Academic literature on the topic 'Negative control outcome'
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Journal articles on the topic "Negative control outcome"
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Sanderson, Eleanor, Tom G. Richardson, Gibran Hemani, and George Davey Smith. "The use of negative control outcomes in Mendelian randomization to detect potential population stratification." International Journal of Epidemiology 50, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa288.
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Abstract A key assumption of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis is that there is no association between the genetic variants used as instruments and the outcome other than through the exposure of interest. One way in which this assumption can be violated is through population stratification, which can introduce confounding of the relationship between the genetic variants and the outcome and so induce an association between them. Negative control outcomes are increasingly used to detect unobserved confounding in observational epidemiological studies. Here we consider the use of negative control outcomes in MR studies to detect confounding of the genetic variants and the exposure or outcome. As a negative control outcome in an MR study, we propose the use of phenotypes which are determined before the exposure and outcome but which are likely to be subject to the same confounding as the exposure or outcome of interest. We illustrate our method with a two-sample MR analysis of a preselected set of exposures on self-reported tanning ability and hair colour. Our results show that, of the 33 exposures considered, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of adiposity and education-related traits are likely to be subject to population stratification that is not controlled for through adjustment, and so any MR study including these traits may be subject to bias that cannot be identified through standard pleiotropy robust methods. Negative control outcomes should therefore be used regularly in MR studies to detect potential population stratification in the data used.
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Rothermund, Klaus. "Counter-Regulation and Control-Dependency." Social Psychology 42, no. 1 (January 2011): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000043.
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Two basic principles governing the motivational regulation of automatic affective processing are described and relevant evidence is reviewed. According to the counter-regulation principle, attention is automatically allocated to information that is opposite in valence to current motivational states: A positive outcome focus increases the salience of negative information whereas a negative outcome focus induces an attentional focus on positive information. Counter-regulation in automatic affective processing prevents motivational states from escalating or becoming chronic. According to the control-dependency principle, processing of information is characterized by a problem focus (negativity bias) if goal pursuit is experienced as controllable, whereas experiencing a lack of control over important outcomes is accompanied by an enhancement focus (positivity bias). Control-dependency of affective processing promotes persistent goal pursuit in the face of controllable challenges, and facilitates the acceptance of a given situation and disengagement from blocked goals.
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Hamer, Mark, Ding Ding, Josephine Chau, Mitch J. Duncan, and Emmanuel Stamatakis. "Association between TV viewing and heart disease mortality: observational study using negative control outcome." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212739.
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AimsSedentary behaviour (particularly television (TV) viewing) is thought to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We employed a negative control outcome to explore whether the association between TV viewing and heart disease mortality is explained by confounding.MethodsThe sample was drawn from the UK Biobank study and comprised 479 658 participants (aged 56.5±8.0 years; 45.7% men) followed up over a mean of 10.4 years. TV viewing was measured from self-report.ResultsThere were 1437 ischaemic heart disease (IHD) deaths, and 214 accidental deaths (employed as the negative control outcome). TV viewing was related to the following confounding variables: age, smoking, alcohol, diet, obesity, physical inactivity, cardiovascular disease and education. The confounding structures were similar for both outcomes. TV viewing (per hour/d) was associated with IHD (hazard ratio (HR)=1.30, 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.33) and accidental death (HR=1.15, 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.24) in unadjusted models. Associations were attenuated for both outcomes and were considerably converged after adjustment for confounders; IHD (HR=1.09, 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.12) and accidental death (HR=1.06, 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.15).ConclusionThe pattern of results for TV with an implausible outcome mirrored that of IHD, suggesting that observed associations between TV and heart disease are likely to be driven by confounding.
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Prygunova, Tatiana M., Elena A. Antipenko, and Konstantin Yu Mukhin. "Negative outcome predictors of West syndrome." Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya 20, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2072-2354.2020.20.1.68-74.
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West syndrome is infantile epileptic encephalopathy characterized by the triad of symptoms: infantile spasms, changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the form of hypsarrhythmia and psychomotor retardation. Revealing of the predictors of clinical outcome can contribute to the selection of the optimal therapy and determine the terms of dynamic monitoring and improve treatment outcome.
Aim: to identify predictors of West syndrome outcome.
Materials and methods. The study included 132 patients who underwent treatment from 2000 to 2018. At the onset of the observation the age of children was from 5 months to 17 years 11 months. The age of the onset of spasms ranged from 1 day to 3 years 2 months. Depending on the etiological factor patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 patients with a structural form (60 patients; 45.5%), group 2 patients with a genetic form (39 children; 29.5%), group 3 patients with the disease of unknown etiology (33 children; 25.0%). Evaluating the treatment, special attention was paid to the effectiveness of the first three lines of AEDs and hormones, as well as the further selection of AEDs.
Results. Epileptic spasms were controlled in 76 children (57.6%), all seizures were controlled in 48 (36.4%) children. Patients of the 3rd group demonstrated a higher frequency of spasms arresting (87.9% in comparison to 48.7 and 46.7%) and complete remission (72.7% in comparison to 26.7 and 27.6% respectively). Normal neuropsychic development before the onset of spasms, the absence of epi-activity or the presence of regional epi-activity on the EEG in dynamics, the presence of diffuse changes in MRI had positive prognostic value for spasms control. Neonatal seizures, the presence of epi-activity on the EEG and focal deficiency before spasms, the presence of other seizures, pathology of vision and hearing, and necessity to use 2 drugs had negative prognostic value. The best compensation of motor and psychoverbal development was noted in patients who had remission.
Conclusions. Predictors of negative outcome of West syndrome include structural and genetic forms of the disease, neonatal seizures, epi-activity on EEG, impaired neuropsychic development and the focal pathology before spasms, the presence of other seizures, the persistence of epi-activity in dynamics and the absence of the first-line therapy effect.
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Peddada, Kameswari. "Risk assessment and control." Journal of Governance and Regulation 2, no. 2 (2013): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v2_i2_p4.
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“No pains! No gains!” No enterprise can run without some risk exposure. The outcome of risk exposure may be negative or occasionally positive. Losses from a negative outcome may be mild and acceptable or huge and unacceptable, leading to closure and serious effects on society and the nation. Good risk management with identification, assessment and control of risks faced is part of good management. Planning against risk at enterprise/company, national and international levels are required. Some such exposures may do no harm, but present new business opportunities. The present study involves an extensive review of available literature on risk management. A reputed textile company has been selected for case-study of performance in terms of risk management.
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Ciaramelli, Elisa, Davide Braghittoni, and Giuseppe di Pellegrino. "It Is the Outcome that Counts! Damage to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Disrupts the Integration of Outcome and Belief Information for Moral Judgment." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 6 (August 29, 2012): 962–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712000690.
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AbstractMoral judgment involves considering not only the outcome of an action but also the intention with which it was pursued. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research has shown that integrating outcome and belief information for moral judgment relies on a brain network including temporo-parietal, precuneus, and medial prefrontal regions. Here, we investigated whether the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays a crucial role in this process. Patients with lesions in vmPFC (vmPFC patients), and brain-damaged and healthy controls considered scenarios in which the protagonist caused intentional harm (negative-outcome, negative-belief), accidental harm (negative-outcome, neutral-belief), attempted harm (neutral-outcome, negative-belief), or no harm (neutral-outcome, neutral-belief), and rated the moral permissibility of the protagonists’ behavior. All groups responded similarly to scenarios involving intentional harm and no harm. vmPFC patients, however, judged attempted harm as more permissible, and accidental harm as less permissible, than the control groups. For vmPFC patients, outcome information, rather than belief information, shaped moral judgment. The results indicate that vmPFC is necessary for integrating outcome and belief information during moral reasoning. During moral judgment vmPFC may mediate intentions’ understanding, and overriding of prepotent responses to salient outcomes. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
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Lampart, Maurin, Marco Rüegg, Andrea Jauslin, Noemi Simon, Núria Zellweger, Ceylan Eken, Sarah Tschudin-Sutter, et al. "Direct Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Outcomes, and Risk Prediction in Patients with COVID-19 and Controls—A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 2672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122672.
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Most studies investigating early risk predictors in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) lacked comparison with controls. We aimed to assess and directly compare outcomes and risk predictors at time of emergency department (ED) presentation in COVID-19 and controls. Consecutive patients presenting to the ED with suspected COVID-19 were prospectively enrolled. COVID-19-patients were compared with (i) patients tested negative (overall controls) and (ii) patients tested negative, who had a respiratory infection (respiratory controls). Primary outcome was the composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death at 30 days. Among 1081 consecutive cases, 191 (18%) were tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 890 (82%) were tested negative (overall controls), of which 323 (30%) had a respiratory infection (respiratory controls). Incidence of the composite outcome was significantly higher in COVID-19 (23%) as compared with the overall control group (10%, adjusted-HR 2.45 (95%CI, 1.61–3.74), p < 0.001) or the respiratory control group (10%, adjusted-HR 2.93 (95%CI, 1.66–5.17), p < 0.001). Blood oxygen saturation, age, high-sensitivity troponin, c-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase were identified as the strongest predictors of poor outcome available at time of ED presentation in COVID-19 with highly comparable prognostic utility in overall and respiratory controls. In conclusion, patients presenting to the ED with COVID-19 have a worse outcome than controls, even after adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics. Most predictors of poor outcome in COVID-19 were not restricted to COVID-19, but of comparable prognostic utility in controls and therefore generalizable to unselected patients with suspected COVID-19.
