Academic literature on the topic 'Negative attributions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Negative attributions"
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Ma, Weijun, Rui Feng, Yating Zhang, Kyoko Yamashita, Jue Miao, and Yuyin Du. "Enterprise–consumer intergroup attributional bias." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 50, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.11924.
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We examined whether customers' attribution of positive and negative events was influenced by intergroup attributional bias toward enterprises and consumers. The participants ( s = 180 in Study 1 and 54 in Study 2) read fictional case studies of positive and negative events occurring in relation to enterprises and consumers and then provided details of their attributions. The results supported the existence of both derogatory attributions toward enterprises and favorable attributions toward consumers. Thus, an intergroup attributional bias was generally observed. Furthermore, stereotypes about enterprises influenced the formation of derogatory attributions toward enterprises. A more significantly negative enterprise stereotype was associated with an increased likelihood of showing a derogatory attribution toward enterprises. Whether the event was positive or negative, participants' perception was more inclined toward assigning egoistic motivational attributions to enterprises rather than to consumers. This study provides a new, integrative perspective to understand consumer attributions in relation to enterprise events.
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Neumann, Roland. "The Causal Influences of Attributions on Emotions: A Procedural Priming Approach." Psychological Science 11, no. 3 (May 2000): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00238.
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According to attributional theories of emotion, feelings of guilt presuppose that the causes of a negative event are located within the individual (internal attribution), whereas feelings of anger presuppose that the causes of the eliciting event are located outside the individual (external attribution). This study tested whether these attributions in fact exert the claimed causal influence on emotional experiences. The study employed a procedural priming technique in which neutral events were repeatedly attributed either to oneself (internal attribution) or to another person (external attribution). Subsequently, participants were exposed to a negative event that was ambiguous as to its causes. The results reveal that the prior repeated use of internal attributions enhanced the tendency to experience guilt, whereas the repeated use of external attributions enhanced the tendency to experience anger. These findings support the assumption that attributions exert a causal influence on emotions.
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Flora, Parminder K., Shaelyn M. Strachan, Lawrence R. Brawley, and Kevin S. Spink. "Exercise Identity and Attribution Properties Predict Negative Self-Conscious Emotions for Exercise Relapse." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, no. 5 (October 2012): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.5.647.
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Research on exercise identity (EXID) indicates that it is related to negative affect when exercisers are inconsistent or relapse. Although identity theory suggests that causal attributions about this inconsistency elicit negative self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt, no EXID studies have examined this for exercise relapse. Weiner’s attribution-based theory of interpersonal motivation (2010) offers a means of testing the attribution-emotion link. Using both frameworks, we examined whether EXID and attributional properties predicted negative emotions for exercise relapse. Participants (n = 224) read an exercise relapse vignette, and then completed EXID, attributions, and emotion measures. Hierarchical multiple regression models using EXID and the attributional property of controllability significantly predicted each of shame and guilt, R2 adjusted = .09, ps ≤ .001. Results support identity theory suggestions and Weiner’s specific attribution-emotion hypothesis. This first demonstration of an interlinking of EXID, controllability, and negative self-conscious emotions offers more predictive utility using complementary theories than either theory alone.
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Holleman, Marsha Cline, John I. Thornby, and Joseph M. Merrill. "Substance Abusers: Role of Personal and Professional Role Traits in Caregivers' Causal Attributions." Psychological Reports 86, no. 2 (April 2000): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.2.407.
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Substance abuse continues to be a major health problem compounded by caregivers' negative attitudes toward these patients. We investigated attributions 55 primary care physicians and 315 senior medical students make toward substance abusers. Half of both groups expressed negative causal attributions, with women slightly less negative than men. Mental models based on LISREL regression coefficients showed that higher negative attributions by both physicians and students were related to their increased authoritarianism and depressed mood. Medical students choosing careers in primary care specialties, including psychiatry, expressed a less negative attributional style toward substance abusers than those students entering nonprimary careers. Health professional educators may find that using attribution theory to redefine successful outcomes in management of substance abuse can result in better attitudes for caregivers.
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Leposavic, Ivana, and Ljubica Leposavic. "Attribution style of patients with depression." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 137, no. 9-10 (2009): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0910529l.
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Introduction The role of attribution in psychopathology has been investigated most systematically within the depression context. The presumption which makes people depressive consists, to an excessive degree, of internal, stable and global attributions to negative occurrences. Negative attributions for unpleasant events are associated with the loss of self-respect which follows. Objective Establishing the characteristics of attribution style of depressive patients. Methods The investigation included 62 subjects. The first group consisted of 32 patients with endogenous depression in remission. The second group included 30 healthy subjects. The characteristics of attribution style, in both groups, were tested by the Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ). Results The group of depressive patients, in comparison with healthy subjects, exhibited a significantly more marked internal attribution for negative events (t(60)=-3.700; p<0.01) and global internal negative attributions (t(60)=-4.023; p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups in the stability of these negative attributions (t(60)=-1.937; p>0.05), and also the composite score which represents the measure of hopelessness did not make a significant difference between depressive and healthy subjects (t(60)=-1.810; p>0.05). Conclusion Depressive patients exhibit an inclination towards internal and global attribution for negative events. These negative attributions do not have stable character, i.e. these attributions vary in time. Characteristics of attribution judgments of depressive people do not represent a permanent pattern within their cognitive style.
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Jayamohan, Parvathi, Alexander McKelvie, and Todd W. Moss. "Blame You, Blame Me: Exploring Attribution Differences and Impact in Family and Nonfamily Firms." Family Business Review 30, no. 3 (August 3, 2017): 284–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486517722887.
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We explore how publicly listed family and nonfamily firms engage in self-serving attributions in their annual financial reports. We empirically examine how both types of firms emphasize internal attributions for good firm performance (internal-positive attributions) and external attributions for poor firm performance (external-negative attributions). We find that family firms make more external-negative attributions and that the stock market reacts more negatively to external-negative attributions made by family firms. This suggests important theoretical and practical implications for attribution theory and impression management in family firm research.
