Books: 'Negative regulators'

1

McPhee, Jennifer. ID-1 and GDF-8 as negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Behavioural Neuroscience Program, 1998.

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2

Beth, McNeil, and Johnson Denise J, eds. Patron behavior in libraries: A Handbook of Positive Approaches to Negative Situations. Chicago: American Library Association, 1996.

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3

Retnakaran, Ravi. Identification of RVR, a novel orphan nuclear receptor that acts as a negative regulator of transcription. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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4

ek, Slavoj Z. iz. Tarrying with the negative: Kant, Hegel, and the critique of ideology. Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.

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5

Li, Georgia Xiaojie. Both positive and negative regulatory elements may be required for the expression of the human VAMP-1 gene. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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6

Philippines. Foreign Investments Act of 1991, R.A. 7042: As amended by R.A. 8179 : implementing rules and regulations : second regular foreign investment negative list. [Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines: Dept. of Trade and Industry, 1996.

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7

Grafkina, Marina. Labor protection. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1173489.

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The textbook contains information on the legal, regulatory, organizational, and technical bases of labor protection; on the identification of dangerous and harmful factors; and on the impact of various negative factors on human health. Methods and means of protecting a person from the effects of harmful and dangerous industrial factors are disclosed. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation, approximate educational programs (in terms of the discipline "Labor Protection") in the specialties 15.02.15 "Technology of metalworking production"; 15.02.11 "Technical operation and maintenance of robotic production"; 15.02.14 " Equipment with automation tools for technological processes and production (by industry)". It is intended for students of secondary vocational educational institutions, and can also be used when conducting classes for university students in the main educational programs of the bachelor's degree in the discipline "Labor Protection".

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8

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs. Subcommittee on Financial Institutions Supervision, Regulation, and Deposit Insurance. Agency actions to reduce the negative impact of regulations on credit availability: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions Supervision, Regulation, and Deposit Insurance of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, June 29, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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9

Suryawan, Agus. Positive and negative regulators of adipocyte differentiation in primary culture. 1995.

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10

Negative regulators of hematopoiesis: Studies on their nature, action, and potential role in cancer therapy. New York, N.Y: New York Academy of Sciences, 1991.

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11

Najman, Albert, Athanasius Anagnostou, and Nicholas Dainiak. Negative regulators of hematopoiesis : Studies on their nature, action, and potential role in cancer therapy. New York Academy of Sciences, 1991.

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12

Athanasius, Anagostou, Dainiak Nicholas, Najman Albert, and International Conference on Negative Regulators of Hematopoiesis, (2nd : 1990 : Providence, R.I.), eds. Negative regulators of hematopoiesis: Studies of their nature, action, and potential role in cancer therapy. New York, N.Y: New York Academy of Sciences, 1991.

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13

Lech, Maciej, and Shrikant R. Mulay, eds. Negative Regulators of Innate Immunity and their Role in Host Responses to Injury and Infection. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-953-9.

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14

Anagnostou, Athanasius, and Nicholas Dainiak. Negative Regulators of Hematopoiesis: Studies on Their Nature, Action, and Potential Role in Cancer Therapy (Annals of the New York Academy of Scien). New York Academy of Sciences, 1991.

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15

Nelson, Taylor. MIC5271 - µCap Negative Low Dropout Regulator. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2017.

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16

Shvets, Anna. B7H4, a negative regulator of T cell immunity. 2006.

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17

European University Institute. Robert Schuman Centre., ed. Balancing positive and negative integration: The regulatory options for Europe. Badia Fiesolana: European University Institute, 1997.

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18

Nien, Weilun. Suppressor of Fused is a negative regulator of epidermal proliferation. 2007.

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19

Lal, Nilesh. Political Finance Assessment of Fiji. Edited by Yukihiko Hamada and Khushbu Agrawal. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.82.