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Logue, A. W. "Laboratory Research on Self-Control: Applications to Administration." Review of General Psychology 2, no. 2 (June 1998): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.221.
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Administrators must sometimes choose between a less delayed but ultimately less valued outcome (impulsiveness) and a more delayed but ultimately more valued outcome (self-control). Which choice is made can affect the long-term health of an administrator's organization. Self-control laboratory research and analysis can be useful in understanding and possibly modifying these choices. This article describes some of the extensive basic laboratory research and analysis concerning self-control and applies this information to specific situations in administration, particularly higher education administration. It discusses the various factors that affect self-control and examines choices between negative, as well as positive, outcomes. Laboratory and nonlaboratory investigations can benefit from attending to information obtained from the other domain.
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Swirsky, Chloe L., Philip M. Fernbach, and Steven A. Sloman. "An illusion of control modulates the reluctance to tempt fate." Judgment and Decision Making 6, no. 7 (October 2011): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500002692.
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AbstractThe tempting fate effect is that the probability of a fateful outcome is deemed higher following an action that “tempts” the outcome than in the absence of such an action. In this paper we evaluate the hypothesis that the effect is due to an illusion of control induced by a causal framing of the situation. Causal frames require that the action make a difference to an outcome and that the action precedes the outcome. If an illusion of control modulates the reluctance to tempt fate, then actions that make a difference to well-being and that occur prior to the outcome should tempt fate most strongly. In Experiments 1–3 we varied whether the action makes a difference and the temporal order of action and outcome. In Experiment 4 we tested whether an action can tempt fate if all outcomes are negative. The results of all four experiments supported our hypothesis that the tempting fate effect depends on a causal construal that gives rise to a false sense of control.
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Tien, Kuei-Lien, Wang-Huei Sheng, Shiouh-Chu Shieh, Yen-Ping Hung, Hwei-Fang Tien, Yi-Hsuan Chen, Li-Jung Chien, Jann-Tay Wang, Chi-Tai Fang, and Yee-Chun Chen. "Chlorhexidine Bathing to Prevent Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in Hematology Units: A Prospective, Controlled Cohort Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz874.
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Abstract Background Chlorhexidine (CHG) bathing decreases the incidence of bloodstream infections in intensive care units, but its effect has been understudied in patients with hematological malignancies in noncritical care units. Methods Adults with hematological malignancies hospitalized for cytotoxic chemotherapy in noncritical care units were offered daily 2% CHG bathing. We compared outcomes of patients who chose CHG bathing (CHG group) with outcomes of those who did not choose CHG bathing (usual-care group). The primary outcome was gram-positive cocci–related, skin flora–related, or central line–associated bloodstream infection. The negative control outcome was gut-origin bacteremia. Results The CHG group (n = 485) had a crude incidence rate of the primary outcome that was 60% lower than the rate for the usual-care group (n = 408; 3.4 vs 8.4 per 1000 patient-days, P = .02) but had a similar crude incidence rate of the negative control outcome (4.5 vs 3.2 per 1000 patient-days; P = .10). In multivariable analyses, CHG bathing was associated with a 60% decrease in the primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.4; P < .001). In contrast, CHG bathing had no effect on the negative control outcome (adjusted HR, 1.1; P = .781). CHG bathing was well tolerated by participants in the CHG group. Conclusions CHG bathing could be a highly effective approach for preventing gram-positive cocci–related, skin flora–related, or central line–associated bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies who are hospitalized for cytotoxic chemotherapy in noncritical care units.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Negative control outcome"
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Kleppe, Anna Elizabeth. "Tactics of Sexual Control and Negative Health Outcomes." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6279.
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Intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) is a concerning, yet relatively understudied form of intimate partner violence (IPV). Furthermore, the majority of research regarding sexual violence fails to differentiate between different forms of control used to facilitate this violence. Although IPV has been linked to a multitude of adverse physical and health outcomes, it is less clear how these outcomes vary by type of control experienced. Using data from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), the current study examines the physical and non-physical tactics used to facilitate sexual violence, and the associated health outcomes. Potential gender differences in tactics experienced and resulting victim health are also explored.
Results show that while physical force is associated with the greatest number of health outcomes, all three tactics are related to reporting adverse health. Additionally, gender analyses reveal that women are more likely to suffer from frequent headaches, injuries, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and to report a greater number of physical health outcomes and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, while men who experienced physically forced sexual violence are more likely to report overall worse mental health than their female counterparts. These findings, along with policy implications and directions for future research, are then discussed.
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Cantarini, Maria Chiara <1976>. "Outcome of HIV-infected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison with HIV negative controls." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2635/.
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Background and rationale for the study. This study investigated whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection adversely affects the prognosis of patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Thirty-four HIV-positive patients with chronic liver disease, consecutively diagnosed with HCC from 1998 to 2007 were one-to-one matched with 34 HIV negative controls for: sex, liver function (Child-Turcotte-Pugh class [CTP]), cancer stage (BCLC model) and, whenever possible, age, etiology of liver disease and modality of cancer diagnosis. Survival in the two groups and independent prognostic predictors were assessed. Results. Among HIV patients 88% were receiving HAART. HIV-RNA was undetectable in 65% of cases; median lymphocyte CD4+ count was 368.5/mmc. Etiology of liver disease was mostly related to HCV infection. CTP class was: A in 38%, B in 41%, C in 21% of cases. BCLC cancer stage was: early in 50%, intermediate in 23.5%, advanced in 5.9%, end-stage in 20.6% of cases. HCC treatments and death causes did not differ between the two groups. Median survival did not differ, being 16 months (95% CI: 6-26) in HIV positive and 23 months (95% CI: 5-41) in HIV negative patients (P=0.391). BCLC cancer stage and HCC treatment proved to be independent predictors of survival both in the whole population and in HIV patients. Conclusions. Survival of HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and diagnosed with HCC is similar to that of HIV negative patients bearing this tumor. Prognosis is determined by the cancer bulk and its treatment.
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Prinsloo, Mariechen. "Job insecurity in a retail bank in South–Africa : scale validation and an exploration of negative attitudinal outcomes / Prinsloo M." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7294.
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The objective of this study was, firstly, to investigate the reliability of a measure of qualitative and
quantitative job insecurity and, secondly, to determine the relationship between qualitative and
quantitative job insecurity, job satisfaction, affective organisational commitment, turnover intention and
locus of control. A cross–sectional survey design was used which included participants randomly selected
from a retail banking group across junior, supervisory and middle management levels (n=178). The job
insecurity scales of Hellgren, Sverke and Isaksson (1999); job satisfaction scale of Hellgren, Sjöberg and
Sverke (1997); affective organisational commitment scale of Allen and Meyer (1990); turnover intention
scale of Sjöberg and Sverke (2001) and the locus of control scale of Levenson (1981) were administered.
Descriptive statistics were used in order to analyse the data. Structural equivalence was used for the
comparison of the factor structures of the job insecurity scale for the three language groups. Furthermore,
in order to determine the relationships between the variables, the Pearson product–moment correlation
coefficients were used, while the dependent variable turnover intention was predicted by means of a
regression analysis.
As indicated at the outset, two research articles form the basis of this mini–dissertation:
Based on the first article, results indicate that both the qualitative and quantitative scale presented
satisfactory levels of reliability across different language groups, and a relationship between these
dimensions (quantitative and qualitative) was noticeable. However, the item “I think my future prospects
and opportunities within the organisation are good” included in the qualitative job insecurity scale could
well be problematic, the deduction being that language barriers probably played a role in participants’
interpretation of the question.
According to the second article, both qualitative and quantitative job insecurity positively related to
turnover intentions. Furthermore, job satisfaction reported a negative relationship with turnover intention,
and a negative relationship between qualitative job insecurity and job satisfaction came to the fore. Locus
of control, on the other hand, had a direct bearing on qualitative job insecurity, while only job satisfaction and quantitative job insecurity directly predicted employees’ turnover intention in the banking sector.
Finally, locus of control seemingly had no mediating effect when predicting turnover intention.
Based on the afore–going, this mini–dissertation will conclude by offering deductions and making
recommendations for further research as well as offering possible solutions to the commercial banking
sector as far as the retention of staff is concerned.Thesis (M.Com. (Human Resource Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Yi-YunChen and 陳宜昀. "Rape positive/ negative outcome expectancy and refusal self-efficacy of sexual offending behaviors among rapists, drug offenders and a normal control group." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49503855369144490377.
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Begum, Mumtaz. "The incidence, risk factors and implications of type 1 diabetes: whole-of-population linked-data study of children in South Australia born from 1999-2013." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/128227.