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Brosschot, Jos F., and Henriette R. Aarsse. "Restricted Emotional Processing and Somatic Attribution in Fibromyalgia." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 31, no. 2 (June 2001): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/k7au-9ux9-w8bw-tetl.
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Objective: Medically unexplained symptoms or syndromes, such as fibromyalgia (FM), might be partly caused or sustained by a mechanism involving restricted emotional processing (REP) and the subsequent attribution of emotional arousal to somatic or syndrome-consistent causes. In this study, it was hypothesized that FM patients, compared to healthy individuals, would be higher on trait measures of REP (defensiveness and alexithymia), and would show affective-autonomic response dissociation, that is, higher standardized scores of heart rate responses than affective responses, during negative emotional stimulation. Additionally, FM patients were expected to attribute their bodily symptoms more to somatic than to psychological causes. Method: Emotional movie excerpts were shown to 16 female FM patients and 17 healthy women. Affective response and heart rate were monitored continuously, while symptoms and their causal attributions were measured before and after the excerpts. Repressor coping style and alexithymia were measured, along with negative affectivity and habitual attributions of somatic complaints. Results: FM patients nearly all showed the relatively uncommon combination of high defensiveness and high anxiousness. Compared with healthy women FM patients were more alexithymic, showed a higher level of affective-autonomic response dissociation, and lower within-subject emotional variability. The groups showed opposite attributional patterns, with FM patients attributing symptoms less to psychological causes and more to somatic causes. There was no evidence of a shift in these attributions caused by the emotional stimuli. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary support for the hypotheses. Both at trait and at state level, FM showed restricted emotional processing on most of the parameters measured, and a high ratio of somatic to psychological symptom attribution, coupled with high negative affectivity.
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Saylik, Rahmi, and Andre J. Szameitat. "The Association Between Negative Attributional Style and Working Memory Performance." Open Psychology Journal 11, no. 1 (July 24, 2018): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010131.
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Introduction:It has been proposed that negative attributions contribute to impairment in cognitive task processing. However, it is still unknown whether negative attributions influence task processing in all cognitive tasks.Methods:To investigate this, 91 healthy participants completed attributional style questionnaire and performed three Working Memory (WM) tasks, which associated with different functions of WM (i.e. Central Executive System (CES) and visuospatial sketchpad).Results:The results demonstrated that negative attributions contribute to the impairment in cognitive tasks which is associated with spatial working memory rather than main central executive functions (i.e. switching and inhibition).Conclusions:It is concluded that negative attributions may selectively disrupt spatial working memory functions, thus a detrimental effect of negative attributions may be task specific.
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Schmidt, Kathleen. "Attribution Impacts Implicit (And Explicit) Evaluations." Social Cognition 41, no. 1 (February 2023): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.1.
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Two studies examined whether the attributional framing of negative events affected explicit evaluations, as measured by differences in liking, and implicit evaluations, as measured by the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998). In Study 1, participants read negative information about a novel target ordered to elicit internal or external attributions. Participants in the internal attribution condition evaluated the target more negatively than did those in the external attribution condition on both implicit and explicit measures. Study 2 replicated these results and tested the effects of attribution on recently formed negative evaluations. Participants who evaluated targets before and after receiving additional negative information about them demonstrated implicit and explicit evaluative change consistent with the attributional framing of that information. This research provides clear evidence that attribution influences the formation and change of implicit evaluations; however, these effects were weaker than those on explicit measures of evaluation.
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Stucke, Tanja S. "Who's to blame? Narcissism and self‐serving attributions following feedback." European Journal of Personality 17, no. 6 (November 2003): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.497.
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The study examined the relationship between narcissism, performance attributions, and negative emotions following success or failure. As expected, narcissistic individuals showed more self‐serving attributions for their performance in an intelligence test than less narcissistic individuals: compared with less narcissistic individuals, narcissists revealed a stronger tendency to attribute success to ability and failure to task difficulty. In contrast to this, less narcissistic participants tended to show the opposite pattern by ascribing failure, but not success, to their ability. Additionally, anger and depression could be predicted by an interaction of performance feedback and performance attributions. Mediation analyses revealed that the attribution dimensions ‘task difficulty’ and ‘ability’ mediated the effect of narcissism on anger and depression following failure feedback. The results provide support for the theoretical assumption that attributional processes might, at least to some extent, explain the often reported relation between narcissism and negative emotions following failure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Negative attributions"
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Dharnidharka, Prerana. "Differentiation, negative attributions and sexual desire in committed relationships." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35400.
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Doctor of PhilosophySchool of Family Studies and Human Services
Amber V. Vennum
Sexual desire is important to personal and relational well-being but inevitably declines over time in committed relationships. Individuals, further, commonly report times when they desire more or less sex than their partners (desire discrepancy) which is negatively associated with both relationship and sexual satisfaction. How partner’s make meaning out of (i.e., attributions about their partner’s lower desire for sex) and respond (pursue, withdraw or engage) to moments of discrepant desire is likely influenced by the extent to which partners are able to maintain a clear sense of self in the context of physical and emotional closeness (i.e., their level of differentiation), although this has yet to be tested. Through two studies, I explored the types of attributions and behaviors in response to desire discrepancies and how negative attributions and behaviors mediate the link between differentiation and sexual desire. Specifically in Study 1, I analyzed open-ended responses from 463 participants, using deductive content analysis to examine types of negative attributions and behaviors in response to moments of desire discrepancy. In Study 2, using the findings from Study 1, I developed items to quantitatively measure specific negative attributions and behaviors in response to desire discrepancies. Using a sample of 511 participants, I refined the factor structure of the Desire Discrepancy Attributions and Behaviors Scale and used a path analysis to examine how differentiation is associated with sexual desire both directly and indirectly through negative attributions, emotions, and behaviors (pursue-withdraw). Results indicated that an individual’s level of differentiation is positively associated with sexual desire and this link is significantly mediated by negative attributions and certain negative behaviors. The clinical implications and areas for future research based on the findings of this study are discussed.
