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Nguyen, Thuy Ha, Simon Götz, Katharina Kreffter, Stefanie Lisak-Wahl, Nico Dragano, and Simone Weyers. "Neighbourhood deprivation and obesity among 5656 pre-school children—findings from mandatory school enrollment examinations." European Journal of Pediatrics 180, no. 6 (February 11, 2021): 1947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-03988-2.
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AbstractThe risk of child obesity is strongly related to socioeconomic factors such as individual socioeconomic position (SEP) and neighbourhood deprivation. The present study analyses whether the relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and child obesity differs by child’s individual SEP. Data from 5656 children (5–7 years) from the mandatory school enrollment examinations of the pre-school cohorts 2017/2018 in Düsseldorf were analysed. Obesity was determined by the age- and gender-specific body mass index (BMI); neighbourhood deprivation by using the socio-spatial degree of deprivation of the children’s residential addresses; and individual SEP by the level of parental education. Using Poisson regression, we estimated prevalence ratios (PR with 95% confidence interval (CI)) of child obesity by neighbourhood deprivation and parental education. Interactions between neighbourhood deprivation and parental education were tested. The prevalence of child obesity increases with the degree of neighbourhood deprivation. Compared to children living in low deprivation neighbourhoods, the proportion of obese children was twice as high in high deprivation neighbourhoods (PR=2.02; CI=1.46–2.78). Likewise, children from families with medium and low education have twice the risk for obesity compared to children with high parental education (PR=2.05; CI=1.46–2.78). The relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and child obesity was significantly moderated by parental education; it was stronger for higher parental education than for medium and low parental education (p<.001).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that children from deprived neighbourhoods and families with lower education have a higher risk for child obesity. The identification of particularly deprived neighbourhoods with structural interventions in combination with the strengthening of parental health literacy seems reasonable. What is Known:• Studies show that children from disadvantaged neighbourhoods are more frequently obese. What is New:• The relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and child obesity is significantly moderated by parental education. It is stronger for children with higher parental education than for children with medium and low parental education.
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Oudin Åström, Daniel, Jan Sundquist, and Kristina Sundquist. "Differences in declining mortality rates due to coronary heart disease by neighbourhood deprivation." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 4 (January 12, 2018): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210105.
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BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in most industrialised countries, including those in Europe. The mortality rates due to coronary heart disease (CHD), one of the most serious CVD conditions, have been decreasing in most European countries during the last decades. However, whether the trends over time in CHD mortality rates differ depending on neighbourhood deprivation has rarely been investigated.MethodsFor each year of the study period, 1988–2012, in Sweden, age-standardised mortality rates were calculated for three different types of neighbourhoods, characterised by a Neighbourhood Deprivation Index. Joinpoint regression was used to investigate potential changes in age-standardised mortality rates by neighbourhood deprivation and over time.ResultsOver the study period, age-standardised mortality rates due to CHD were consistently the highest in the deprived neighbourhoods and the lowest in the affluent neighbourhoods. We observed a statistically significant overall decline, ranging from 67% to 59%, in the age-standardised CHD mortality rates for each level of neighbourhood deprivation. Furthermore, the decline for the affluent neighbourhoods was significantly higher compared with the decline in the deprived neighbourhoods.ConclusionAge-standardised CHD mortality rates decreased significantly in Sweden between 1988 and 2012. This decline was more pronounced in the affluent neighbourhoods, which indicates that the improvements in prevention and treatment of CHD have not benefited individuals residing in deprived neighbourhoods to an equal extent. Knowledge of time trends in CHD mortality by level of neighbourhood deprivation may help guide decision-makers in the development of appropriate healthcare policies for deprived neighbourhoods.
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Fone, David, Giles Greene, Daniel Farewell, James White, Mark Kelly, and Frank Dunstan. "Common mental disorders, neighbourhood income inequality and income deprivation: small-area multilevel analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 202, no. 4 (April 2013): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116178.
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BackgroundCommon mental disorders are more prevalent in areas of high neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation but whether the prevalence varies with neighbourhood income inequality is not known.AimsTo investigate the hypothesis that the interaction between small-area income deprivation and income inequality was associated with individual mental health.MethodMultilevel analysis of population data from the Welsh Health Survey, 2003/04-2010. A total of 88623 respondents aged 18-74 years were nested within 50587 households within 1887 lower super output areas (neighbourhoods) and 22 unitary authorities (regions), linked to the Gini coefficient (income inequality) and the per cent of households living in poverty (income deprivation). Mental health was measured using the Mental Health Inventory MHI-5 as a discrete variable and as a ‘case’ of common mental disorder.ResultsHigh neighbourhood income inequality was associated with better mental health in low-deprivation neighbourhoods after adjusting for individual and household risk factors (parameter estimate +0.70 (s.e. =0.33), P=0.036; odds ratio (OR) for common mental disorder case 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.97). Income inequality at regional level was significantly associated with poorer mental health (parameter estimate −1.35 (s.e.=0.54), P=0.012; OR=1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.22).ConclusionsThe associations between common mental disorders, income inequality and income deprivation are complex. Income inequality at neighbourhood level is less important than income deprivation as a risk factor for common mental disorders. The adverse effect of income inequality starts to operate at the larger regional level.
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Egli, Victoria, Matthew Hobbs, Jordan Carlson, Niamh Donnellan, Lisa Mackay, Daniel Exeter, Karen Villanueva, Caryn Zinn, and Melody Smith. "Deprivation matters: understanding associations between neighbourhood deprivation, unhealthy food outlets, unhealthy dietary behaviours and child body size using structural equation modelling." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213159.
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BackgroundChildren residing in neighbourhoods of high deprivation are more likely to have poorer health, including excess body size. While the availability of unhealthy food outlets are increasingly considered important for excess child body size, less is known about how neighbourhood deprivation, unhealthy food outlets and unhealthy dietary behaviours are interlinked.MethodsThis study involves children aged 8–13 years (n=1029) and resided in Auckland, New Zealand. Unhealthy dietary behaviours (frequency of consumption of unhealthy snacks and drinks) and food purchasing behaviour on the route to and from school were self-reported. Height and waist circumference were measured to calculate waist-to-height ratio (WtHR). Geographic Information Systems mapped neighbourhood deprivation and unhealthy food outlets within individual, child-specific neighbourhood buffer boundaries (800 m around the home and school). Associations between neighbourhood deprivation (calculated using the New Zealand Index of Deprivation 2013), unhealthy food outlets, unhealthy dietary behaviours and WtHR were investigated using structural equation modelling in Mplus V.8.0. Age, sex and ethnicity were included as covariates, and clustering was accounted for at the school level.ResultsStructural equation models showed that unhealthy food outlets were unrelated to unhealthy dietary behaviours (estimate 0.029, p=0.416) and excess body size (estimate −0.038, p=0.400). However, greater neighbourhood deprivation and poorer dietary behaviours (estimate −0.134, p=0.001) were associated with greater WtHR (estimate 0.169, p<0.001).ConclusionExcess child body size is associated with neighbourhood deprivation and unhealthy dietary behaviours but not unhealthy outlet density or location of these outlets near home and school.
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Gilham, Kaitlyn, Qianqian Gu, Trevor J. B. Dummer, John J. Spinelli, and Rachel A. Murphy. "Diet Quality and Neighborhood Environment in the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health Project." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 3217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103217.
