Journal articles on the topic 'Neighborhoods – pennsylvania – philadelphia'
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Hirsch, Alison Duncan. "Discovering America: The Peopling of Pennsylvania Common Ground: Philadelphia's Neighborhoods Crossroad: Center City Philadelphia." Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (June 1994): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081003.
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Liu, Longjian, and Ana E. Núñez. "Multilevel and Urban Health Modeling of Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus: A New Insight into Public Health and Preventive Medicine." Advances in Preventive Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/246049.
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This study aimed to apply multidisciplinary analysis approaches and test two hypotheses that (1) there was a significant increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) from 2002 to 2010 in the city of Philadelphia and that (2) there were significant variations in the prevalence of DM across neighborhoods, and these variations were significantly related to the variations in the neighborhood physical and social environment (PSE). Data from the Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Surveys in 2002–2004 (period 1,n=8,567) and in 2008–2010 (period 2,n=8,747) were analyzed using a cross-sectional comparison approach. An index of neighborhood PSE was constructed from 8 specific measures. The results show that age-adjusted prevalence of DM increased from period 1 (10.20%) to period 2 (11.91%)(P<0.001). After adjusting age, sex, and survey years, an estimate of 12.14%, 18.33%, and 11.89% of the odds ratios for DM was related to the differences in the neighborhood PSE disadvantage, the prevalence of overweight/obesity, and those with lower education attendance, respectively. In conclusion, prevalence of DM significantly increased from 2002 to 2010 in the city of Philadelphia. In addition to risk factors for DM at personal level, neighborhood PSE disadvantage may play a critical role in the risk of DM.
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Begum, Thoin F., Ellen Kim, Lin Zhu, Yin Tan, Evelyn T. González, Marilyn A. Fraser, Yingzhang Lin, et al. "Abstract A040: Examining the geographical distribution of a colorectal cancer awareness community outreach program." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 12_Supplement (December 1, 2023): A040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp23-a040.
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Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant health issue in the United States, ranking as the third most diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The incidence of CRC varies across the east coast of the United States due to multiple factors, including disparities in lifestyle, healthcare accessibility, and environmental exposures. Community-based participatory research plays a vital role in identifying effective interventions to enhance awareness of cancer risk and prevention in specific communities. Methods: This study focused on Asian Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics residing in the Greater Philadelphia (PA), New Jersey (NJ), and New York City (NYC) areas. The Synergistic Partnership for Enhancing Equity in Cancer Health (SPEECH) collaborated with community-based organizations' leaders and staff to streamline recruitment, workshop delivery, and survey data collection. The workshop curriculum covered essential CRC information, including facts, dietary habits, and screening guidelines. Pre- and post-workshop surveys were used to assess changes in CRC knowledge and screening intention. The distribution of participants was analyzed using Arc GIS. Results: [GXM1] The study population consisted of 212 Asian, 172 Hispanic/Latino, and 126 African American/Black participants. Geographical data was obtainable for 486 participants, primarily from New York (n=286, 58.8%), Pennsylvania (n=150, 30.9%), and New Jersey (n=49, 10.1%). These states form the Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York City (PNN) region, which is known for its high concentrations of neighborhoods experiencing persistent poverty, especially in areas densely populated by minorities. Distinct examples include neighborhoods within the Bronx borough of New York City and Philadelphia County in Pennsylvania. Alarmingly, in some counties within the PNN region, as many as 26% of the census tracts are categorized as persistently impoverished. This pattern of concentrated poverty is supported by several existing studies and research reports. Conclusions: The distribution of participants aligned with the study area of SPEECH and areas characterized by persistent poverty. These findings provide valuable insights to guide efforts in improving cancer health equity in the identified regions. Citation Format: Thoin F. Begum, Ellen Kim, Lin Zhu, Yin Tan, Evelyn T. González, Marilyn A. Fraser, Yingzhang Lin, Nathaly Rubio-Torio, Tenya Blackwell, Carolyn Martin, Safa Ibrahim, Ming-Chin Yeh, Grace X. Ma. Examining the geographical distribution of a colorectal cancer awareness community outreach program [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A040.
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Zhang, Yiru, Ken Tamminga, and Hong Wu. "Interweaving Computational and Tacit Knowledge to Design Nature-Based Play Networks in Underserved Communities." Land 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030350.
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Children are often the most disadvantaged cohort during miserable situations of natural disaster, economic crisis, and environmental degradation. Meanwhile, children’s play is increasingly controlled, costly, and standardized with engineered structures and surfaces rather than infused with natural processes and organic materials. Access to nature-based playscapes in underserved neighborhoods is extremely limited, impacted by disparities of race, class, and gender. In these contexts, neglected vacant lots and streets and related interstitial spaces can be redesigned as playscapes that support active, engaged, meaningful, and socially interactive play. Our study addresses the ample opportunity to re-engage kids and city nature in underserved neighborhoods in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. Methodologically, we balance systemic GIS spatial data approaches with informal and experiential—or tacit—site-based analyses. This mixed-methods approach helps identify local patterns of insecurity, children’s circulation, and natural resource possibilities. Finally, a play network with eight playscape themes is revealed as an emergent pattern that we termed green play infrastructure. These themes provide examples of activities and opportunities for future programs that fit their surrounding context. The mixed-methods approach fills a gap in children’s play literature and illustrates how green play infrastructure can serve as a key strategy in improving children’s lives in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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Li, Xiaojiang. "Investigating the spatial distribution of resident’s outdoor heat exposure across neighborhoods of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania using urban microclimate modeling." Sustainable Cities and Society 72 (September 2021): 103066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103066.
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Mar, Krista, Yawei Song, Khaldoun Hamade, Maria Katerina Alfaro, Alex Wrem, Christopher McNair, and Amy Leader. "Abstract A017: Identifying priority neighborhoods for mobile cancer screening using georeferenced data." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): A017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-a017.