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Moore, Todd M. Jr. "Attributions of Negative Intent and Responsibility and Anger Arousal of Abusive and Nonabusive Males to Perceived Negative Dating Partner Behavior." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36662.
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Research on marital abuse indicates that abusive husbands attribute greater negative intent and responsibility to their partner's behavior and report greater anger arousal during conflictual situations with their partner than do nonabusive husbands (Dutton & Browning, 1988; Holtzworth-Munroe & Hutchinson, 1993). Research also shows that measures of anger arousal (e.g., blood pressure and heart rate) are significantly greater during situations of provocation or threat than neutral or nonprovocative situations (Smith & Allred, 1989). However, research has not attempted to measure abusive and nonabusive males' anger arousal and cognitive attributions to provocative and nonprovocative partner behavior in conflictual situations.
Two studies examined attributional responses and one study examined anger arousal in high and low abusive dating males to highly provocative (e.g., girlfriend is flirting with another man) or minimally provocative (e.g., girlfriend wants to talk) partner behavior. A major hypothesis was that abusive males would attribute greater negative intent and responsibility as well as evidence greater blood pressure and heart rate reactivity to their partner's behavior in provocative but not in nonprovocative situations than would nonabusive males.
In Study 1, six hypothetical vignettes (4 provocative and 2 nonprovocative) of dating situations were developed or modified from existing research (Holtzworth-Munroe & Hutchinson, 1993). Provocativeness of the situations was determined through pilot testing which showed that "provocative partner behavior"; yielded significantly greater attributions of negative intent and responsibility than did nonprovocative partner behavior. Undergraduate males (N = 106) were assessed for their levels of abusive relationship behaviors with the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus 1979), for their tendencies to abuse with the Propensity for Abuse Scale (PAS; Dutton, 1995b), and for their expression of anger with the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI; Spielberger, Johnson, Russell, Crane, Jacobs, & Worden, 1985). Participants then listened to audio-taped situations and completed negative intent and responsibility attribution questionnaires.
Results indicated that high CTS, PAS, and STAXI males attributed greater responsibility and blame to partner behavior in provocative scenes, but not in nonprovocative scenes than did low CTS, PAS, and STAXI males (p < .05). Additionally, high CTS, PAS, and STAXI males attributed greater negative intent to partner behavior in both provocative and nonprovocative scenes than did low CTS, PAS, and STAXI males (p < .05). There were no interaction effects for attributions of negative intent and responsibility based on dispositional measures and scene provocativeness.
In Study 2, undergraduate males (N = 107) were screened for abusive relationship behaviors with the CTS. Screening identified 37 males as High-Abusives (n=18) and Low-Abusives (n = 19). Participants selected in the screening phase were called back and fitted with a blood-pressure cuff which recorded blood pressure and heart rate before and after each of four scenes (2 provocative and 2 nonprovocative). Following presentation of the scenes, participants completed negative intent and responsibility attribution questionnaires.
Results indicated that both High- and Low-Abusives evidenced significantly greater systolic blood pressure arousal during provocative as compared to nonprovocative scenes (p<.05). Similar to Study 1, results showed that High-Abusives attributed greater negative intent and responsibility to partner behavior than did Low-Abusives (p <.05). However, blood-pressure and heart rate reactivity of High- and Low-Abusives were not significantly discrepant.
The results of Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that High-Abusives attributed greater negative intent and responsibility to partner behavior than did Low-Abusives. Study 2 also showed that provocative partner behavior produced greater increases in systolic blood pressure than nonprovocative partner behavior for both High- and Low-Abusives. Overall, these studies provided partial empirical support for the relationship between negative attributions and anger arousal to provocative partner behavior among abusive and nonabusive males. Limitations and future research directions will be discussed.Master of Science
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New, Michelle Jennifer Claire. "Adolescent male victims and perpetrators of child sexual abuse : maternal attributions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281717.
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Major, Sarah A. "Maternal attributions : are these associated with appraisal of maternal parenting received or knowledge of child development?" Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249442.
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Pearce, Zoe J., and n/a. "Attributions as a Mediator Between Attachment Style and Couple Relationship Outcomes." Griffith University. School of Psychology, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060301.154359.
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In this thesis I argue that negative attributions mediate between attachment insecurity and relationship outcomes. Using a sample of 59 couples the well-documented association between attachment insecurity and relationship satisfaction was replicated. I then tested whether this association was mediated by attributions for hypothetical behaviour for a real partner and a hypothetical potential partner. Attributions for real partner behaviour did mediate between insecure attachment and relationship satisfaction, but not attributions for a potential partner. It was further hypothesised that an association would exist between couple communication and attachment insecurity, which would be mediated by negative attributions. Couples completed two ten-minute problem-solving discussions and participated in a video-mediated recall process, providing a measure of attributions for real events with their current partner. Results supported the hypotheses for self-reported, but not observed, communication. It was concluded that the association between attachment and attributions does not represent a consistent cognitive processing bias, but rather a relationship-specific phenomena. Future research directions were proposed to investigate mediation from a long-term perspective and the therapeutic implications of these findings were discussed.
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Pearce, Zoe J. "Attributions as a Mediator Between Attachment Style and Couple Relationship Outcomes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366540.
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In this thesis I argue that negative attributions mediate between attachment insecurity and relationship outcomes. Using a sample of 59 couples the well-documented association between attachment insecurity and relationship satisfaction was replicated. I then tested whether this association was mediated by attributions for hypothetical behaviour for a real partner and a hypothetical potential partner. Attributions for real partner behaviour did mediate between insecure attachment and relationship satisfaction, but not attributions for a potential partner. It was further hypothesised that an association would exist between couple communication and attachment insecurity, which would be mediated by negative attributions. Couples completed two ten-minute problem-solving discussions and participated in a video-mediated recall process, providing a measure of attributions for real events with their current partner. Results supported the hypotheses for self-reported, but not observed, communication. It was concluded that the association between attachment and attributions does not represent a consistent cognitive processing bias, but rather a relationship-specific phenomena. Future research directions were proposed to investigate mediation from a long-term perspective and the therapeutic implications of these findings were discussed.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Psychology
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Cosenzo, Keryl Ann. "The Effect of Cardiovascular Reactivity and Negative Affect On The Responsibility Attributions of Hostile Men to Provocative Partner Behavior." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45326.