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The aim of this doctoral thesis was to study the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of type 1 diabetes for children in South Australia, born from 1999-2013. The incidence of type 1 diabetes has doubled in the last four decades in many countries including Australia, and has substantial individual and economic consequences. Evidence from studies on type 1 diabetes aetiology and its implications is mixed. In this thesis, the linkage of multiple population-wide administrative data over 15 years, and use of rigorous epidemiological approaches has resulted in a better understanding of the risk factors and implications of type 1 diabetes. There are four studies in this doctoral thesis. In the first descriptive study, the incidence of type 1 diabetes was estimated by individual and area-level socioeconomic characteristics among children (aged ≤11 years) in South Australia, born from 2002-2013. Findings of the study showed that type 1 diabetes incidence rates differed depending on the measures of socioeconomic characteristics. Individual-level indicators showed higher type 1 diabetes incidence among more advantaged children, however, there was no clear area-level socioeconomic patterning of type 1 diabetes. Area-level measures of socioeconomic position are likely to have a greater risk of misclassification from true socioeconomic position, which suggests that the use of area-level measures may be misleading. Socioeconomic position is a major determinant of health and can modify the risk factors of type 1 diabetes. For example, as per hygiene hypothesis, the socioeconomically dis-advantaged children are less likely to have type 1 diabetes, which is supported by the findings of individual-level socioeconomic patterning of type1 diabetes in the first study. In addition, socioeconomically disadvantaged women are less likely to have a caesarean birth and more likely to smoke in pregnancy. I chose to study these two risk factors of type 1 diabetes because the evidence was inconsistent, and some studies had methodical limitations. Evidence about the effect of caesarean section on childhood type 1 diabetes is mixed; ranging from very small or no risk to 20-30% increased risk. A prevailing theory is that exposure to the gut and vaginal microbiota during a vaginal birth protects against type 1 diabetes. Therefore, in the second study, the impact of caesarean birth on childhood type 1 diabetes (aged ≤15 years) was estimated. This involved linking multiple administrative datasets of children in South Australia, born from 1999-2013. The question was extended to whether type 1 diabetes risk differed for children born by prelabour or intrapartum caesarean to further test the idea of microbiota exposure on type 1 diabetes. That is because children born by prelabour caesarean do not get exposure to maternal vaginal microbiota, and intrapartum caesarean births may have some exposure. Findings of the study obtained from Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed a negligible 5% higher incidence (HR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.28) for caesarean births compared with normal vaginal delivery, with wide confidence intervals including the null. Contrary to the hypothesis of a higher type 1 diabetes risk for prelabor caesarean (because of non-exposure to maternal vaginal microbiota) type 1 diabetes risk for intrapartum caesarean was slightly higher (HR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.82-1.41) than prelabor caesarean (HR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.79-1.32). This negligible risk of type 1 diabetes for children who had caesarean birth, either prelabor or intrapartum, and the potential for unmeasured confounding suggested that birth method induced variation in neonatal microbiota might not be involved in modifying type 1 diabetes risk. Like caesarean section, maternal smoking in pregnancy is also a debated risk factor for childhood type 1 diabetes. Evidence about maternal smoking on childhood type 1 diabetes is inconsistent; studies have been small, and many did not adjust for important confounders or address missing data. In the third study of this doctoral thesis, the effect of maternal smoking in pregnancy on childhood type 1 diabetes was estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, once again by linking multiple administrative datasets of children in South Australia, born from 1999-2013. The analytical approach for this study ranged; from Cox proportional hazard analysis with adjustment for wide range of confounders using the SA ECDP linked data, involving multiple imputation for missing data; to conducting meta-analysis in order to get more precise estimate. But smoking is notoriously residually confounded, therefore, I made special efforts to investigate the possibility of residual confounding by using a negative control and E-value. The findings demonstrated that maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with a 16% (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.67, 1.08) lower childhood type 1 diabetes incidence, compared with unexposed children, which was also supported by the meta-analytic estimates of population-based cohort studies (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62, 0.82) and case-control studies (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55, 0.86). The negative control outcome and E-value analyses indicated the potential for residual confounding in the effect of maternal smoking on childhood type 1 diabetes. Triangulation of evidence from this study along with the results of similar population-based studies, suggested a small reduced risk of childhood type 1 diabetes for children exposed to maternal smoking in pregnancy. However, the mechanisms linking maternal smoking in pregnancy with childhood type 1 diabetes require further investigation. In the fourth study of this thesis, the impact of childhood type 1 diabetes on children’s educational outcomes in year/grade 5 at age ~10 were estimated, linking population-wide data of children in South Australia, born from 1999-2005. In this study, a doubly-robust analytical method called augmented inverse probability weighting (AIPW) was used to compute the average treatment effect of type 1 diabetes on children’s educational outcomes. AIPW gives an unbiased estimate if either the outcome model or the treatment model is correctly specified. The findings of this study demonstrated that children with type 1 diabetes are not disadvantaged in terms of educational outcomes in year 5, potentially reflecting improvement in type 1 diabetes management in Australia. In summary, the work in this doctoral thesis has demonstrated that type 1 diabetes incidence differed depending on the measure of socioeconomic position. The hygiene hypothesis was only supported by the individual-level socioeconomic pattering of type 1 diabetes incidence in South Australia. The involvement of birth method induced variation in neonatal microbiota in type 1 diabetes was not supported by the caesarean and childhood type 1 diabetes study. Despite the evidence of residual confounding in the estimate of maternal smoking in pregnancy on childhood type 1 diabetes, triangulation of the evidence suggested small reduced risk for children exposed to maternal smoking in pregnancy, but further research will be needed to understand the mechanism. The findings of similar educational outcomes for children with and without type 1 diabetes, highlighted the importance of improvements in diabetes management.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, 2020
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Richards, Andrea Ann. "Romantic partner communication about weight management: impact of personal and relational characteristics on message interpretation and health attitude outcomes." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/6897.
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Guided by a conceptual framework regarding how supportive messages interpreted as negatively controlling are related to individuals’ relational health and weight management efforts, this research explored participants’ interpretations of their romantic partner’s weight management messages in a two-phase study. In phase one, college students were presented with a sample of supportive weight management messages. Participants were asked to describe the degree to which each message communicated support and negative control as well as respond to items concerning their personal and relational characteristics. In phase two, participants were asked to report a memorable weight management message they received from their current romantic partner. These messages were then assessed for their degree of support and negative control by the participant. Additionally, students responded to measures concerning how perceptions of their health attitude and relational qualities changed after receiving the message. Results from phase one indicated that readiness to change, body esteem, external and internal locus of control, history of received support, and level of relational distress were all significant predictors of interpreting a supportive weight management message as negatively controlling. Phase two results indicated that perceived negative control in a partner’s weight management message is a significant predictor of perceived level of trust in their relationship, weight management commitment, exercise self-efficacy, diet self-efficacy, and perceived negative change in relational quality. The relevance of perceived negative control for relational functioning and health attitudes is discussed.text
Books on the topic "Negative control outcome"
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Madl, Ulrike. Pathophysiology of glucose control. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0258.
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Hyperglycaemia is a frequent phenomenon in critically-ill patients, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycaemia results in cellular glucose overload and toxic adverse effects of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, especially in tissues with insulin-independent glucose uptake, and acute hyperglycaemia can exert a variety of negative effects. It is the main side effect of intensive insulin therapy. Both severe and moderate hypoglycaemia are independent risk factors of mortality in critically-ill patients. Prolonged hypoglycaemia induces neuronal damage, but may also have adverse cardiovascular effects. Several risk factors predispose critically-ill patients to hypoglycaemic events. Rapid glucose fluctuations may induce oxidative stress and lead to vascular damage. Glucose complexity is a marker of endogenous glucose regulation. Association between hyperglycaemia and outcome is weaker in diabetic critically-ill patients than in non-diabetic patients. Pre-admission glucose control in diabetic critically-ill patients plays a role in the response to glucose control and mortality.
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Hechtman, Lily. Summary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0010.
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Outcomes in adults with ADHD are not uniform. They vary and can be generally described as falling into three groups: (1) those who have fairly normal outcome that does not differ from matched normal controls (about 30%) (Weiss & Hechtman, 1993); (2) those who continue to have significant symptoms of the syndrome with impaired functioning in academic, occupational, social, and emotional domains (50% of the group); and finally, (3) a small subgroup, about 10% to 20%, who have significant negative outcome with poor educational attainment, poor work history, marked unemployment, significant alcohol/substance use disorder, and important psychiatric and antisocial symptoms. Given that ADHD is a chronic condition that continues into adulthood, treatment (both medication and psychosocial treatments) needs to address both ADHD and comorbid conditions and needs to be ongoing with varying intensity and careful follow-up. Only with such an approach can we hope to improve adult outcomes for patients with ADHD.
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Julien, Mic, Rachel McFadyen, and Jim Cullen, eds. Biological Control of Weeds in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104204.
