Academic literature on the topic 'Negative illegalities'

Illegal exploitation of wildlife and forest resources are part of transnational crime, in which Cameroon plays a part. A review of documentation, interviews with key experts, and collection of field data in the markets and ports of the Cameroon's three main cities enabled the gathering of information on connections and synergies between these two criminal acts. The empirical evidence presented in this study demonstrates a strong connection between the illegal wildlife trade and illegal logging in Cameroon. These two areas of criminal activity maintain synergies through bad governance, weakening of rule of law, mafia connections between the two groups' actors involved and sharing access routes. Both result in negative ecological and socio-economic impacts.

Controlling persons are the ultimate decision-makers of listed companies. Their illegalities have impacts on investors’ wealth, firm development, and capital market’s quality. Against this backdrop, we provide a quantitative analysis of the short-term stock price reaction to the criminal detention announcements of controlling persons throughout 2007–2019. We applied the Elman neural network (ENN) model into the classical event study methodology and demonstrated that the combination of them helps to improve the estimation accuracy of the stock price reaction. The results show that the stock price has a significant negative reaction to the criminal detention announcements of listed companies’ controlling persons on the announcement day, and the average reaction level is -6.67%. Additionally, the crisis communication measures of the firms could diminish the negative impact of such mandatory disclosure information on their stock price, but the effect is limited. Finally, the 31 companies in our sample cause a total loss of RMB 21.1 billion in market capitalization on the announcement day alone. The above results indicate that the impact of listed companies’ controlling persons on the capital market is tremendous, although the number of this group is small. Our work enriches the listed companies’ illegalities research and provides a reference for investors’ investment choices and follow-up decision making of regulatory authorities. It also provides some guidance for most of the researchers to further explore the application of data mining techniques in nonlinear problems.

Personal Finance is a broad aspect in the world of finance whereby individuals or groups of persons come together to invest, that is, buy/sell in funds/shares to make profits with considerations of uncertainties (risks). Behavioural Finance is a branch of personal finance whereby individuals are driven by certain behavioural biases while making individual investment decisions which can be both positively/negatively impacted. In this scenario, in the form of audit research, the author has examined a report provided by major stakeholders, the Safaricom Co. Ltd and other subsidiaries such as Cooperative Bank of Kenya and Hazina Sacco Co. Ltd in comparison on how activities were carried out during a five and half years (January 2017-June 2022). The main objective was to establish effect of herding behavior marred with irregularities/illegalities of individual investors on individual investments decision at Safaricom Co. Ltd. Specific objectives: 1. To determine the effect of exaggeration on herding behavior marred with irregularities/illegalities of individual investors on individual investments decision at Safaricom Co. Ltd. 2. To establish the effect of assumption on herding behavior marred with irregularities/illegalities of individual investors on individual investments decision at Safaricom Co. Ltd. 3. To examine the effect of disposition on herding behavior marred with irregularities/illegalities of individual investors on individual investments decision at Safaricom Co. Ltd. 4. To explain the effect of manipulation on herding behavior marred with irregularities/illegalities of individual investors on individual investments decision at Safaricom Co. Ltd. 5. To determine the effect of repetition on herding behavior marred with irregularities/illegalities of individual investors on individual investments decision at Safaricom Co. Ltd. Null Hypotheses tests were: HO1:- Exaggeration, HO2:- Assumption, HO3:- Disposition, HO4:- Manipulation, and HO5:- Repetition, all having no significant effect on herding behavior marred with irregularities/illegalities of individual investors on individual investments decision at Safaricom Co. Ltd. No much of Literature Review was carried out since research project was based on actual raw data provided by the concerned organizations. The target population sample was 337 individuals/transactions and receipts/payments marred with irregularities/illegalities of 2,936,323/1,755,044, respectively. For that fact, Cron Bach Alpha was determined by the average percentage of receipts and payments marred with irregularities/illegalities (74.04%, which is greater than 70%: the normal required %). Several tests were carried out, including central tendency (mean and standard deviation), hypothesis tests, simple regressions/multiple regressions, coefficient of correlations (between positive 1 and negative 1), variances in the determination of VIF (normal being less than 3), using tables and graphs for cross-tabulations. The results showed positive responses: that there was a significant level of herding behavior marred with irregularities/illegalities of individual investors individual investments decision at Safaricom Co. Ltd. All five factors:- exaggerations, assumptions, dispositions, manipulations, and repetitions were massively felt with marred irregularities and illegalities hence interested with the true position carried out during the period. Investigations are recommended to establish these kinds of massive transactions, which are marred with irregularities/ illegalities, and further research to be carried out on similar activities while individual investors are investing using individual investment decisions at NSE or any other Trading Bells Organizations.