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An understanding of relationships between different constructs of the neighbourhood environment and diet quality is needed to inform public health interventions. This study investigated associations between material deprivation, social deprivation and population density with diet quality in a cohort of 19,973 Canadian adults aged 35 to 69 years within the Atlantic PATH cohort study. Diet quality, a metric of how well diet conforms to recommendations was determined from a 24-item food frequency questionnaire. Neighbourhood environment data were derived from dissemination area level Census data. Two deprivation indices were evaluated: material and social deprivation, which reflect access to goods and amenities and social relationships. Multi-level models were used to estimate relationships (mean differences and 95% CI) between neighbourhood environment and diet quality, adjusting for covariates. Mean diet quality was lower in the most socially deprived neighbourhoods compared to the least socially deprived: −0.56, 95% CI (−0.88, −0.25). Relationships between diet quality and population density differed between urban and rural areas (p-interaction < 0.0001). In rural areas, diet quality was higher in intermediate-density neighbourhoods: 0.54, 95% CI (0.05, 1.03). In urban areas, diet quality was lower in intermediate-density and the most-dense neighbourhoods: −0.84, 95% CI (−1.28, −0.40) and −0.72, 95% CI (−1.20, −0.25). Our findings suggest socially deprived and high-density neighbourhoods are associated with lower diet quality and possible urban-rural differences in neighbourhood environment-diet quality relationships. Additional studies are needed to determine the temporal nature of relationships and whether differences in diet quality are meaningful.
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Gage, S. H., G. Davey Smith, and M. R. Munafò. "Schizophrenia and neighbourhood deprivation." Translational Psychiatry 6, no. 12 (December 2016): e979-e979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.244.
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Oates, Lloyd Louis, and Nick Firth. "Deprivation, access and outcomes in health psychology treatment." Mental Health Review Journal 25, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhrj-02-2020-0010.
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Purpose Individuals living in areas of higher deprivation are more likely to have requested mental health treatment but are less likely to have received treatment or benefitted from it. Less is known about the extent of access equality and treatment outcomes for individuals with a long-term health condition who experience mental health difficulties. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which the neighbourhood Index of Multiple Deprivation predicted access to treatment, appointment attendance, treatment completion and clinical outcomes in a British health psychology clinic. Design/methodology/approach Retrospective data were used from 479 individuals referred to a health psychology clinic over 12 months. Clinical outcomes were measured using the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure. Patient data were linked with their neighbourhood Index of Multiple Deprivation decile. Data were analysed using correlation, linear regression and Fisher’s exact test. Findings There were no significant associations between deprivation and whether an individual attended assessment, attended treatment or completed treatment or between deprivation and patients’ clinical outcomes. Exploratory evidence indicated that individuals from higher deprivation neighbourhoods may be over-represented in clinic referrals, and individuals from lower deprivation neighbourhoods may be under-represented, compared with local population distribution estimates. Originality/value This evaluation provides insights into treatment outcomes and deprivation in those with physical health difficulties. Further evaluation using a larger sample and comparing referrals with local prevalence estimates of comorbid mental and physical health problems would enable greater confidence in the conclusion that no evidence of inequality on the basis of neighbourhood deprivation was found.
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Gootjes, Dionne V., Maria P. H. Koster, Sten P. Willemsen, Anton H. J. Koning, Eric A. P. Steegers, and Régine P. M. Steegers-Theunissen. "The Impact of Neighbourhood Deprivation on Embryonic Growth Trajectories: Rotterdam Periconception Cohort." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 8, 2019): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111913.
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Background: Neighbourhood deprivation is a risk factor for impaired health and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We investigated whether living in a deprived neighbourhood is associated with embryonic growth. Methods: From the Predict cohort, we studied 566 women who underwent repeated first trimester ultrasound examinations. Crown rump length (CRL; n = 1707) and embryonic volume (EV; n = 1462) were measured using three-dimensional techniques. Neighbourhood deprivation was assessed using the neighbourhood status scores (NSS) of the Dutch Social Cultural Planning office. A high NSS represents a non-deprived neighbourhood. Associations between the NSS and embryonic growth were investigated using linear mixed models. Adjustment was performed for individual-level factors: maternal age, geographic origin, educational level, BMI, folic acid supplement use, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol use and smoking habits. Results: The NSS was negatively associated with embryonic growth: a higher score (a less deprived neighbourhood) was associated with a smaller CRL and EV; adjusted β: −0.025 (95% CI −0.046, −0.003) and adjusted β: −0.015 (95% CI −0.026, −0.003). At 11 weeks of pregnancy, we observed a 0.55 cm3 smaller EV (7.65 cm3 vs. 7.10 cm3) and 1.08 mm smaller CRL (43.14 mm vs. 42.06 mm) in the highest compared to the lowest category. Conclusion: In deprived neighbourhoods, embryos are larger than in non-deprived neighbourhoods.
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Lucas, Jennifer A., Miguel Marino, Katie Fankhauser, Andrew Bazemore, Sophia Giebultowicz, Stuart Cowburn, Jorge Kaufmann, David Ezekiel-Herrera, and John Heintzman. "Role of social deprivation on asthma care quality among a cohort of children in US community health centres." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e045131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045131.
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ObjectiveSocial deprivation is associated with worse asthma outcomes. The Social Deprivation Index is a composite measure of social determinants of health used to identify neighbourhood-level disadvantage in healthcare. Our objective was to determine if higher neighbourhood-level social deprivation is associated with documented asthma care quality measures among children treated at community health centres (CHCs).Methods (setting, participants, outcome measures)We used data from CHCs in 15 states in the Accelerating Data Value Across a National Community Health Center Network (ADVANCE). The sample included 34 266 children with asthma from 2008 to 2017, aged 3–17 living in neighbourhoods with differing levels of social deprivation measured using quartiles of the Social Deprivation Index score. We conducted logistic regression to examine the odds of problem list documentation of asthma and asthma severity, and negative binomial regression for rates of albuterol, inhaled steroid and oral steroid prescription adjusted for patient-level covariates.ResultsChildren from the most deprived neighbourhoods had increased rates of albuterol (rate ratio (RR)=1.22, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.32) compared with those in the least deprived neighbourhoods, while the point estimate for inhaled steroids was higher, but fell just short of significance at the alpha=0.05 level (RR=1.16, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.34). We did not observe community-level differences in problem list documentation of asthma or asthma severity.ConclusionsHigher neighbourhood-level social deprivation was associated with more albuterol and inhaled steroid prescriptions among children with asthma, while problem list documentation of asthma and asthma severity varied little across neighbourhoods with differing deprivation scores. While the homogeneity of the CHC safety net setting studied may mitigate variation in diagnosis and documentation of asthma, enhanced clinician awareness of differences in community risk could help target paediatric patients at risk of lower quality asthma care.
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Lönn, Sara Larsson, Olle Melander, Casey Crump, and Kristina Sundquist. "Accumulated neighbourhood deprivation and coronary heart disease: a nationwide cohort study from Sweden." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e029248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029248.
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ObjectiveNeighbourhood deprivation is a recognised predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD). The overall aim was to investigate if accumulated exposure to neighbourhood deprivation resulted in higher odds of CHD.DesignThis is a longitudinal cohort study. Models based on repeated assessments of neighbourhood deprivation as well as single-point-in-time assessments were compared.SettingSweden.Participants3 140 657 Swedish men and women without a history of CHD and who had neighbourhood deprivation exposure data over the past 15 years.Primary outcome measuresCHD within 5 years’ follow-up.ResultsThe results suggested a gradient of stronger association with CHD risk by longer cumulative exposures to neighbourhood deprivation, particularly in the younger age cohorts. Neighbourhood deprivation was also highly correlated over time, especially in older age cohorts.ConclusionsThe effect of neighbourhood deprivation on CHD might depend on age. Accounting for individuals’ baseline age may therefore be important for understanding neighbourhood environmental effects on the development of CHD over time. However, because of high correlation of neighbourhood deprivation over time, single-point-in-time assessments may be adequate for CHD risk prediction especially in older adults.