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Biological control of weeds has been practised for over 100 years and Australia has been a leader in this weed management technique. The classical example of control of prickly pears in Australia by the cactus moth Cactoblastis cactorum, which was imported from the Americas, helped to set the future for biocontrol of weeds in many countries. Since then there have been many projects using Classical Biological Control to manage numerous weed species, many of which have been successful. Importantly, there have been no serious negative non-target impacts – the technique, when practised as it is in Australia, is safe and environmentally friendly. Economic assessments have shown that biocontrol of weeds in Australia has provided exceedingly high benefit-to-cost ratios.
This book reviews biological control of weeds in Australia to 2011, covering over 90 weed species and a multitude of biological control agents and potential agents. Each chapter has been written by practising biological control of weeds researchers and provides details of the weed, the history of its biological control, exploration for agents, potential agents studied and agents released and the outcomes of those releases. Many weeds were successfully controlled, some were not, many projects are still underway, some have just begun, however all are reported in detail in this book.
Biological Control of Weeds in Australia will provide invaluable information for biological control researchers in Australia and elsewhere. Agents used in Australia could be of immense value to other countries that suffer from the same weeds as Australia. The studies reported here provide direction to future research and provide examples and knowledge for researchers and students.
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Gibbons, Frederick X., and Michelle L. Stock. Perceived Racial Discrimination and Health Behavior: Mediation and Moderation. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.17.
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Research has documented a strong link between perceived racial discrimination and various health outcomes among African Americans. These outcomes include health status and health-relevant behavior. This chapter focuses on the relation between the stress associated with perceived racial discrimination and health-risk behavior, primarily substance use and abuse. The chapter examines a variety of factors thought to mediate this relation, the two primary ones being negative affect and self-control. Research has shown that discrimination has an impact on both factors, and these in turn directly affect substance use. The chapter also examines several factors that have been shown to moderate the discrimination–health relationship. In addition, the chapter reviews research examining moderators that can be either risk-promoting or protective. Some research identifying individuals who appear to respond in a favorable or healthy manner to perceived discrimination is also reviewed. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research.
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Schotte, Simone, Michael Danquah, Robert Darko Osei, and Kunal Sen. The labour market impact of COVID-19 lockdowns: Evidence from Ghana. 27th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/965-5.
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In this paper, we provide causal evidence of the impact of stringent lockdown policies on labour market outcomes at both the extensive and intensive margins, using Ghana as a case study. We take advantage of a specific policy setting, in which strict stay-at-home orders were issued and enforced in two spatially delimited areas, bringing Ghana’s major metropolitan centres to a standstill, while in the rest of the country less stringent regulations were in place. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that the three-week lockdown had a large and significant immediate negative impact on employment in the treated districts, particularly among workers in informal self-employment. While the gap in employment between the treated and control districts had narrowed four months after the lockdown was lifted, we detect a persistent nationwide impact on labour market outcomes, jeopardizing particularly the livelihoods of small business owners mainly operating in the informal economy.
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IX Congress with international participation Control and prevention of infections associated with health care (HAIs-2021). Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-6045286-5-5.
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The significant prevalence of healthcare associated infections (HAIs) in medical organizations of various profiles, its negative impact on the health of patients and the outcomes of the underlying disease, the increasing duration of treatment with the addition of HAIs have determined their relevance at all times. Ensuring the epidemiological safety of healthcare activities requires the introduction of new methods of prevention into epidemiological practice, which can only be implemented from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach, the joint participation of professionals of various specialties. An interdisciplinary approach to the prevention of HAIs during a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection has made it possible to successfully implement clinical and epidemiological practices, to form a new regulatory and legislative framework for the control of HAIs. This book of proceedings contains abstracts of reports prepared by leading experts: epidemiologists, disinfectologists, clinicians, scientists and medical practitioners. The published materials contain data on the professional risks of infection with the new coronavirus in medical workers, the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, the resistance to antimicrobial drugs of the main pathogens of HAIs, including fungi, recommendations on the effective use of skin antiseptics and modern technology for air disinfection, as well as issues of improving the specific and non-specific prevention of the most socially significant infections, including COVID-19. The proceedings of the Congress are of interest to specialists from the institutions of Rospotrebnadzor, doctors of clinical specialties, epidemiologists, disinfectologists, as well as teachers of medical colleges and universities.
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Newman, Jennifer, and Charles R. Marmar. Executive Function in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0015.
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This chapter discusses the role of executive function in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is far from fully understood. Deficits are subtle and findings are often inconsistent. Impairments have been related to worsening of psychological symptoms, functioning, and quality of life. They can also negatively impact treatment. Functional imaging shows that neurocognitive deficits in PTSD may be related to an imbalance in brain connectivity, where emotion processing is enhanced and control is reduced. Structural findings show abnormalities in brain regions involved in higher-level functions. However, findings are often discrepant. Factors related to these inconclusive results are considered, including developmental course, premorbid functioning, and comorbidities such as traumatic brain injury, depression, substance use, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, health behaviors, and medical concerns. Treatment implications, limitations of this work, and future directions are presented. The aim of future research is to advance scientific understanding of PTSD, neurocognitive impairments, and related conditions, with the goal of improving outcomes for those who encounter trauma.
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Hitlin, Steven, and Sarah K. Harkness. Unequal Foundations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465407.001.0001.
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This book offers a novel theory and an original use of cross-cultural data to argue that the level of economic inequality in a society is reflected in the emotional experience of its members. People living in societies with greater equality experience more positive, binding emotions on a regular basis, while people living in unequal societies, like the United States, are significantly more likely to regularly experience negative, sanctioning moral emotions. We develop the idea that morality operates at both the societal and individual levels, and develop the thesis that individual moral emotions represent the distal structure of society. We bridge a number of areas in social science, including morality, inequality, social psychology, and the study of emotions. A good deal of work explains how being economically advantaged (or not) contributes to individual tastes, beliefs, values, and choices. Very little work links the extent of the advantages within a society to individual outcomes. We suggest that being advantaged in a relatively equal society leads to different experiences and shared cultures than being advantaged in a highly unequal society. We offer a novel use of established data from a tool drawn from the well-established Affect Control Theory tradition to demonstrate empirical support for our theory. As such, we go beyond previous work by showing data that supports our theory using a method that is designed for cross-cultural comparative research. We aim for this book to stimulate future work via different tools to test our theoretical argument.
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Sahn, David E. Is Food the Answer to Malnutrition? Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.030.
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Although there is little disagreement on the magnitude and importance of alleviating malnutrition, its causation and control continue to be the subject of debate and research. Recent evidence suggests that many of the traditional food-based strategies to reduce malnutrition, such as food aid distribution programs, school feeding programs, and food stamps, as well as policies that intervene to affect the price of food such as subsidies and rationing schemes, have proven of limited effectiveness. One important reason is that the critical period of undernutrition is generally in utero and early life. Among the most vulnerable groups, particularly pregnant women and infants, the causes of malnutrition often have little to do with food access and availability. Instead, prenatal care, immunization programs, breastfeeding promotion, and generally raising the quality of child care and nurturing behaviors are paramount. Likewise, improving the sanitary and home environment, including interventions that enhance access to clean water and latrines and behaviors such as hand washing and boiling water, will contribute to reductions in infection and help break the cycle of disease and malnutrition. In the area of food-related interventions, among those that are critical to the production of improved health and nutritional outcomes are food supplementation and fortification schemes that address micronutrient deficiencies. At the same time, there is legitimate concern that misguided food interventions, particularly broad-based price subsidies, food stamps, and food aid may have a range of deleterious consequences. These range from contributing to the epidemic of obesity and related chronic disease, to having a negative impact on farmers and producer incentives and the functioning of food markets.
Book chapters on the topic "Negative control outcome"
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Traveset, Anna, and David M. Richardson. "Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions - an overview." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 1–25. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0001.
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Abstract Diverse biotic interactions between non-native plant species and other species from all taxonomic groups are crucial mediators of the dynamics of plant invasions. This chapter reviews the key hypotheses in invasion ecology that invoke biotic interactions to explain aspects of plant invasion dynamics. We examine the historical context of these hypotheses and assess the evidence for accepting or rejecting their predictions. Most hypotheses invoke antagonistic interactions, mainly competition, predation, herbivory interactions and the role of pathogens. Only in the last two decades have positive (facilitative/mutualistic) interactions been explicitly included in invasion biology theory (as in ecological theory in general). Much information has accumulated in testing hypotheses relating to biotic resistance and Enemy Release Theory, although many of the emerging generalizations are still contentious. There is growing consensus that other drivers of plant invasion success, such as propagule pressure and disturbance, mediate the outcome of biotic interactions, thereby complicating our ability to make predictions, but these have rarely been assessed in both native and adventive ranges of non-native invasive species. It is also widely acknowledged that biogeographic comparisons, more than common garden experiments, are needed to shed light on many of the contradictory results. Contrasting findings have also emerged in exploring the roles of positive interactions. Despite strong evidence that such interactions are crucial in many communities, more work is needed to elucidate the factors that influence the relative importance of positive and negative interactions in different ecosystems. Different types of evidence in support of invasional meltdown have emerged for diverse habitats and across spatial scales. In light of increasing evidence that biotic indirect effects are crucial determinants of the structure, dynamics and evolution of ecological communities, both direct and indirect interactions involving native and non-native species must be considered to determine how they shape plant invasion patterns and the ecological impacts of non-native species on recipient communities. Research that examines both biotic interactions and the factors that mediate their strength and alter interaction outcomes is needed to improve our ability to predict the effects of novel interactions between native and non-native species, and to envisage how existing invaded communities will respond to changing environmental conditions. Many opportunities exist for manipulating biotic interactions as part of integrated control strategies to reduce the extent, density and impacts of non-native plant invasions. These include the introduction of species from the native range of the non-native plant for biological control, diverse manipulations of plant - herbivore interactions and many types of interaction to enhance biotic resistance and steer vegetation recovery following non-native plant control.
