Journal articles on the topic 'Negative control outcome'
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Sanderson, Eleanor, Tom G. Richardson, Gibran Hemani, and George Davey Smith. "The use of negative control outcomes in Mendelian randomization to detect potential population stratification." International Journal of Epidemiology 50, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa288.
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Abstract A key assumption of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis is that there is no association between the genetic variants used as instruments and the outcome other than through the exposure of interest. One way in which this assumption can be violated is through population stratification, which can introduce confounding of the relationship between the genetic variants and the outcome and so induce an association between them. Negative control outcomes are increasingly used to detect unobserved confounding in observational epidemiological studies. Here we consider the use of negative control outcomes in MR studies to detect confounding of the genetic variants and the exposure or outcome. As a negative control outcome in an MR study, we propose the use of phenotypes which are determined before the exposure and outcome but which are likely to be subject to the same confounding as the exposure or outcome of interest. We illustrate our method with a two-sample MR analysis of a preselected set of exposures on self-reported tanning ability and hair colour. Our results show that, of the 33 exposures considered, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of adiposity and education-related traits are likely to be subject to population stratification that is not controlled for through adjustment, and so any MR study including these traits may be subject to bias that cannot be identified through standard pleiotropy robust methods. Negative control outcomes should therefore be used regularly in MR studies to detect potential population stratification in the data used.
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Rothermund, Klaus. "Counter-Regulation and Control-Dependency." Social Psychology 42, no. 1 (January 2011): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000043.
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Two basic principles governing the motivational regulation of automatic affective processing are described and relevant evidence is reviewed. According to the counter-regulation principle, attention is automatically allocated to information that is opposite in valence to current motivational states: A positive outcome focus increases the salience of negative information whereas a negative outcome focus induces an attentional focus on positive information. Counter-regulation in automatic affective processing prevents motivational states from escalating or becoming chronic. According to the control-dependency principle, processing of information is characterized by a problem focus (negativity bias) if goal pursuit is experienced as controllable, whereas experiencing a lack of control over important outcomes is accompanied by an enhancement focus (positivity bias). Control-dependency of affective processing promotes persistent goal pursuit in the face of controllable challenges, and facilitates the acceptance of a given situation and disengagement from blocked goals.
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Hamer, Mark, Ding Ding, Josephine Chau, Mitch J. Duncan, and Emmanuel Stamatakis. "Association between TV viewing and heart disease mortality: observational study using negative control outcome." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212739.
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AimsSedentary behaviour (particularly television (TV) viewing) is thought to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We employed a negative control outcome to explore whether the association between TV viewing and heart disease mortality is explained by confounding.MethodsThe sample was drawn from the UK Biobank study and comprised 479 658 participants (aged 56.5±8.0 years; 45.7% men) followed up over a mean of 10.4 years. TV viewing was measured from self-report.ResultsThere were 1437 ischaemic heart disease (IHD) deaths, and 214 accidental deaths (employed as the negative control outcome). TV viewing was related to the following confounding variables: age, smoking, alcohol, diet, obesity, physical inactivity, cardiovascular disease and education. The confounding structures were similar for both outcomes. TV viewing (per hour/d) was associated with IHD (hazard ratio (HR)=1.30, 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.33) and accidental death (HR=1.15, 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.24) in unadjusted models. Associations were attenuated for both outcomes and were considerably converged after adjustment for confounders; IHD (HR=1.09, 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.12) and accidental death (HR=1.06, 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.15).ConclusionThe pattern of results for TV with an implausible outcome mirrored that of IHD, suggesting that observed associations between TV and heart disease are likely to be driven by confounding.
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Prygunova, Tatiana M., Elena A. Antipenko, and Konstantin Yu Mukhin. "Negative outcome predictors of West syndrome." Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya 20, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2072-2354.2020.20.1.68-74.
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West syndrome is infantile epileptic encephalopathy characterized by the triad of symptoms: infantile spasms, changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the form of hypsarrhythmia and psychomotor retardation. Revealing of the predictors of clinical outcome can contribute to the selection of the optimal therapy and determine the terms of dynamic monitoring and improve treatment outcome.
Aim: to identify predictors of West syndrome outcome.
Materials and methods. The study included 132 patients who underwent treatment from 2000 to 2018. At the onset of the observation the age of children was from 5 months to 17 years 11 months. The age of the onset of spasms ranged from 1 day to 3 years 2 months. Depending on the etiological factor patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 patients with a structural form (60 patients; 45.5%), group 2 patients with a genetic form (39 children; 29.5%), group 3 patients with the disease of unknown etiology (33 children; 25.0%). Evaluating the treatment, special attention was paid to the effectiveness of the first three lines of AEDs and hormones, as well as the further selection of AEDs.
Results. Epileptic spasms were controlled in 76 children (57.6%), all seizures were controlled in 48 (36.4%) children. Patients of the 3rd group demonstrated a higher frequency of spasms arresting (87.9% in comparison to 48.7 and 46.7%) and complete remission (72.7% in comparison to 26.7 and 27.6% respectively). Normal neuropsychic development before the onset of spasms, the absence of epi-activity or the presence of regional epi-activity on the EEG in dynamics, the presence of diffuse changes in MRI had positive prognostic value for spasms control. Neonatal seizures, the presence of epi-activity on the EEG and focal deficiency before spasms, the presence of other seizures, pathology of vision and hearing, and necessity to use 2 drugs had negative prognostic value. The best compensation of motor and psychoverbal development was noted in patients who had remission.
Conclusions. Predictors of negative outcome of West syndrome include structural and genetic forms of the disease, neonatal seizures, epi-activity on EEG, impaired neuropsychic development and the focal pathology before spasms, the presence of other seizures, the persistence of epi-activity in dynamics and the absence of the first-line therapy effect.
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Peddada, Kameswari. "Risk assessment and control." Journal of Governance and Regulation 2, no. 2 (2013): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v2_i2_p4.
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“No pains! No gains!” No enterprise can run without some risk exposure. The outcome of risk exposure may be negative or occasionally positive. Losses from a negative outcome may be mild and acceptable or huge and unacceptable, leading to closure and serious effects on society and the nation. Good risk management with identification, assessment and control of risks faced is part of good management. Planning against risk at enterprise/company, national and international levels are required. Some such exposures may do no harm, but present new business opportunities. The present study involves an extensive review of available literature on risk management. A reputed textile company has been selected for case-study of performance in terms of risk management.
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Ciaramelli, Elisa, Davide Braghittoni, and Giuseppe di Pellegrino. "It Is the Outcome that Counts! Damage to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Disrupts the Integration of Outcome and Belief Information for Moral Judgment." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 6 (August 29, 2012): 962–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712000690.
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AbstractMoral judgment involves considering not only the outcome of an action but also the intention with which it was pursued. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research has shown that integrating outcome and belief information for moral judgment relies on a brain network including temporo-parietal, precuneus, and medial prefrontal regions. Here, we investigated whether the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays a crucial role in this process. Patients with lesions in vmPFC (vmPFC patients), and brain-damaged and healthy controls considered scenarios in which the protagonist caused intentional harm (negative-outcome, negative-belief), accidental harm (negative-outcome, neutral-belief), attempted harm (neutral-outcome, negative-belief), or no harm (neutral-outcome, neutral-belief), and rated the moral permissibility of the protagonists’ behavior. All groups responded similarly to scenarios involving intentional harm and no harm. vmPFC patients, however, judged attempted harm as more permissible, and accidental harm as less permissible, than the control groups. For vmPFC patients, outcome information, rather than belief information, shaped moral judgment. The results indicate that vmPFC is necessary for integrating outcome and belief information during moral reasoning. During moral judgment vmPFC may mediate intentions’ understanding, and overriding of prepotent responses to salient outcomes. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
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Lampart, Maurin, Marco Rüegg, Andrea Jauslin, Noemi Simon, Núria Zellweger, Ceylan Eken, Sarah Tschudin-Sutter, et al. "Direct Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Outcomes, and Risk Prediction in Patients with COVID-19 and Controls—A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 2672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122672.