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This study investigated the roles of negative affect and cardiovascular reactivity on the attributional responding of hostile males. College males were screened with the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Cook & Medley, 1954). High and low hostile males were assigned to an arousal inducing (serial subtraction by 7's) or a non-arousal inducing condition (serial subtraction by 1's). Cardiovascular reactivity and self-report of affect were measured to the serial subtraction task. After the task was completed, the participant listened to a vignette (provocative or neutral) which depicted an interpersonal situation. The participant answered questions about the scene to assess attributional responding. The arousal-inducing condition was associated with significantly greater changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate and a higher level of self-reported negative affect than the non-arousal inducing condition. More negative attributions were reported for provocative than neutral scenes. Males in the arousal inducing condition made more negative attributions to neutral scenes than males in the non-arousal condition. There was no significant effect of arousal condition on the negative attributions to provocative scenes. Hostility did not influence the relationship between arousal condition and self-reported affect or arousal condition and attributional responding. This study showed that inducing cardiovascular reactivity prior to a neutral encounter with a partner can affect the males' perception of the potentially neutral encounter.Master of Science
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Di, Francisco Maria Nezu Christine M. "Psychopathy, negative emotions of anger and depression, and causal attributions : relation to sexual aggression /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860%20/839.
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Gudleski, Gregory Daniel. "The Influence of Similarity to an Actor on an Observer's Attributions for Negative Behaviors." W&M ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626192.
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Wright, Nolan Lincoln 1955. "Perceptions of a changing environment: Extension of dispositional rules for negative behaviors to negative events and their impacts on causal and dispositional attributions." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291583.
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Negativity and Hedonic Relevance are examined as factors potentially influencing attributions associated with changes in the built environment. Ninety-nine male and female university students participated on a "survey" testing the extension of previous research identifying these variables as biasing perceivers toward asserting "person" as opposed to "situational" causation. As predicted, increased negativity resulted in significantly more inferences of negative dispositions to only implicitly involved actors. A significant interaction effect was also identified between negativity and gender, with males making more attributions of causality (blame) in response to a more negative event, as predicted for all subjects, and females making less. No new evidence for the role of Hedonic Relevance was identified due to failure of the associated manipulation. A greater focus on gender differences in future attribution research is recommended, as is a greater awareness among architects and planners of the psychological processes underlying the experience of environmental change.
Books on the topic "Negative attributions"
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Correy, Brenda L. Perceived modifiability of self-blame attributions for negative life events: Implications for well-being. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Psychology, 2001.
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Tombs, Debbie. The use of attributional biases as a defence against negative self-evaluation: The case for two sub-groups of paranoia. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1997.
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Michelman, Frank I. Constitutional Essentials. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197655832.001.0001.
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Abstract This work examines closely the constitution-centered proposition on political legitimacy, offered by John Rawls in Political Liberalism in response to the problem posed for government by consent by facts of deep-lying disagreement among citizens. An answer, Rawls thought, could lie in the possibility of a framework law for a society’s politics—a “constitution,” including a bill of rights—that all, despite other disagreements, could find reason to accept. The work offers explication of the thought behind Rawls’s proposal, while also placing it in relation to a duality of functions—–“regulatory” and “justificatory”—for which lawyers in constitutional-democratic societies typically look to their countries’ bodies of constitutional law. Conflicts in practical implications from these functional attributions, the work suggests, can help explain the persistence of debates in constitutional-democratic venues over topics ranging from choices between “legal” and “political”—or between “written” and “unwritten”—constitutions, to thinness versus thickness in formulations of constitutional principles and guarantees, the place of constitutional fidelity among liberal political virtues, activism versus restraint in the conduct of judicial constitutional review, original-meaning versus moral-reading approaches to constitutional interpretation, and extension of constitutional substantive guarantees beyond negative restraints on the government to take in affirmative state obligations for satisfaction of the basic material needs of citizens, and for protection of them against oppression from nongovernmental social powers. The book also looks into whether some later-arriving work from Rawls signifies modification of the procedurally dependent basis for political justification than it finds in the first edition of Political Liberalism.
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Miano, Daniele. A Godless Goddess. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786566.003.0008.
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This chapter studies the negative meanings attributed to Fortuna, related to instability and bad luck. These meanings have always been attributed to the deity, and are attested already from the earliest pieces of evidence. It is argued that after the connection between Fortuna and the conquest of the Empire was made in the second century BC, there was a strong tendency to minimalize and marginalize these negative associations of the deity. However, this changes with the increasing political instability of late Republican Rome, and with the war between Caesar and Pompey in particular. If Fortuna helped to conquer the Empire, on whose side was she during the civil conflicts? The new sociopolitical circumstances favoured the increasing attribution of negative meanings to Fortuna, with some authors openly questioning her divine status.
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Sainsbury, Mark. Nonspecificity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803348.003.0005.
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This chapter criticizes Quine’s classic discussion (from the 1950s) of “John wants a sloop”, which he claims is ambiguous between a specific and a nonspecific reading. By contrast, the negation test shows that attributions like this are not ambiguous, but simply nonspecific. Nonspecificity is extended from indefinite noun phrases to other expressions, including plurals. It is also extended from language to psychology, from the sentence “John wants a sloop” to what state John is in when wanting a sloop. There are no nonspecific houses or trees, or ordinary things more generally. But there are nonspecific intentional states, as opposed merely to nonspecific attributions of intentional states. A nonspecific state is one that involves the exercise of indefinite concepts. Both specific and nonspecific intentional states may be correctly ascribed nonspecifically.
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Fiedler, Klaus, and Florian Kutzner. Pseudocontingencies. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.14.