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Shepherd, Dean A., Vinit Parida, and Joakim Wincent. "Personal Adversity and Justifying Illegal and Costly Entrepreneurial Action." In Entrepreneurial Responses to Chronic Adversity, 125–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04884-5_5.
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AbstractThis chapter—“Personal Adversity and Justifying Illegal and Costly Entrepreneurial Action”—shifts even more to the dark side of entrepreneurial action in the face of chronic adversity. Specifically, in this chapter, we explore bunkerers—oil thieves—to provide a richer understanding of how individual entrepreneurs interpret their contexts and engage in entrepreneurial action that creates significant negative outcomes. We outline a personal adversity model to explain the entrepreneurial process whereby bunkerers engage in, justify, and persist with entrepreneurial action that causes substantial damage to the local environment, communities, and entrepreneurs’ health. We show how entrepreneurs claim both high and low levels of control to justify the same action and how entrepreneurs entangle themselves and others when justifying their harmful entrepreneurial action and the resulting destruction.
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Zimba, Josephine M., and Emma T. Liwenga. "Effects of conservation agriculture on farmers' livelihoods in the face of climate change in Balaka district, Malawi." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 44–58. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0044.
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Abstract Conservation agriculture (CA) has been highly promoted due to its potential to ensure high crop yields even in the face of changes in climatic factors. However, the actual benefits associated with CA are not only focused on food security but are also site specific. This study sought to understand the benefits of CA in improving livelihoods in a changing climate in Hanjahanja and Sawali sections of Bazale Extension Planning Area in Balaka District. Specifically, it analysed CA's contribution to farmers' livelihoods and also the challenges and opportunities of CA in climate change adaptation. Data was collected through household surveys (n = 153), key informant interviews (n = 9), focus group discussions and field observations. The study found that due to CA adoption, the majority of the farmers in both Hanjahanja and Sawali sections had realized positive livelihood outcomes, mainly through improved food security and increased incomes. Despite the similarity, Hanjahanja farmers reported decrease in yields in seasons marred by floods. However, farmers faced several challenges due to CA adoption, which included high labour demands, rainfall variability and lack of inputs. Even so, improvement in soil moisture, soil erosion control, improved food security, presence of several institutions and enabling environment offered more opportunities of CA in adapting to climate change. CA, therefore, improves the livelihoods of the farmers except in times of floods. Hence, deliberate policies by the government to promote adoption of CA are required to take advantage of the benefits of CA. Research should also be done on how best to reduce the negative effects of CA on farmers' livelihoods.
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Thastum, Mikael, Irene Lundkvist-Houndoumadi, Kristian Bech Arendt, Silke Stjerneklar, and Daniel B. Fishman. "“Cool Kids/Chilled Adolescents”." In Case Studies Within Psychotherapy Trials, 39–107. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199344635.003.0003.
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Case Studies Within Psychotherapy Trials: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods presents a specific, mixed-methods approach, called the “Cases Within Trials” (CWT) model, to psychotherapy research, combining the results from a randomized clinical trial (RCT); the results of richly and qualitatively detailed systematic case studies involving contrasting outcomes drawn from the experimental condition of the RCT; and a synthesis of the two types of knowledge. Chapter 3 of the book applies this model to an RCT study of a group-based, cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT)—called “Cool Kids/Chilled Adolescents”—for youth anxiety in Denmark. Finding a substantial statistical advantage of the CBT treatment to a waiting-list control condition, the authors then analyze and compare the positive-outcome case of Lisa with the negative-outcome case of Marius, both drawn from the CBT condition.
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Abdel-Raheem, Mohamed. "Effect of Insecticides on Natural-Enemies." In Insecticides [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100616.
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Pesticides management options for control of invertebrate pests in many parts of the world. Despite an increase in the use of pesticides, crop losses due to pests have remained largely unchanged for 30–40 years. Beyond the target pests, broad-spectrum pesticides may affect non-target invertebrate species, including causing reductions in natural enemy population abundance and activity, and competition between pest species. Assays of invertebrates against weathered residues have shown the persistence of pesticides might play an important part in their negative impacts on natural enemies in the field. A potential outcome of frequent broad-spectrum pesticide use is the emergence of pests not controlled by the pesticides but benefiting from reduced mortality from natural enemies and competitive release, commonly known as secondary pests.
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Sudakov, Dmitrii Valerievich, Danail Krasimirovich Nazliev, Evgenii Vladimirovich Belov, Oleg Valerievich Sudakov, and Artiom Nikolaevich Shevtsov. "Assessment of Some Aspects of Psychoemotional Status of Women Ill with Breast Cancer During Negative Epidemiological Environment." In Questions of Education and Psychology, 162–71. Publishing house Sreda, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-97288.
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The paper deals with the issue of complex treatment of patients with various oncological pathologies. General concepts of modern, approved by the Ministry of Health, approaches to the therapy of cancer patients, as well as the concept of an oncological consultation are generalized. Possible disadvantages of existing treatment methods are indicated, including the lack of qualified psychological support for patients. Some authors advocate the need to introduce psychologists and psychoanalysts into the oncoconsilium, since a positive attitude of the patient himself can have a positive effect on the overall outcome of the disease. The aim of the work was an attempt to analyze some aspects of the psychoemotional state of women with breast cancer throughout: from the state of «well-being» to the establishment of a clinical diagnosis, followed by a period of treatment; the study also includes 2 periods of «waves» of new coronavirus infection. The subjects of the study were 150 female patients suffering from breast cancer. All of them were divided into 3 groups of 50 women, depending on age: 20–39 years old, 40–59 years old, 60–80 years old. The study was carried out using a questionnaire (according to a questionnaire specially developed by the authors), as well as using the Zung and Spielberg methods. We studied the level of anxiety of the patients, the level of their depressive states, depending on the «control point» (a total of 5 were allocated, in which the research stages were carried out) of the study and the age of the patients. There were identified 2 main «peaks» of psychoemotional states – the moment of clinical diagnosis and the period of the «first wave» of a new coronavirus infection. It was during these periods that the level of anxiety increased in patients, and depressive states developed. Some interesting features were also identified: for example, if the greatest fears during the «first wave» were caused by fear of Covid-19, then during the «second wave» the problems of financial security and, in fact, treatment were at the fore. The data obtained may be of interest both for doctors who treat cancer patients and healthcare organizers, and for psychologists and psychoanalysts.
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Weich, Scott, and Martin Prince. "Cohort studies." In Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology, 155–76. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198515517.003.0009.