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Fiji, being a transitional democracy with fragile institutional and regulatory mechanisms, is susceptible to the negative effects of money in politics. Yet for a very long time, regulations related to the funding of political parties, candidates and election campaigns, commonly known as political finance, were largely absent in the South Pacific country. Biased political appointments, corruption in the awards of public procurement tenders, cronyism and capture by business elites are some of the challenges that Fiji is vulnerable to, which thrive in an environment with insufficient institutional and legislative regulation of political finance. This report, which is the first of its kind, has undertaken a systematic study of the political finance regulatory framework in Fiji using an internationally developed, and tried and tested, analytical framework. The study is part of a larger International IDEA initiative to review political finance systems in selected countries in order to advance an evidence-based global policy debate on money in politics.

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20

Baldwin, Robert, and Martin Cave. Taming the Corporation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836186.001.0001.

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Virtually all enterprises are regulated in a host of ways and regulation is crucial not merely to economic success but to protecting consumer, worker, environmental, and an array of other interests. Regulation, though, is often seen negatively: as a tiresome interference with entrepreneurial activity. This negative vision is unhelpful in addressing business and other needs for productive forms of regulation. Taming the Corporation offers an alternative, positive, vision of regulation. It stresses the role of good regulation in allowing businesses to flourish, serve markets effectively, and respect broader interests. This paves the way for more productive regulatory designs. It looks at the characteristics of good regulation and provides businesses, consumers, and citizens with the arguments that they need when they push for regulatory controls that serve their needs. Understandings of regulation are also served by looking at the potentially positive roles of control strategies ranging from ‘command laws’ to ‘nudges’. The book, in addition, provides a more detailed examination of three key regulatory challenges in the modern world: regulating for sustainability; addressing global warming; and controlling digital platforms. Taming the Corporation offers a new vision of regulation—as a positive way to steer corporate power in productive and useful directions. It turns the traditional regulation discussion on its head. Regulatory theories are discussed but the book also uses numerous case examples to illustrate and address real life challenges.

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21

Bäumler, Jelena. Rise and Shine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0007.

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This article examines the concept, development and implementation of the no harm principle and its wider role in public international law. While generally acknowledged in international environmental law protecting other states from physical harm caused to their territory, in other areas of international law the principle is of increasing importance in order to find a balancing mechanism between colliding states’ interest in case of negative externalities caused by one state to the detriment of other states. The article traces implementations of the regulatory mechanism to focus on the adverse effect in other areas of public international law, ranging from trade and monetary agreements to invocation of the concept in current initiatives especially in the context of harmful tax competition and banking regulations. This will show the general capability to balance colliding states’ interest providing solutions for an increasingly interdependent world and giving meaning to the concept of a global community.

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22

Chen, Wenhao. The role and mechanisms of double negative regulatory T cells in the prevention of cardiac xenograft rejection. 2006.

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23

Rizzo, Dario Francesco Del. Negative and positive regulatory molecules in the control of cell proliferation along the erythroid line of differentiation. 1989.

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24

Thomson, Christopher W. The role of FCRgamma in double negative T regulatory cell function and their expansion by lentivirally-transduced dendritic cells. 2006.

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25

Pennington, Mark. Freedom, Regulation, and Public Policy. Edited by David Schmidtz and Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.28.

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This chapter explores the relationship between freedom, regulation, and public policy. Adopting a “non-ideal” approach, it argues that there is no necessary connection between different conceptions of liberty and any particular sort of regulatory/public policy framework. Both negative and positive conceptions of freedom require a role for “regulation,” but whether this “regulation” arises from public policy or is best left to emerge through private agency in a competitive environment is a matter that can only be resolved by theoretical speculation and empirical inquiry. Many disputes about the freedom-enhancing capacities of regulatory regimes ought to be addressed within a framework that combines social scientific theory and evidence to understand the “compliance problems” arising under alternative institutional arrangements.

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26

Vögele, Claus, Annika P. C. Lutz, and E. Leigh Gibson. Mood, Emotions, and Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.8.