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In research on causal inference and in related paradigms (conditioning, cue learning, attribution), it has been traditionally taken for granted that the statistical contingency between cause and effect drives the cognitive inference process. However, while a contingency model implies a cognitive algorithm based on joint frequencies (i.e., the cell frequencies of a 2 x 2 contingency table), recent research on pseudocontingencies (PCs) suggests a different mental algorithm that is driven by base rates (i.e., the marginal frequencies of a 2 x 2 table). When the base rates of two variables are skewed in the same way, a positive contingency is inferred. In contrast, a negative contingency is inferred when base rates are skewed in opposite directions. The chapter describes PCs as a resilient cognitive illusion, as a proxy for inferring contingencies in the absence of solid information, and as a smart heuristic that affords valid inferences most of the time.
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Sagarin, Brad J., and Mary Lynn Miller Henningsen. Resistance to Influence. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.23.
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This chapter reviews research on resistance to influence, active or passive processes that reduce the impact of a potential source of social influence. This chapter begins with a discussion of the antecedents of resistance: characteristics of the influence target (strong attitudes, demographics, and personality), perceived aspects of the influence attempt (manipulative intent, threats to freedoms), or counterinfluence messages from a third party (forewarning, inoculation, stealing thunder, the poison parasite defense, resistance to social engineering) that motivate resistance. The chapter proceeds to a discussion of internal mechanisms of resistance (counterarguing, bolstering initial attitudes, derogating the source, attributing negative affect to the message or source, attempting to correct for bias) and external mechanisms of resistance (interpersonal strategies of communicating resistance and issuing refusals) and concludes with a discussion of the consequences of resistance for attitudes and relationships.
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Triana, María del Carmen, Tiffany M. Trzebiatowski, and Seo-Young Byun. Individual Outcomes of Discrimination in Workplaces. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.23.
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This chapter reviews the recent literature on the outcomes of workplace discrimination against individuals. The chapter describes how discrimination affects individuals by reviewing theories related to outcomes of discrimination (e.g., social categorization, attributional ambiguity, and minority stress theories). From there, the review covers meta-analyses, empirical studies conducted between 2012 and 2014, and outcomes of discrimination (e.g., job attitudes, psychological outcomes, physical outcomes, and work-related outcomes). There is consistent support for an overall negative effect of discrimination on various individual-level outcomes. Recent studies are advancing our knowledge of individual-level consequences of discrimination by incorporating underrepresented samples, examining discrimination types other than race and sex, considering the nuances of boundary conditions, and connecting research streams from multiple areas (e.g., turnover, incivility). The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research directions on individual outcomes of workplace discrimination.
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Rudolph, Ulrich. Occasionalism. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.39.
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This chapter charts the development of the theory of occasionalism within the Islamic tradition until the fifth/eleventh century. Occasionalism emphasizes God’s absolute power by negating natural causality and attributing every causal effect in the world immediately to Him. It is often assumed to be a distinctive, if not exclusive, feature of Sunnīkalāmas opposed to Muʿtazilism, Shīʿism, and Islamic philosophy. The chapter begins with the question of how the foundations of the occasionalist theory were prepared in the evolving Muʿtazilī discussions of the third/ninth and early fourth/tenth century. It then considers the role of Abū l-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the completion and final formulation of the theory before turning to later developments originating with some Ashʿarī theologians of the late fourth/tenth and the fifth/eleventh century. It also looks at the seventeenth chapter ofTahāfut al-falāsifa, in which Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) discusses occasionalism and the problematic of causality.
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Omstedt, Anders. The Development of Climate Science of the Baltic Sea Region. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.654.
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Dramatic climate changes have occurred in the Baltic Sea region caused by changes in orbital movement in the earth–sun system and the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Added to these longer-term changes, changes have occurred at all timescales, caused mainly by variations in large-scale atmospheric pressure systems due to competition between the meandering midlatitude low-pressure systems and high-pressure systems. Here we follow the development of climate science of the Baltic Sea from when observations began in the 18th century to the early 21st century. The question of why the water level is sinking around the Baltic Sea coasts could not be answered until the ideas of postglacial uplift and the thermal history of the earth were better understood in the 19th century and periodic behavior in climate related time series attracted scientific interest. Herring and sardine fishing successes and failures have led to investigations of fishery and climate change and to the realization that fisheries themselves have strongly negative effects on the marine environment, calling for international assessment efforts. Scientists later introduced the concept of regime shifts when interpreting their data, attributing these to various causes. The increasing amount of anoxic deep water in the Baltic Sea and eutrophication have prompted debate about what is natural and what is anthropogenic, and the scientific outcome of these debates now forms the basis of international management efforts to reduce nutrient leakage from land. The observed increase in atmospheric CO2 and its effects on global warming have focused the climate debate on trends and generated a series of international and regional assessments and research programs that have greatly improved our understanding of climate and environmental changes, bolstering the efforts of earth system science, in which both climate and environmental factors are analyzed together.Major achievements of past centuries have included developing and organizing regular observation and monitoring programs. The free availability of data sets has supported the development of more accurate forcing functions for Baltic Sea models and made it possible to better understand and model the Baltic Sea–North Sea system, including the development of coupled land–sea–atmosphere models. Most indirect and direct observations of the climate find great variability and stochastic behavior, so conclusions based on short time series are problematic, leading to qualifications about periodicity, trends, and regime shifts. Starting in the 1980s, systematic research into climate change has considerably improved our understanding of regional warming and multiple threats to the Baltic Sea. Several aspects of regional climate and environmental changes and how they interact are, however, unknown and merit future research.
Book chapters on the topic "Negative attributions"
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Shmidt, Victoria. "Vitalist Arguments in the Struggle for Human (Im)Perfection: The Debate Between Biologists and Theologians in the 1960s–1980s." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 217–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_12.