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Jivraj, Stephen, Emily T. Murray, Paul Norman, and Owen Nicholas. "The impact of life course exposures to neighbourhood deprivation on health and well-being: a review of the long-term neighbourhood effects literature." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 5 (October 2, 2019): 922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz153.
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Abstract Background In this review article, we detail a small but growing literature in the field of health geography that uses longitudinal data to determine a life course component to the neighbourhood effects thesis. For too long, there has been reliance on cross-sectional data to test the hypothesis that where you live has an effect on your health and well-being over and above your individual circumstances. Methods We identified 53 articles that demonstrate how neighbourhood deprivation measured at least 15 years prior affects health and well-being later in life using the databases Scopus and Web of Science. Results We find a bias towards US studies, the most common being the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Definition of neighbourhood and operationalization of neighbourhood deprivation across most of the included articles relied on data availability rather than a priori hypothesis. Conclusions To further progress neighbourhood effects research, we suggest that more data linkage to longitudinal datasets is required beyond the narrow list identified in this review. The limited literature published to date suggests an accumulation of exposure to neighbourhood deprivation over the life course is damaging to later life health, which indicates improving neighbourhoods as early in life as possible would have the greatest public health improvement.
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Lucas, Jennifer A., Miguel Marino, Sophia Giebultowicz, Katie Fankhauser, Shakira F. Suglia, Steffani R. Bailey, Andrew Bazemore, and John Heintzman. "Mobility and social deprivation on primary care utilisation among paediatric patients with asthma." Family Medicine and Community Health 9, no. 3 (July 2021): e001085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2021-001085.
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ObjectiveAsthma care is negatively impacted by neighbourhood social and environmental factors, and moving is associated with undesirable asthma outcomes. However, little is known about how movement into and living in areas of high deprivation relate to primary care use. We examined associations between neighbourhood characteristics, mobility and primary care utilisation of children with asthma to explore the relevance of these social factors in a primary care setting.DesignIn this cohort study, we conducted negative binomial regression to examine the rates of primary care visits and annual influenza vaccination and logistic regression to study receipt of pneumococcal vaccination. All models were adjusted for patient-level covariates.SettingWe used data from community health centres in 15 OCHIN states.ParticipantsThe sample included 23 773 children with asthma aged 3–17 across neighbourhoods with different levels of social deprivation from 2012 to 2017. We conducted negative binomial regression to examine the rates of primary care visits and annual influenza vaccination and logistic regression to study receipt of pneumococcal vaccination. All models were adjusted for patient-level covariates.ResultsClinic visit rates were higher among children living in or moving to areas with higher deprivation than those living in areas with low deprivation (rate ratio (RR) 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17; RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.11). Children moving across neighbourhoods with similarly high levels of deprivation had increased RRs of influenza vaccination (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.23) than those who moved but stayed in neighbourhoods of low deprivation.ConclusionsMovement into and living within areas of high deprivation is associated with more primary care use, and presumably greater opportunity to reduce undesirable asthma outcomes. These results highlight the need to attend to patient movement in primary care visits, and increase neighbourhood-targeted population management to improve equity and care for children with asthma.
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Fone, D., J. White, D. Farewell, M. Kelly, G. John, K. Lloyd, G. Williams, and F. Dunstan. "Effect of neighbourhood deprivation and social cohesion on mental health inequality: a multilevel population-based longitudinal study." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 11 (January 22, 2014): 2449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713003255.
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BackgroundThe common mental disorders (CMDs) of anxiety and depression are the most common form of poor mental health in the general population. Evidence from the small number of previous cohort studies on the role of neighbourhood factors in mental health is inconclusive. We tested the hypothesis that high levels of neighbourhood social cohesion modify an adverse association between change in individual mental health and neighbourhood deprivation.MethodWe carried out a longitudinal multilevel analysis using data from the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Cohort Study with a 7-year follow-up (n = 4426; age range 18–74 years at baseline). Neighbourhood deprivation and neighbourhood social cohesion were assessed at baseline and change in mental health between follow-up and baseline was assessed using the five-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5).ResultsResidence in the most deprived neighbourhoods was negatively associated with change in mental health, after adjusting for baseline individual socio-economic risk factors and transitions in life events. This negative effect was significantly reduced in high social cohesion neighbourhoods. The predicted change in mental health score was calculated for the 10th and 90th centiles of the household low-income distribution. The difference between them was −2.8 in the low social cohesion group and 1.1 in the high cohesion group. The difference between the groups was 3.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2–7.6].ConclusionsThe public health burden of poor mental health and mental health inequality could potentially be reduced by strengthening social cohesion in deprived neighbourhoods. This offers a mechanism to address the adverse effect of neighbourhood deprivation on population mental health.
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Nieuwenhuis, Jaap, Tom Kleinepier, Heleen Janssen, and Maarten van Ham. "Neighbourhood deprivation and the Big Five personality traits: associations with adolescent problem behaviour and educational attainment." Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 36, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 943–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09876-3.
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AbstractWe studied the relation between cumulative exposure to neighbourhood deprivation and adolescents’ Big Five personality traits, and the moderating role of personality in the relation between neighbourhood deprivation and the development of problem behaviour and educational attainment. We studied 5365 British adolescents from ages 10 to 16, with neighbourhood information from birth onwards. Extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, and openness to experience moderated the relation between deprivation and problem behaviour. For educational attainment, only extraversion was a moderator. This means that higher values on personality traits were related to weaker relations between neighbourhood deprivation and problem behaviour and educational attainment. The results showed the importance of taking into account adolescents’ personality when assessing developmental outcomes in relation to neighbourhood deprivation.
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Jonsson, Kenisha Russell, Joan Busfield, Marita Södergren, Miia Karen, and Nicholas Kofi Adjei. "Social Capital, Deprivation and Psychological Well-Being among Young Adolescents: A Multilevel Study from England and Wales." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 3420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103420.
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Examining the mechanisms influencing mental health and life satisfaction simultaneously allows for a better understanding of adolescents psychological well-being. Six indicators of neighbourhood social capital (NSC), neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation (SecD) and their association with psychological well-being among young adolescents aged 10-15 from England and Wales were investigated. Using a random sample of 5201 adolescents (7253 observations) from the UK Household Longitudinal Study merged to aggregated local area census measures, we fitted a series of multilevel models. The findings showed that not being worried about crime and friendship networks mitigated the negative effects of deprivation on adolescent’s psychological well-being. These findings suggest that some forms of NSC may have a buffering and protective function, with the strongest effects in deprived neighbourhoods. We further found that psychological well-being of adolescents is dependent on both individual vulnerabilities and neighbourhood context. However caution is required if, and when public health policies are formulated to address this issue, given significant variations (27-36%) in the inter- and intra-individual psychological well-being were found among this group over time. Thus, policies designed to improve psychological well-being among adolescents should take into account the role of social processes in transmitting deprivation’s effects, as well as the various forms of social capital.