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Mood and emotions are intrinsically involved with eating. This chapter discusses basic mechanisms, findings, and models that help our understanding of the interactions between eating and emotions, in both clinical and nonclinical populations. The finding that negative affect predicts EDs transdiagnostically, and that comorbidity with depressive disorders and anxiety disorders is the norm among patients with EDs suggests that EDs may not necessarily be restricted to domains of eating behavior and body image but may also be associated with significant difficulties in affective functioning. This chapter reviews the evidence relating to the notion that EDs are disturbances of mood regulation, in which regulatory strategies specifically related to eating and the body are used to diminish negative affect associated with food, body image, or stress.

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27

Flear, Mark L. Regulating New Technologies: EU Internal Market Law, Risk, and Socio-Technical Order. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198807216.003.0004.

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The chapter argues that, more than playing catch up with and being determined by technoscientific innovation, law also plays a leading role in the regulation of new technologies by shaping and directing the conditions of possibility for their development and market availability. The chapter charts some of the main ways in which EU internal market law retains its regulatory capacity and efficacy through techniques of negative and positive integration. These techniques centralize the harms or hazards relating to product safety as ‘the’ risks posed by new technologies. Designing regulation and limiting ‘risk’ (through it) marginalizes and obscures other kinds of harms or hazards to which it might pertain. The current regulatory design also depoliticizes, naturalizes, and quells contestation around the approach taken and obscures other potential framings of regulation, such as by human rights and bioethics.

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28

Chambers, Clare. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744009.003.0008.

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The introduction sets out the arguments of Against Marriage: An Egalitarian Defence of the Marriage-Free State. It starts with the question of the intended audience for the book, discussing the implications for those with both personal and political commitments. It outlines the negative thesis against marriage offered in Part One, and the positive thesis in favour of an alternative regulatory structure in Part Two. It summarizes the contents of each chapter. It also includes a discussion of the book’s location within ideal and non-ideal theory.

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29

van Leeuwen, Matthijs, and Martha Roggenkamp. Regulating Electricity Storage in the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0009.

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The chapter discusses the EU regulatory framework governing electricity storage. The obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the subsequent increase of electricity production from intermittent renewable energy sources is causing problems for balancing demand and supply, thus also balancing networks. Electricity storage is key to managing any excess electricity production and avoiding negative prices. However, this development takes place in a liberalized energy market, where network operators must act independently from production and supply. Establishing the purpose of electricity storage and where storage can or should be placed is crucial. The authors present the reasons for and the types of electricity storage available; analyse the EU legal framework ; identify potential obstacles; and present pros and cons for positioning storage in the electricity system. Finally, they discuss whether the EU Commission’s proposal to legislate electricity storage meets the requirements for providing cost efficiency and thus provides sufficient regulatory certainty.

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30

Fleurke, Floor M. Catastrophic Climate Change, Precaution, and the Risk/Risk Dilemma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795896.003.0011.

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Whilst the seriousness of a given problem may call for immediate and targeted intervention, the ensuing uncertain impacts on other elements of inter-connected systems may be equally deleterious. Climate change is a prime example of such a risk/risk dilemma. The risk of inaction must be weighed against the risk of resorting to increasingly tempting responses to mitigate or adapt to the effects of climate change. The precautionary principle might offer some guidance in this risk/risk arena. Precaution is a tool to deal with uncertain risks without dictating outcomes. Although it is commonly associated with a negative regulatory tilt, it can also serve to warrant and mandate the use of, for example, a new technology or substance in order to reduce risks. This chapter explores the dilemma of risk/risk trade-offs in the face of potentially catastrophic climate change, and examines the contours of a precautionary regulatory response to such impasses.

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31

Reinert, Kenneth A. Housing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499440.003.0009.

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This chapter considers housing as a basic good that satisfies critical basic human needs for shelter. Housing satisfies not only the human need for shelter but also as a place in which the provision of other basic goods can occur. The chapter also considers the widespread but unknown extent of housing deprivation and the consequent negative impacts for well-being, including health. It examines the subsistence right to housing and the role of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It also examines the issue of refugees and displaced people, urban slums, approaches to housing provision, and regulatory frameworks.

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32

Cukierman, Alex. Central Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.64.