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AbstractIn this chapter, I explore and offer critical reflections on the widespread practice of attributing negative value to “vital forces” in debates on health and disease, as the direct result of the extensive dissemination of genetics and its implications since the late 1960s. This historical reconstruction focuses on the most heated debates in popular science periodicals and editions, having the longest-lasting public “echo,” which have shaped an intergenerational continuity in the reproduction of vitalist arguments in discursive practices regarding health, disease, and their genetic factors.Mapping attacks on vital forces as various forms of negation addresses three different debates in the historically interrelated repertoire of potentially rival approaches to health, disease, and their genetic components: (1) the attribution of negative value to primal instinct as an obstacle to the progress of human civilization; (2) the normative vitalism mainly associated with French philosophers George Canguilhem, Michel Foucault, and Gilles Deleuze; and (3) the movement for the deinstitutionalization of health care within the negative theology presented by Ivan Illich.The reproduction of vitalist arguments in the each of the three realms is seen as a historical continuity of the medical vitalism that appeared in the Enlightenment and that produced a less monolithic and more conceptually coherent continuum of the positions regarding health, diseases, and their causes. In line with the Lakatosian division into internalist and externalist histories of science, I focus on the multiple functions of vitalist arguments: as a main force in the contest among rival theories regarding health and disease (as a part of the internalist narrative); as a signifier of the boundary work delineating science and not-science, whether labeled as theology or as “bad” science aimed at legitimizing science (as a part of externalist history); and as an ideological platform for bridging science and its performance in policies concerning reproduction .
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Hossain, Muhammad Ismail, Harmen Oppewal, and Dewi Tojib. "Coping with Negative Consumption Experiences: How Attribution Influences Disappointment, Regret, Word of Mouth and Complaining Behaviours." In Looking Forward, Looking Back: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Marketing, 684–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24184-5_166.
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Su, Lijuan, and Svetlana Stepchenkova. "The Impact of Crisis Characteristics and Media Coverage on the Public’s Attitude Toward Tourism Organization Expressed on Sina Weibo." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 302–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_28.
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AbstractTourism and hospitality crises that are extensively discussed online are damaging to organizational image and reputation; therefore, choosing effective response strategies is of paramount importance for service providers. The online discussions data from six hospitality and tourism related crises were used to test which crisis and media coverage characteristics significantly affected the public’s emotional and behavioral reactions to crises. With reference to the attribution theory and the situational crisis communication theory, this study identified the potentially influential crisis characteristics, hypothesized their relationship with variables describing consumer reactions to crises, and then tested those relationships in a series of ANOVA and hierarchical regression analyses. Results indicated that the locus of control, crisis stability, attribution of organizational responsibility, and organizational response strategy affected the public’s cognitive and emotional responses to crises most strongly. The attractiveness and goodwill of media sources also had an effect, as well as the quality and fairness of messages. This study makes a methodological contribution to tourism research by training machine-learning classifiers prior to conducting hypothesis testing. Identifying the most influential factors affecting the public’s response to crises can serve as guidelines for tourism and hospitality organizations in monitoring the spread of online crisis discussions and developing the most appropriate response in order to minimize consumers’ negative emotions that affect online and off-line behavior toward the organization and its brand.
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Jiang, Jingxian, Ulrike Gretzel, and Rob Law. "Do Negative Experiences Always Lead to Dissatisfaction? — Testing Attribution Theory in the Context of Online Travel Reviews." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2010, 297–308. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-99407-8_25.
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Morales, Daniela Rojas, and Lars Moratis. "Valuing Sustainability." In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development, 21–58. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2965-1.ch002.
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Consumers' low awareness and negative attributions remain critical impediments to companies' attempts to reap the potential benefits of CSR. Addressing the gap of how and under which conditions what type of attributions arise and the role of stakeholder factors in CSR communication strategies, the aim of this chapter is to assess to what extent national culture influences the attributions that arise towards green advertising. Preceded by a pre-test, a survey was conducted in Colombia, The Netherlands and USA. With a total of 248 responses, a multiple regression analysis was performed to analyze the data. Results show main effects of national culture on the attribution of negative motives. Specifically, the cultural dimensions power distance and uncertainty avoidance have a negative effect on negative attributions. On the other hand, results indicated that positive attributions are not influenced by national culture. The research stresses the relevance of national culture as a stakeholder-factor, influencing the effectiveness of green advertising.
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Alan Witt, L., Dana M. Broach, Thomas F. Hilton, and Chan M. Hellman. "The Interactive Effects of Negative Affectivity and a Career-Impacting Performance Outcome on Self-Serving Attributions of Causality." In Attribution Theory, 79–96. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315137926-6.
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Rashid, Tayyab, and Martin Seligman. "Session Twelve: Positive Relationships." In Positive Psychotherapy, edited by Tayyab Rashid and Martin Seligman, 206–17. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0018.
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Positive relationships come in many forms, including family. Biological or otherwise, all family members possess strengths and resources. Due to negative attributions and the negativity bias, these strengths may be less prominent. In Session Twelve, clients learn the significance of recognizing the strengths of their loved ones. The central positive psychotherapy practice covered in this session is creating a Tree of Positive Relationships.
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Rashid, Tayyab, and Martin Seligman. "Session Twelve: Positive Relationships." In Positive Psychotherapy, 84–92. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190920241.003.0013.
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Positive relationships come in many forms, including family. Biological or otherwise, all family members possess strengths and resources. Due to negative attributions and the negativity bias, these strengths may be less evident. In Session Twelve, clients learn the significance of recognizing the strengths of their loved ones. The central positive psychotherapy practice covered in this session is creating a Tree of Positive Relationships. The chapter provides a list of readings, videos, and websites that relate to positive relationships and offers two worksheets to practice the concepts learned in the chapter. The chapter also includes a real-life case study that illustrates positive relationships.
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Konstam, Varda. "The Breakup." In The Romantic Lives of Emerging Adults, 157–86. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639778.003.0007.