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Most studies investigating early risk predictors in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) lacked comparison with controls. We aimed to assess and directly compare outcomes and risk predictors at time of emergency department (ED) presentation in COVID-19 and controls. Consecutive patients presenting to the ED with suspected COVID-19 were prospectively enrolled. COVID-19-patients were compared with (i) patients tested negative (overall controls) and (ii) patients tested negative, who had a respiratory infection (respiratory controls). Primary outcome was the composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death at 30 days. Among 1081 consecutive cases, 191 (18%) were tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 890 (82%) were tested negative (overall controls), of which 323 (30%) had a respiratory infection (respiratory controls). Incidence of the composite outcome was significantly higher in COVID-19 (23%) as compared with the overall control group (10%, adjusted-HR 2.45 (95%CI, 1.61–3.74), p < 0.001) or the respiratory control group (10%, adjusted-HR 2.93 (95%CI, 1.66–5.17), p < 0.001). Blood oxygen saturation, age, high-sensitivity troponin, c-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase were identified as the strongest predictors of poor outcome available at time of ED presentation in COVID-19 with highly comparable prognostic utility in overall and respiratory controls. In conclusion, patients presenting to the ED with COVID-19 have a worse outcome than controls, even after adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics. Most predictors of poor outcome in COVID-19 were not restricted to COVID-19, but of comparable prognostic utility in controls and therefore generalizable to unselected patients with suspected COVID-19.
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Logue, A. W. "Laboratory Research on Self-Control: Applications to Administration." Review of General Psychology 2, no. 2 (June 1998): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.221.
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Administrators must sometimes choose between a less delayed but ultimately less valued outcome (impulsiveness) and a more delayed but ultimately more valued outcome (self-control). Which choice is made can affect the long-term health of an administrator's organization. Self-control laboratory research and analysis can be useful in understanding and possibly modifying these choices. This article describes some of the extensive basic laboratory research and analysis concerning self-control and applies this information to specific situations in administration, particularly higher education administration. It discusses the various factors that affect self-control and examines choices between negative, as well as positive, outcomes. Laboratory and nonlaboratory investigations can benefit from attending to information obtained from the other domain.
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Swirsky, Chloe L., Philip M. Fernbach, and Steven A. Sloman. "An illusion of control modulates the reluctance to tempt fate." Judgment and Decision Making 6, no. 7 (October 2011): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500002692.
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AbstractThe tempting fate effect is that the probability of a fateful outcome is deemed higher following an action that “tempts” the outcome than in the absence of such an action. In this paper we evaluate the hypothesis that the effect is due to an illusion of control induced by a causal framing of the situation. Causal frames require that the action make a difference to an outcome and that the action precedes the outcome. If an illusion of control modulates the reluctance to tempt fate, then actions that make a difference to well-being and that occur prior to the outcome should tempt fate most strongly. In Experiments 1–3 we varied whether the action makes a difference and the temporal order of action and outcome. In Experiment 4 we tested whether an action can tempt fate if all outcomes are negative. The results of all four experiments supported our hypothesis that the tempting fate effect depends on a causal construal that gives rise to a false sense of control.
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Tien, Kuei-Lien, Wang-Huei Sheng, Shiouh-Chu Shieh, Yen-Ping Hung, Hwei-Fang Tien, Yi-Hsuan Chen, Li-Jung Chien, Jann-Tay Wang, Chi-Tai Fang, and Yee-Chun Chen. "Chlorhexidine Bathing to Prevent Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in Hematology Units: A Prospective, Controlled Cohort Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz874.
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Abstract Background Chlorhexidine (CHG) bathing decreases the incidence of bloodstream infections in intensive care units, but its effect has been understudied in patients with hematological malignancies in noncritical care units. Methods Adults with hematological malignancies hospitalized for cytotoxic chemotherapy in noncritical care units were offered daily 2% CHG bathing. We compared outcomes of patients who chose CHG bathing (CHG group) with outcomes of those who did not choose CHG bathing (usual-care group). The primary outcome was gram-positive cocci–related, skin flora–related, or central line–associated bloodstream infection. The negative control outcome was gut-origin bacteremia. Results The CHG group (n = 485) had a crude incidence rate of the primary outcome that was 60% lower than the rate for the usual-care group (n = 408; 3.4 vs 8.4 per 1000 patient-days, P = .02) but had a similar crude incidence rate of the negative control outcome (4.5 vs 3.2 per 1000 patient-days; P = .10). In multivariable analyses, CHG bathing was associated with a 60% decrease in the primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.4; P < .001). In contrast, CHG bathing had no effect on the negative control outcome (adjusted HR, 1.1; P = .781). CHG bathing was well tolerated by participants in the CHG group. Conclusions CHG bathing could be a highly effective approach for preventing gram-positive cocci–related, skin flora–related, or central line–associated bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies who are hospitalized for cytotoxic chemotherapy in noncritical care units.
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AWAN, SHABNAM NASEER, NADEEM ASHRAF, and SHAZIA NAYYAR. "OBSTETRICS AND PERINATAL OUTCOME." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (December 16, 2006): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4914.
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Objectives: To identify and assess the risk factor for transmission of HBV and HCV in pregnantladies and perinatal outcome, presenting to obstetric OPD at CMH Lahore. Design: Case control study. Setting:Combined Military Hospital Lahore. Period: From May 2003 to April 2004. Patients and Methods: All the patientspresenting to obstetrical OPD during one year were randomly screened for both hepatitis B and C using ELISA.Perinatal outcome was compared with control group. The risk factors for HBV and HCV were studied in 30 patients,who were positive for either HBV or HCV. A detailed history was taken followed by a questionnaire and screening forHBV and HCV. The results were compared with control group who were negative for hepatitis B and C but had samesocioeconomic back ground and similar living conditions (wives and soldiers). Results: In the study group 20 patientsgave history of surgical operation or dental procedure. These surgical operations included major or minor operations.In control group positive history of surgical or dental procedure was obtained in 12 patients. The odds ratio was foundto be 3.00 with a P value of 0.038. History of blood transfusion was found in 12 patients in study group and 4 patientsin control group with 0.019. Positive history of jaundice was found in 3 patients of study group and 1 patient in controlgroup with p value of P>0.05. History of drug abuse or multiple sexual partners was negative in both groups.Conclusion: The study concludes that HCV infection is three times more common than HBV infection. Surgicalprocedures are the leading risk factors for acquisition of these infections.
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Zakay, Dan, Shmuel Ellis, and Morit Shevalsky. "Outcome Value and Early Warning Indications as Determinants of Willingness to Learn from Experience." Experimental Psychology 51, no. 2 (January 2004): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.2.150.
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Abstract. In this study of willingness to learn from experience, it was hypothesized that managers would show a negative outcome bias, that is, a stronger tendency to initiate “learning-from-experience” processes after negative outcomes than after positive outcomes. Another aim of the study was to explore the impact of the existence of early warning signals about decision outcomes on the magnitude of the negative outcome bias. Eighty-three managers were asked to read vignettes describing a managerial decision and its outcomes. The outcomes were either positive or negative, and in half of the cases early warning signals existed that made it possible to predict potential negative outcomes while in the other half there were no such signals. The managers were asked to evaluate the need for a learning-from-experience process in general and to rate the degree to which several specific learning processes should be instituted in each of the scenarios. As hypothesized, a negative-outcome bias was found. The more negative the outcomes described, the stronger the managers’ inclination to recommend a more intensive learning process. Similarly, a need to ensure control and follow-up procedures was reported mostly after negative outcomes. The existence of early warning signals before the decision was taken did not influence the motivation to learn. Theoretical implications regarding the impact of negative outcomes in general and implications for understanding learning from experience processes in particular are discussed.
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Kalinjuma, Aneth V., Anne Marie Darling, Christopher R. Sudfeld, Ferdinand Mugusi, Julie Wright, Ajibola I. Abioye, Said Aboud, et al. "Vitamin D Concentration during Early Pregnancy and Adverse Outcomes among HIV-Negative Women in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania: A Case-Control Study." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122906.
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We examined the associations of plasma vitamin D concentration and adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV-negative women in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. We used an unmatched case-control study design, with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration assessed in the first trimester. Cases were individuals with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirth, premature birth, or small for gestational age births (SGA). Unconditional logistic regression and weighted logistic regression models were used to describe the associations of 25(OH)D concentration with the composite of adverse pregnancy outcome and individual adverse pregnancy outcomes, respectively. We included 310 cases and 321 controls. In controls, 5(2%) were vitamin D deficient (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL), and 17(5%) had insufficient 25(OH)D concentration (20.0–29.9 ng/mL). Women with 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL had 1.82 times the odds of occurrence of the composite adverse pregnancy outcome (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 0.56–5.93; p = 0.32), however we noted a non-linear association between 25(OH)D concentration and adverse pregnancy outcome (p = 0.02). We found a 3-fold increased odds of stillbirth in women with low 25(OH)D concentration (OR = 3.11, 95% CI: 1.18–8.23, p = 0.02). Vitamin D concentration in early pregnancy may be an important factor in determining the course of pregnancy. Further research is needed to investigate whether the association of maternal 25(OH)D concentration in early pregnancy and stillbirth is causal.
