Jornadas Castellano-Leonesas de Ciencia Regional. Universidad de León, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/jclcreg/v0i9.

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This paper investigates the effect of P2P accommodations on the local economy of the city of Madrid. We find that the arrival of Airbnb has fostered food and beverage services. We exploit the exogenous variation created by the timing and the unequal distribution of Airbnb listings across the urban geography to identify its effects on the number and employment of food and beverage services. Using an instrumental variable strategy, we find positive effects on both the number of restaurants and their employees: an increase in ten Airbnb rooms in a given census tract translates to one more restaurant, and the same increase in a given neighbourhood generates nine new tourist-related employees. The results are robust to sample composition, spatial spillovers and alternative measures of tourist-related activities. This paper contributes to the literature on the economic impacts of the platform economy on urban areas by providing evidence of positive economic externalities from P2P accommodations.
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Amabili, Marco, Kostas Karagiozis, and Michael P. Pai¨doussis. "Nonlinear Vibrations and Stability of Shells Conveying Water Flow." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86114.

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Shells containing flowing fluids are widely used in engineering applications, and they are subject to manifold excitations of different kinds, including flow excitations. The response of a shell conveying fluid to harmonic excitation, in the spectral neighbourhood of one of the lowest natural frequencies, is investigated for different flow velocities. The theoretical model has been developed using the Donnell theory retaining in-plane inertia. Linear potential flow theory is applied to describe the fluid-structure interaction, and the steady viscous effects are added to take into account flow viscosity. For different amplitudes and frequencies of the excitation and for different flow velocities, the following are investigated numerically: (i) periodic response of the system; (ii) unsteady and stochastic motion; (iii) loss of stability by jumps to bifurcated branches. The effect of the flow velocity on the nonlinear periodic response of the system has also been investigated. Bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents have been used to study the unsteady and stochastic dynamics of the system.
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V. J., Virtanen, and Heinonen J. S. "Assimilation of sulphur-bearing black shale and its effects on the formation of magmatic Cu-Ni deposits – the essential role of devolatilization fluids." In Project KO5125 ARLIN Arctic Layered Intrusions as a Source of Critical Metals for Green Economy European Neighbourhood Instrument Cross-Border Cooperation Programme Kolarctic 2014-2020. GI KSC RAS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31241/arlin.2021.016.

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Reports on the topic "Neighbourhood effects"

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Terzyan, Aram. Failed Europeanization? Belarus and Armenia Between Russia and the EU. Eurasia Institutes, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/eea-1-2020.

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This paper explores the core challenges and opportunities of the Europeanization processes taking place in Belarus and Armenia. It argues that despite the constraining effects of “competing governance provider” Russia, the interests, perceptions, and preferences of the domestic elites are critical to the implementation of the EU policies in Belarus and Armenia. Thus, it offers a more dynamic structure- agency interplay approach to account for the dynamics of Europeanization in the EU-Russia contested neighbourhood. The article enquires into integration without membership dynamics between the EU and Eastern neighbours in the light of the Russian-dominated Eurasian integration.
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Sohane, Nidhi, Ruchika Lall, Ashwatha Chandran, Rasha Hasan Lala, Namrata Kapoor, and Harshal Deepak Gajjar. Home as Workplace: A Spatial Reading of Work-Homes. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/hwsrwh10.2021.