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A cohort study is one in which the outcome (usually disease status) is ascertained for groups of individuals defined on the basis of their exposure. At the time exposure status is determined, all must be free of the disease. All eligible participants are then followed up over time. Since exposure status is determined before the occurrence of the outcome, a cohort study can clarify the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome, with minimal information bias. The historical and the population cohort study (Box 9.1) are efficient variants of the classical cohort study described above, which nevertheless retain the essential components of the cohort study design. The exposure can be dichotomous [i.e. exposed (to obstetric complications at birth) vs. not exposed], or graded as degrees of exposure (e.g. no recent life events, one to two life events, three or more life events). The use of grades of exposure strengthens the results of a cohort study by supporting or refuting the hypothesis that the incidence of the disease increases with increasing exposure to the risk factor; a so-called dose–response relationship. The essential features of a cohort study are: ♦ participants are defined by their exposure status rather than by outcome (as in case–control design); ♦ it is a longitudinal design: exposure status must be ascertained before outcome is known. The classical cohort study In a classical cohort study participants are selected for study on the basis of a single exposure of interest. This might be exposure to a relatively rare occupational exposure, such as ionizing radiation (through working in the nuclear power industry). Care must be taken in selecting the unexposed cohort; perhaps those working in similar industries, but without any exposure to radiation. The outcome in this case might be leukaemia. All those in the exposed and unexposed cohorts would need to be free of leukaemia (hence ‘at risk’) on recruitment into the study. The two cohorts would then be followed up for (say) 10 years and rates at which they develop leukaemia compared directly. Classical cohort studies are rare in psychiatric epidemiology. This may be in part because this type of study is especially suited to occupational exposures, which have previously been relatively little studied as causes of mental illness. However, this may change as the high prevalence of mental disorders in the workplace and their negative impact upon productivity are increasingly recognized. The UK Gulf War Study could be taken as one rather unusual example of the genre (Unwin et al. 1999). Health outcomes, including mental health status, were compared between those who were deployed in the Persian Gulf War in 1990–91, those who were later deployed in Bosnia, and an ‘era control group’ who were serving at the time of the Gulf war but were not deployed. There are two main variations on this classical cohort study design: they are popular as they can, depending on circumstances, be more efficient than the classical cohort design. The population cohort study In the classical cohort study, participants are selected on the basis of exposure, and the hypothesis relates to the effect of this single exposure on a health outcome. However, a large cohort or panel of subjects are sometimes recruited and followed up, often over many years, to study multiple exposures and outcomes. No separate comparison group is required as the comparison group is generally an unexposed sub-group of the panel. Examples include the British Doctor's Study in which over 30,000 British doctors were followed up for over 20 years to study the effects of smoking and other exposures on health (Doll et al. 1994), and the Framingham Heart Study, in which residents of a town in Massachusetts, USA have been followed up for 50 years to study risk factors for coronary heart disease (Wolf et al. 1988). The Whitehall and Whitehall II studies in the UK (Fuhrer et al. 1999; Stansfeld et al. 2002) were based again on an occupationally defined cohort, and have led to important findings concerning workplace conditions and both physical and psychiatric morbidity. Birth cohort studies, in which everyone born within a certain chronological interval are recruited, are another example of this type of study. In birth cohorts, participants are commonly followed up at intervals of 5–10 years. Many recent panel studies in the UK and elsewhere have been funded on condition that investigators archive the data for public access, in order that the dataset might be more fully exploited by the wider academic community. Population cohort studies can test multiple hypotheses, and are far more common than any other type of cohort study. The scope of the study can readily be extended to include mental health outcomes. Thus, both the British Doctor's Study (Doll et al. 2000) and the Framingham Heart Study (Seshadri et al. 2002) have gone on to report on aetiological factors for dementia and Alzheimer's Disease as the cohorts passed into the age groups most at risk for these disorders. A variant of the population cohort study is one in which those who are prevalent cases of the outcome of interest at baseline are also followed up effectively as a separate cohort in order (a) to study the natural history of the disorder by estimating its maintenance (or recovery) rate, and (b) studying risk factors for maintenance (non-recovery) over the follow-up period (Prince et al. 1998). Historical cohort studies In the classical cohort study outcome is ascertained prospectively. Thus, new cases are ascertained over a follow-up period, after the exposure status has been determined. However, it is possible to ascertain both outcome and exposure retrospectively. This variant is referred to as a historical cohort study (Fig. 9.1). A good example is the work of David Barker in testing his low birth weight hypothesis (Barker et al. 1990; Hales et al. 1991). Barker hypothesized that risk for midlife vascular and endocrine disorders would be determined to some extent by the ‘programming’ of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis through foetal growth in utero. Thus ‘small for dates’ babies would have higher blood pressure levels in adult life, and greater risk for type II diabetes (through insulin resistance). A prospective cohort study would have recruited participants at birth, when exposure (birth weight) would be recorded. They would then be followed up over four or five decades to examine the effect of birth weight on the development of hypertension and type II diabetes. Barker took the more elegant (and feasible) approach of identifying hospitals in the UK where several decades previously birth records were meticulously recorded. He then traced the babies as adults (where they still lived in the same area) and measured directly their status with respect to outcome. The ‘prospective’ element of such studies is that exposure was recorded well before outcome even though both were ascertained retrospectively with respect to the timing of the study. The historical cohort study has also proved useful in psychiatric epidemiology where it has been used in particular to test the neurodevelopmental hypothesis for schizophrenia (Jones et al. 1994; Isohanni et al. 2001). Jones et al. studied associations between adult-onset schizophrenia and childhood sociodemographic, neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and behavioural factors in the UK 1946 birth cohort; 5362 people born in the week 3–9 March 1946, and followed up intermittently since then. Subsequent onsets of schizophrenia were identified in three ways: (a) routine data: cohort members were linked to the register of the Mental Health Enquiry for England in which mental health service contacts between 1974 and 1986 were recorded; (b) cohort data: hospital and GP contacts (and the reasons for these contacts) were routinely reported at the intermittent resurveys of the cohort; (c) all cohort participants identified as possible cases of schizophrenia were given a detailed clinical interview (Present State examination) at age 36. Milestones of motor development were reached later in cases than in non-cases, particularly walking. Cases also had more speech problems than had noncases. Low educational test scores at ages 8,11, and 15 years were a risk factor. A preference for solitary play at ages 4 and 6 years predicted schizophrenia. A health visitor's rating of the mother as having below average mothering skills and understanding of her child at age 4 years was a predictor of schizophrenia in that child. Jones concluded ‘differences between children destined to develop schizophrenia as adults and the general population were found across a range of developmental domains. As with some other adult illnesses, the origins of schizophrenia may be found in early life’. Jones' findings were largely confirmed in a very similar historical cohort study in Finland (Isohanni et al. 2001); a 31 year follow-up of the 1966 North Finland birth cohort (n = 12,058). Onsets of schizophrenia were ascertained from a national hospital discharge register. The ages at learning to stand, walk and become potty-trained were each related to subsequent incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Earlier milestones reduced, and later milestones increased, the risk in a linear manner. These developmental effects were not seen for non-psychotic outcomes. The findings support hypotheses regarding psychosis as having a developmental dimension with precursors apparent in early life. There are many conveniences to this approach for the contemporary investigator. ♦ The exposure data has already been collected for you. ♦ The follow-up period has already elapsed. ♦ The design maintains the essential feature of the cohort study, namely that information bias with respect to the assessment of the exposure should not be a problem. ♦ As with the Barker hypothesis example, historical cohort studies are particularly useful for investigating associations across the life course, when there is a long latency between hypothesized exposure and outcome. Despite these important advantages, such retrospective studies are often limited by reliance on historical data that was collected routinely for other purposes; often these data will be inaccurate or incomplete. Also information about possible confounders, such as smoking or diet, may be inadequate.
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Raffle, Angela E., Anne Mackie, and J. A. Muir Gray. "Measuring what a screening programme does." In Screening, 69–104. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198805984.003.0004.
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This chapter gives understanding of measuring evidence about consequences of screening programmes, at a level needed by public health practitioners interpreting evidence for setting screening policy, or for ensuring high quality programme delivery. It takes a practical approach, illustrating with real-life case histories and examples, ranging from infant neuroblastoma to abdominal aortic aneurysm screening. The issues covered are Three Main Biases (healthy screenee effect, length time effect including overdiagnosis, lead time effect); Three Main Evaluation Methods (randomised control trials, time trend analyses, case control studies, and mention of rare conditions); Test Performance (sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive value, receiver operator characteristic curves); Two Additional Sources of Information (pilot or demonstration projects, modelling); Summarising Information on all Outcomes (the numbers in the flow diagram, and decision aids) and finishing with A Note on Sound Science. Careful use of terminology is emphasised, and pitfalls with use of jargon terms (true and false, positive and negative) and misleading labels (early, late, pre-symptomatic, carcinoma in situ) are explained. The issue of overdiagnosis of inconsequential conditions is explained.
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Warkentin, Merrill, and Allen C. Johnston. "IT Security Governance and Centralized Security Controls." In Information Security and Ethics, 2130–38. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-937-3.ch143.
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Every enterprise must establish and maintain information technology (IT) governance procedures that will ensure the execution of the firm’s security policies and procedures. This chapter presents the problem and the framework for ensuring that the organization’s policies are implemented over time. Since many of these policies require human involvement (employee and customer actions, for example), the goals are met only if such human activities can be influenced and monitored and if positive outcomes are rewarded while negative actions are sanctioned. This is the challenge to IT governance. One central issue in the context of IT security governance is the degree to which IT security controls should be centralized or decentralized. This issue is discussed in the context of enterprise security management.
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Katz, Emma. "And they lived happily ever after?" In Coercive Control in Children's and Mothers' Lives, 246—C8.P327. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922214.003.0008.
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Abstract This chapter identifies what happened to mother–child relationships in the months and years after separation from perpetrators/fathers. Four patterns are identified. Pattern 1, “positive supportiveness, positive recoveries,” represented the best outcome; these mother–child relationships had become close and happy with few conflicts. In pattern 2, “high-stakes support, limited recoveries,” mothers and children were attempting to support each other but were being negatively affected by the impacts of coercive control on mothers’ mental health. In pattern 3, “struggling relationships, struggling recoveries,” children and mothers were suffering from the strains and distance that coercive control had caused in their mother–child relationships. Finally, pattern 4, “broken relationships, blocked recoveries,” described situations where mother–child relationships had been shattered by coercive control. The key difference between pattern 1 and patterns 2, 3, and 4 was that pattern 1 mothers and children had been able to access the supports that they needed to recover and rebuild after coercive control.