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Hagedoorn, Paulien, Peter P. Groenewegen, Hannah Roberts, and Marco Helbich. "Is suicide mortality associated with neighbourhood social fragmentation and deprivation? A Dutch register-based case-control study using individualised neighbourhoods." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 2 (November 14, 2019): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212699.
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BackgroundNeighbourhood social fragmentation and socioeconomic deprivation seem to be associated with suicide mortality. However, results are inconclusive, which might be because dynamics in the social context are not well-represented by administratively bounded neighbourhoods at baseline. We used individualised neighbourhoods to examine associations between suicide mortality, social fragmentation, and deprivation for the total population as well as by sex and age group.MethodsUsing a nested case-control design, all suicides aged 18–64 years between 2007 and 2016 were selected from longitudinal Dutch register data and matched with 10 random controls. Indices for social fragmentation and deprivation were calculated annually for 300, 600 and 1000 metre circular buffers around each subject’s residential address.ResultsSuicide mortality was significantly higher in neighbourhoods with high deprivation and social fragmentation. Accounting for individual characteristics largely attenuated these associations. Suicide mortality remained significantly higher for women living in highly fragmented neighbourhoods in the fully adjusted model. Age-stratified analyses indicate associations with neighbourhood fragmentation among women in older age groups (40–64 years) only. Among men, suicide risk was lower in fragmented neighbourhoods for those aged 18–39 years and for short-term residents. In deprived neighbourhoods, suicide risk was lower for men aged 40–64 years and long-term residents. Associations between neighbourhood characteristics and suicide mortality were comparable across buffer sizes.ConclusionOur findings suggest that next to individual characteristics, the social and economic context within which people live may both enhance and buffer the risk of suicide.
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Boillot, Adrien, Xavier Jouven, Hélène Rangé, Marie Cécile Perier, Frédérique Thomas, Catherine Guibout, Bruno Pannier, Pierre Boutouyrie, Jean-Philippe Empana, and Philippe Bouchard. "Association between individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic factors and masticatory efficiency: a cross-sectional analysis of the Paris Prospective Study 3." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209593.
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BackgroundThere is a lack of evidence on the impact of socioeconomic factors on masticatory efficiency. The present study investigates the relationship between individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic factors (main exposure) and the number of masticatory units (MUs) used as surrogate of the masticatory efficiency (main outcome).MethodsIn this cross-sectional study nested in the Paris Prospective Study 3, 4270 adults aged 50–75 and recruited from 13 June 2008 to 31 May 2012 underwent a full-mouth examination. Number of MUs defined as pairs of opposing teeth or dental prostheses allowing mastication, number of missing teeth and gingival inflammation were documented. The individual component of the socioeconomic status was evaluated with an individual multidimensional deprivation score and education level. The neighbourhood component of the socioeconomic status was evaluated with the FDep99 deprivation index. Associations were quantified using marginal models.ResultsIn multivariate analyses, having less than 5 MUs was associated with (1) the most deprived neighbourhoods (OR=2.27 (95% CI 1.63 to 3.17)), (2) less than 12 years of educational attainment (OR=2.20 (95% CI 1.66 to 2.92)) and (3) the highest individual score of deprivation (OR=3.23 (95% CI 2.24 to 4.65)). Associations with education and individual score of deprivation were consistent across the level of neighbourhood deprivation. Comparable associations were observed with the number of missing teeth. Associations with gingival inflammation were of lower magnitude; the relationship was present for deprivation markers but not for education.ConclusionPoor masticatory efficiency is associated with low educational attainment and high deprivation scores.
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Hincks, Stephen. "Deprived neighbourhoods in transition: Divergent pathways of change in the Greater Manchester city-region." Urban Studies 54, no. 4 (September 29, 2016): 1038–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015619142.
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Many studies of neighbourhood change adopt a ‘bookend’ mode of analysis in which a baseline year is identified for a chosen outcome variable from which the magnitude of change is calculated to a determined endpoint typically over bi-decadal or decadal timeframes. However, this mode of analysis smoothes away short-run change patterns and neighbourhood dynamics. The implications of this practice could be far reaching if it is accepted that as neighbourhoods change they are liable to cross a threshold and transition from one state to another in the short- as well as longer-term. In a case study of deprived neighbourhoods in the Greater Manchester city-region, this paper aims to contribute to neighbourhood change debates in two ways. The first is by isolating transition pathways for individual neighbourhoods using annual change data. The second is by testing the thesis that the more deprived a neighbourhood is, the more likely it is to respond with greater volatility to short-run shocks when compared with less-deprived neighbourhoods. Four indicators collected annually between 2001 and 2010 are used to develop a typology of neighbourhood change and a subsequent typology of neighbourhood transition. The analysis exposed 260 different transition pathways that deprived neighbourhoods followed over the study period. Multinomial logistic regression was then used to determine the odds of a neighbourhood undergoing transition along a specific pathway owing to its level of deprivation. The model revealed that the most deprived neighbourhoods were likely to follow more volatile transition pathways compared with the less-deprived neighbourhoods especially during periods of economic difficulty.
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Zandieh, Razieh, Javier Martinez, and Johannes Flacke. "Older Adults’ Outdoor Walking and Inequalities in Neighbourhood Green Spaces Characteristics." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 9, 2019): 4379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224379.
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Outdoor walking has considerable benefits for healthy ageing and older adults are recommended to walk regularly. However, older adults living in high-deprivation areas walk less than those living in low-deprivation areas. Previous research has shown that the characteristics of neighbourhood green spaces (i.e., proximity, attractiveness, size, and number) may influence outdoor walking. This study examines spatial inequalities in the characteristics of neighbourhood green spaces in high- versus low-deprivation areas and their possible influences on disparities in older adults’ outdoor walking levels. For this purpose, it included a sample of 173 participants (≥65 years) and used secondary data and a geographic information system (GIS) to objectively measure neighbourhood green spaces characteristics. Geographic positioning system (GPS) technology was used to objectively measure outdoor walking levels. Data on participants’ personal characteristics were collected by questionnaire. The results indicate that one characteristic of neighbourhood green spaces (i.e., size) is positively related to outdoor walking levels. They show that inequalities in neighbourhood green spaces’ size in high- versus low-deprivation areas may influence disparities in older adults’ outdoor walking levels. Despite inequalities in other neighbourhood green space characteristics (e.g., proximity, attractiveness, and number) in high- versus low-deprivation areas, no relationship was found between these neighbourhood green space characteristics and participants’ outdoor walking levels. Enhancing the distribution or creation of large neighbourhood green spaces (e.g., through creating green space networks) may enhance outdoor walking among older residents, especially in high-deprivation areas.
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Górny, Agata, and Sabina Toruńczyk-Ruiz. "Relative deprivation and ‘the diversity effect’ in explaining neighbourhood attachment: Alternative or complementary mechanisms?" Urban Studies 52, no. 5 (July 23, 2014): 984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098014541158.
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In a 2014 paper, we demonstrated that the negative relationship between ethnic diversity and neighbourhood attachment was moderated by interethnic ties differently for migrants and natives living in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods. In this article, we respond to the Comment on our paper by Oded Stark, who proposes to interpret our findings within the framework of relative deprivation theory, and to explain the different results for migrants and natives by different preferences for diversity and resulting self-selection processes among the two groups. We argue that explaining the negative link between ethnic diversity and neighbourhood attachment by a distaste for relative deprivation is problematic given the intricacies of relationships between ethnic diversity, economic diversity, economic inequality and neighbourhood attachment. We note that employing the concept of relative deprivation in the analyses of ethnic diversity effects should acknowledge the role that interethnic ties play in the way natives and migrants define their reference groups. We also claim that preferences for diversity are unlikely to constitute a substantial basis for residential selection among migrants and natives, given the role of structural and socio-psychological factors in residential choices.