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Abstract Background: Mobile screening units (MSUs) are an evidence-based approach known to reduce barriers and increase access to preventive services such as cancer screening. Less is known about how to plan and prioritize where MSUs are deployed to maximize impact and reduce the burden of disease. We used a geographic-based approach to create an index to identify which census tracts were of greatest priority for cancer screening, thereby creating a priority scoring metric for deploying the MSU across our 7-county cancer center catchment area. Methods: We assessed publicly available data reported at the census tract level for cancer relevance, choosing those data that were most likely to be associated with disparities in cancer screening or outcomes. This included data from the Social Vulnerability Index (socioeconomic status, percent of residents without health insurance, percent of residents reporting minority race or ethnicity, percent renting their housing, and percent with no transportation) as well as data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Places on the percent screened for breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colon cancer. Data was transformed from CDC Places to be percentage in need of breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colon screening rather than percentage screened. To construct the index, each of the variables was ranked from highest to lowest across all census tracts in Pennsylvania and New Jersey with a non-zero population (n=1,184). A percentile rank was then calculated for each census tract over each of these variables. Finally, an overall percentile rank for each tract was calculated. Index scores could range from 0.000000 (low priority for cancer screening) to 1.000000 (high priority for cancer screening). Results: There are 1,184 census tracts within our cancer center catchment area. Gloucester County NJ has the fewest census tracts (n=63) while Philadelphia County PA has the most census tracts (n=384). The mean index score across all census tracts was 0.400593 (SD = .198556) with a range of 0.000000 to 0.938343. Philadelphia County had the highest mean index score (0.400953) while Bucks County PA had the lowest mean index score (0.281576). In Philadelphia County, 76% of census tracts are above the mean index score, indicating high need for cancer screening, while in Bucks County, only 22% of census tracts are above the mean index score. A catchment area map by census tract visualizes the index score across the counties. Conclusion: A cancer screening index for census tracts in a cancer center catchment area can be used to prioritize resources such as a MSU in an evidenced-based manner. Next steps involve validating the index score against cancer disparities data in our catchment area and creating disease specific index scores to use with cancer specific screening initiatives. Citation Format: Krista Mar, Yawei Song, Khaldoun Hamade, Maria Katerina Alfaro, Alex Wrem, Christopher McNair, Amy Leader. Identifying priority neighborhoods for mobile cancer screening using georeferenced data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A017.
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Watson, Megan, David Grande, Archana Radhakrishnan, Nandita Mitra, Katelyn R. Ward, and Craig Evan Pollack. "Racial Differences in Prostate Cancer Treatment: The Role of Socioeconomic Status." Ethnicity & Disease 27, no. 3 (July 20, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.27.3.201.
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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examines whether socioeconomic status (SES), measured at both the individual and neighborhood levels, is associated with receipt of definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer and whether these associations mediate racial differences in treatment between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black men. </p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The Philadelphia Area Prostate Cancer Access Study (P2 Access) is a mailed, cross-sectional survey of men sampled from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry, combined with neighborhood Census data. </p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Eight counties in southeastern Pennsylvania. </p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>2,386 men with prostate adenocarcinoma. </p><p><strong>Main Measures: </strong>Receipt of definitive treatment, race, self-reported income, education, employment status, and neighborhood SES. </p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, Black and White men were equally likely to receive definitive treatment. Men living in neighborhoods with higher SES were more likely to receive definitive treatment (OR 1.57, 95%CI 1.01, 2.42). Among men who received definitive treatment, Black men were significantly less likely to receive radical prostatectomy compared with White men (OR .71, 95% CI .52, .98), as were men with some college education compared with those with a high school education or less (OR .66, 95% CI .47, .94). SES does not mediate racial differences in receipt of definitive treatment or the type of definitive treatment received, and associations with income or employment status were not significant. </p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results stress the importance of examining racial disparities within geographic areas and highlight the unique associations that different measures of SES, particularly neighborhood SES and education, may have with prostate cancer treatment.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(3):201-208; doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.201. </p>
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Ma, Grace X., Steven E. Shive, Guo Zhang, Jennifer Aquilante, Yin Tan, Meagan Pharis, Cheryl Bettigole, et al. "Evaluation of a Healthy Chinese Take-Out Sodium-Reduction Initiative in Philadelphia Low-Income Communities and Neighborhoods." Public Health Reports 133, no. 4 (May 30, 2018): 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354918773747.
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Objectives: Sodium reduction in restaurant foods is important because 77% of sodium in the United States is consumed by eating prepared and restaurant foods. We evaluated a sodium-reduction intervention, Healthy Chinese Take-Out Initiative, among Chinese take-out restaurants in low-income neighborhoods in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Our objectives were to (1) analyze changes in the sodium content of food samples and (2) collect data on changes in chefs’ and owners’ knowledge about the health risks of sodium overconsumption, perceptions of the need for sodium reduction, self-efficacy for lowering sodium use, and perceptions of training needs for sodium-reduction strategies. Methods: The initiative trained chefs from 206 Chinese take-out restaurants on strategies to reduce sodium in prepared dishes. We analyzed changes in the sodium content of the 3 most frequently ordered dishes—shrimp and broccoli, chicken lo mein, and General Tso’s chicken—from baseline (July-September 2012) to 36 months after baseline (July-September 2015) among 40 restaurants. We conducted a survey to examine the changes in chefs’ and owners’ knowledge, perceptions, and self-efficacy of sodium reduction. We used multilevel analysis and repeated-measures analysis of variance to examine effects of the intervention on various outcomes. Results: We found significant reductions in the sodium content of all 3 dishes 36 months after a low-sodium cooking training intervention (coefficients range, –1.06 to –1.69, P < .001 for all). Mean knowledge (range, 9.2-11.1), perceptions (range, 4.6-6.0), and self-efficacy (range, 4.2-5.9) ( P < .001 for all) of sodium reduction improved significantly from baseline (August 2012) to posttraining (also August 2012), but perceptions of the need for sodium reduction and self-efficacy for lowering sodium use returned to baseline levels 36 months later (August 2015). Conclusions: The intervention was a useful population health approach that led to engaging restaurants in sodium-reduction practices. Local public health agencies and professionals could partner with independent restaurants to introduce environmental changes that can affect population health on a broad scale, particularly for vulnerable populations.
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Roman, Lara, Indigo Catton, Eric Greenfield, Hamil Pearsall, Theodore Eisenman, and Jason Henning. "Linking Urban Tree Cover Change and Local History in a Post-Industrial City." Land 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040403.
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Municipal leaders are pursuing ambitious goals to increase urban tree canopy (UTC), but there is little understanding of the pace and socioecological drivers of UTC change. We analyzed land cover change in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (United States) from 1970–2010 to examine the impacts of post-industrial processes on UTC. We interpreted land cover classes using aerial imagery and assessed historical context using archival newspapers, agency reports, and local historical scholarship. There was a citywide UTC increase of +4.3 percentage points. Substantial UTC gains occurred in protected open spaces related to both purposeful planting and unintentional forest emergence due to lack of maintenance, with the latter phenomenon well-documented in other cities located in forested biomes. Compared to developed lands, UTC was more persistent in protected open spaces. Some neighborhoods experienced substantial UTC gains, including quasi-suburban areas and depopulated low-income communities; the latter also experienced decreasing building cover. We identified key processes that drove UTC increases, and which imposed legacies on current UTC patterns: urban renewal, urban greening initiatives, quasi-suburban developments, and (dis)investments in parks. Our study demonstrates the socioecological dynamism of intra-city land cover changes at multi-decadal time scales and the crucial role of local historical context in the interpretation of UTC change.