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Hamer, Mark, Adrian Bauman, Joshua A. Bell, and Emmanuel Stamatakis. "Examining associations between physical activity and cardiovascular mortality using negative control outcomes." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 1161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy272.
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Abstract Background The purpose of a negative control is to reproduce a condition that cannot involve the hypothesized causal mechanism, but does involve the same sources of bias and confounding that may distort the primary association of interest. Observational studies suggest physical inactivity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), although potential sources of bias, including reverse causation and residual confounding, make it difficult to infer causality. The aim was to employ a negative control outcome to explore the extent to which the association between physical activity and CVD mortality is explained by confounding. Methods The sample comprised 104 851 participants (aged 47 ± 17 years; 45.4% male) followed up over mean (SD) 9.4 ± 4.5 years, recruited from the Health Survey for England and the Scottish Health Survey. Results There were 10 309 deaths, of which 3109 were attributed to CVD and 157 to accidents (negative control outcome). Accidental death was related to age, male sex, smoking, longstanding illness and psychological distress, with some evidence of social patterning. This confounding structure was similar to that seen with CVD mortality, suggesting that our negative control outcome was appropriate. Physical activity (per SD unit increase in MET-hr-wk) was inversely associated with CVD [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.70, 0.80]; the point estimate between physical activity and accidental death was in the same direction but of lesser magnitude (HR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.69, 1.07). A linear dose–response pattern was observed for physical activity and CVD but not with the negative control. Conclusions Inverse associations between physical activity and risk of CVD mortality are likely causal but of a smaller magnitude than commonly observed. Negative control studies have the potential to improve causal inference within the physical activity field.
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Lee, Sing, Y. Y. Lydia Chan, Kathleen Kwok, and L. K. George Hsu. "Relationship Between Control and the Intermediate Term Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa in Hong Kong." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 3 (March 2005): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01535.x.
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Objective: To examine the relationship between control and the intermediate term outcome of Chinese patients with anorexia nervosa. Method: 88 patients who fulfilled the DSM-III-R criteria for typical (fat phobic, n = 63) and atypical (non-fat phobic, n = 25) anorexia nervosa were contacted 9 years after the onset of illness. They completed the Morgan-Russell Outcome Assessment Schedule, Shapiro Control Inventory, and Eating Disorder Inventory-I. Results: 62.2%, 32.4% and 5.4% of patients had good, intermediate, and poor outcome. Outcome was positively correlated with the overall general and specific sense of control, positive sense of control, and negatively with negative sense of control. Patients with good outcome exhibited the least negative modes of control and had the least desire for control. Typical and atypical patients showed similar but not identical control profiles. Conclusion: Healthier control was associated with better outcome of anorexia nervosa but their causal relationship was far from clear because of the cross-sectional nature of the present study. The Shapiro Control Inventory is a potentially useful instrument for studying control in eating disorders.
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Sofer, Tamar, David B. Richardson, Elena Colicino, Joel Schwartz, and Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen. "On Negative Outcome Control of Unobserved Confounding as a Generalization of Difference-in-Differences." Statistical Science 31, no. 3 (August 2016): 348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/16-sts558.
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Andrade, Brendan F., Daniel A. Waschbusch, Amelie Doucet, Sara King, Maura MacKinnon, Patrick J. McGrath, Sherry H. Stewart, and Penny Corkum. "Social Information Processing of Positive and Negative Hypothetical Events in Children With ADHD and Conduct Problems and Controls." Journal of Attention Disorders 16, no. 6 (April 13, 2011): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054711401346.
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Objective: This study examined social information processing (SIP) of events with varied outcomes in children with ADHD and conduct problems (CPs; defined as oppositional defiant disorder [ODD] or conduct disorder [CD]) and controls. Method: Participants were 64 children (46 boys, 18 girls) aged 6 to 12, including 39 with ADHD and 25 controls. Vignettes were developed that systematically varied with regard to peer intention (ambiguous, negative, positive) and event outcome (ambiguous, negative, positive), and were used to evaluate participants’ SIP abilities (cue encoding, interpretation, and response generation). Results: Results showed that, after controlling for CPs, children with ADHD detected fewer positive, negative, and neutral cues; attributed more negative and less positive intent to peers; focused less on situational outcomes of vignettes; and generated fewer positive responses compared with the control group. Conclusion: These results indicate that children with ADHD differ from non-ADHD children, even after controlling for CPs, in how they process positive and negative social experiences.
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Pattawe, Abdul, Nurhayati Haris, Muhammad Natsir, Jamaluddin ., Masruddin ., Muhammad Din, and Andri Gustama Larija. "Internal Control System between Fraud Asset Management and Local Governance: A Social and Organizational Perspective." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 5455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19366.
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This study aims to examine the effects of peer influence and outcome expectancies on fraud in local government asset management. This study is also to analyze moderating effect of the internal control system between peer influence and outcome expectancies on the fraudulent behavior. By utilizing purposive sampling method to obtain data from government units of Palu City and by using PLS with the help of WarpPLS software, the results show that peer influence has a positive effect on fraudulent behavior, while outcome Expectancies have a negative effect on the fraudulent behavior. Moreover, internal control system is able to moderate the influence of peer influence and outcome expectancies against fraudulent behavior. The results would imply that strong internal control system is more likely able to reduce or weaken the influence of peer influence on fraudulent behavior.
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Schneider, Sandra, Sandra Kauffman, and Andrea Ranieri. "The effects of surrounding positive and negative experiences on risk taking." Judgment and Decision Making 11, no. 5 (September 2016): 424–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500004538.
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AbstractTwo experiments explored how the context of recently experiencing an abundance of positive or negative outcomes within a series of choices influences risk preferences. In each experiment, choices were made between a series of pairs of hypothetical 50/50 two-outcome gambles. Participants experienced a control set of mixed outcome gamble pairs intermingled with a randomly assigned set of (a) all-gain, (b) all-loss, or (c) a mixture of all-gain and all-loss gamble pairs. In both experiments, a positive experience led to reduced risk taking in the control set and a negative experience led to increased risk taking. These patterns persisted even after the all-gain and all-loss gamble pairs were no longer present. In addition, we showed that the good luck attributed to positive experiences was associated with decreased, rather than increased, risk taking. These results ran counter to the house money effect, and could not readily be accounted for by changes in assets. We suggest that the goals associated with the predominant valence are likely to be assimilated and applied to other choices within a given situation. We also discuss the need to learn more about the characteristics of choice bracketing and mental accounting that influence which aspects of situational context will be included or excluded from consideration when making each choice.
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Mandava, Pitchaiah, Santosh B. Murthy, Neel Shah, Yves Samson, Marek Kimmel, and Thomas A. Kent. "Pooled analysis suggests benefit of catheter-based hematoma removal for intracerebral hemorrhage." Neurology 92, no. 15 (March 20, 2019): e1688-e1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007269.
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ObjectiveTo develop models of outcome for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) to identify promising and futile interventions based on their early phase results without need for correction for baseline imbalances.MethodsWe developed a pooled outcome model from the control arms of randomized control trials and tested different interventions against the model at comparable baseline conditions. Eligible clinical trials and large case series were identified from multiple library databases. Models based on baseline factors reported in the control arms were tested for the ability to predict functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score) and mortality. Interventions were grouped into blood pressure control, fibrinolytic-assisted hematoma evacuation, hemostatic medications, and neuroprotective agents. Statistical intervals around the model were generated at the p = 0.1 level to screen how each trial's outcome compared to expected outcome.ResultsFourteen control arms with 3,386 patients were used to develop 7 alternate models for functional outcome. The model incorporating baseline NIH Stroke Scale, age, and hematoma volume yielded the best fit (adjusted R2 = 0.89). All early phase treatments that eventually resulted in negative late phase trials were identified as negative by this method. Early phase fibrinolytic-assisted hematoma evacuation studies showed the most promise trending toward improved functional outcome with no suggestion of an increase in mortality, supporting its further study.ConclusionsWe successfully developed an outcome model for ICH that identified interventions destined to be negative while identifying a promising one. Such an approach may assist in prioritizing resources prior to multicenter trial.