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Oudin Åström, Daniel, Christofer Åström, Bertil Forsberg, Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, Antonio Gasparrini, Anna Oudin, and Kristina Sundquist. "Heat wave–related mortality in Sweden: A case-crossover study investigating effect modification by neighbourhood deprivation." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 4 (September 26, 2018): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818801615.
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Aims: The present study aimed to investigate if set thresholds in the Swedish heat-wave warning system are valid for all parts of Sweden and if the heat-wave warning system captures a potential increase in all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. An additional aim was to investigate whether neighbourhood deprivation modifies the relationship between heat waves and mortality. Methods: From 1990 until 2014, in 14 municipalities in Sweden, we collected data on daily maximum temperatures and mortality for the five warmest months. Heat waves were defined according to the categories used in the current Swedish heat-wave warning system. Using a case-crossover approach, we investigated the association between heat waves and mortality in Sweden, as well as a modifying effect of neighbourhood deprivation. Results: On a national as well as a regional level, heat waves significantly increased both all-cause mortality and CHD mortality by approximately 10% and 15%, respectively. While neighbourhood deprivation did not seem to modify heat wave–related all-cause mortality, CHD mortality did seem to modify the risk. Conclusions: It may not be appropriate to assume that heat waves in Sweden will have the same impact in a northern setting as in a southern, or that the impact of heat waves will be the same in affluent and deprived neighbourhoods. When designing and implementing heat-wave warning systems, neighbourhood, regional and national information should be incorporated.
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Cohen-Cline, Hannah, Shirley A. A. Beresford, Wendy Elizabeth Barrington, Ross L. Matsueda, Jon Wakefield, and Glen E. Duncan. "Associations between neighbourhood characteristics and depression: a twin study." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 3 (December 22, 2017): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209453.
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BackgroundDepression is an important contributor to the global burden of disease. Besides several known individual-level factors that contribute to depression, there is a growing recognition that neighbourhood environment can also profoundly affect mental health. This study assessed associations between three neighbourhood constructs—socioeconomic deprivation, residential instability and income inequality—and depression among adult twin pairs. The twin design is used to examine the association between neighbourhood constructs and depression, controlling for selection factors (ie, genetic and shared environmental factors) that have confounded purported associations.MethodsWe used multilevel random-intercept Poisson regression among 3738 same-sex twin pairs from a community-based twin registry to examine the association between neighbourhood constructs and depression. The within-pair association controls for confounding by genetic and environmental factors shared between twins within a pair, and is the main parameter of interest. Models were adjusted for individual-level income, education and marital status, and further by neighbourhood-level population density.ResultsWhen twins were analysed as individuals (phenotypic model), all neighbourhood constructs were significantly associated with depression. However, only neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation showed a significant within-pair association with depression. A 10-unit within-pair difference in neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation was associated with 6% greater depressive symptoms (1.06, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.11); the association did not substantially change in adjusted models.ConclusionThis study provides new evidence linking neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation with greater depression. Future studies should employ longitudinal designs to better test social causation versus social selection.
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KEARNS, ADE, NICK BAILEY, MARIA GANNON, MARK LIVINGSTON, and ALASTAIR LEYLAND. "‘All in it Together’? Social Cohesion in a Divided Society: Attitudes to Income Inequality and Redistribution in a Residential Context." Journal of Social Policy 43, no. 3 (April 29, 2014): 453–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279414000063.
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AbstractThis paper asks whether where someone lives bears any association with their attitudes to inequality and income redistribution, focusing on the relative contribution of neighbourhood income, density and ethnic composition. People on higher incomes showed higher support for redistribution when living in more deprived neighbourhoods. People with lower levels of altruism had higher levels of support for redistribution in neighbourhoods of higher density. People living in more ethnically mixed neighbourhoods had higher levels of support for redistribution on average, but this support declined for Whites with low levels of altruism as the deprivation of the neighbourhood increased. Current trends which sustain or extend income and wealth inequalities, reflected in patterns of residence, may undermine social cohesion in the medium- to long-term. This may be offset to some extent by trends of rising residential ethnic diversity.
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Greene, Giles, David Fone, Daniel Farewell, Sarah Rodgers, Shantini Paranjothy, Bethan Carter, and James White. "Improving mental health through neighbourhood regeneration: the role of cohesion, belonging, quality and disorder." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 5 (December 10, 2019): 964–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz221.
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Abstract Poor mental health has been associated with socioeconomic deprivation. The aim was to describe possible mechanisms underpinning the narrowing of mental health inequalities demonstrated by Communities First, an area-wide regeneration programme in Wales, UK. Propensity score matched data from the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Electronic Cohort Study, assessed changes in mental health, neighbourhood-level social cohesion, belongingness, quality and disorder. A multiple mediation analysis found c.76% of the total indirect effect was accounted for by neighbourhood quality and disorder. Targeted regeneration that increases neighbourhood quality and reduced neighbourhood disorder could mitigate the mental health inequalities associated with socioeconomic deprivation.
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Deas, Iain, Brian Robson, Cecilia Wong, and Michael Bradford. "Measuring Neighbourhood Deprivation: A Critique of the Index of Multiple Deprivation." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 21, no. 6 (December 2003): 883–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0240.
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Duncan, Craig, Kelvyn Jones, and Graham Moon. "Smoking and deprivation: are there neighbourhood effects?" Social Science & Medicine 48, no. 4 (February 1999): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00360-8.
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van Lenthe, FJ, and JP Mackenbach. "Neighbourhood deprivation and overweight: the GLOBE study." International Journal of Obesity 26, no. 2 (February 2002): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801841.
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Flouri, Eirini, Emily Midouhas, and Marta Francesconi. "Neighbourhood deprivation and child behaviour across childhood and adolescence." Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175795919x15722477076216.
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Children living in deprived areas tend to show greater problem behaviour relative to children in more advantaged areas. We explored the effect of different forms of area deprivation (such as income, education and health) on the development of child problem behaviour (emotional and behavioural problems) from early childhood to middle adolescence. Using data from the Millennium Cohort Study, we modelled trajectories of child problem behaviour depending on the level of deprivation in the neighbourhood, across ages 3 to 14 years, in England (n = 6,127). We explored seven types of social, economic and environmental deprivation in small standard areas, using the Index of Multiple Deprivation. Child problem behaviour was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Most types of deprivation were moderately predictive of child problem behaviour at around age eight (where we set the intercept), when explored in separate models, even after adjustments to reduce area selection bias. However, they were not related to longitudinal changes in problem behaviour. Socio-economic aspects of area deprivation – education, income and employment – were most consistently related to child problem behaviour – and were robust to adjustments for other domains of area deprivation including crime and living environment.
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Barnes, Jacqueline, Jay Belsky, Kate A. Broomfield, and Edward Melhuish. "Neighbourhood deprivation, school disorder and academic achievement in primary schools in deprived communities in England." International Journal of Behavioral Development 30, no. 2 (March 2006): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025406063585.