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Edin, Kathryn, Timothy Nelson, Andrew Cherlin, and Robert Francis. "The Tenuous Attachments of Working-Class Men." Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.211.
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In this essay, we explore how working-class men describe their attachments to work, family, and religion. We draw upon in-depth, life history interviews conducted in four metropolitan areas with racially and ethnically diverse groups of working-class men with a high school diploma but no four-year college degree. Between 2000 and 2013, we deployed heterogeneous sampling techniques in the black and white working-class neighborhoods of Boston, Massachusetts; Charleston, South Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; and the Philadelphia/Camden area of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. We screened to ensure that each respondent had at least one minor child, making sure to include a subset potentially subject to a child support order (because they were not married to, or living with, their child's mother). We interviewed roughly even numbers of black and white men in each site for a total of 107 respondents. Our approach allows us to explore complex questions in a rich and granular way that allows unanticipated results to emerge. These working-class men showed both a detachment from institutions and an engagement with more autonomous forms of work, childrearing, and spirituality, often with an emphasis on generativity, by which we mean a desire to guide and nurture the next generation. We also discuss the extent to which this autonomous and generative self is also a haphazard self, which may be aligned with counterproductive behaviors. And we look at racial and ethnic difference in perceptions of social standing.
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Tull, Stephen W. "Sustainable Neighborhood Public Outreach: I-95 GIR Archaeological Investigations in Philadelphia." Advances in Archaeological Practice 8, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2020.17.
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ABSTRACTThe Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration are undertaking a long-term, multiphase project to improve and rebuild Interstate 95 (I-95) in Pennsylvania, within the historic city of Philadelphia. Given the complex urban setting, the archaeological subsurface testing for the I-95 Girard Avenue Interchange Improvement Project is being guided by a programmatic agreement under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and a categorical exclusion under the National Environmental Policy Act. Through data-recovery excavations, the contractor for the project, AECOM, has documented 30 historical-period and Native American archaeological sites. The project includes its own professional journal, live interactive reporting, and a public archaeology center.
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Reardon, Kenneth M. "Reviews : Philadelphia: Neighborhoods, Division and Conflict in a Postindustrial City Carolyn Adams, David Bartelt, David Elesh, Ira Goldstein, Nancy Kleniewski, and William Yancey Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1991. 210 pages. $34.95 (HB). Harold Washington and the Neighborhoods: Progressive City Government in Chicago, 1983-1987 Pierre Clavel and Wim Wiewel, Editors Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1991. 307 pages. $45.00 (HB), $16.00 (PB." Journal of Planning Education and Research 13, no. 1 (October 1993): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9301300114.
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Houser, Kimberly, Eric S. McCord, and Jason Nicholson. "The Influence of Neighborhood Risk Factors on Parolee Recidivism in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." Prison Journal 98, no. 3 (April 3, 2018): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885518764899.
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Recidivism research has largely addressed individual-level attributes, neglecting the role of the neighborhood context. Following a sample of 4,851 parolees returning to the City of Philadelphia in 2007 and 2008, the current study examines the role of the neighborhood context and nonresidential land uses (both risk and protective factors) in reincarceration and time to reincarceration. Although our findings suggest limited support for the neighborhood context in explaining reincarceration, we found that the presence of beer bars and liquor outlets within walking distance of a parolee’s home increased their likelihood of reincarceration and reduced their time in the community.
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Guerra, Carmen E., Vicki Sallee, Wei-Ting Hwang, Brenda Bryant, Armenta L. Washington, Samuel U. Takvorian, Robert Schnoll, et al. "Accrual of Black participants to cancer clinical trials following a five-year prospective initiative of community outreach and engagement." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.100.
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100 Background: Accrual of Black participants to cancer clinical trials remains a major challenge across the country. Here, we report the outcomes of a five-year initiative of community outreach and engagement to improve enrollment of adult Black participants to clinical trials at the Abramson Cancer Center (ACC) at the University of Pennsylvania. Methods: Primary metrics were the percentage of Black patients among all cancer cases in our catchment area, the percentage of adult Black patients cared for at the ACC, and the percentage of adult Black participants enrolled on the three types of NCI-defined clinical trials. Results: In 2014, at baseline, Black residents comprised 19% of the population and 16.5% of cancer cases in our catchment area surrounding Philadelphia, but only 11.1% of ACC patients were Black. The percentages of Black participants accrued onto treatment, non-therapeutic interventional, and non-interventional trials were 12.2%, 8.3%, and 13.0%, respectively. We then established a center-wide program with community guidance to address these gaps. Key elements of the program included: 1) culturally tailored marketing strategies for cancer clinical trials; 2) plans for each protocol to facilitate Black participant enrollment; 3) new partnerships with faith-based organizations serving Black communities to conduct educational events about clinical trials; 4) pilot programs with Lyft and Ride Health to address transportation barriers; 5) patient education by nurse navigators regarding cancer and clinical trials; and 6) an improved informed consent process. These efforts reached more than 10,000 individuals in venues including churches, neighborhoods, community parks and centers, and health centers with formats ranging from educational forums to wellness fairs. Reassessing metrics in 2018, we found that the percentage of Black patients seen at ACC had increased to 16.2%, matching the percentage of Black cancer patients among all cancer cases in our catchment area (16.5%). Total cancer clinical trial accrual had increased from 9,308 participants in 2014 to 13,170 in 2018 (41.5% increase). The percentages of Black participants accrued onto treatment, non-therapeutic interventional, and non-interventional trials were 23.9%, 33.1%, and 22.5%, respectively – a 1.7- to 4.0-fold increase in five years and higher than the percentage of Black patients seen at the ACC. Conclusions: Our multifaceted, community-based engagement initiative to encourage clinical trial enrollment was associated with improved accrual of Black participants to cancer clinical trials. These findings also suggest that gaps in access to cancer centers are a key factor driving access to clinical trials. Medicaid expansion occurred concurrently in all states in our catchment area and its impact on accrual merits further research.
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Clark, Katherine, Laura Gitlin, Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili, and Elizabeth Yutzey. "Drexel University’s Age-Friendly Strategy: Starting With Purposeful and Existing Engagement Mechanisms." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1807.