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This chapter explores how emerging adults make meaning of breakups and adapt to romantic loss. Causal attributions are considered and both positive and negative outcomes of breakups are explored. Theories and studies related to loss are examined, including Bowlby’s attachment model and narrative theory. An examination of churning relationships, as well as of common sexual behaviors related to breakups, such as sex with an ex, rebound sex, and revenge sex, help inform our understanding of when and how relationships come to an end. The 29 emerging-adult study participants relay their experiences and points of view with respect to romantic breakups.
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Kennedy, Katherine A., and David H. Barlow. "The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders." In Applications of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders, 1–16. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190255541.003.0001.
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This chapter recounts the origins of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) as it developed over a period of several decades. The rationale for developing it was derived from research emerging over this period of time that highlighted commonalities among anxiety, depressive, and related disorders, focusing on emotional disruption and dysregulation, as well as research highlighting common underlying temperamental factors associated with all these disorders. With a particular emphasis on the temperament of neuroticism, transdiagnostic constructs in emotional disorders that are fundamental aspects of neuroticism, such as increased anxiety sensitivity, decreased mindfulness, experiential avoidance, and negative appraisals and attributions, were identified and became targets for treatment. After presentation of the core elements comprising the UP, research supporting its efficacy, including a recently completed large clinical trial, is presented.
Conference papers on the topic "Negative attributions"
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Vipperla, Ravichander, Jurgen T. Geiger, Simon Bozonnet, Dong Wang, Nicholas Evans, Bjorn Schuller, and Gerhard Rigoll. "Speech overlap detection and attribution using convolutive non-negative sparse coding." In ICASSP 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2012.6288840.
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Vera, Nevia Prima, and Sany Dwita. "The Effect of Attribution Bias and Framing Negative on Commitment Escalation in Investment Decisions." In The Fifth Padang International Conference On Economics Education, Economics, Business and Management, Accounting and Entrepreneurship (PICEEBA-5 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201126.008.
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Амелина, А. В. "Русские писатели в чешской среде 1920-х гг.: периодика либерально-демократического крыла (журнал «Розправы Авентина»)." In Межкультурное и межъязыковое взаимодействие в пространстве Славии (к 110-летию со дня рождения С. Б. Бернштейна). Институт славяноведения РАН, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0459-6.38.
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The article examines the perception of Russian literature by the Czech literary criticism of the liberal-democratic political orientation from the magazine Rozpravy avenitna in the 1920s. For this ideological direction, the selection of authors of modern Russian literature was made according to the criteria of closeness to European culture and the continuation of the traditions of Russian classics (I. Erenburg), while writers from the ideologically opposite camp were given a negative assessment or were not noticed at all (V.Mayakovsky). Some writers, in turn, were “torn apart” by the opposing camps, attributing their views to them (S. Yesenin, Y. Zamyatin).
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Wang, Yang, and Xin Liu. "Trust Restoration of Potential Consumers by Merchant Feedback after Online Negative Reviews : Discussion based on Attribution Theory." In 2022 14th International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma54903.2022.00146.
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Birk, Maximilian, and Volker Blees. "Carsharing as an integrated mean of transportation - a cohesive planning approach from the city of Wiesbaden, Germany." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1042.
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In Germany and beyond there is a widespread social and political discussion on a “mobility turnaround”, which refers to the technological and behavioural change of the entire transport sector towards sustainability goals. Within that approach of a “mobility turnaround” the concept of car-sharing is universally seen as a central component. This attribution is mainly based on the presumed combination of the advantages of rationally using a car on one hand without baring the negative social effects of a private-car ownership. Until recently, however, it has not been legally possible in Germany to reserve exclusive parking spaces for carsharing vehicles in public spaces. Carsharing stations could therefore only be located in private spaces, which in turn was a strong limiting factor in the expansion of the service. With the introduction of the German “Carsharing Law” in 2017, municipalities were given the possibility to identify and assign exclusive parking spaces in public areas, which now serves as an instrument for targeted planning of carsharing services. The following contribution presents an overview of the typical organizational and operational forms, use-cases and user groups of casharing services. The positive and negative effects are identified, classified and discussed. Further, the paper proposes how an ideal carsharing service should be designed from a municipal and transport planning perspective. Based on this general findings, the contribution presents the exemplary approach of the city of Wiesbaden. The municipality allocates public spaces to private-sector providers based on a defined comprehensive network concept. Within that concept public spaces are only tendered to providers in accordance with clearly defined targets and operational standards. With that approach Wiesbaden is proactively fostering a city-wide carsharing network as an integrated mobility service.
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Korneeva, Yana, and Natalia Simonova. "The Functional State Assessment as the Psychological Safety Marker of the Offshore Production Platform Workers." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31262-ms.
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Abstract The present study is devoted to the functional states’ identification and description as the psychological safety marker of offshore oil-producing platform workers with the fly-in-fly-out work organization. This will allow identifying an employee's risk group with low psychological safety for the development of measures to improve it, preserve their health and work efficiency. The research was carried out by means of a scientific expedition in April 2019 during the entire fly-in-fly-out visit to the offshore ice- resistant platform in the Caspian Sea. It was attended by 50 employees (average age 36.17 ± 1.064, average work experience on a fly-in-fly-out basis 7.97 ± 0.839, fly-in-fly-out period - 14 days). Research methods are: 1) instrumental psychophysiological methods for assessing the state on the devices «AngioScan» (stress level) and «Psychophysiologist» (operator performance, functional state level, functional reserves level); 2) psychological testing methods are M. Luscher's color test and the "Well-being. Activity. Insistence" questioning. Psychological testing of employee's personality traits. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and multivariate methods using the SPSS 23.00 software package. As the study result, all employees were divided into two large groups according to functional states indicators: 1) a group with high performance, since these employees have optimal speed, high quality work performance and good health; 2) a group with low performance, because with a favorable general state of health and the performing tasks speed, employees show a low performance. The relationship between the two groups oil-producing platform employees’ subjective characteristics of efficiency and safety studied. It was found that employees with high performance are adapted to the negative environment impact and are characterized by high psychological safety. The second group representatives with low performance give higher assessments of the professional situations danger and are not satisfied with the work schedule, and therefore belong to the risk group and require additional measures to ensure psychological safety. Personal markers of attribution to groups with different efficiency are independence, cyclothymic character accentuation type, planning and the general level of subjective control.