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There is growing concern about violent behaviour in schools, involving students, staff and/or parents. A survey of 1777 primary schools (for children aged 5 to 11) throughout England, most in areas of social and economic deprivation, found more disorder in neighbourhoods with greater deprivation. More disorder was also observed when there was more school-level disadvantage (e.g. students receiving free meals), larger school size and more children in need of special education services. Despite difficulties in drawing causal inferences from correlational data, the fact that more disorder significantly predicted lower school achievement for students at 7 and 11 in standardized English, mathematics and science assessments even once school characteristics and neighbourhood deprivation were taken into account is judged noteworthy. Potential confounding factors are considered in the discussion.
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Buffel, Tine, Patty Doran, Mhorag Goff, Luciana Lang, Camilla Lewis, Chris Phillipson, and Sophie Yarker. "Covid-19 and inequality: developing an age-friendly strategy for recovery in low income communities." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 21, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-09-2020-0044.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on issues facing older people living in urban areas characterised by multiple deprivation. Design/methodology/approach The paper first reviews the role of place and neighbourhood in later life; second, it examines the relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and the impact of COVID-19; and, third, it outlines the basis for an “age-friendly” recovery strategy. Findings The paper argues that COVID-19 is having a disproportionate impact on low-income communities, which have already been affected by cuts to public services, the loss of social infrastructure and pressures on the voluntary sector. It highlights the need for community-based interventions to be developed as an essential part of future policies designed to tackle the effects of COVID-19. Originality/value The paper contributes to debates about developing COVID-19 recovery strategies in the context of growing inequalities affecting urban neighbourhoods.
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Ivert, Anna-Karin, Marie Torstensson Levander, and Juan Merlo. "Adolescents' Utilisation of Psychiatric Care, Neighbourhoods and Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Deprivation: A Multilevel Analysis." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2013): e81127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081127.
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Letellier, Noémie, Isabelle Carrière, Emmanuelle Cadot, Lisa Berkman, Marcel Goldberg, Marie Zins, and Claudine Berr. "Individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic inequalities in cognitive impairment: cross-sectional findings from the French CONSTANCES cohort." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e033751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033751.
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ObjectivesDespite the recent awareness of the environment impact on brain ageing, the influence of the neighbourhood socioeconomic status on cognitive impairment remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of individual and neighbourhood deprivation on cognitive impairment in middle-aged and young-old people.DesignCross-sectional study.Settings21 Health Screening Centres in the entire French metropolitan territory.ParticipantsA total of 44 648 participants (age range: 45 to 69 years) from the French CONSTANCES cohort were included in the analyses.Main outcomesAssociations between the overall cognitive score (based on a standardised battery of cognitive tests administered by neuropsychologists) and individual deprivation (Evaluation of Deprivation and Inequalities in Health Screening Centres; EPICES score) and geographical deprivation (French Deprivation Index; FDep index).ResultsBased on the EPICES score (validated cut-off ≥30.17), 12% of participants were considered to be deprived. After mutual adjustment, individual and geographical deprivation were associated with higher cognitive impairment in a multilevel logistic regression analysis that was also adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and health factors. Specifically, individual deprivation was associated with an odds increase of 55% (OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.45 to 1.66). The risk of global cognitive impairment progressively increased with the neighbourhood deprivation level, evaluated by the FDep index (reference Q1; Q2: OR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.20; Q3: OR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.27; Q4: OR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.28; Q5: OR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.39).ConclusionOur results suggest that the neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation level is associated with cognitive impairment, independently of the individual deprivation level. A better understanding of this association could help to define new prevention strategies to target high-risk residents and high-risk geographical areas in order to reduce social health inequalities.
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Scharf, Thomas, Chris Phillipson, and Allison Smith. "Older Peopleís Perceptions of the Neighbourhood: Evidence from Socially Deprived Urban Areas." Sociological Research Online 8, no. 4 (November 2003): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.867.
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Neighbourhoods contribute significantly to shaping their residents’ identities. For older people, the neighbourhood may be even more important than for younger people. Ageing can be associated with an intensification of feelings about locality and space, and the neighbourhood may contribute significantly to older people's quality of daily life. Within the context of a study that examines the concerns of older people living in areas of England characterised by intense social deprivation, the article explores perceptions of the local environment. Findings are reported from an empirical study conducted in nine socially deprived neighbourhoods across three cities. Data collection consisted of a survey of 600 people aged 60 and over, and in-depth interviews with 130 people of the same age group. The article focuses on older people's views in relation to both positive and negative aspects of their local environment. It concludes with a discussion of three key themes: first, the question of older peopleís attachment to their neighbourhood; second, the issue of variation between areas; and third, the impact of place on the quality of older people's daily life.
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Singh, Tanjot, Mayesha Khan, Gavin Tansley, Herbert Chan, Jeffrey Brubacher, and John Staples. "106 Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation and assault injuries in urban youth." Paediatrics & Child Health 25, Supplement_2 (August 2020): e44-e44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa068.105.
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Abstract Introduction/Background Youth violence is a major global public health concern. Assault injuries are a major cause of trauma among youth, yet the causes for and medical consequences of assault victimization in this group remain uncertain. Objectives Using data from the third-largest urban area in Canada, we sought to describe the demographic, temporal and geographic influences on the incidence of youth assault injuries. Design/Methods We performed a population-based cross sectional study of Canadian youth aged 10 to 24 years seeking emergency medical care between April 2012 and March 2018 at any of the 16 hospitals in a major Canadian metropolitan area. Injury characteristics were described using graphical and statistical techniques. Neighbourhood material and social deprivation indices were examined as independent predictors of the population incidence of youth assault injury using negative binomial regression and geospatial methods. Results A total of 2,784 assaulted youth sought emergency medical care during the 6-year study interval, corresponding to an incidence rate of 101 youth assault injuries per 100,000 person-years. Assaulted youth were most commonly males between 20 and 24 years of age. Prior diagnoses of substance use and mental health disorders were common. Examination of temporal variation in the incidence of assault injury revealed a 103-fold difference between the riskiest and safest hours of the week (incident rate ratio, 103). The risk of youth assault injury in the most materially deprived quintile of neighbourhoods was more than four-fold greater than that in the wealthiest quintile (incident rate ratio per quintile increase, 1.42; 95%CI [1.27, 1.59]; p <0.001), and the risk of youth assault injury in the most socially deprived quintile of neighbourhoods was more than twelve-fold greater than that in the least deprived quintile (incident rate ratio per quintile increase, 1.88; 95%CI [1.69, 2.11]; p <0.001). Conclusion Assault injuries among youth vary substantially across time and space. Targeted violence prevention interventions might focus on weekend evenings and on socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods.
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Dahlberg, Lena. "Ageing in a changing place: a qualitative study of neighbourhood exclusion." Ageing and Society 40, no. 10 (May 3, 2019): 2238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1900045x.
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AbstractAn inclusive neighbourhood is a key facilitator enabling older adults to age in place. Neighbourhoods have been identified as a dimension of social exclusion important to older adults, and it has been argued that older adults are particularly vulnerable to neighbourhood change. The aim of this study was to explore older adults’ experiences of neighbourhood exclusion within the context of neighbourhood change. Focus groups were undertaken in the urban and rural areas of a metropolitan borough in England involving a total of 41 older adults, with data analysed via thematic analysis. Urban areas in the borough studied have transformed following the closure of the mining industry, with a high level of deprivation in many areas, while some rural areas have undergone gentrification. Within the context of structural neighbourhood change, four themes were identified: community cohesion, political agency, feelings of safety and the physical environment. The themes were interlinked, which calls for collaboration across traditional lines of professional responsibility, and for research that encompasses different aspects of neighbourhood exclusion. This study contributes with knowledge on older adults’ experiences of exclusion, including novel findings on the importance of political agency and collective memory, and identifies actions to combat exclusion. An active involvement of older adults in the development of initiatives to tackle social exclusion is recommended.