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Abstract In 2019, Drexel University became the first Age-Friendly University (AFU) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The College of Nursing and Health Profession’s AgeWell Collaboratory (a center without walls that aims to disrupt the healthcare system’s traditional approach to aging) is leading the Age-friendly Drexel Steering Committee, which is composed of leadership throughout the university. The Collaboratory purposefully connected the committee to four key mission-driven efforts in order to ensure sustainability: 1)Strategic planning, both at the university and college level 2)The institution’s research agenda 3)Existing programming and work groups (ie. The University Committee on Accessibility and the School of Professional Development and Institutional Advancement’s efforts to engage more older adults),4) Community engagement efforts, such as the City of Philadelphia’s Age-friendly initiative and the university’s community outreach hub, the Dornsife Center for Neighborhood Partnerships. This presentation will discuss how to leverage the AFU movement through mission-driven efforts among senior leadership, faculty, staff and students.
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Goldstein, Neal D., Jessica L. Webster, Lucy F. Robinson, and Seth L. Welles. "Disparities of COVID-19 and HIV Occurrence Based on Neighborhood Infection Incidence in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." American Journal of Public Health 112, no. 3 (March 2022): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306538.
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Objectives. To evaluate the occurrence of HIV and COVID-19 infections in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, through July 2020 and identify ecological correlates driving racial disparities in infection incidence. Methods. For each zip code tabulation area, we created citywide comparison Z-score measures of COVID-19 cases, new cases of HIV, and the difference between the scores. Choropleth maps were used to identify areas that were similar or dissimilar in terms of disease patterning, and weighted linear regression models helped identify independent ecological predictors of these patterns. Results. Relative to COVID-19, HIV represented a greater burden in Center City Philadelphia, whereas COVID-19 was more apparent in Northeast Philadelphia. Areas with a greater proportion of Black or African American residents were overrepresented in terms of both diseases. Conclusions. Although race is a shared nominal upstream factor that conveys increased risk for both infections, an understanding of separate structural, demographic, and economic risk factors that drive the overrepresentation of COVID-19 cases in racial/ethnic communities across Philadelphia is critical. Public Health Implications. Difference-based measures are useful in identifying areas that are underrepresented or overrepresented with respect to disease occurrence and may be able to elucidate effective or ineffective mitigation strategies. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(3):408–416. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306538 )
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Jacoby, Sara F., Charles C. Branas, Daniel N. Holena, and Elinore J. Kaufman. "Beyond survival: the broader consequences of prehospital transport by police for penetrating trauma." Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 5, no. 1 (November 2020): e000541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2020-000541.
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BackgroundTime to definitive hemorrhage control is a primary driver of survival after penetrating injury. For these injuries, mortality outcomes after prehospital transport by police and emergency medical service (EMS) providers are comparable. In this study we identify patient and geographic predictors of police transport relative to EMS transport and describe perceptions of police transport elicited from key stakeholders.MethodsThis mixed methods study was conducted in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which has the highest rate of police transport nationally. Patient data were drawn from Pennsylvania’s trauma registry and geographic data from the US Census and American Community Survey. For all 7500 adults who presented to Philadelphia trauma centers with penetrating injuries, 2006–2015, we compared how individual and geospatial characteristics predicted the odds of police versus EMS transport. Concurrently, we conducted qualitative interviews with patients, police officers and trauma clinicians to describe their perceptions of police transport in practice.ResultsPatients who were Black (OR 1.50; 1.20–1.88) and Hispanic (OR 1.38; 1.05–1.82), injured by a firearm (OR 1.58; 1.19–2.10) and at night (OR 1.48; 1.30–1.69) and who presented with decreased levels of consciousness (OR 1.18; 1.02–1.37) had higher odds of police transport. Neighborhood characteristics predicting police transport included: percent of Black population (OR 1.18; 1.05–1.32), vacant housing (OR 1.40; 1.20–1.64) and fire stations (OR 1.32; 1.20–1.44). All stakeholders perceived speed as police transport’s primary advantage. For patients, disadvantages included pain and insecurity while in transport. Police identified occupational health risks. Clinicians identified occupational safety risks and the potential for police transport to complicate the workflow.ConclusionsPolice transport may improve prompt access to trauma care but should be implemented with consideration of the equity of access and broad stakeholder perspectives in efforts to improve outcomes, safety, and efficiency.Level of evidenceEpidemiological study, level III.
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Koh, Celina, Michelle C. Kondo, Heather Rollins, and Usama Bilal. "Socioeconomic Disparities in Hypertension by Levels of Green Space Availability: A Cross-Sectional Study in Philadelphia, PA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042037.
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Green spaces have been proposed as equigenic factors, potentially mitigating health disparities. We used data from the 3887 participants residing in Philadelphia who participated in the Public Health Management Corporation’s Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey in 2014–2015 to assess whether socioeconomic disparities in hypertension are modified by availability of neighborhood-level green spaces. Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured using individual-level education and neighborhood-level median household income. Green space availability was measured using surrounding percent tree canopy cover, mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and proximity to nearest park. Using logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, we found that adults with higher educational attainment had significantly lower levels of hypertension (OR = 0.63, 0.57, and 0.36 for high school, some college, and college graduates, respectively, as compared to those with less than high school education), and this pattern was similar for median household income (higher prevalence in lower income areas). We found no significant interaction between education and percent tree canopy cover (p = 0.83), meaning that educational disparities in hypertension were similar across all levels of green space availability. These results held when using mean NDVI or distance to nearest park as availability measures, or when considering neighborhood-level median household income as the socioeconomic measure, although the specific patterns and significance of interactions varied by exposure and modifier. While socioeconomic disparities in hypertension are strong for adults residing in Philadelphia, green spaces did not seem to modify them.
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Calavita, Nico. "Reviews : The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods W. Dennis Keating Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1994. 274 pages. $24.95 (PB). Residential Apartheid: The American Legacy Robert D. Bullard, J. Eugene Grigsby III, and Charles Lee, Editors Center for Afro-American Studies Publications, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 1994. 310 pages. $19.95 (PB." Journal of Planning Education and Research 15, no. 2 (January 1996): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9601500212.
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Areli Calderón, T., K. A. Feemster, M. G. Eberhart, S. E. Coffin, A. M. Buttenheim, and N. D. Goldstein. "Association of neighborhood characteristics with pertussis diagnosis in a retrospective cohort of children born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." Annals of Epidemiology 36 (August 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.06.032.