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LaFreniere, Lucas S., and Michelle G. Newman. "Probabilistic Learning by Positive and Negative Reinforcement in Generalized Anxiety Disorder." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 3 (November 19, 2018): 502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702618809366.
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This experiment examined learning tendencies in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) using reinforcement feedback for probabilistic outcomes. One hundred sixty-six GAD and 105 non-GAD participants were randomized to a computerized probabilistic learning task that used either negative or positive reinforcement. Participants chose between stimuli with specific probabilities of reinforcement to learn which of each pair had the highest probability. Reinforced choices either removed an angry face (negative reinforcement) or made a happy face appear (positive reinforcement). Results showed that those with GAD learned the correct probabilistic choices at a slower rate over time and to a lesser degree than control participants regardless of reinforcement type. Estimations of the likelihood of receiving a good outcome posttask were also more inaccurate for those with GAD, especially when true likelihoods were high. Furthermore, compared with control participants, those with GAD reported lower perceived reinforcement sensitivity, higher behavioral inhibition sensitivity, and higher undesirable feelings toward probabilistic learning.
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Giordano, Lorenzo, Antonio Oliviero, Giuseppe M. Peretti, and Nicola Maffulli. "The presence of residents during orthopedic operation exerts no negative influence on outcome." British Medical Bulletin 130, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldz009.
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Abstract Background Operative procedural training is a key component of orthopedic surgery residency. It is unclear how and whether residents participation in orthopedic surgical procedures impacts on post-operative outcomes. Sources of data A systematic search was performed to identify articles in which the presence of a resident in the operating room was certified, and was compared with interventions without the presence of residents. Areas of agreement There is a likely beneficial role of residents in the operating room, and there is only a weak association between the presence of a resident and a worse outcome for orthopedic surgical patients Areas of controversy Most of the studies were undertaken in USA, and this represents a limit from the point of view of comparison with other academic and clinical realities. Growing point The data provide support for continued and perhaps increased involvement of resident in orthopedic surgery. Areas of research To clarify the role of residents on clinically relevant outcomes in orthopedic patients, appropriately powered randomized control trials should be planned.
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Choi, Jongwoon (Willie), Gary Hecht, Ivo D. Tafkov, and Kristy L. Towry. "Vicarious Learning under Implicit Contracts." Accounting Review 91, no. 4 (September 1, 2015): 1087–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51293.
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ABSTRACT Employee contracts often allow for managerial discretion, such that the manager decides after observing an employee's performance how that employee will be rewarded or penalized. Importantly, the effects of such evaluation outcomes can extend beyond the employee(s) directly affected, because such outcomes can be observed by other employees within the firm. The net effect of such vicarious learning as an indirect control depends on the inferences employees make after observing a peer's evaluation outcome. In this study, we use an experiment to investigate whether the inferences observer-employees make about how managers evaluate and reward employee behavior depend on whether the valence of the observed outcome is positive or negative. Using the setting of a strategic performance measurement system, we test and find support for a causal model, in which the valence of the observed outcome influences observer-employees' inferences and subsequent behavioral focus via their psychological distance from, and their construal of, the observed outcome. Our results suggest that how observer-employees respond after observing a peer employee's evaluation outcome is asymmetric. Specifically, when contemplating their own behavior, employees who observe positive outcomes focus on the performance measures within the strategic performance measurement system, whereas those who observe negative outcomes focus on the underlying strategic construct.
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Hazlett-Stevens, Holly, and Michelle G. Craske. "THE CATASTROPHIZING WORRY PROCESS IN GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF AN ANALOG POPULATION." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 31, no. 4 (October 2003): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465803004016.
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Effects of structured worry interviews were examined among analog-GAD and nonanxious college students. Thirty-four analog-GAD and 29 nonanxious control participants generated sequences of possible catastrophic outcomes for each of six worry topics using the Catastrophizing Interview Technique (Vasey and Borkovec, 1992). Threat ratings for each topic were collected, and ratings of subjective distress, likelihood of the feared outcome, and perceived control over the feared outcome were obtained immediately following each interview. Results indicated that the analog-GAD group rated the worry topics of achievement, social relations, and economics as more threatening than their nonanxious counterparts. The analog-GAD group also generated more catastrophizing steps and reported higher levels of negative mood following the worry interviews. In addition, the eventual fear underlying each worry was determined by coding the content of the final outcome step from each interview. Results from the coded interview responses indicated that fears of negative emotion and of failure were the most frequently coded categories in each of the six topical domains for the analog-GAD group. Although there was no difference in the proportion of negative emotion codes between analog-GAD and nonanxious groups, the analog-GAD group did receive a greater proportion of failure codes than the nonanxious control group. Results largely replicated the findings of Vasey and Borkovec in an analog-GAD sample. In addition, results suggest that fear of negative emotion underlies worry in general, regardless of diagnostic status, while fears of failure or ineffectiveness are more specific to GAD.
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Khthir, MD, CPHQ, CCD, Rodhan. "Approaching Inpatient Glycemic Control Using Six Sigma Methodology." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 6, no. 04 (April 10, 2021): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol06-i04/1105.
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Process variation affects almost all healthcare processes. Wide fluctuation of blood glucose values is very common in hospitalized patients and may impact the outcome of care in negative way. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how to study the process variation using Six Sigma approach and how to us it teaching healthcare quality.
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Priebe, S., M. Savill, T. Wykes, R. P. Bentall, U. Reininghaus, C. Lauber, S. Bremner, S. Eldridge, and F. Röhricht. "Effectiveness of group body psychotherapy for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Multicentre randomised controlled trial." British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 1 (July 2016): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.171397.
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BackgroundNegative symptoms of schizophrenia have a severe impact on functional outcomes and treatment options are limited. Arts therapies are currently recommended but more evidence is required.AimsTo assess body psychotherapy as a treatment for negative symptoms compared with an active control (trial registration: ISRCTN84216587).MethodSchizophrenia out-patients were randomised into a 20-session body psychotherapy or Pilates group. The primary outcome was negative symptoms at end of treatment. Secondary outcomes included psychopathology, functional, social and treatment satisfaction outcomes at treatment end and 6-months later.ResultsIn total, 275 participants were randomised. The adjusted difference in negative symptoms was 0.03 (95% CI –1.11 to 1.17), indicating no benefit from body psychotherapy. Small improvements in expressive deficits and movement disorder symptoms were detected in favour of body psychotherapy. No other outcomes were significantly different.ConclusionsBody psychotherapy does not have a clinically relevant beneficial effect in the treatment of patients with negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Zheng, Ya, Mengyao Wang, Shiyu Zhou, and Jing Xu. "Functional heterogeneity of perceived control in feedback processing." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 3 (March 2020): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa028.
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Abstract Perceived control is a fundamental psychological function that can either boost positive affect or buffer negative affect. The current study addressed the electrophysiological correlates underlying perceived control, as exercised by choice, in the processing of feedback valence. Thirty-six participants performed an EEG choice task during which they received positive or negative feedback following choices made either by themselves or by a computer. Perceived control resulted in an enhanced reward positivity for positive feedback but increased theta power for negative feedback. Further, perceived control led to greater feedback P3 amplitude and delta power, regardless of feedback valence. These results suggest functional heterogeneity of perceived control in feedback processing as diverse as magnifying the reward signal, enhancing the need for control and increasing the motivational salience of outcome irrespective of valence.
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Elsesser, Karin, and Gudrun Sartory. "OUTCOME PREDICTORS OF BENZODIAZEPINE WITHDRAWAL." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 26, no. 3 (July 1998): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246589800023x.
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Psychological treatment that reduces anxiety has been found to be beneficial to benzodiazepine withdrawal. High drop-out and relapse rates, however, have also been reported. They might be due to a heightened anxiety level maintaining the drug-taking habit or to the addictive potency of the drug, which is not addressed by the intervention strategies. In the present study, initial assessment data were compared among treatment refusers, drop-outs and completers – successful as well as unsuccessful ones – of a psychological treatment programme in support of benzodiazepine withdrawal. Treatment refusers showed a more negative current mood state than those consenting to treatment. Internal locus of control was predictive of premature termination and unsuccessful completion of the treatment trial. Neither medication-related variables nor anxiety or depression were found to influence the success of treatment. Perceived control over medication intake is thought to reduce compliance with the treatment regimen – a pattern that may be consistent with the addiction hypothesis.