Conference papers on the topic "Negative control outcome"
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Wiktorski, Ekaterina, and Dan Sui. "Investigation of Model Configuration Parameters for Stick-Slip Modeling." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-62744.
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Abstract Stick-slip vibrations modeling is an important topic within drillstring dynamics. Thus, a number of mathematical models has been suggested to describe behavior of drillstrings under torsional. Most of the models take similar approach with regard to, for instance, drillstring discretization, definition of external forces and velocity-weakening effect. Commonly, research papers focus on the models’ core — mathematical expressions that describe stick-slip oscillations and inherent to it negative damping. The results are usually presented in terms of downhole rotational velocity or displacement and reaction forces at various surface rotational velocities and applied external forces. However, little attention is paid to discussion and justification of selected model configuration, which includes definition of the following 1) total simulation time, time step, number of masses/elements, etc., 2) initial conditions and boundary conditions, and 3) numerical solver to obtain solution in time. This paper reviews commonly used configurations for stick-slip vibrations modeling and discusses selection criteria provided in the references. It also presents case studies to evaluate effect of the above-mentioned configuration properties on simulations outcome. A simple in-house 1DOF torsional dynamics model was used for that purpose, where one explicit and one implicit numerical solvers were applied to obtain solution in time. Three case studies are presented, which compare performance of two numerical solvers with respect to convergence and stability. The results from the case studies show, for example, that applied explicit numerical solver (Central Difference Method) introduces numerical damping, while implicit solver (Newton-Raphson Method) does not. Central Difference Method provides convergence when initial force is applied, while damping function has to be defined in case of Newmark-Raphson method to obtain convergence. Stability of the explicit numerical solver is determined by the time step, while selected implicit solver is unconditionally stable. A reasonably small time step has to be selected though to improve the accuracy of the results. Presented literature review and outcome from the case studies can be used by researchers within this area to select suitable configuration parameters for their models and critically evaluate the outputs. In addition, presented results have application in automated drilling where configuration parameters and calibration factors are updated in real time by control algorithms for continuous modeling of drillstring state with regard to stickslip. Understanding the effects of mentioned properties on system dynamics helps to select suitable combination of operational parameters to stabilize the drillstring.
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Tran, Thu Huong, Thi Ngoc Lan Le, Thi Minh Nguyen, and Thu Trang Le. "RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MODELS OF FAMILY EDUCATION AND DEVIANT BEHAVIORS AMONG TEENAGERS." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact031.
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"Background: An important predictor of adolescents’ developmental outcomes is a model of family education, described in terms of parental behaviors. Various parental behaviors were strongly associated with increasing risk of deviant behaviors at school. Methods: The study was conducted on 566 adolescents, comprising 280 males (49.5%) and 286 females (50.5%), of grade 11th and 12th, of age rang 16-17 years from different government colleges in Vietnam. There were 2 self-reported scales to be used: Parental behavior scale; Adolescent deviant behaviors; Data was analyzed by using reliability analysis to examine the psychometric properties of the scales. Results: There was a strong, negative correlation between school deviant behaviors in adolescents and the parental support model (with rfather =-.53, rmother =-.61, p-value <.01); a strong, positive correlation between the school deviant behaviors and the parental psychological control model (with rmother =.45 and rfather =.47, p-value<.01). Conclusions: In family education, positive behaviors used by parents such as supportive, warmth and moderate control would have a positive impact on the adolescent’s behavioral development; conversely, parents’ psychological control would negatively affect and give rise to deviant behaviors among adolescents."
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Koronis, Georgios, Hernan Casakin, Arlindo Silva, and Jing Wen William Siew. "The Use of Analogies and the Design Brief Information: Impact on Creative Outcomes." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-69938.
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Abstract This study is aimed at ways to assess and improve design students’ creative outcomes and assist educators in crafting design briefs for design studios. The procedure entails a controlled yet analytical experiment in a university setting intended to test the potential of using analogical thinking to enhance the Novelty and Usefulness of design solutions. The control group received a brief that contained stimuli in the form of typical examples without instructions to use analogies. A second group was provided with a brief including stimuli elicited by text representations in the form of word pairs, and instructions to use textual analogies. The last group received the same stimuli as the other groups above; however, with instructions to identify negative features before using textual analogies. One hundred and seven first-year undergraduate students took part in the study. The results demonstrated that design briefs with specific instructions to use textual-based analogies contributed to highly novel outcomes. However, when analogies were elicited by statements concerning negative issues of the design task, students were able to produce more useful outcomes. We suggest that textual-based analogies can be employed as a good in-class pedagogical tool for improving novice designers’ creative outcomes overall.
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de Boer, K., I. Lecander, J. W. ten Cate, J. J. J. Borm, and P. E. Treffers. "PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR OF PLACENTAL TYPE IN PREECLAMPSIA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644461.
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In 24 patients with preeclampsia and in 24 normal pregnant controls, matched for gestational age, fibrinolytic parameters were determined. Aim of the study was to investigate plasminogen activator inhibitory activity (PAI activity) levels and plasminogen activator inhibitor of placental type (PAI 2) in preeclamptic and normal pregnancy and to establish the clinical relevance of these assays. PAI activity was measured by titrating the plasma with single chain t-PA. PAI 2 was measured by means of an ELISA using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against the placental inhibitor. Therefore we related testresubts to a predefined relevant clinical endpoint i.e. fetal outcome. The following results were obtained:PAI 2 levels below 43% had a positive predictive value of 91% for poor fetal outcome, levels above 43% had a negative predictive value of 95%. PAI activity levels didn't have a significant predictive value.. It is concluded that high levels of PAI activity in preeclampsia are not due to PAI 2 and that low levels of PAI 2 are related with a poor fetal outcome.
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Svobodová, Lenka, Martin Sebera, Kateřina Strašilová, Tomáš Hlinský, Marie Crhová, Andrea Martincová, Petr Vajda, and Nikola Stračárová. "The impact of different types of physical activity on walking as a vital everyday movement in older adults." In 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-40.
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Introduction:Due to an international trend of the aging population, we see increased attention paid to studies dealing with the factors that have a positive or negative impact on successful aging. As we know, a higher level of physical activity and thus increased physical fitness sig-nificantly affect the quality of aging. One of the major problems in the elderly is the risks of falls. This age group is at high risk of injuries caused by falls. Analyses of aspects related to the falls revealed the significance of lower muscular tension, previous experience with falling, the bad stereotype of the walk, impaired balanced abilities, and so on. Purpose: In this study, we focused on the impact of different types of physical activity on walking as a vital everyday movement. Methods: Fortyfour older adults (Mage 69,09 years, SD 4,25; 22 male and 22 female) were randomly assigned to four groups, three training groups, and one control group; resistance training group, proprioceptive training group, endurance training group. The group consisted of seniors without a history of malignant disease during their life and without regular physical activity. All groups were tested on timed 10-meter walk test (10MWT), the 3-m backward walk (3MBW), and the 6-minute walk test (6MWD) at baseline, after 12 weeks and after 14 weeks (2 weeks after finishing intervention program). The 10MWT is used to assess walking speed over a short distance. The 3MBW is a test-close related fall risk. The 6MWD is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity. Results: We revealed differences between the types of exercises and the sustain-ability of the acquired skills. Results indicated significant improvements in gait speed in all ex-ercise groups. Subsequent measurements after a 14-day off indicated a slight deterioration trend in all groups. The resistance group showed the best results in the walk-back test. This group was the only one to maintain its standard also after 14-days off. All groups, including control, showed an improvement in aerobic capacity and endurance (measured by 6MWD). We found out differences between groups only after 14-day off. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the usefulness of performing targeted physical activity in older adults. Resistance and proprioceptive training has shown an important role in the pre-vention of falls.
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Richards, Dylan, Jude Chavez, Matthew Pearson, and Craig Field. "Self-determination theory correlates of cannabis-related outcomes among a large, multi-site sample of college student." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.18.