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Kröll, Martin, and Kristina Burova-Keßler. "Use of AI tools in learning platforms and the role of feedback for learning." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001504.
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The digital transformation in the world of work has profound effects on the processes of career orientation and the transition between school and work. Together with international partners from Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy and Hungary, a digital mentoring concept to secure the employability of young people has been or is being investigated in the three-year EU project "Career 4.0". The focus is on the further development of a personal development plan with the help of which the young people can reflect on their future employment opportunities. Compared to other teaching-learning situations, this is a learning process that is open to development without a predetermined true or false, as is usually the case with mathematical tasks, for example. This places special demands on the mentors when it comes to assessing which forms of feedback are particularly beneficial for the young people and which prove to be less beneficial.Within the framework of the EU project, empirical studies were carried out which came to the conclusion that the quality of the feedback that mentors give to mentees is assessed very dif-ferently by these groups of participants. The mentees see considerable potential for improve-ment when it comes to the quality of the feedback from the mentors. In contrast, the mentors themselves are not as critical of their activities in giving feedback. Over 60 mentees and over 30 mentors have participated in the empirical study so far.The starting point for the study is the meta-analysis of the research team around Hattie et al. (2016). They differentiate between the following forms of feedback: (1) task-related, (2) pro-cess-related, (3) self-regulation-related and (4) person- or self-related feedback. According to the evaluation of their meta-analysis, the second and third forms of feedback have the greatest effect on learning outcomes.Furthermore, scientific studies have shown that the acceptance of feedback depends on numerous influencing factors, which can be assigned to four areas: Characteristics of (1) the feedback message, (2) the feedback source, (3) the feedback recipient and (4) the feedback context. The effect of feedback can be related to three levels, following the psychology of lear-ning: (1) cognitive (e.g. closing competence gaps), (2) metacognitive (e.g. supporting self-assessment and self-awareness) and (3) motivational level (e.g. promoting readiness). How the feedback recipients (here: the young people) ultimately deal with the feedback also depends on their causal attribution, i.e. which reasons they see as causal for their progress or the failure of their actions. If, for example, they attribute their inadequate task performance to environmental factors, e.g. difficult and unfair tasks or disproportionate time pressure, or if they see the reasons in themselves, e.g. in their lack of commitment or insufficient skills, this has very different effects on the effects of the feedback. Among other things, this can lead to a "self-esteem distortion" if, for example, negative results are primarily attributed to external circumstances. The research project is also investigating the extent to which AI tools can help to make feed-back even more effective and efficient for learners. In order to provide IT and AI solutions (such as adaptive learning systems, learning analytics, intelligent CBR recommendation sys-tems) to support the giving of feedback, e.g. with the help of a learning platform, it is advantageous and necessary to make the feedback process transparent by using a process mo-delling approach and to work out individual process steps.Hattie, J. & Timperley, H. (2007): The Power of Feedback, in: Review of Educational Research Vol. 77, No. 1, 81-112.London, M. & McFarland, L. (2010): Assessment Feedback. In J. Farr & N. Tippins (Hrsg.), Employee Selection (S. 417-436). New York, London: Routledge.Narciss, S. (2013). Designing and Evaluating Tutoring Feedback Strategies for digital learning environments on the basis of the Interactive Tutoring Feedback Model. Digital Education Review, (23), 7–26.
Reports on the topic "Negative attributions"
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Martinez-Bravo, Monica, and Carlos Sanz. Trust and accountability in times of pandemics. Madrid: Banco de España, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/29471.
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The COVID-19 pandemic took place against the backdrop of growing political polarization and distrust in political institutions in many countries. Did deficiencies in government performance further erode trust in public institutions? Did citizens’ ideology interfere with the way they processed information on government performance? To investigate these two questions, we conducted a pre-registered online experiment in Spain in November 2020. Respondents in the treatment group were provided information on the number of contact tracers in their region, a key policy variable under the control of regional governments. We find that individuals greatly over-estimate the number of contact tracers in their region. When we provide the actual number of contact tracers, we find a decline in trust in governments, a reduction in willingness to fund public institutions and a decrease in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. We also find that individuals endogenously change their attribution of responsibilities when receiving the treatment. In regions where the regional and central governments are controlled by different parties, sympathizers of the regional incumbent react to the negative news on performance by attributing greater responsibility for it to the central government. We call this the blame shifting effect. In those regions, the negative information does not translate into lower voting intentions for the regional incumbent government. These results suggest that the exercise of political accountability may be particularly difficult in settings with high political polarization and areas of responsibility that are not clearly delineated.
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Martinez-Bravo, Monica, and Carlos Sanz. Trust and accountability in times of pandemic. Madrid: Banco de España, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/25027.
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The COVID-19 pandemic took place against the backdrop of growing political polarization and distrust in political institutions in many countries. Furthermore, most governments fell short of expectations in their management of the pandemic. Did deficiencies in government performance further erode trust in public institutions? Did citizens’ ideology interfere with the way they processed information on government performance? To investigate these two questions, we conducted a preregistered online experiment in Spain in November 2020. Respondents in the treatment group were provided information on the number of contact tracers in their region, a key variable under the control of regional governments. We find that individuals greatly overestimate the number of contact tracers in their region. When we provide the actual number of contact tracers, we find a decline in trust in governments, a reduction in willingness to fund public institutions and a decrease in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. We also find that individuals endogenously change their attribution of responsibilities when receiving the treatment. In regions where the regional and central governments are controlled by different parties, sympathizers of the regional incumbent react to the negative news on performance by attributing greater responsibility for it to the central government. We call this the blame shifting effect. In those regions, the negative information does not translate into lower voting intentions for the regional incumbent government. These results suggest that the exercise of political accountability may be particularly difficult in settings with high political polarization and areas of responsibility are not clearly delineated.