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Jaquiery, Matt, and Marwa El Zein. "Stage 1 Registered Report: How responsibility attributions to self and others relate to outcome ownership in group decisions." Wellcome Open Research 6 (May 5, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16480.2.
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Responsibility judgements have important consequences in human society. Previous research focused on how someone's responsibility determines the outcome they deserve, for example, whether they are rewarded or punished. Here, we investigate the opposite link: How outcome ownership influences responsibility attributions in a social context. Participants in a group of three perform a majority vote decision-making task between gambles that can lead to a reward or no reward. Only one group member receives the outcome and participants evaluate their and the other players' responsibility for the obtained outcome. Two hypotheses are tested: 1) Whether outcome ownership increases responsibility attributions even when the control over an outcome is similar. 2) Whether people's tendency to attribute higher responsibility for positive vs negative outcomes will be stronger for players who received the outcome. The findings of this study may help reveal how credit attributions can be biased toward particular individuals who receive outcomes as a result of collective work.
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Jaquiery, Matt, and Marwa El Zein. "Stage 1 Registered Report: How responsibility attributions to self and others relate to outcome ownership in group decisions." Wellcome Open Research 6 (February 5, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16480.1.
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Responsibility judgements have important consequences in human society. Previous research focused on how someone's responsibility determines the outcome they deserve, for example, whether they are rewarded or punished. Here, we investigate the opposite link: How outcome ownership influences responsibility attributions in a social context. Participants in a group of three perform a majority vote decision-making task between gambles that can lead to a reward or no reward. Only one group member receives the outcome and participants evaluate their and the other players' responsibility for the obtained outcome. Two hypotheses are tested: 1) Whether outcome ownership increases responsibility attributions even when the control over an outcome is similar. 2) Whether people's tendency to attribute higher responsibility for positive vs negative outcomes will be stronger for players who received the outcome. The findings of this study may help reveal how credit attributions can be biased toward particular individuals who receive outcomes as a result of collective work.
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Li, Miao, Luluo Peng, and Guijun Zhuang. "Sales Control Systems and Salesperson Commitment: The Moderating Role of Behavior Uncertainty." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072589.
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Although sales control has been identified by previous literature as an effective tool to promote salesperson commitment, unclear categorization of the focal variables makes existing findings confounding. This paper aims to provide more nuanced understanding about the relation between sales control systems and salesperson commitment by categorizing sales control into outcome control, activity control, and capability control. Moreover, we explore the moderating role of behavioral uncertainty, which includes sales cycle uncertainty and behavioral content uncertainty. Using a sample of 208 salespersons in China, we find the following results: (1) sales cycle uncertainty weakens the positive impact of outcome control on salesperson commitment and the negative relationship between activity control and salesperson commitment; (2) behavioral content uncertainty strengthens the positive link between outcome control and salesperson commitment and the negative impact of activity control on salesperson commitment; and (3) both sales cycle uncertainty and behavioral content uncertainty strengthen the positive relationship between capability control and salesperson commitment. This research enriches knowledge about sales control systems and offers insights into the important contextual role of behavior uncertainty that has been largely ignored by prior research in the sales force control literature.
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Lakra, Akshay, Taylor Murtaugh, Roshan P. Shah, H. John Cooper, and Jeffrey A. Geller. "Early Postoperative Pain Predicts 2-Year Functional Outcomes following Knee Arthroplasty." Journal of Knee Surgery 33, no. 11 (July 3, 2019): 1132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692650.
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AbstractPain control following knee arthroplasty is extremely important to both patients and surgeons to improve the perioperative experience; however, the implication of early pain control on long-term outcomes following knee arthroplasty remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that poor early pain control results in poor functional outcomes 2 years following total (TKA) and unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA). This retrospective study reviewed 242 TKA and 162 UKA performed at a single institution by two surgeons. Mean visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were collected for first 3 postoperative days. Patients were prospectively evaluated using short form (SF-12), the Western Ontario and McMaster University osteoarthritis index (WOMAC), and the Knee Society functional score (KSFS) questionnaires. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between mean VAS pain scores and functional outcome scores at 2 years. In the TKA group, poorly controlled perioperative pain correlated with poorer functional scores at 2 years. There was a significant negative correlation between early mean VAS pain scores (mean, 3.2 ± 2.0) and most 2-year functional outcomes including SF-12 physical score (r = −0.227, p ≤ 0.01), WOMAC pain scores (r = −0.268, p ≤ 0.01), WOMAC stiffness scores (r = −0.224, p < 0.01), WOMAC function score (r = −0.290, p 0.01), and KSFS (r = −0.175, p = 0.031). Better control of early pain was associated with improved functional outcomes at 2 years following TKA. We also found significant negative correlations between preoperative functional scores and early postoperative pain scores. Collectively, using preoperative and early postoperative pain scores, we identified an “at-risk” patient group that manifested an inferior functional outcome at 2 years; these patients may benefit from closer surveillance and a multidisciplinary approach to pain and function to optimize their clinical outcome following knee arthroplasty.
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Jung, Chang Mo, Tae-Won Moon, and Won-Moo Hur. "When and How Does the Job Insecurity of Salespersons Become a Sleep Problem? The Moderating Roles of Organizational Control Systems." Healthcare 8, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040422.
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The present study examines the effect of the emotional exhaustion associated with salespersons’ job insecurity on their sleep (i.e., insomnia symptoms). We identified two types of formal organizational control systems (i.e., outcome-based and behavior-based controls) as boundary conditions that strengthen/weaken the positive relationship between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. To test this moderating effect, we collected online panel surveys from 187 Korean salespersons at two time points, which were separated by three months. Like our predictions, the positive relationship between job insecurity and negative sleep quality (i.e., insomnia symptoms) was found to be mediated by emotional exhaustion. We further found a significant three-way interaction between job insecurity, outcome-based control, and behavior-based control, which is mediated by emotional exhaustion, indicating that the positive relationship between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion was strongest when the outcome-based control and behavior-based control of salespersons were high and low, respectively. The indirect effect of the emotional exhaustion associated with job insecurity on sleep quality was also weakest when the outcome-based control and behavior-based control were both high. These results provide theoretical and practical implications for managing employees in job insecurity contexts.
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Oliver, Lindsay D., John D. Haltigan, James M. Gold, George Foussias, Pamela DeRosse, Robert W. Buchanan, Anil K. Malhotra, and Aristotle N. Voineskos. "Lower- and Higher-Level Social Cognitive Factors Across Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Healthy Controls: Relationship With Neurocognition and Functional Outcome." Schizophrenia Bulletin 45, no. 3 (August 10, 2018): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby114.
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Abstract Background Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) often feature social cognitive deficits. However, little work has focused on the factor structure of social cognition, and results have been inconsistent in schizophrenia. This study aimed to elucidate the factor structure of social cognition across people with SSDs and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that a 2-factor model, including lower-level “simulation” and higher-level “mentalizing” factors, would demonstrate the best fit across participants. Methods Participants with SSDs (N = 164) and healthy controls (N = 102) completed social cognitive tasks ranging from emotion recognition to complex mental state inference, as well as clinical and functional outcome, and neurocognitive measures. Structural equation modeling was used to test social cognitive models, models of social cognition and neurocognition, measurement invariance between cases and controls, and relationships with outcome measures. Results A 2-factor (simulation and mentalizing) model fit the social cognitive data best across participants and showed adequate measurement invariance in both SSD and control groups. Patients showed lower simulation and mentalizing scores than controls, but only mentalizing was significantly associated with negative symptoms and functional outcome. Social cognition also mediated the relationship between neurocognition and both negative symptoms and functional outcome. Conclusions These results uniquely indicate that distinct lower- and higher-level aspects of social cognition exist across SSDs and healthy controls. Further, mentalizing may be particularly linked to negative symptoms and functional outcome. This informs future studies of the neural circuitry underlying social cognition and the development of targeted treatment options for improving functional outcome.
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Wong, Judith Ju Ming, Chin Seng Gan, Sanghvi Heli Kaushal, Soo Lin Chuah, Rehena Sultana, Natalie Woon Hui Tan, Kah Peng Eg, Koh Cheng Thoon, Jan Hau Lee, and Chee Fu Yung. "Pediatric COVID-19 Risk Factors in Southeast Asia-Singapore and Malaysia: A Test-Negative Case–Control Study." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-1000.