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When home serves as workplace, the interface of domestic and productive spheres has spatial and social effects on various users of the space, scaling at times to the neighbourhood and the city. This study looks at all the ways in which home aids work — spatially and infrastructurally — and illustrates the role of various factors and actors in engaging with and shaping the work-home boundary. Work-homes in the Global South often engage transversally with formal planning. Users of work-homes exercise their agency in complex ways to maneuver the work-home boundary, often making post-facto modifications to the work-home. The study collates a repository of spatial and temporal innovation strategies devised by users to balance domestic and productive spheres in their homes, as a site to derive lessons for planning, housing policy and architecture. It investigates the role of the state in spatially enabling or limiting work-homes, and using the Indian context as an illustrative example, suggests enabling frameworks in planning that address the spatial particularities of work-homes
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Carter, Becky. Gender Inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.062.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the structural causes and drivers of gender inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood region and how these gender inequalities contribute to instability in the region. While the Eastern Neighbourhood region performs relatively well on gender equality compared with the rest of the world, women and girls continue to face systemic political and economic marginalisation and are vulnerable to gender-based violence. Research on Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova identifies the key underlying cause to be a set of traditional patriarchal gender norms, intersecting with conservative religious identities and harmful customary practices. These norms do not operate in isolation: the literature highlights that gender inequalities are caused by the interplay of multiple factors (with women’s unequal economic resources having a critical effect), while overlapping disadvantages affect lived experiences of inequalities. Other key factors are the region’s protracted conflicts; legal reform gaps and implementation challenges; socio-economic factors (including the impact of COVID-19); and governance trends (systemic corruption, growing conservatism, and negative narratives influenced by regional geopolitics). Together these limit women and girls’ empowerment; men and boys are also affected negatively in different ways, while LGBT+ people have become a particular target for societal discrimination in the region. Global evidence – showing that more gender unequal societies correlate with increased instability – provides a frame of reference for the region’s persistent gender inequalities.
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Oliynyk, Kateryna, and Matteo Ciantia. Application of a finite deformation multiplicative plasticity model with non-local hardening to the simulation of CPTu tests in a structured soil. University of Dundee, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001230.

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In this paper an isotropic hardening elastoplastic constitutive model for structured soils is applied to the simulation of a standard CPTu test in a saturated soft structured clay. To allow for the extreme deformations experienced by the soil during the penetration process, the model is formulated in a fully geometric non-linear setting, based on: i) the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into an elastic and a plastic part; and, ii) on the existence of a free energy function to define the elastic behaviour of the soil. The model is equipped with two bonding-related internal variables which provide a macroscopic description of the effects of clay structure. Suitable hardening laws are employed to describe the structure degradation associated to plastic deformations. The strain-softening associated to bond degradation usually leads to strain localization and consequent formation of shear bands, whose thickness is dependent on the characteristics of the microstructure (e.g, the average grain size). Standard local constitutive models are incapable of correctly capturing this phenomenon due to the lack of an internal length scale. To overcome this limitation, the model is framed using a non-local approach by adopting volume averaged values for the internal state variables. The size of the neighbourhood over which the averaging is performed (characteristic length) is a material constant related to the microstructure which controls the shear band thickness. This extension of the model has proven effective in regularizing the pathological mesh dependence of classical finite element solutions in the post-localization regime. The results of numerical simulations, conducted for different soil permeabilities and bond strengths, show that the model captures the development of plastic deformations induced by the advancement of the cone tip; the destructuration of the clay associated with such plastic deformations; the space and time evolution of pore water pressure as the cone tip advances. The possibility of modelling the CPTu tests in a rational and computationally efficient way opens a promising new perspective for their interpretation in geotechnical site investigations.
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Collyer, Michael, and Laura Hammond. Migrants on the margins final report. Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55203/jtld8758.

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Migrants on the margins was a five-year collaborative field research project that investigated the movement of migrants into and around four of the world’s most pressured cities: Colombo in Sri Lanka, Dhaka in Bangladesh, Harare in Zimbabwe and Hargeisa in Somaliland. Supported by the Society, the research team adopted a comparative approach to look at the opportunities available to migrants in order to better understand their experiences and vulnerabilities. Research in the four cities engaged with both newly arrived and well-established residents of 13 neighbourhoods, and involved focus groups, surveys, walk along interviews, oral histories, Q methodology, and GIS and participatory community mapping workshops. The key findings from the project have shed light on the incredible challenges of living in the neighbourhoods studied as well as the significant levels of population mobility, or churn, within these communities. The research also highlights the impact of clear gender differences in men’s and women’s roles in communities, as well as the effect of evictions and tenure security on residents, and how people can easily become ‘trapped’ within these neighbourhoods. Results from the research are continuing to influence policy within the four cities, and the research team have worked to support local policy makers and municipalities to improve the situations that migrants find themselves in.
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