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Wang, Jin, Rachel Engler-Stringer, and Nazeem Muhajarine. "Assessing the Consumer Food Environment in Restaurants by Neighbourhood Distress Level across Saskatoon, Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 77, no. 1 (March 2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/cjdpr-2015-031.
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Purpose: To assess the consumer food environment in restaurants in Saskatoon, using the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Restaurants (NEMS-R), to examine differences by neighbourhood distress level and to reflect on the need for further refinement of the assessment of restaurant consumer food environments. Methods: Neighbourhoods were classified as low, middle, or high distress level based on the socioeconomic indicators (income, employment, and education) in the Material Deprivation Index. Differences in restaurant consumer food environments, indicated by mean NEMS-R total and sub-scores, were examined by various restaurant categories and by varying neighbourhood distress levels. Results: Chain coffee shops and pita and sandwich restaurants had higher NEMS-R totals and “Healthy Entrées” sub-scores; however, burger and chicken restaurants and pizza restaurants had more barriers to healthful eating. Although restaurants in lower distress level neighbourhoods generally rated healthier (higher NEMS-R scores), only a few measures (such as “Facilitators” and “Barriers”) significantly differed by neighbourhood distress level. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of developing interventions to improve restaurant consumer food environments, especially in neighbourhoods with higher distress levels. The results suggest that reliable measures of the consumer food environment could be developed beginning with what can be measured by NEMS-R.
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Kirkpatrick, Sharon I., and Valerie Tarasuk. "Assessing the relevance of neighbourhood characteristics to the household food security of low-income Toronto families." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 7 (March 3, 2010): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010000339.
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AbstractObjectiveAlthough the sociodemographic characteristics of food-insecure households have been well documented, there has been little examination of neighbourhood characteristics in relation to this problem. In the present study we examined the association between household food security and neighbourhood features including geographic food access and perceived neighbourhood social capital.DesignCross-sectional survey and mapping of discount supermarkets and community food programmes.SettingTwelve high-poverty neighbourhoods in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.SubjectsRespondents from 484 low-income families who had children and who lived in rental accommodations.ResultsFood insecurity was pervasive, affecting two-thirds of families with about a quarter categorized as severely food insecure, indicative of food deprivation. Food insecurity was associated with household factors including income and income source. However, food security did not appear to be mitigated by proximity to food retail or community food programmes, and high rates of food insecurity were observed in neighbourhoods with good geographic food access. While low perceived neighbourhood social capital was associated with higher odds of food insecurity, this effect did not persist once we accounted for household sociodemographic factors.ConclusionsOur findings raise questions about the extent to which neighbourhood-level interventions to improve factors such as food access or social cohesion can mitigate problems of food insecurity that are rooted in resource constraints. In contrast, the results reinforce the importance of household-level characteristics and highlight the need for interventions to address the financial constraints that underlie problems of food insecurity.
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Ruiz, Milagros. "Neighbourhood deprivation and perinatal health in the Netherlands." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213460.
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VAN DER GREFT, SABINE, SAKO MUSTERD, and FRANS THISSEN. "Residential dynamics and neighbourhood conditions of older migrants and native Dutch older adults in Amsterdam, The Netherlands." Ageing and Society 36, no. 1 (October 22, 2014): 189–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x14001159.
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ABSTRACTThe share of older migrants in Dutch cities is increasing. However, only limited knowledge has been gained about the urban conditions that older migrants live in and how these compare to those of their native Dutch counterparts. This paper contributes to filling this knowledge gap using detailed information on residential patterns, housing conditions and levels of neighbourhood deprivation in the city of Amsterdam in the Netherlands, and links this information to data about housing and neighbourhood satisfaction and perceived safety. Empirical evidence demonstrates that there is strong path dependence with regard to the places in which one finds different groups of older non-Western migrants. Older non-Western migrants in Amsterdam are highly concentrated in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The number of concentrations has increased significantly over the past decade, as well as the concentration levels. Nevertheless, we did not find indications of social isolation. With regard to housing conditions, we found better conditions for socio-economically similar groups of native Dutch and Surinamese 55+ residents, compared to Turkish and Moroccan 55+ residents. These conditions correspond with levels of housing satisfaction. Surinamese older people are more positive about their neighbourhoods. We hypothesise that this is related to the restructuring of neighbourhoods where Surinamese 55+ residents are concentrated. Although the immediate environment of older non-Western people is characterised by high levels of social deprivation, this does not translate into dissatisfaction with social relations or feelings of lack of safety. This suggests that their residential concentration in particular urban neighbourhoods may also bring significant opportunities.
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Mandic, Sandra, Erika Ikeda, Tom Stewart, Nicholas Garrett, Debbie Hopkins, Jennifer S. Mindell, El Shadan Tautolo, and Melody Smith. "Sociodemographic and Built Environment Associates of Travel to School by Car among New Zealand Adolescents: Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 9138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239138.
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Travelling to school by car diminishes opportunities for physical activity and contributes to traffic congestion and associated noise and air pollution. This meta-analysis examined sociodemographic characteristics and built environment associates of travelling to school by car compared to using active transport among New Zealand (NZ) adolescents. Four NZ studies (2163 adolescents) provided data on participants’ mode of travel to school, individual and school sociodemographic characteristics, distance to school and home-neighbourhood built-environment features. A one-step meta-analysis using individual participant data was performed in SAS. A final multivariable model was developed using stepwise logistic regression. Overall, 60.6% of participants travelled to school by car. When compared with active transport, travelling to school by car was positively associated with distance to school. Participants residing in neighbourhoods with high intersection density and attending medium deprivation schools were less likely to travel to school by car compared with their counterparts. Distance to school, school level deprivation and low home neighbourhood intersection density are associated with higher likelihood of car travel to school compared with active transport among NZ adolescents. Comprehensive interventions focusing on both social and built environment factors are needed to reduce car travel to school.
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Bertens, Loes C. M., Lizbeth Burgos Ochoa, Tom Van Ourti, Eric A. P. Steegers, and Jasper V. Been. "Persisting inequalities in birth outcomes related to neighbourhood deprivation." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213162.
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IntroductionHealth inequalities can be observed in early life as unfavourable birth outcomes. Evidence indicates that neighbourhood socioeconomic circumstances influence health. However, studies looking into temporal trends in inequalities in birth outcomes including neighbourhood socioeconomic conditions are scarce. The aim of this work was to study how inequalities in three different key birth outcomes have changed over time across different strata of neighbourhood deprivation.MethodsNationwide time trends ecological study with area-level deprivation in quintiles as exposure. The study population consisted of registered singleton births in the Netherlands 2003–2017 between 24 and 41 weeks of gestation. Outcomes used were perinatal mortality, premature birth and small for gestational age (SGA). Absolute rates for all birth outcomes were calculated per deprivation quintile. Time trends in birth outcomes were examined using logistic regression models. To investigate relative inequalities, rate ratios for all outcomes were calculated per deprivation quintile.ResultsThe prevalence of all unfavourable birth outcomes decreased over time: from 7.2 to 4.1 per 1000 births for perinatal mortality, from 61.8 to 55.6 for premature birth, and from 121.9 to 109.2 for SGA. Inequalities in all birth outcomes have decreased in absolute terms, and the decline was largest in the most deprived quintile. Time trend analyses confirmed the overall decreasing time trends for all outcomes, which were significantly steeper for the most deprived quintile. In relative terms however, inequalities remained fairly constant.ConclusionIn absolute terms, inequalities in birth outcomes by neighbourhood deprivation in the Netherlands decreased between 2003 and 2017. However, relative inequalities remained persistent.