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Marcu, Gabriela, Roy Aizen, Alexis M. Roth, Stephen Lankenau, and David G. Schwartz. "Acceptability of smartphone applications for facilitating layperson naloxone administration during opioid overdoses." JAMIA Open 3, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooz068.
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Abstract Objective We investigated user requirements for a smartphone application to coordinate layperson administration of naloxone during an opioid overdose. Materials and Methods We conducted interviews and focus groups with 19 nonmedical opioid users and other community members in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which has one of the highest overdose rates in the country. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results We found high levels of trust and reliance within one’s own social group, especially nonmedical opioid users and members of the neighborhood. Participants distrusted outsiders, including professional responders, whom they perceived as uncaring and prejudiced. Participants expressed some concern over malicious use of a location-based application, such as theft when a victim is unconscious, but overall felt the benefits could outweigh the risks. Participants also trusted community-based organizations providing services such as bystander training and naloxone distribution, and felt that a smartphone application should be integrated into these services. Discussion Individuals affected by opioid use and overdose reacted positively to the concept for a smartphone application, which they perceived as a useful tool that could help combat the high rate of opioid overdose fatalities in their neighborhood. A sense of unity with others who have shared their experiences could be leveraged to connect willing bystanders with victims of overdose, but risk must be mitigated for layperson responders. Conclusion Based on participant experiences with overdoses, trust-based considerations for the design of smartphone applications to facilitate layperson response will be critical for their adoption and use in real overdose situations.
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Lê-Scherban, Félice, Irene Headen, Adena M. Klem, Kelley Traister, Erikka Gilliam, Maggie Beverly, Matthew Jannetti, Joanne Ferroni, and Amy Carroll-Scott. "Research and Evaluation in a Child-Focused Place-Based Initiative: West Philly Promise Neighborhood." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 9 (May 4, 2023): 5716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095716.
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Place-based initiatives attempt to reduce persistent health inequities through multisectoral, cross-system collaborations incorporating multiple interventions targeted at varying levels from individuals to systems. Evaluations of these initiatives may be thought of as part of the community change process itself with a focus on real-time learning and accountability. We described the design, implementation, challenges, and initial results of an evaluation of the West Philly Promise Neighborhood, which is a comprehensive, child-focused place-based initiative in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Priorities for the evaluation were to build processes for and a culture of ongoing data collection, monitoring, and communication, with a focus on transparency, accountability, and data democratization; establish systems to collect data at multiple levels, with a focus on multiple uses of the data and future sustainability; and adhere to grant requirements on data collection and reporting. Data collection activities included the compilation of neighborhood-level indicators; the implementation of a program-tracking system; administrative data linkage; and neighborhood, school, and organizational surveys. Baseline results pointed to existing strengths in the neighborhood, such as the overwhelming majority of caregivers reporting that they read to their young children (86.9%), while other indicators showed areas of need for additional supports and were programmatic focuses for the initiative (e.g., about one-quarter of young children were not engaged in an early childhood education setting). Results were communicated in multiple formats. Challenges included aligning timelines, the measurement of relationship-building and other process-focused outcomes, data and technology limitations, and administrative and legal barriers. Evaluation approaches and funding models that acknowledge the importance of capacity-building processes and allow the development and measurement of population-level outcomes in a realistic timeframe are critical for measuring the success of place-based approaches.
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Prytherch, David L. "Miami Transformed: Rebuilding America One Neighborhood, One City at a Time by MannyDiaz. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. 192 pp. $29.95." Political Science Quarterly 129, no. 1 (March 2014): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polq.12168.
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Johnson, Nicole J., Caterina G. Roman, Alyssa K. Mendlein, Courtney Harding, Melissa Francis, and Laura Hendrick. "Exploring the Influence of Drug Trafficking Gangs on Overdose Deaths in the Largest Narcotics Market in the Eastern United States." Social Sciences 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9110202.
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Research has found that drug markets tend to cluster in space, potentially because of the profit that can be made when customers are drawn to areas with multiple suppliers. But few studies have examined how these clusters of drug markets—which have been termed “agglomeration economies”—may be related to accidental overdose deaths, and in particular, the spatial distribution of mortality from overdose. Focusing on a large neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, known for its open-air drug markets, this study examines whether deaths from accidental drug overdose are clustered around street corners controlled by drug trafficking gangs. This study incorporates theoretically-informed social and physical environmental characteristics of street corner units into the models predicting overdose deaths. Given a number of environmental changes relevant to drug use locations was taking place in the focal neighborhood during the analysis period, the authors first employ a novel concentration metric—the Rare Event Concentration Coefficient—to assess clustering of overdose deaths annually between 2015 and 2019. The results of these models reveal that overdose deaths became less clustered over time and that the density was considerably lower after 2017. Hence, the predictive models in this study are focused on the two-year period between 2018 and 2019. Results from spatial econometric regression models find strong support for the association between corner drug markets and accidental overdose deaths. In addition, a number of sociostructural factors, such as concentrated disadvantage, and physical environmental factors, particularly blighted housing, are associated with a higher rate of overdose deaths. Implications from this study highlight the need for efforts that strategically coordinate law enforcement, social service provision and reductions in housing blight targeted to particular geographies.
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Prussien, Kemar V., Andrea H. Roe, Veronica Bochenek, Jessica Wu, Sandy Luz, Seema Bhatnagar, and Kandace Gollomp. "Socioeconomic and Inflammatory Correlates of Plasma Cortisol Among Individuals with Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 3893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-181918.