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ABSTRACT. There is a scarcity of population-level data of pediatric COVID-19 infection from Southeast Asia. This study aims to describe and compare epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and outcome data among pediatric COVID-19 cases versus controls in two neighboring countries, Singapore and Malaysia. We used a test-negative case–control study design recruiting all suspected COVID-19 cases (defined by either clinical or epidemiological criteria) from January 2020 to March 2021 admitted to two main pediatric centers in Singapore and Malaysia. Data were collected using a standardized registry (Pediatric Acute and Critical Care COVID-19 Registry of Asia). The primary outcome was laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with COVID-19. This study included 923 children with median age of 4 (interquartile range 2–9) years. Of these, 35.3% were COVID-19 cases. Children with COVID-19 were more likely to be asymptomatic compared with controls (49.4 versus 18.6%; P < 0.0001). They were also less likely to develop respiratory complications, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, or organ dysfunction. Four (1.2%) of our COVID-19 patients required respiratory support compared with 14.2% of controls needing respiratory support. COVID-19 cases tended to have lower neutrophil count but higher hemoglobin compared with controls. There were no reported deaths of COVID-19 infection; in contrast, 0.7% of the control group died. In the multivariable analysis, older age, travel history, and close contact with an infected household member were associated with COVID-19 infection. This study shows that the majority of pediatric COVID-19 cases were of lesser severity compared with other community acquired respiratory infections.
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Goldberg, Gail R., Peter R. Murgatroyd, Aideen P. M. McKenna, Patricia M. Heavey, and Andrew M. Prentice. "Dietary compensation in response to covert imposition of negative energy balance by removal of fat or carbohydrate." British Journal of Nutrition 80, no. 2 (February 1998): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114598001044.
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Compensatory changes in energy intake (EI) and macronutrient metabolism in response to modest covert underfeeding were tested by whole-body calorimetry in eight lean men. Each was studied on three occasions comprising a controlled stabilization day followed by manipulation and outcome days in a whole-body calorimeter. On the manipulation day EI was fixed, and calculated to maintain energy balance (CONTROL) or to provide 85% of CONTROL by removing energy as carbohydrate (CHOred) or as fat (FATred). On the outcome day, ad libitum EI was allowed at fixed mealtimes. CHOred and FATred manipulations generated significantly different energy balances (-1.10 (SE 0.13) MJ, P=0.000; -1.10 (SE 0.12) MJ, P=0.000) and fat balances (-0.61(SE 0.23) MJ, P=0.03; -1.09 (SE 0.20) MJ, P=0.000), but not carbohydrate balances (-0.39 (SE 0.22) MJ, NS; 0.11 (SE 0.23) MJ, NS) by the end of the manipulation day compared with CONTROL. On the outcome day, EI was significantly higher than CONTROL after CHOred (+1.58 (SE 0.33) MJ, P=0.004) and FATred (+1.21 (SE 0.49) MJ, P=0.022) with no differences between treatments. Overall 48 h energy balances averaged close to zero at -0.14, +0.34, +0.04 MJ on CONTROL, CHOred and FATred respectively. Total 48 h energy intakes on CHOred and FATred averaged 101 (SE 1.7)% and 99 (SE 2.5)% of CONTROL, thus demonstrating accurate detection of a mild energy deficit and efficient next-day compensation. Despite significant differences in macronutrient oxidation rates, the energy homeostatic mechanism appeared to be independent of specific macronutrient deficits.
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H. Ali, Mwanaali, Saada A. Seif, and Stephen M. Kibusi. "The Influence of Fear During Pregnancy, Labour and Delivery on Birth Outcome Among Post-Delivery Women: A Case Control Study in Zanzibar." East African Health Research Journal 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24248/eahrj.v6i2.693.
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Background: Assessing the influence of fear during pregnancy, labour, and delivery on birth outcomes among women is very important. Normally, women experience happiness during pregnancy, but some may develop fear which may cause maternal and neonatal complications. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of fear during pregnancy, labour and delivery on birth outcome among post-delivery women in Zanzibar. Methodology: This was a matched case-control study involving 204 post-delivery women who were randomly selected from 4 hospitals in Zanzibar. Cases (n=68) were those who experienced a negative birth outcome, whether maternal, fetal, or both. The control group (n=136) had normal birth outcomes. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data and was analyzed using SPSS whereby percentages, chi-square test, and odds ratio results were reported. Results: Among cases, 27(39.7%) had high level of fear during pregnancy compared to the control group, 75(40.4%). During labour, 29(42.6%) of cases had high level of fear, and in control, 55(42.4%). And during delivery 35(51.4%) of cases had highest level of fear, while only 47(34.5%) of control had high level of fear. The chi-square test showed only fear during delivery was significantly associated with undesirable birth outcomes. Women who experienced a high level of fear during delivery were 2 times more likely to have undesirable birth outcomes (AOR=1.941, p=.051) after adjusting for other variables. Conclusion: This study established that most women experience high level of fear during pregnancy, labour and delivery. A high level of fear during delivery is associated with having negative birth outcomes, but not during pregnancy and labour. The findings are of clinical importance as they highlight the need to integrate a universal screening intervention into antenatal care services for early management.
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Son, Chong-Hwan. "The Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Self-Reported Physical and Mental Health Outcomes in Adulthood." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 8, no. 3(J) (July 3, 2016): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v8i3(j).1292.
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The number of physically and mentally unhealthy days as a measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is used to examine the different effects of the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on physical and mental health outcomes. The data, a cross-sectional state-level survey, is obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2012. Multiple regression analyses are conducted for the study. The results indicate that all individual ACE categories are inversely associated with both physical and mental health, as respondents who exposed to any adverse childhood experience are likely to have physically- and mentally-related poor HRQOL in adulthood. The estimated coefficients for individual ACEs in magnitude on the mental health outcome are, in overall, greater than the estimated coefficients on the physical health outcome. The regression results with accumulative ACE scores indicate that higher levels of the ACE score would affect higher negative health outcomes, such as the dosage effects that appear again in this study. The estimated coefficients of accumulative ACE scores on the mental health outcome exceed the coefficients of ACE scores on physical health outcome for an ACE score of 2 and above. The gap in the estimated coefficients of ACE scores between physically and mentally unhealthy days increases as the ACE score rises. The estimated coefficient at the score ACE8 for the mentally unhealthy days becomes almost twice as large as the coefficient for the physically unhealthy days. Importantly, the negative effects of ACEs on mental health outcomes are significantly greater than the negative effects on physical health outcomes.
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Gallina, A., A. Briganti, N. Suardi, A. Salonia, L. Barbieri, L. Villa, G. Gandaglia, et al. "836 LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF GLEASON 8-10, NODE NEGATIVE PROSTATE CANCER: THE IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL CONTROL." European Urology Supplements 9, no. 2 (April 2010): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(10)60819-6.
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Wakeen, Maureen J., Stephen W. Zimmerman, and Denise Bidwel. "Viscus Perforation in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Diagnosis and Outcome." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 14, no. 4 (October 1994): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089401400411.
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Objective To determine the incidence and outcome of spontaneous viscus perforation in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and which factors could facilitate early diagnosis. Design A retrospective chart review was done on all patients with viscus perforation and on a control group with peritonitis secondary to gram-negative organisms. Setting A tertiary care University Hospital Peritoneal Dialysis program. Patients All patients with surgically proven spontaneous viscus perforation from 1978 to June 1992 (n = 15). A group of control patients (n = 15) with gram-negative bacterial peritonitis was also reviewed for comparison. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Hospital days, patient survival after perforation, and return to peritoneal dialysis were the main outcomes measured. Peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count, PD fluid WBC count with differential, PD fluid cultures, radiologic information, and surgical intervention were also evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test to determine significant differences between the two groups. Results Viscus perforation occurred in 15 of the 431 patients on PD from 1978 to June 1992 (3.5%). In comparison to the control group, patients with viscus perforation had a significantly higher peripheral WBC count (p = .016), a higher mean PD fluid WBC count (p = .006), and a higher mean percentage of polymorphonuclear cells in the PD effluent (p = .038). Multiple organisms on PD fluid cultures were noted in 12 of 15 patients with perforation and in only 3 control patients. Pneumoperitoneum was seen on abdominal or chest radiograph or computerized tomographic (CT) scan in 10 of 15 patients with perforation and in only 1 of 15 patients in the control group. All patients with viscus perforation required surgery and 6 expired. Only 1 death occurred in the control group. Only 1 of the 9 patients surviving perforation was able to resume PD, in contrast to 13 of 14 surviving control patients. Conclusion We conclude that viscus perforation is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and technique failure. Diagnosis may be made by repeatedly searching for intraperitoneal free air on radiograph or CT scan in patients with persistently elevated peripheral and PD fluid WBC count, and for multiple organisms on PD fluid culture.