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Ribeiro, Ana Isabel, Ana Cristina Santos, Verónica M. Vieira, and Henrique Barros. "Hotspots of childhood obesity in a large metropolitan area: does neighbourhood social and built environment play a part?" International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 3 (October 11, 2019): 934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz205.
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Abstract Background Effective place-based interventions for childhood obesity call for the recognition of the high-risk neighbourhoods and an understanding of the determinants present locally. However, such an approach is uncommon. In this study, we identified neighbourhoods with elevated prevalence of childhood obesity (‘hotspots’) in the Porto Metropolitan Area and investigated to what extent the socio-economic and built environment characteristics of the neighbourhoods explained such hotspots. Methods We used data on 5203 7-year-old children from a population-based birth cohort, Generation XXI. To identify hotspots, we estimated local obesity odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using generalized additive models with a non-parametric smooth for location. Measures of the socio-economic and built environment were determined using a Geographic Information System. Associations between obesity and neighbourhood characteristics were expressed as OR and 95%CI after accounting for individual-level variables. Results At 7 years of age, 803 (15.4%) children were obese. The prevalence of obesity varied across neighbourhoods and two hotspots were identified, partially explained by individual-level variables. Adjustment for neighbourhood characteristics attenuated the ORs and further explained the geographic variation. This model revealed an association between neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation score and obesity (OR = 1.014, 95%CI 1.004–1.025), as well as with the presence of fast-food restaurants at a walkable distance from the residence (OR = 1.37, 1.06–1.77). Conclusions In our geographic area it was possible to identify neighbourhoods with elevated prevalence of childhood obesity and to suggest that targeting such high-priority neighbourhoods and their environmental characteristics may help reduce childhood obesity.
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O'Donoghue, B., J. P. Lyne, L. Renwick, A. Lane, K. Madigan, A. Staines, E. O'Callaghan, and M. Clarke. "Neighbourhood characteristics and the incidence of first-episode psychosis and duration of untreated psychosis." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 7 (February 5, 2016): 1367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171500286x.
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BackgroundThe incidence of psychotic disorders varies between geographical areas and it has been hypothesized that neighbourhood-level factors may influence this variation. It is also plausible that the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with neighbourhood characteristics. The aims of this study were to determine whether the incidence of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and the DUP are associated with the level of social deprivation, fragmentation, social capital and population density.MethodAll individuals with a FEP from a geographical defined catchment area over a 5-year period were included. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated for each neighbourhood factor.ResultsA total of 292 cases of FEP were included in the study and 45% had a diagnosis of a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. The age standardized incidence rate of FEP in the most deprived area was 72.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 26.4–162.7] per 100 000 person-years compared with 21.5 (95% CI 17.6–26.0) per 100 000 person-years in the most affluent areas. This represents a 3.4-fold increase in FEP incidence in the most deprived areas. The incidence of FEP was also increased in neighbourhoods that were more socially fragmented [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 2.40, 95% CI 1.05–5.51, p = 0.04] and there was a trend for the incidence to be increased in neighbourhoods with lower social capital (IRR = 1.43, 95% CI 0.99–2.06, p = 0.05). The median DUP was 4 months and was higher in more socially fragmented neighbourhoods.ConclusionsThe incidence of psychotic disorders is related to neighbourhood factors and it may be useful to consider neighbourhood factors when allocating resources for early intervention services.
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Lang, I. A., D. J. Llewellyn, K. M. Langa, R. B. Wallace, and D. Melzer. "Neighbourhood deprivation and incident mobility disability in older adults." Age and Ageing 37, no. 4 (February 20, 2008): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn092.
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Zoller, B., X. Li, J. Sundquist,, and K. Sundquist. "Neighbourhood deprivation and hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in Sweden." Europace 15, no. 8 (February 27, 2013): 1119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut019.
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Kleinschmidt, I., M. Hills, and P. Elliott. "Smoking behaviour can be predicted by neighbourhood deprivation measures." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 49, Suppl 2 (December 1, 1995): S72—S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.49.suppl_2.s72.
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Fox, K. R., M. Hillsdon, D. Sharp, A. R. Cooper, J. C. Coulson, M. Davis, R. Harris, et al. "Neighbourhood deprivation and physical activity in UK older adults." Health & Place 17, no. 2 (March 2011): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.01.002.
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Drukker, Marjan, and Jim van Os. "Mediators of neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation and quality of life." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 38, no. 12 (December 2003): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0690-8.
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Zwirner, Elena, and Nichola Raihani. "Neighbourhood wealth, not urbanicity, predicts prosociality towards strangers." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1936 (October 7, 2020): 20201359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1359.
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Urbanization is perhaps the most significant and rapid cause of demographic change in human societies, with more than half the world's population now living in cities. Urban lifestyles have been associated with increased risk for mental disorders, greater stress responses, and lower trust. However, it is not known whether a general tendency towards prosocial behaviour varies across the urban–rural gradient, or whether other factors such as neighbourhood wealth might be more predictive of variation in prosocial behaviour. Here, we present findings from three real-world experiments conducted in 37 different neighbourhoods, in 12 cities and 12 towns and villages across the UK. We measured whether people: (i) posted a lost letter; (ii) returned a dropped item; and (iii) stopped to let someone cross the road in each neighbourhood. We expected to find that people were less willing to help a stranger in more urban locations, with increased diffusion of responsibility and perceived anonymity in cities being measured as variables that might drive this effect. Our data did not support this hypothesis. There was no effect of either urbanicity or population density on people's willingness to help a stranger. Instead, the neighbourhood level of deprivation explained most of the variance in helping behaviour with help being offered less frequently in more deprived neighbourhoods. These findings highlight the importance of socio-economic factors, rather than urbanicity per se , in shaping variation in prosocial behaviour in humans.
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Bonomi Bezzo, Franco, Laura Silva, and Maarten van Ham. "The combined effect of Covid-19 and neighbourhood deprivation on two dimensions of subjective well-being: Empirical evidence from England." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 23, 2021): e0255156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255156.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives The Covid-19 pandemic is hitting societies hard, and people living in disadvantaged circumstances are among the most affected. We investigate the combined effects of the Covid-19 crisis and living in a deprived neighbourhood on two dimensions of subjective well-being: hedonic (i.e. mental health) and evaluative (i.e. life satisfaction) subjective well-being. Methods We use longitudinal data from the Understanding Society UK panel. We combine data gathered in the main survey between 2015 and 2019 with very recent data from the Covid-19 online survey between April and July 2020. Leveraging a sample of nearly 9,600 English individuals, we first run a set of cross-sectional OLS regressions to analyse changes over time in the relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and subjective well-being. Then, as our main model of interest, we use a fixed effect difference-in-differences model to provide more robust evidence. Results Since the beginning of the crisis, both levels of hedonic and evaluative well-being have decreased as a result of the pandemic and lockdown. However, for those living in more deprived neighbourhoods the level of hedonic well-being decreased more than for those living in better areas. We found no such difference for evaluative well-being. Conclusion Our results highlight the importance of reducing neighbourhood inequalities as the spatial clustering of disadvantages has increased by the pandemic.