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Introduction: Cortisol plays a critical role in the biological link between stress and health outcomes. It is frequently investigated in the association between socioeconomic stress and morbidity, and the hypothesized biological mechanism by which socioeconomic stress and cortisol impact health is through chronically elevated systemic inflammation. This research is relevant to individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) for several reasons. First, up to 40% of children and adolescents with SCD are impacted by neighborhood poverty. Furthermore, individuals with SCD are faced with significant disease-related morbidities, such as chronic and acute pain, renal injury, and cerebrovascular disease that are further complicated by elevated inflammatory markers. Finally, cortisol is heavily understudied in this population, with no research investigating socioeconomic or inflammatory correlates. The purpose of this study was to investigate plasma cortisol and its association with neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors (income and poverty) and immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10), among individuals with SCD. Method: Plasma from individuals with SCD within Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (Penn Medicine) BioBanks were identified. A cortisol radioimmunoassay was used to determine plasma cortisol levels. The Olink immune response panel was used to measure plasma levels of 92 proteins involved in inflammatory pathways. Home address collected from electronic health records was used to determine neighborhood census tract geoid, which was then used to collect data on median neighborhood income and percentage of families living in poverty from the 2020 American Census Survey. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted across 4 subgroups in the total sample: pediatric patients, adult patients, SCA (HbSS/HbSß 0), and other SCD genotypes (HbSC/HbSß +). Control samples (healthy and sickle cell trait; n = 22) without neighborhood information were also available for comparison. Results: Fifty-four independent outpatient samples were identified after excluding duplicates and siblings. Twenty-seven samples were from children and adolescents receiving pediatric care at CHOP (Range age = .8 to 21; Mage= 13.6, SD = 5.3; 51.9% female, 74.1% SCA) and 27 samples were from adults receiving care at Penn Medicine (Range age = 19 to 56; Mage= 35.8, SD = 10.1; 51.9% female, 51.9% SCA). There were no significant differences in cortisol levels across each subgroup ( Mpeds= 16.6, SDpeds = 6.2; Madult= 13.4, SDadult = 6.9; MSCA= 15.1, SDSCA = 7.1; MSCD= 14.9, SDSCD = 6.3). Neighborhood income and poverty did not differ across pediatric and adult patients, and income did not differ across SCD types. However, neighborhood poverty was lower among patients with SCA ( M = 13.9; SD = 11.9) relative to other SCD genotypes ( M = 21.7; SD = 13.5; p = .041). Bivariate Spearman analyses found that neighborhood variables were not correlated with cortisol or cytokines in the total sample or subgroups. Yet, multivariate analyses controlling for sex and time of blood draw showed a positive main effect for patient age ( p = .019) and a significant age by poverty interaction ( p = .041) predicting cortisol among pediatric patients. Cortisol levels were higher with age, yet the association among poverty and cortisol was strongest in younger patients. Analyses also showed a sex*poverty interaction among pediatric patients that approached significance ( p = .081), such that poverty only predicted cortisol in male patients. There were no significant differences for immunomodulatory cytokines across each SCD subgroups; however, IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated in patients with SCA relative to healthy controls ( p IL6 = .021; p IL10 = .003). Bivariate Spearman correlations showed that cortisol was positively related to IL-6 (rho [ρ]= .38, p = .027) and IL-10 (ρ= .34, p = .048) among patients with SCA. There were no additional significant bivariate or multivariate effects. Conclusion: Neighborhood factors likely have downstream effects on the biological stress response and inflammation in SCD. Further research must be conducted to elucidate concurrent and prospective associations among neighborhood socioeconomic factors, stress-related cortisol response, and inflammatory outcomes when extending this work to investigate the impact of stress on SCD morbidity and mortality.
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Lynch, Shannon M., Yinuo Yin, and Elizabeth Handorf. "Abstract A03: Applying machine learning approaches to social environmental data from the U.S. Census in cancer studies: Challenges and considerations." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 29, no. 9_Supplement (September 1, 2020): A03. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.modpop19-a03.
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Abstract Background: The precision medicine initiative calls for the study of genes, behaviors, and environment to improve disease prevention. There is a growing body of research supporting the role of social environment (i.e., the neighborhood in which one lives) in cancer health disparities. However, recent efforts have focused on applying empiric, high-dimensional computing approaches to genetic data, with less of an emphasis on environment. In this study, we adapted and applied empiric machine learning approaches to identify which method would be most effective at evaluating the effects of social environment on advanced prostate cancer in a simulated dataset. As is common in high-dimensional data, we encountered (and will present) statistical challenges that arose during analysis, specifically related to multicollinearity. Methods: Pennsylvania Prostate Cancer Registry data from 1995-2005 were linked to publicly available social environmental data from the 2000 U.S. Census via a geocode at the census tract level using ArcGIS software. This primary data consisted of 86,629 prostate cancer cases and 14,663 census variables. U.S. Census variables, which are defined in terms of neighborhood socioeconomic variables, such as education, income, employment, etc., are known to be highly correlated. A simulated dataset was created using the data structure of our primary dataset, where a set of 10 prespecified variables were independent predictors of a binary outcome, and the remaining 990 variables had no effect. Test and training sets were created and various machine learning approaches were applied and compared: standard regression models (REG), Lasso penalized regression (LASSO), elastic net regression (ELNET), and random forest (RF). The most successful method at identifying “true” variables (or highly correlated surrogates), limiting false-positive results, and consistently replicating findings was considered the most effective approach. Simulations were repeated 500 times, and results summarized. Results: Over the 500 simulations, the methods identified 6.3 (REG), 6.4 (LASSO), 8.2 (ELNET), and 10 (RF) of the 10 true (or highly correlated surrogate) variables. In addition, 38.8 (REG), 13.3 (LASSO), 49.9 (ELNET), and 65 (RF) false positive variables were identified. RF consistently replicated the selection of all 10 variables across simulations 100% of the time, whereas LASSO was consistently unable to identify 2 of the 10 true variables. Conclusions: Preliminary findings suggest a combination of RF and LASSO may be the most effective approach; LASSO has the best overall ability to identify true variables while avoiding false positives; RF identifies true variables consistently. Given that Lasso was unable to detect 2 of the true variables, we will also present findings from multivariate models to allow for adjustment due to residual confounding. Final results should be tested in a real data setting where additional considerations for multicollinearity would need to be explored. Citation Format: Shannon. M Lynch, Yinuo Yin, Elizabeth Handorf. Applying machine learning approaches to social environmental data from the U.S. Census in cancer studies: Challenges and considerations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Modernizing Population Sciences in the Digital Age; 2019 Feb 19-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A03.
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Klusaritz, Heather, Emily Paterson, Courtney Summers, Nida Al-Ramahi, Nawar Naseer, Helena Jeudin, Yuhnis Sydnor, et al. "Community-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Clinics in Medically Underserved Neighborhoods to Improve Access and Equity, Philadelphia, 2021–2022." American Journal of Public Health, October 27, 2022, e1-e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.307030.
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Vaccination remains key to reducing the risk of COVID-19–related severe illness and death. Because of historic medical exclusion and barriers to access, Black communities have had lower rates of COVID-19 vaccination than White communities. We describe the efforts of an academic medical institution to implement community-based COVID-19 vaccine clinics in medically underserved neighborhoods in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Over a 13-month period (April 2021–April 2022), the initiative delivered 9038 vaccine doses to community members, a majority of whom (57%) identified as Black. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 27, 2022:e1–e5. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307030 )
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Gadsden, Gabriel, Kristy Ferraro, and Nyeema C. Harris. "Energy efficient homes for rodent control across cityscapes." Environmental Research Letters, June 21, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5ab5.