Médaille à double face, l’excès de pouvoir judiciaire se dédouble selon qu’il caractérise le comportement du juge qui est sorti du cercle de ses attributions ou son attitude lorsqu’il refuse de juger ou de se reconnaître un pouvoir que la loi lui confère. Cette dichotomie entre excès de pouvoir positif d’une part, et excès de pouvoir négatif d’autre part, est majoritairement étrangère à l’étude de l’excès de pouvoir administratif. Bien que désormais entendu plus largement que son pendant judiciaire, l’excès de pouvoir de l’administration n’est jamais présenté comme un concept susceptible de se dédoubler en fonction de la nature positive ou négative de l’illégalité commise. Ce paradoxe résulte moins de l’absence d’une telle dualité que de la prédominance d’une conception historiquement positive de l’excès de pouvoir administratif qui ramène toute illégalité à un dépassement par l’autorité administrative des limites assignées à son pouvoir. L’exploration des « diverses manifestations caractérisées de l’excès de pouvoir » suffit à constater qu’en filigrane des classifications traditionnelles, les illégalités négatives sont diffuses et multiples. Elles ont en commun de traduire la violation négative par l’autorité administrative des normes qui s’imposent à elle dans son activité juridique, soit parce que l’acte est entaché d’un vice négatif, soit parce qu’elle a illégalement refusé d’adopter un acte positif. Le dessin des contours d’une conception négative de l’excès de pouvoir permet de constater que ses manifestations appellent, de la part du juge administratif, l’exercice de pouvoirs particuliers. L’émancipation progressive de la dimension négative de son office pour lui permettre d’agir positivement à destination de l’administration ou directement sur l’acte administratif répond à un tel impératif. Symptomatique, à bien des égards, de réflexions structurelles qui traversent l’étude du contentieux administratif, l’étude de l’excès de pouvoir négatif de l’administration invite à la réflexion sur la nature changeante des relations tissées par le juge avec l’administration dont il assure le contrôle des actes et le justiciable aux attentes duquel il cherche à répondre
Double-sided medal, the judicial abuse of power is doubled depending on whether it characterizes the behavior of the judge who has left the circle of his attributions or his attitude when he refuses to judge or to recognize a power that the law confers on him. This dichotomy between positive abuse of power on the one hand, and negative abuse of power on the other hand, is largely foreign to the study of the abuse of power of the administration. Although now understood more broadly than its judicial counterpart, the abuse of power of the administration is never presented as a concept susceptible to duplicate according to the positive or negative nature of the committed illegality. This paradox results less from the absence of such a duality than from the predominance of a historically positive conception of the abuse of power of the administration which reduces any illegality to an overrun by the administrative authority of the limits assigned to its power. The exploration of 'the various manifestations characterized by abuse of power' suffices to note that under the traditional classifications, negative illegalities are diffuse and multiple. They have in common that they reflect the negative violation by the administrative authority of the standards imposed on it in its legal activity, either because the act is tainted with a negative defect, or because it has illegally refused to adopt a positive act. The nature of these illegalities, the sum of which draws the outlines of a negative conception of abuse of power, calls for the exercise of special powers on the part of the administrative judge. The gradual emancipation of the negative dimension of one's role to enable it to act positively for the administration or directly on the administrative act responds to such an imperative. Symptomatic, in many respects, of structural reflections that run through the study of administrative litigation, the study of the negative abuse of power of the administration invites reflection on the changing nature of the relations forged by the judge with the administration of which it ensures the control of acts and the litigant whose expectations it meets

Corporate governance is the cornerstone for the organization, when it comes to effective internal control systems by modern organizations. Over the last 20 years, several business giants have collapsed under the weight of illegalities and frauds, such as Enron, WorldCom, Guinness, Maxwell Group, Barings Bank, etc. The impact of the failure of these organizations on the economies in which they were operating was particularly significant and had a negative impact on those directly or indirectly associated with them. The shareholders, as well as all stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, creditors, employees, and governments of the countries where the above organizations were active, were adversely affected. The failure of the organizations was attributed to the inadequacy of their boards and the lack of organized and effective control mechanisms by their management.