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Goyer, Julia P., Marty G. Woldorff, and Scott A. Huettel. "Rapid Electrophysiological Brain Responses are Influenced by Both Valence and Magnitude of Monetary Rewards." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 11 (November 2008): 2058–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20134.
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Negative outcomes, as identified from external feedback, cause a short-latency negative deflection in the event-related potential (ERP) waveform over medial frontal electrode sites. This brain response, which has been called an “error related negativity” (ERN) or “medial frontal negativity” (MFN), may reflect a coarse evaluation of performance outcomes, such as the valence of a reward within a monetary gambling task. Yet, for feedback to lead to the adaptive control of behavior, other information concerning reward outcomes besides experienced valence may also be important. Here, we used a gambling task in which subjects chose between two options that could vary in both outcome valence (gain or loss) and outcome magnitude (larger or smaller). We measured changes in brain ERP responses associated with the presentation of the outcomes. We found, as shown in prior studies, that valence of the chosen outcome has an early effect upon frontal ERPs, with maximal difference observed at ∼250 msec. However, our results demonstrated that the early ERP responses to outcome feedback were driven not just by valence but by the combination of valence and magnitude for both chosen and unchosen options. Beginning even earlier, at around 150 msec, responses to high-consequence outcomes resulted in a greater, more centrally distributed, positive potential than those involving low-consequence outcomes, independent of valence. Furthermore, the amplitude of these early effects was significantly modulated by the sequence of outcomes in previous trials. These results indicate that early evaluation of feedback goes beyond simple identification of valence—it involves the consideration of multiple factors, including outcome magnitude, context of unchosen options, and prior history.
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Hill, Richard. "Using Augmented Reality to Improve Patient Outcomes With Negative Pressure Wound Therapy." Wounds : a compendium of clinical research and practice 34, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25270/wnds/2022.4750.
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Introduction. Augmented reality (AR) is a burgeoning digital technology that is finding more frequent use in health care. The benefits of AR, such as hands-free imaging and remote viewing, make this a tool particularly suited to wound care. To the author’s knowledge, no attempts have been made to leverage this technology in a way that might improve patient outcomes. Similarly, few studies on remote wound consultation focus on the inpatient setting. Objective. This study demonstrated the use of AR to improve the outcome of patients undergoing negative pressure wound therapy. Materials and Methods. A case-control study of 27 patients treated in a rural Louisiana hospital was performed. A retrospective control group (n = 15) was identified and compared with similar cases (n = 12) that used AR by the bedside nursing staff and an offsite certified wound care clinician. Results. At univariate analysis, the treatment group was found to have fewer unintended surgical revisions (P =.002), fewer interruptions in therapy time (P =.01), and fewer readmissions related to wound infection (P =.004) compared with the control group. Correlational testing was performed and showed a significant correlation between the number of dressings performed and the number of complications that arose (0.71) as well as between premature dressing removals and number of readmissions related to infection (0.74). Conclusions. The results of this study, although preliminary, show how AR can be used in the acute care setting to positively influence outcomes of patients undergoing wound care. Further testing is necessary to replicate these findings and assess the use of AR with other advanced modalities or for other indications in the acute care setting.
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Malicka, Ewa, Iwona Szymusik, Beata Rebizant, Filip Dąbrowski, Robert Brawura-Biskupski-Samaha, and Katarzyna Kosińska-Kaczyńska. "sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio Is Not a Good Predictor of Severe COVID-19 nor of Adverse Outcome in Pregnant Women with SARS-CoV-2 Infection—A Case-Control Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215054.
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Background: Elevated serum levels of sFlt-1 were found in non-pregnant severe COVID-19 patients. The aim was to investigate sFlt-1/PlGF ratio as a predictor of severe disease and adverse outcome in pregnant women with COVID-19. Methods: A single-center case-control study was conducted in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2-negative pregnant women served as controls. Serum sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was assessed. The primary outcome was severe COVID-19 and the secondary outcome comprised adverse outcomes including severe COVID-19, intensive care unit admission, maternal multiple organ failure, preterm delivery, fetal demise, preeclampsia or hypertension diagnosed after COVID-19, maternal death. Results: 138 women with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 140 controls were included. sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was higher in infected patients (11.2 vs. 24; p < 0.01) and in women with severe disease (50.8 vs. 16.2; p < 0.01). However, it was similar in women with adverse and non-adverse outcome (29.8 vs. 20; p = 0.2). The AUC of sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was 0.66 (95% CI 0.56–0.76) for the prediction of severe COVID-19, and 0.72 (95% CI 0.63–0.79) for the prediction of adverse outcome. Conclusions: sFlt-1 and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio are related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of COVID-19 during pregnancy. However, sFlt-1/PlGF ratio is not a good predictor of severe COVID-19 or adverse outcome.
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Wang, Jingya, Jennifer M. Cooper, Krishna Gokhale, Dionisio Acosta-Mena, Samir Dhalla, Nathan Byne, Joht Singh Chandan, et al. "Association of Metformin with Susceptibility to COVID-19 in People with Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 5 (February 9, 2021): 1255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab067.
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Abstract Objective Diabetes has emerged as an important risk factor for mortality from COVID-19. Metformin, the most commonly prescribed glucose-lowering agent, has been proposed to influence susceptibility to and outcomes of COVID-19 via multiple mechanisms. We investigated whether, in patients with diabetes, metformin is associated with susceptibility to COVID-19 and its outcomes. Research Design and Methods We performed a propensity score–matched cohort study with active comparators using a large UK primary care dataset. Adults with type 2 diabetes patients and a current prescription for metformin and other glucose-lowering agents (MF+) were compared to those with a current prescription for glucose-lowering agents that did not include metformin (MF−). Outcomes were confirmed COVID-19, suspected/confirmed COVID-19, and associated mortality. A negative control outcome analysis (back pain) was also performed. Results There were 29 558 and 10 271 patients in the MF+ and MF− groups, respectively, who met the inclusion criteria. In the propensity score–matched analysis, the adjusted hazard ratios for suspected/confirmed COVID-19, confirmed COVID-19, and COVID-19-related mortality were 0.85 (95% CI 0.67, 1.08), 0.80 (95% CI 0.49, 1.30), and 0.87 (95% CI 0.34, 2.20) respectively. The negative outcome control analysis did not suggest unobserved confounding. Conclusion Current prescription of metformin was not associated with the risk of COVID-19 or COVID-19-related mortality. It is safe to continue prescribing metformin to improve glycemic control in patients with.
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Sharma, Raman Mohan, Nupur Pruthi, Arivazhagan Arimappamagan, Sampath Somanna, Bhagavathula Indira Devi, and Paritosh Pandey. "Tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus with HIV co-infection: role of cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures." Journal of Neurosurgery 122, no. 5 (May 2015): 1087–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.jns14257.
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OBJECT Hydrocephalus is one of the commonest complications of tubercular meningitis (TBM), and its incidence is increasing with the HIV epidemic. Literature evaluating the role of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in HIV-positive patients with TBM and their long-term prognosis is scarce. METHODS Between June 2002 and October 2012, 30 HIV-positive patients with TBM and hydrocephalus underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Thirty age-, sex-, and grade-matched HIV-negative patients with TBM and hydrocephalus were randomly selected as the control group. Outcome was analyzed at discharge (short-term outcome) and at follow-up (long-term outcome). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to look for predictors of outcome; p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS There were no differences in the clinical, radiological, or biochemical parameters between the 2 groups. Short-term outcome was better in the HIV-negative group (76.7% improvement) than in the HIV-positive group (70%). However, the long-term outcome in HIV-positive patients was very poor (66.7% mortality and 76.2% poor outcome) compared with HIV-negative patients (30.8% mortality and 34.6% poor outcome). Seropositivity for HIV is an independent predictor of poor outcome both in univariate and multivariate analyses (p = 0.038). However, in contrast to previous reports, of 5 patients with TBM in good Palur grades among the HIV-positive patients, 4 (80%) had good outcome following shunt placement. CONCLUSIONS The authors recommend that shunt treatment should not be performed in HIV-positive patients in poor Palur grade with hydrocephalus. A trial of external ventricular drainage should be undertaken in such patients, and shunt treatment should be performed only if there is any improvement. However, HIV-positive patients in good Palur grades should undergo VP shunt placement, as these patients have better outcomes than previously reported.