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Abstract Cities spend millions of dollars on rodent mitigation to reduce public health risks. Despite these efforts, infestations often remain high. Rodents thrive in the built environment in part due to reduced natural predators and the exploitation of garbage. Though sanitation and greenspace are important factors in rodent mitigation, more complex governance and action are needed. Urban rodents are dynamic and commensal in nature, so understanding the influence of prolific urban features, like building attributes, warrants scrutiny and additionally intersects mitigation strategies with stakeholders at a localized level. Here, we model how residential structures’ efficiency influences urban rodent populations. To do so, we created an agent-based model using characteristics of urban brown rats and their natural predator, red foxes, based on three distinct neighborhoods in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We varied whether retrofitting occurred and its duration as well as the percent of initial energy-efficient homes in each neighborhood. We found that initial housing conditions, retrofitting, and the duration of retrofitting all significantly reduced final rodent populations. However, retrofitting was most effective in reducing rodent populations in neighborhoods with extensive park access and low commercial activity. Additionally, across neighborhoods, single large efficiency initiatives showed greater potential for rodent reduction. Lastly, we show that the costs of large-scale retrofitting schemes are comparable to ten-year public health spending, demonstrating that retrofitting may have the potential to offset near-term costs. Our results showcase how system-view investments in integrated pest management can lead to sustained rodent pest mitigation and advance sustainable development goals, infrastructure innovation (Goal #9), reduced inequalities (Goal #10), and sustainable cities and communities (Goal #11). 
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Mogil, Samantha, Evanah Hill, and Jennifer Quinlan. "Characterization of the shopping preferences and needs of low-income consumers living in food deserts." British Food Journal, November 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2021-0423.
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Purpose Lack of access to supermarkets and fresh produce continues to be a problem for low income consumers in many countries. The purpose of this research was to identify the shopping preferences and needs of such consumers in the Eastern U.S. Additionally, the research sought to determine the interest and preferences of low income consumers in a mobile grocery intervention which would provide neighborhoods with a consistent, convenient shopping experience. Design/methodology/approach A mixed methods approach included conducting focus groups in low-income neighborhoods in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. and a quantitative survey (n = 202) administered via Survey Monkey to low-income consumers. Thematic analysis was conducted on focus group data and surveys were administered and analyzed to assess applicability of themes identified to consumers over a larger geographic area. Findings Results indicated that consumers in food desert neighborhoods reported an interest in purchasing a wide range of food staples, household goods, and personal items from any shopping intervention. Participants indicated a need for a more convenient overall shopping experience for a range of foods and goods in addition to fresh food choices. Findings indicate that mobile interventions to increase food access may benefit from expanding products available through the intervention beyond fresh produce and perishable goods. Originality/value This research explored purchasing preferences with low income consumers living in food deserts. It identifies products and goods they would prefer to see in an intervention to increase food access and is unique in that it explores the wants and preferences of consumers living in food deserts.
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Mullachery, Pricila H., Usama Bilal, Ran Li, and Leslie A. McClure. "Area-Level Social Vulnerability and Severe COVID-19: A Case–Control Study Using Electronic Health Records from Multiple Health Systems in the Southeastern Pennsylvania Region." Journal of Urban Health, May 13, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-024-00876-6.
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AbstractKnowledge about neighborhood characteristics that predict disease burden can be used to guide equity-based public health interventions or targeted social services. We used a case-control design to examine the association between area-level social vulnerability and severe COVID-19 using electronic health records (EHR) from a regional health information hub in the greater Philadelphia region. Severe COVID-19 cases (n = 15,464 unique patients) were defined as those with an inpatient admission and a diagnosis of COVID-19 in 2020. Controls (n = 78,600; 5:1 control-case ratio) were a random sample of individuals who did not have a COVID-19 diagnosis from the same geographic area. Retrospective data on comorbidities and demographic variables were extracted from EHR and linked to area-level social vulnerability index (SVI) data using ZIP codes. Models adjusted for different sets of covariates showed incidence rate ratios (IRR) ranging from 1.15 (95% CI, 1.13–1.17) in the model adjusted for individual-level age, sex, and marital status to 1.09 (95% CI, 1.08–1.11) in the fully adjusted model, which included individual-level comorbidities and race/ethnicity. The fully adjusted model indicates that a 10% higher area-level SVI was associated with a 9% higher risk of severe COVID-19. Individuals in neighborhoods with high social vulnerability were more likely to have severe COVID-19 after accounting for comorbidities and demographic characteristics. Our findings support initiatives incorporating neighborhood-level social determinants of health when planning interventions and allocating resources to mitigate epidemic respiratory diseases, including other coronavirus or influenza viruses.
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South, Eugenia C., John M. MacDonald, Vicky W. Tam, Greg Ridgeway, and Charles C. Branas. "Effect of Abandoned Housing Interventions on Gun Violence, Perceptions of Safety, and Substance Use in Black Neighborhoods." JAMA Internal Medicine, December 5, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.5460.
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ImportanceStructural racism has resulted in long-standing disinvestment and dilapidated environmental conditions in Black neighborhoods. Abandoned houses signal neglect and foster stress and fear for residents, weakening social ties and potentially contributing to poor health and safety.ObjectiveTo determine whether abandoned house remediation reduces gun violence and substance-related outcomes and increases perceptions of safety and use of outdoor space.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cluster randomized trial was conducted from January 2017 to August 2020, with interventions occurring between August 2018 and March 2019. The study included abandoned houses across Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and surveys completed by participants living nearby preintervention and postintervention. Data analysis was performed from March 2021 to September 2022.InterventionsThe study consisted of 3 arms: (1) full remediation (installing working windows and doors, cleaning trash, weeding); (2) trash cleanup and weeding only; and (3) a no-intervention control.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDifference-in-differences mixed-effects regression models were used to estimate the effect of the interventions on multiple primary outcomes: gun violence (weapons violations, gun assaults, and shootings), illegal substance trafficking and use, public drunkenness, and perceptions of safety and time outside for nearby residents.ResultsA master list of 3265 abandoned houses was randomly sorted. From the top of this randomly sorted list, a total of 63 clusters containing 258 abandoned houses were formed and then randomly allocated to 3 study arms. Of the 301 participants interviewed during the preintervention period, 172 (57.1%) were interviewed during the postintervention period and were included in this analysis; participants were predominantly Black, and most were employed. Study neighborhoods were predominantly Black with high percentages of low-income households. Gun violence outcomes increased in all study arms, but increased the least in the full remediation arm. The full housing remediation arm, compared with the control condition, showed reduced weapons violations by −8.43% (95% CI, −14.68% to −1.19%), reduced gun assaults by −13.12% (95% CI, −21.32% to −3.01%), and reduced shootings by a nonsignificant −6.96% (95% CI, −15.32% to 3.03%). The trash cleanup arm was not associated with a significant differential change in any gun violence outcome. Instances of illegal substance trafficking and use and public drunkenness outcomes were not significantly affected by the housing remediation or trash cleanup treatment. Perceptions of neighborhood safety and time spent outside were unaffected by the intervention. The study arms did differ in a baseline characteristic and some preintervention trends, which raises questions regarding other potential nonmeasured differences between study arms that could have influenced estimates. No evidence of displacement of gun violence outcomes was found.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cluster randomized controlled trial among low-income, predominantly Black neighborhoods, inexpensive, straightforward abandoned housing remediation was directly linked to significant relative reductions in weapons violations and gun assaults, and suggestive reductions in shootings.Trial Registrationisrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN14973997
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Mcdonald, John F., and Jeffrey N. Carroll. "What explains the housing boomlet in the city of Philadelphia?" Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal, September 1, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.69554/hsgv7835.