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Background: Self-determination theory (SDT) is a general theory of human motivation that has been applied to understand why people engage in healthy behaviors. That is, more autonomous reasons for engaging in healthy behaviors is associated with an increased likelihood of initiating and maintaining healthy behaviors. Recent research has shown that this framework is useful for understanding engagement in harm reduction behaviors for alcohol among college students. It stands to reason that this framework may be equally useful for cannabis with the potential to inform intervention efforts for reducing harms associated with unhealthy cannabis use. In the present study, we examined autonomous functioning and psychological need satisfaction per SDT as correlates of cannabis-related outcomes among a large, multi-site sample of college students who use cannabis. Method: Participants were 5497 students recruited from Psychology Department participant pools at 10 universities in 8 states across the U.S (AK, CA, CO, ID NM, TX, VA, WA) who completed an online survey for partial course credit. We restricted analyses to those who reported consuming cannabis at least once in the past month (n=1398, about one-fourth of the total sample). The analytic sample was 20.25 years of age on average (SD=3.88) and mostly female (68.9%) and non-Hispanic white (59.4%). Participants completed measures assessing the three facets of autonomous functioning (authorship, interest-taking, and susceptibility to control) and satisfaction and frustration of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as well as a variety of measures assessing cannabis-related outcomes, including severity of use (i.e., Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test [CUDIT]), negative consequences (i.e., Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire [MACQ]), and harm reduction behaviors (i.e., Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana [PBSM]). Results: Consistent with hypotheses, overall autonomous functioning was positively correlated with PBSM (r=.179, p<.001) and negatively correlated with CUDIT (r=-.160, p<.001) and MACQ (r=-.092, p=.017). Separating autonomous functioning by subscale (i.e., domain), the correlations were largest in magnitude for the authorship domain (r=.250, r=-.240, and r=-.168, respectively, p<.001). Also consistent with hypotheses, greater satisfaction of each psychological need was positively correlated with PBSM (.149<rs<.203, ps<.001) and negatively correlated with CUDIT (-.146<rs<-.120, ps<.01) and MACQ (-.171<r<-.132, ps<.01); generally, these correlations were largest in magnitude for relatedness satisfaction. In contrast, greater frustration of each psychological need was negatively correlated with PBSM (-.144<rs<-.121, ps<.001) and positively correlated with CUDIT (.199<rs<.229, ps<.001) and MACQ (.133<rs<.215, ps<.01); the correlations were largest in magnitude for relatedness frustration with PBSM and competence frustration with CUDIT and MACQ. Conclusions: The present study is the first to demonstrate that higher autonomous functioning and greater psychological need satisfaction are protective factors for cannabis-related outcomes, including less consumption, fewer negative consequences, and more frequent use of harm reduction behaviors. SDT provides a rich framework for understanding not only why college students may engage in healthy cannabis-related behaviors, but also the conditions that foster that engagement, making it an ideal theory to inform cannabis interventions. The present findings warrant replication but suggest promise for SDT as a framework for understanding cannabis-related outcomes that future research should investigate further.
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Abohtyra, Rammah M., C. V. Hollot, J. Horowitz, M. G. Germain, and Y. Chait. "Designing Robust Ultrafiltration Rate Profiles Based on Identifying Fluid Volume Model Parameters During Hemodialysis." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5341.
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Chronic dialysis is a necessary treatment for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients in order to increase life span, with hemodialysis (HD) being the dominant modality. Despite significant advances in HD technology, only half of ESKD patients treated with this modality survive more than 3 years. Fluid management remains one of the most challenging aspects of HD care, with serious implications for morbidity and mortality. Ultrafiltration has been associated with intradialytic hypotension, also associated with adverse outcomes. Therefore, removing a specified fluid volume to achieve an adequate balance without negative outcomes remains a critical challenge to improving patient outcomes. Therefore, it has been suggested that in addition to blood pressure information, routine HD treatments should include blood volume monitoring. Sensors integrated in dialysis machines are able to track the concentration of various blood components, such as hematocrit, with high accuracy and resolution and to derive a relative blood volume (RBV) changes. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to design an optimal, robust ultrafiltration rate profile based on identifying the parameters of a fluid volume model of an individual patient during HD and RBV sensor. Our design achieves, if exists, an optimal ultrafiltration profile for the identified nominal model under maximum ultrafiltration and hematocrit constraints, and guarantees that these constraints are satisfied over a pre-defined set of parameter uncertainty. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm through a combination of clinical data and simulations.
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Avşar, Alkım Z., Ambrosio Valencia-Romero, and Paul T. Grogan. "The Effects of Locus of Control and Big Five Personality Traits on Collaborative Engineering Design Tasks With Negotiation." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97311.
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Abstract Collaborative systems design is a human-centered activity dependent on individual decision-making processes. Personality traits have been found to influence individual behaviors and tendencies to compete or cooperate. This paper investigates the effects of Big Five and Locus of Control personality traits on negotiated outcomes of a simplified collaborative engineering design task. Secondary data includes results from short-form personality inventories and outcomes of pair design tasks. The data includes ten sessions of four participants each, where each participant completes a sequence of 12 pair tasks involving design space exploration and negotiation. Regression analysis shows a statistically-significant relationship between Big Five and Locus of Control and total individual value accumulated across the 12 design tasks. Results show the Big Five, aggregating extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and intellect/imagination to a single factor, negatively affects individual value and internal Locus of Control positively affects individual value. Future work should consider a dedicated experiment to refine understanding of how personality traits influence collaborative systems design and propose interventions to improve collaborative design processes.
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Butkus, Mindaugas, Alma Mačiulytė-Šniukienė, and Kristina Matuzevičiūte. "GROWTH OUTCOMES OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT IN THE EU: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT QUALITY AND DIMINISHING MARGINAL EFFECTS." In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.705.
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The research investigates the impact of transport infrastructure investment (TII) on economic growth. We applied non-linear neoclassical specification to our unbalanced panel data that covers 27 EU countries (Cyprus is ex-cluded due to missing data and the United Kingdom is a part of the sample) for the period of 2000–2019. Our model includes a multiplicative term to evaluate if the government quality mediates the effect of TII on growth. Our research reveals the positive and statistically significant relationship between TII and economic growth but with a diminishing return. Estimation of the government quality as a possible moderator of the effect that TII has on growth shows that control of corruption plays a significant role in the TII-growth nexus. We find that in countries with a low level of con-trol of corruption, TII has a statistically significant negative effect on growth.
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Needham, Michael. "Detecting Sources of Ionizing Radiation in the Waste Stream." In 10th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec10-1016.
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Why is the detection of radioactive sources important to the solid waste industry?: Radioactive material is used extensively in the United States in research, medicine, education, and industry for the benefit of society (e.g. smoke detectors, industrial process gauges, medical diagnosis/treatment). Generally speaking, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and state governments regulate the use and disposal of radioactive materials. Licensed radioactive waste disposal facilities receive the bulk of the waste generated in the United States with exceptions for low-level waste (e.g. medical patient waste) that may be disposed of as municipal waste. According to the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, Inc (CRCPD)., there has been an increasing number of incidence involving the detection of prohibited radioactive wastes at solid waste management facilities. While the CRCPD acknowledges that the increased incidence may be partially attributed to the growing number of solid waste facilities that have detection systems, undetected sources of ionizing radiation can harm the environment, have a negative impact on employee health and safety, and result in significant remedial actions. Implementing an effective detection/response plan can aid in the proper management of radioactive waste and serve to minimize the potential for negative outcomes.
Reports on the topic "Negative control outcome"
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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, P. Menon, M. Patel, J. Disson, K. Porter, A. John, and A. Rayner. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.
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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.
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Qin, Ling, Qiyu Liu, Hui Wang, and Lipeng Sun. Accuracy of ultrasound in distinguishing pathology of malignant thyroid diseases: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0072.
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Review question / Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to determine the accuracy of ultrasound in distinguishing pathology of malignant thyroid diseases. Eligibility criteria: Type of study. This study will only include high quality clinical cohort or case control studies. Type of patients. The patients should be those who had undergone breast diseases. Intervention and comparison. This study compares AI with pathology for diagnosing breast diseases. Type of outcomes. The primary outcomes include sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and the area under the curve of the summary receiver operating characteristic.
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.
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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.
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Levesque, Justine, Jordan Babando, Nathaniel Loranger, and Shantel Johnson. COVID-19 prevalence and infection control measures at homeless shelters and hostels in high-income countries: a scoping review. The Homeless Hub, York University, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/10315/38850.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted homeless populations and service workers, especially within homeless shelter/hostel settings. To date, there have been few evidence syntheses examining outbreaks of COVID-19 among both homeless shelters residents and service workers, nor has there been a critically engaged summary of relevant infection control and prevention (IPAC) measures. This scoping review offers a timely and much-needed synthesis of COVID-19 prevalence within homeless shelters and a review of current and pertinent IPAC measures. Methods: We conducted a scoping review in June 2021 that synthesized academic and grey literature published from March 2020 to July 2021 pertaining to 1) the prevalence of COVID-19 among both residents and staff in homeless shelters and hostels in high-income countries, and 2) COVID-19 IPAC strategies applied in these settings. Two reviewers independently screened the results of the literature search of several databases that included MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and the WHO’s COVID-19 Global Health Portal. All the extracted data was mapped, categorized, and thematically discussed. Results: Thematic analysis of included literature revealed five key themes: 1) the demographics of COVID-19 in homeless shelters, 2) asymptomatic spread, 3) pre-existing vulnerability of the homeless and shelters, 4) the limited application of IPAC, and 5) IPAC effectiveness. Conclusion: This review offers a useful glimpse into the landscape of COVID-19 outbreaks in homeless shelters/hostels and the major contributing factors to these events. The scoping review revealed that there is no clear indication of generally accepted IPAC standards for homeless populations and shelter care workers. This review also illustrated a great need for future research to establish IPAC best practices as well as additional resources for shelter systems to protect residents and staff at homeless shelters/hostels in high-income countries. Finally, the findings from this review reaffirm that homelessness prevention is a key to limiting disease outbreaks, and the associated negative health outcomes in shelter populations.