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The first CBs were private institutions that were given a monopoly over the issuance of currency by government in return for help in financing the budget and adherence to the rules of the gold standard. Under this standard the price of gold in terms of currency was fixed and the CB could issue or retire domestic currency only in line with gold inflows or outflows. Due to the scarcity of gold this system assured price stability as long as it functioned. Wars and depressions led to the replacement of the gold standard by the more flexible gold exchange standard. Along with restrictions on international capital flows this standard became a major pillar of the post–WWII Bretton Woods system. Under this system the U.S. dollar (USD) was pegged to gold, and other countries’ exchange rates were pegged to the USD. In many developing economies CBs functioned as governmental development banks.Following the world inflation of the 1970s and the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, eradication of inflation gradually became the explicit number one priority of CBs. The hyperinflationary experiences of the first half of the 20th century, which were mainly caused by over-utilization of the printing press to finance budgetary expenditures, convinced policymakers in developed economies, following Germany’s lead, that the conduct of monetary policy should be delegated to instrument independent CBs, that governments should be prohibited from borrowing from them, and that the main goal of the CB should be price stability. During the late 1980s and the 1990s numerous CBs obtained instrument independence and started to operate on inflation targeting systems. Under this system the CB is expected to use interest rate policy to deliver a low inflation rate in the long run and to stabilize fluctuations in economic activity in the short and medium terms. In parallel the fixed exchange rates of the Bretton Woods system were replaced by flexible rates or dirty floats. The conjunction of more flexible rates and IT effectively moved the control over exchange rates from governments to CBs.The global financial crisis reminded policymakers that, of all public institutions, the CB has a comparative advantage in swiftly preventing the crisis from becoming a generalized panic that would seriously cripple the financial system. The crisis precipitated the financial stability motive into the forefront of CBs’ policy concerns and revived the explicit recognition of the lender of last resort function of the CB in the face of shocks to the financial system. Although the financial stability objective appeared in CBs’ charters, along with the price stability objective, also prior to the crisis, the crisis highlighted the critical importance of the supervisory and regulatory functions of CBs and other regulators. An important lesson from the crisis was that micro-prudential supervision and regulation should be supplemented with macro-prudential regulation and that the CB is the choice institution to perform this function. The crisis led CBs of major developed economies to reduce their policy rates to zero (and even to negative values in some cases) and to engage in large-scale asset purchases that bloat their balance sheets to this day. It also induced CBs of small open economies to supplement their interest rate policies with occasional foreign exchange interventions.

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33

Kastelein, Gerard. Securitization in the Capital Markets Union. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0021.

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On 30 May 2017, the European Parliament, Council, and Commission reached a political agreement on the package of regulatory reforms of the European securitisation market. The package is aimed at facilitating the development of a securitisation market in Europe. The package represents the latest development of a negotiation process that started back in September 2015. The application date is expected to be 1 January 2019. Meanwhile, market participants have expressed uncertainties as to its effectiveness. This chapter considers the risk that the package will have a negative effect on the European securitisation market, resulting in further contraction. The primary focus of the chapter is on the rules on long-term securitisations as opposed to the short-term securitisations (asset-backed commercial paper).

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34

Schulkin, Jay. Conservation of CRF in Brains and its Regulation by Adrenal Steroids. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0003.

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The regulation of the HPA axis has been categorized as the classical mechanism of slow-acting genomic regulation of gene products, but this has given way to both slow and fast regulation of the HPA axis. We do not know how cortisol restrains the production of CRF in the paraventricular nucleus, thereby directly decreasing ACTH and, subsequently, cortisol; we know the classical negative-feedback regulatory system, which provides a mechanism, but how it works, well, that is another thing. Glucocorticoids restrain the HPA axis, but not other regions of the brain, such as the central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the amygdala. But we now know that both chemically and electrically, these regions are not the same (equal).

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35

Agrawal, Khushbu, Yukihiko Hamada, and Alberto Fernández Gibaja. Regulating Online Campaign Finance: Chasing the Gost. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.6.