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Since 2003 a sizeable shift has occurred in the location of new housing units in the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia metropolitan area, which consists of four suburban counties and Philadelphia County (the central city). The percentage of units located in the city of Philadelphia increased from an average of 4.6 per cent per year in the 1990s, to over 20 per cent during 2004–11, and to over 40 per cent starting in 2012. This paper stipulates that demand for new housing in the central city appears to be driven by the large increase in employment in the education and health services and, to a lesser extent, employment in business services. On the supply side, the city of Philadelphia facilitated housing supply in the central city by providing a ten-year abatement of property taxes for new housing and initiated the Neighborhood Transformation Initiative (NTI). NTI involved the sale of bonds to finance the demolition of abandoned structures and the assembly of land for development.
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Liang, Xiaofan, Seolha Lee, Hanzhou Chen, Benjamin De la Peña, and Clio Andris. "Characteristics of Jetters and Little Boxes: An Extensibility Study Using the Neighborhood Connectivity Survey." Social Inclusion 10, no. 3 (June 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i3.5366.
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Individuals connect to sets of places through travel, migration, telecommunications, and social interactions. This set of multiplex network connections comprises an individual’s “extensibility,” a human geography term that qualifies one’s geographic reach as locally‐focused or globally extensible. Here we ask: Are there clear signals of global vs. local extensibility? If so, what demographic and social life factors correlate with each type of pattern? To answer these questions, we use data from the Neighborhood Connectivity Survey conducted in Akron, Ohio, State College, Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (global sample N = 950; in model n = 903). Based on the location of a variety of connections (travel, phone call patterns, locations of family, migration, etc.), we found that individuals fell into one of four different typologies: (a) hyperlocal, (b) metropolitan, (c) mixed‐many, and (d) regional‐few. We tested whether individuals in each typology had different levels of local social support and different sociodemographic characteristics. We found that respondents who are white, married, and have higher educational attainment are significantly associated with more connections to a wider variety of places (more global connections), while respondents who are Black/African American, single, and with a high school level educational attainment (or lower) have more local social and spatial ties. Accordingly, the “urban poor” may be limited in their ability to interact with a variety of places (yielding a wide set of geographic experiences and influences), suggesting that wide extensibility may be a mark of privileged circumstances and heightened agency.
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Roman, Lara, Bailey Smith, Dana Dentice, Mindy Maslin, and Glen Abrams. "Monitoring Young Tree Survival with Citizen Scientists: The Evolving Tree Checkers Program in Philadelphia, PA." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2018.023.
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Citizen science programs are not static; they change over time in response to new program priorities and emerging technologies, as well as to improve work flow for program staff and volunteers. In this article, the authors present a case study of an evolving urban forestry citizen science program at the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, a nonprofit organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. The Tree Checkers program involves tree stewards recording data each summer about recently planted tree survival, growth, crown vigor, and maintenance, while also engaging their neighbors to encourage proper tree care. The program began in 2011, but changed in 2016 to use a new online data collection tool that was integrated into a larger tree data management system. Tree Checkers has also shifted to be more focused on rigorous data to report program performance and share information with researchers, whereas the earlier years of Tree Checkers were centered on enabling and encouraging neighborhood tree stewards to plan for tree care. A recent data quality evaluation showed that volunteer data was reasonably consistent with data reported by more experienced interns for tree survival, vigor, and trunk measurements, but stewardship variables were not interpreted and recorded consistently. By making rigorous data more central to Tree Checkers, program staff also sought to institutionalize monitoring within the organization, allowing for direct comparisons of outcomes year-to-year. The authors close with lessons learned that are relevant to other organizations seeking to create or enhance outcomes monitoring programs with citizen scientists.
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Auchincloss, Amy H., Saima Niamatullah, Maura Adams, Steven J. Melly, Jingjing Li, and Mariana Lazo. "Alcohol outlets and alcohol consumption in changing environments: prevalence and changes over time." Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 17, no. 1 (February 4, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13011-021-00430-6.
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Abstract Background To examine whether changes in density of neighborhood alcohol outlets affected changes in alcohol consumption 1-year after regulatory changes increased alcohol availability. Methods Person-level data came from a population-based cohort (aged 21–64) residing in/around the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania metropolitan area (2016–2018, N = 772). Fifty-eight percent lived in a state that began implementing new regulations (Pennsylvania) and the remainder lived in states without major regulatory changes (Delaware and New Jersey). Alcohol consumption was assessed as days per week (pw), drinks pw, high consumption (≥8 drinks pw), and binge drinking. Availability of off-premise alcohol outlets was assessed using 1-mile density and distance. Regression models adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, education, health status, state and population density. Results Cross-sectional analyses found that higher outlet density was associated with more alcohol consumption (days, drinks, high consumption; all p < 0.03) and residing farther from an outlet was associated with less alcohol consumption (days and drinks; all p < 0.04). In longitudinal analyses, relative to no change in outlets, exposure to more outlets was associated with 64% higher odds of drinking on more days pw (p < 0.049) and 55% higher odds of consuming more drinks pw (p < 0.081). However, the longitudinal association between changes in outlets and changes in consumption did not differ for residents in Pennsylvania vs. nearby states. In cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, outlets were not related to binge drinking. Conclusion Off-premise outlets were associated with alcohol consumption consistently in cross-sectional analysis and in some longitudinal analyses. Results can inform future studies that wish to evaluate longer-term changes in increased alcohol availability and effects on consumption.