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Bault, Nadège, Giuseppe di Pellegrino, Martina Puppi, Gaëlle Opolczynski, Alessia Monti, Davide Braghittoni, Florence Thibaut, Aldo Rustichini, and Giorgio Coricelli. "Dissociation between Private and Social Counterfactual Value Signals Following Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Damage." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 5 (May 2019): 639–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01372.
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Individuals learn by comparing the outcome of chosen and unchosen actions. A negative counterfactual value signal is generated when this comparison is unfavorable. This can happen in private as well as in social settings—where the foregone outcome results from the choice of another person. We hypothesized that, despite sharing similar features such as supporting learning, these two counterfactual signals might implicate distinct brain networks. We conducted a neuropsychological study on the role of private and social counterfactual value signals in risky decision-making. Patients with lesions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), lesion controls, and healthy controls repeatedly chose between lotteries. In private trials, participants could observe the outcomes of their choices and the outcomes of the unselected lotteries. In social trials, participants could also see the other player's choices and outcome. At the time of outcome, vmPFC patients were insensitive to private counterfactual value signals, whereas their responses to social comparison were similar to those of control participants. At the time of choice, intact vmPFC was necessary to integrate counterfactual signals in decisions, although amelioration was observed during the course of the task, possibly driven by social trials. We conclude that if the vmPFC is critical in processing private counterfactual signals and in integrating those signals in decision-making, then distinct brain areas might support the processing of social counterfactual signals.
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Nobaek, S., P. Rogmark, and U. Petersson. "Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Treatment of Mesh Infection After Abdominal Surgery: Long-Term Results and Patient-Reported Outcome." Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 106, no. 4 (April 7, 2017): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1457496917690966.
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Background and Aims: Treatment of synthetic mesh infections has previously often resulted in mesh explantation. Negative pressure wound therapy has been used in these situations with encouraging results. The aims of this study were to evaluate wound healing, mesh preservation, and patient-reported outcome after negative pressure wound therapy of mesh infections. Material and Methods: Medical records of patients treated with negative pressure wound therapy for mesh infection and age-matched mesh-operated controls without postoperative complications were scrutinized in a retrospective study. An abdominal wall complaints questionnaire was used to evaluate patient-reported outcome. Results: Of 722 mesh operations performed 2005–2012, negative pressure wound therapy was used for treating postoperative mesh infections in 48 patients. A total of 48 age-matched controls were recruited from patients without wound complications. No differences were found between groups regarding preoperative characteristics. The following peroperative characteristics were significantly more frequent in the negative pressure wound therapy group: emergency operation, dirty/infected surgical field, surgical techniques other than laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair, implantation of more than one mesh, larger mesh size, longer duration of surgery, and mesh not completely covered with anterior rectus fascia. The entire mesh was salvaged in 92%, while four meshes were partly excised. Wounds healed in 88% after a median of 110 (range 3–649) days. In total, 85% in the negative pressure wound therapy group and 75% in the control group answered the questionnaire. There were no significant differences regarding pain, other abdominal wall symptoms, and satisfaction with the final result in favor of the controls. Conclusion: No mesh had to be explanted and wound healing was achieved in the majority of patients when negative pressure wound therapy was used for treatment of mesh infections. However, time to healing was long, and numerous procedures were sometimes needed. Positive long-term outcome was more frequently reported among controls.
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Rodríguez, Alexander J., Martin T. Ernst, Mads Nybo, Daniel Prieto-Alhambra, Peter R. Ebeling, Anne Pernille Hermann, and Bo Abrahamsen. "Oral Bisphosphonate use Reduces Cardiovascular Events in a Cohort of Danish Patients Referred for Bone Mineral Density." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 10 (July 27, 2020): 3215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa481.
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Abstract Context The cardiovascular (CV) safety of oral bisphosphonates (oBPs) is uncertain. Objective Determine the risk of CV events in oBP users referred for bone mineral density (BMD) testing compared with matched controls. Design Cohort study. Setting Danish national prescription registry enriched with local hospital data from Odense. Participants Individuals aged ≥45 years referred for BMD testing. Exposure oBP. Outcomes Hospitalization for any CV event. Secondary study outcomes were specific CV events. Negative (inguinal hernia surgery and ingrown toenail) and positive (fragility fracture) control outcomes assessed systemic bias. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results There were 2565 oBP users (82.6% women) and 4568 (82.3% women) propensity score–matched controls. Alendronate accounted for 96% of oBP prescription. A total of 406 (15.8%) CV events occurred in oBP users (rate = 73.48 [66.67-80.98]); rate = events divided by person-time; and 837 (18.3%) events in controls (rate = 104.73 [97.87-112.07]) with an adjusted HR of 0.68 (95% CI 0.60-0.77). Additional adjustment for BMD did not attenuate estimates (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.58-0.78]. Similar results were seen for secondary outcomes where risk reductions were seen regarding atrial fibrillation, stroke, heart failure, and aneurysms. Positive and negative control outcome analyses identified minimal residual confounding. Conclusion Oral BP users experienced a 33% reduced risk of CV events. This observational real-world study adds to a growing body of evidence for cardioprotection by oBP that warrants testing in a randomized setting.
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Roy, Sagarika, Babita Saha, and Sajal Datta. "Pregnancy outcome in anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody negative subclinical hypothyroid women with and without treatment." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20221944.
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Background: There is insufficient evidence in the literature whether pregnancy with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody negative subclinical hypothyroidism is benefited with treatment.Methods: The 100 uncomplicated primigravida women before 16 weeks of gestation who were anti thyroid peroxidase antibody negative and diagnosed as subclinical hypothyroid based on serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Free T4 (FT4) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti TPO Ab) were enrolled in this study. They were divided into case and control group having 50 patients in each arm. Case group were treated with levothyroxine therapy as per the recommended dose. Maternal and perinatal outcome were compared between the two groups.Results: In our study we had found increased percentage of cases of antepartum hemorrhage (APH), pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), pre-labour rupture of membrane (PROM), preterm delivery, meconium-stained liquor, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight (LBW), APGAR score at 1 and 5 minutes, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and NICU admission among women who were not treated but it was not statistically significant when compared with control group.Conclusions: When compared between the treated and non-treated group in anti TPO Ab negative subclinical hypothyroid patients, we didn’t find any significant difference in parameters studied by us. In view of inadequate literature, controversy exists whether to treat or not anti TPO negative subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy with levothyroxine.
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Dicks, Kristen V., Deverick J. Anderson, Arthur W. Baker, Daniel J. Sexton, and Sarah S. Lewis. "Clinical Outcomes and Healthcare Utilization Related to Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections in Community Hospitals." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 1 (October 11, 2016): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.230.
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OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of multidrug-resistant gram-negative rod (MDR-GNR) infections on mortality and healthcare resource utilization in community hospitals.DESIGNTwo matched case-control analyses.SETTINGSix community hospitals participating in the Duke Infection Control Outreach Network from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2012.PARTICIPANTSAdult patients admitted to study hospitals during the study period.METHODSPatients with MDR-GNR bloodstream and urinary tract infections were compared with 2 groups: (1) patients with infections due to nonMDR-GNR and (2) control patients representative of the nonpsychiatric, non-obstetric hospitalized population. Four outcomes were assessed: mortality, direct cost of hospitalization, length of stay, and 30-day readmission rates. Multivariable regression models were created to estimate the effect of MDR status on each outcome measure.RESULTSNo mortality difference was seen in either analysis. Patients with MDR-GNR infections had 2.03 higher odds of 30-day readmission compared with patients with nonMDR-GNR infections (95% CI, 1.04–3.97, P=.04). There was no difference in hospital direct costs between patients with MDR-GNR infections and patients with nonMDR-GNR infections. Hospitalizations for patients with MDR-GNR infections cost $5,320.03 more (95% CI, $2,366.02–$8,274.05, P<.001) and resulted in 3.40 extra hospital days (95% CI, 1.41–5.40, P<.001) than hospitalizations for control patients.CONCLUSIONSOur study provides novel data regarding the clinical and financial impact of MDR gram-negative bacterial infections in community hospitals. There was no difference in mortality between patients with MDR-GNR infections and patients with nonMDR-GNR infections or control patients.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–8