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As the number of Internet and social media users increases, political parties and candidates are spending significant amounts of money on online campaigning. It not only helps them to reach out to more voters with comparatively lower costs, but also allows them to communicate more targeted messages to voters when compared with other traditional campaign tools. Despite the growing use of online campaigns, appropriate regulation of online expenditures is almost non-existent around the world. In fact, online expenditure is one of the key weaknesses of political finance systems and regulatory frameworks. Appropriate regulation of online expenditures will not only protect the integrity of the political process, but also thwart negative effects, such as disinformation and polarization and, more generally, prevent inauthentic activities that usually characterize online campaigns. As online expenditure is a relatively new phenomenon, its regulation is not straightforward and there is no conclusive evidence on what works. This report outlines some of the challenges that policymakers, legislators and oversight agencies face when drafting and implementing laws to include online expenditure within the scope of regulated political finance. It also provides recommendations for policymakers, social media platforms, political parties, candidates and campaigners, as well as civil society actors, on the steps that they can take towards closing the regulatory gap.

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36

Eisele, Alexander, and Eric Nowak. Market Innovations for (Non-Bank) Financing of SMEs in Light of the Crisis and New Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0012.

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This chapter summarizes and empirically evaluates new regulatory policies as well as market innovations in the financial sector and their potential impact on SME financing. Using survey and balance sheet data for European SMEs, we find empirical evidence in line with the existing literature highlighting a recent deterioration in bank-based SME financing. More importantly, we provide empirical evidence suggesting that the negative macroeconomic effects of future restricted bank lending, due to new regulation, could be mitigated by policies allowing for and supporting new forms of market-based SME financing. To evaluate the financial and real effects of innovations in SME financing, we exploit the staggered introduction of SME equity and bond segments in different European countries, and show that they have been successful in providing non-bank financing to SMEs.

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37

Thakur, Anand C. Pain Management Assessment Beyond the Physician Encounter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199981830.003.0011.

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The long-term use of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain patients has increased dramatically over the last two decades. With this increase has come abuse, misuse, diversion, and overdose deaths, resulting in tremendous media attention. Further, there has been an increase in regulatory scrutiny of the prescribing practices of healthcare professionals. Monitoring patient compliance with chronic opioid therapy has become very important. Urine drug monitoring and patient agreements are part of this monitoring effort. However, interpreting test results can be challenging and applying these results to patient care can be complex. Metabolites, interfering substances, and false-positives and false-negative results all need to be considered when interpreting test results. Test results should not be considered sacrosanct and should always be an opportunity for discussion with a patient.

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38

Barton, Gregory A. The 1980s to the Present. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199642533.003.0009.

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While a few positive stories on organic farming appeared in the 1970s most mainstream press coverage mocked or dismissed organic farmers and consumers. Nevertheless, the growing army of consumer shoppers at health food stores in the United States made the movement impossible to ignore. The Washington Post and other newspapers shifted from negative caricatures of organic farming to a supportive position, particularly after the USDA launched an organic certification scheme in the United States under the leadership of Robert Bergland. Certification schemes in Europe and other major markets followed, leading to initiatives by the United Nations for the harmonization of organic certification through multilateral agencies. As organic standards proliferated in the 1990s the United Nations stepped in to resolve the regulatory fragmentation creating a global market for organic goods.

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39

The Downgrading of American Healthcare: How Regulatory and Cultural Forces Continue to Negatively Impact the Healthcare System in the United States. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.

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40

Baer, Madeline. Human Rights in a Neoliberal World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693152.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 presents the central research questions that drive the theoretical and empirical work of the book, outlines the “moments of social transformation” model used for analyzing human rights realization, and positions the book in relation to theoretical and contemporary policy debates. The chapter synthesizes the literatures on socioeconomic human rights fulfillment and the human right to water and sanitation. It introduces two key elements for implementing human rights: political will and state capacity, as well as some obstacles to rights realization, including lack of strong regulatory frameworks and accountability mechanisms. The chapter explores the tensions between markets and rights, finding that neoliberal approaches to water policy have a negative effect on rights fulfillment by weakening the state’s role, and it engages with critiques that the human rights frame is too narrow and vague to facilitate transformative change in the water sector.

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41

Pritt, Stacy L., and Shari Birnbaum. Animal Welfare Considerations and Ethical Oversight of the Use of Animals in Psychiatric Research. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.44.

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Ethical issues arise with the use of animals in psychiatric and clinical neuroscience research due to the potential physical or psychological effects imposed on the animals, with the ethical debate focusing on the “cost-benefit” analysis of the animal use where cost is defined as animals experiencing negative events, either physical or emotional. The use of the cost-benefit analysis model combined with considerations for animal welfare that serve both to decrease any potential harm to the animal and increase benefits to human and animal health is a useful model for the ethical review and subsequent institutional approval of animal use. Recent mandates and the ongoing development of animal welfare science in the field of laboratory animal science allow institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) and other similar oversight committees and regulatory authorities world-wide effectively to construct and monitor research that balances cost with benefits at the institutional level.

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42

Rorie, Melissa, and Benjamin van Rooij, eds. Measuring Compliance. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108770941.

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Compliance, or the behavioral response to legal rules, has become an important topic for academics and practitioners. A large body of work exists that describes different influences on business compliance, but a fundamental challenge remains: how to measure compliance or noncompliance behavior itself? Without proper measurement, it's impossible to evaluate existing management and regulatory enforcement practices. Measuring Compliance provides the first comprehensive overview of different approaches that are or could be used to measure compliance by business organizations. The book addresses the strengths and weaknesses of various methods and offers both academics and practitioners guidance on which measures are best for different purposes. In addition to understanding the importance of measuring compliance and its potential negative effects in a variety of contexts, readers will learn how to collect data to answer different questions in the compliance domain, and how to offer suggestions for improving compliance measurement.

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43

Kuenzler, Adrian. Open Approaches to Promoting Innovation and Economic Growth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698577.003.0006.

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This chapter contrasts the accepted account with more progressive notions of what constitutes progress. It shows that scholars of information production, software development, and the networking industries have long recognized that the fundamental economic characteristics of the social organization of production can be framed not only based on an argument around scarcity—as the present market regulatory account does—but alternatively also on a story about abundance. This reading involves the promotion of new innovation through commons-based systems of economic production that underlie new models of technological and cultural innovation, as well as the teachings and lessons from open source, intellectual property law’s negative space and the literature on spillover effects and modern infrastructure economics. The chapter shows how market access thinking can be applied not only to traditional infrastructure resources such as waterways, highways, or bridges but also to everyday consumer goods and services.

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44

GOVERNMENT, US. Agency actions to reduce the negative impact of regulations on credit availability: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions Supervision, ... Third Congress, first session, June 29, 1993. For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1993.

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45

Cuthbert, Bruce N. The Nimh Research Domain Criteria Project. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0071.

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The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project grew from recognized deficiencies in currently used diagnostic schemes for mental illness, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). While the latter is based on a series of signs and symptoms of illnesses that can co-occur in groups of individuals, without consideration of underlying biological factors, RDoC is based on the increasing ability to relate normal as well as abnormal behavior to particular molecules and circuits in the brain across animal species and humans. Behavioral domains include negative valence systems (e.g., fear and anxiety), positive valence systems (e.g., reward and motivation), cognitive systems, social processes, and arousal and regulatory systems, several of which might be affected in a given DSM disease classification. RDoC is seen as a step toward a “precision psychiatry,” where increasing knowledge of the genetic, molecular, cellular, and circuit basis of mental illness will yield biologically based diagnoses that offer important pathophysiological, treatment, and prognostic implications.

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46

Hodge, R. Anthony. Towards Contribution Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0018.

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Since the early 1990s, at least forty-five initiatives have been mounted to improve the environmental and social performance of the mining industry. Many changes in the formal legal and regulatory systems have also been introduced. However, no systematic approach has been adopted to test whether this effort is making a difference. Without such monitoring of success, the tension between companies, communities, and governments regarding the role of mining in society will continue. This chapter makes the case for using ‘contribution analysis’ to fill this gap, a systematic means to assess and track mining’s contribution to human and ecosystem well-being over the full project and product life cycles. This is a higher test than current practice. It brings out a fuller picture of the positives and negatives of natural resources and their management, provides greater opportunity for the perspectives of all interests to be heard, and is fairer.

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47

Schotte, Simone, Michael Danquah, Robert Darko Osei, and Kunal Sen. The labour market impact of COVID-19 lockdowns: Evidence from Ghana. 27th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/965-5.

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In this paper, we provide causal evidence of the impact of stringent lockdown policies on labour market outcomes at both the extensive and intensive margins, using Ghana as a case study. We take advantage of a specific policy setting, in which strict stay-at-home orders were issued and enforced in two spatially delimited areas, bringing Ghana’s major metropolitan centres to a standstill, while in the rest of the country less stringent regulations were in place. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that the three-week lockdown had a large and significant immediate negative impact on employment in the treated districts, particularly among workers in informal self-employment. While the gap in employment between the treated and control districts had narrowed four months after the lockdown was lifted, we detect a persistent nationwide impact on labour market outcomes, jeopardizing particularly the livelihoods of small business owners mainly operating in the informal economy.

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Horder, Jeremy. UK Political Corruption and the Role of the Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823704.003.0006.

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My focus here is political corruption, as opposed to personal corruption, and my task is to explain that prosecution for a serious common law offence such as misconduct in a public office cannot be the sole, or even the main, way in which officials are held to account for corrupt conduct. So, I consider the most important—indeed, primary—remedy for corruption in politics, which I call ‘negation’: the setting back at naught of corrupt (potential) gains. I then go on to consider efforts to address risks of corruption through regulation (including regulatory offences), especially in relation to elections, but also in relation to the practice of ‘lobbying’. Discussion of lobbying provides an opportunity to discuss how ‘republican’ the UK constitution really is: how resistant it is to cheque-book influences or, more broadly, to the influence of repeat players amongst the wealthy and powerful.

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Macauley, Robert C. Final Thoughts (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0019.

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It is not enough to know how to respond to ethical dilemmas in palliative care. Sufficient resources are required to implement the nuanced approach to ethical dilemmas presented in this textbook. In the developed world, there exists a profound shortage of palliative care clinicians, as well as regulatory barriers which may impede the provision of optimal palliative care. The situation is far more serious in the developing world, where access to symptomatic medications may be severely restricted due to lack of economic resources or bureaucratic barriers. Even when a qualified team is available and necessary tools are at hand, the emotional challenges inherent in caring for seriously ill patients may negatively impact team dynamics. This is particularly true in situations where members of the team believe they know what the “right” thing to do is, but external forces prevent them from doing it, thus causing moral distress.

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Malyszko, Jolanta, and Iain C. Macdougall. Iron metabolism in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0125.

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While whole-body (‘absolute’) iron deficiency is common and probably increased in frequency in chronic kidney disease (CKD), functional iron deficiency is a particular problem in CKD. Absolute iron deficiency is likely to be present in advanced CKD when the ferritin falls below 100 ng/mL and the TSAT falls below 20%. Functional iron deficiency is characterized by the presence of adequate iron stores (as defined by conventional criteria), but with an inability to mobilize this iron rapidly enough to adequately support erythropoiesis with the administration of erythropoietin. Among such patients, the serum ferritin level is either normal or elevated (usually between 100 and 800 ng/mL), with a TSAT typically ≤20%. Hepcidin, a novel peptide discovered at the turn of the twenty-first century, is an iron gatekeeper that plays a key role in functional iron deficiency, and the ‘anaemia of chronic disease’. The main function of hepcidin is homeostatic regulation of iron metabolism and mediation of host defence and inflammation. Hepcidin is the predominant negative regulator of iron absorption in the small intestine, iron transport across the placenta, and iron release from the macrophages. Novel strategies that modulate hepcidin and its target ferroportin for the treatment of anaemia of chronic diseases are currently undergoing extensive research.

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Books on the topic 'Negative regulators'

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