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Journal articles on the topic 'Needle electrodes'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Jaffe, Debra M., Nancy P. Solomon, Robert A. Robinson, Henry T. Hoffman, and Erich S. Luschei. "Comparison of Concentric Needle Versus Hooked-Wire Electrodes in the Canine Larynx." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 118, no. 5 (May 1998): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989811800515.

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BACKGROUND: The use of a specific electrode type in laryngeal electromyography has not been standardized. Laryngeal electromyography is usually performed with hooked-wire electrodes or concentric needle electrodes. Hooked-wire electrodes have the advantage of allowing laryngeal movement with ease and comfort, whereas the concentric needle electrodes have benefits from a technical aspect and may be advanced, withdrawn, or redirected during attempts to appropriately place the electrode. OBJECTIVES: This study examines whether hooked-wire electrodes permit more stable recordings than standard concentric needle electrodes at rest and after large-scale movements of the larynx and surrounding structures. A histologic comparison of tissue injury resulting from placement and removal of the two electrode types is also made by evaluation of the vocal folds. METHODS: Electrodes were percutaneously placed into the thyroarytenoid muscles of 10 adult canines. Amplitude of electromyographic activity was measured and compared during vagal stimulation before and after large-scale laryngeal movements. Signal consistency over time was examined. Animals were killed and vocal fold injury was graded and compared histologically. RESULTS: Waveform morphology did not consistently differ between electrode types. The variability of electromyographic amplitude was greater for the hooked-wire electrode ( p < 0.05), whereas the mean amplitude measures before and after large-scale laryngeal movements did not differ ( p > 0.05). Inflammatory responses and hematoma formation were also similar. CONCLUSIONS: Waveform morphology of electromyographic signals registered from both electrode types show similar complex action potentials. There is no difference between the hooked-wire electrode and the concentric needle electrode in terms of electrode stability or vocal fold injury in the thyroarytenoid muscle after large-scale laryngeal movements. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:655–62.)

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2

Cen, Chao, and Xinhua Chen. "The Electrode Modality Development in Pulsed Electric Field Treatment Facilitates Biocellular Mechanism Study and Improves Cancer Ablation Efficacy." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3624613.

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Pulsed electric field treatment is now widely used in diverse biological and medical applications: gene delivery, electrochemotherapy, and cancer therapy. This minimally invasive technique has several advantages over traditional ablation techniques, such as nonthermal elimination and blood vessel spare effect. Different electrodes are subsequently developed for a specific treatment purpose. Here, we provide a systematic review of electrode modality development in pulsed electric field treatment. For electrodes invented for experiment in vitro, sheet electrode and electrode cuvette, electrodes with high-speed fluorescence imaging system, electrodes with patch-clamp, and electrodes with confocal laser scanning microscopy are introduced. For electrodes invented for experiment in vivo, monopolar electrodes, five-needle array electrodes, single-needle bipolar electrode, parallel plate electrodes, and suction electrode are introduced. The pulsed electric field provides a promising treatment for cancer.

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3

Wang, An Ling, and Fu Ping Liu. "Application Boundary Element Method to Compute the Potential of the Eight-Needle Electrodes." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.147.

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According to the electric potential on the eight -needle electrodes in vacuum, the discrete equations based on the indeterminate linear charge density (LCD) are established by the boundary element integral equations. The non-uniform distributions of LCD on the needle electrodes are calculated through solving a set of linear equations. With the help of the LCD, the potential generated by the multi-needle electrodes at any point in vacuum have been obtained. In this paper we have realized the numerical calculation of the static field distributions for multi-needle electrode system by the boundary element approach.

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4

Skubis, Jerzy, and Michał Kozioł. "Analysis of the Possibility of Using Drill-Type Electrodes for Air Ionization." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10114030.

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In this article, the authors present the results of the analysis of the ionization efficiency of drill-type needle electrodes in air. The analysis was carried out on the basis of experimental laboratory measurements, examined at alternating voltages. Drill-type electrode systems of different diameters were adopted for the tests. The ionization efficiency for this type of electrode has been characterized by values of characteristic voltages, such as the initial voltage of the corona voltage and the sparking voltage. The obtained results were compared with the results of classical conical needle electrodes. The ionization efficiency of drill-type electrodes has been shown to be higher than that of classical conical needle electrodes.

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5

Liu, Fu Ping, and An Ling Wang. "Boundary Element Numerical Method for Electric Potential Generated by Eleven-Needle Electrodes in Vacuum." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.647.

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Abstract. According to the electric potential on the eleven -needle electrodes in vacuum, the discrete equations based on the indeterminate linear charge density (LCD) are established by the boundary element integral equations. The non-uniform distributions of LCD on the needle electrodes are calculated through solving a set of linear equations. With the help of the LCD, the potential generated by the multi-needle electrodes at any point in vacuum have been obtained. In this paper we have realized the numerical calculation of the static field distributions for multi-needle electrode system by the boundary element approach.

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6

Fandino, Jonatan, Jaime Orejas, Jorge Pisonero, Philippe Guillot, Nerea Bordel, and Alfredo Sanz-Medel. "Plasma regime transition in a needle-FAPA desorption/ionization source." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 31, no. 11 (2016): 2213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ja00257a.

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The needle-Flowing Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow (n-FAPA) is a miniaturized plasma device with Ambient Desorption/Ionization capabilities. It is generated in flowing He using two concentric electrodes: a stainless steel capillary tube (outer electrode), and a hypodermic needle with a bevel-cut edge (inner electrode).

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7

Gamaleev, Vladislav, Mineo Hiramatsu, Masafumi Ito, Hiroshi Furuta, and Akimitsu Hatta. "Analysis of the Preheating Phase of Micro-Arc Discharge in Seawater, Operated Using a Needle-to-Plane Electrode with Variation in the Tip Shape." Plasma 2, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma2030022.

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In this work, micro-arc discharge is investigated using a needle-to-plane electrode system placed with a micro-gap in highly conductive artificial seawater. A major problem with microarc discharge is the erosion of electrodes caused by the high current of the arc; however, it was found that erosion of the needle electrode did not have any effect on the discharge process in the case of precise control of the discharge gap. A simple mathematical model was developed for a more detailed study of the preheating phase of the discharge. The modeling showed good agreement with the experimental results and confirmed that the needle electrode could be reused to generate reproducible micro-arc discharges even after the erosion caused by the arc. Moreover, it was found that, in certain conditions, the preheating phase could be simulated using a simple inductor-capacitor-resistor (LCR) oscillator model with a resistor instead of electrodes immersed in the liquid. It was confirmed that the shape of the needle electrode’s tip did not affect the measurement of optical emission spectra in the case of precise focusing, which could be used in the development of compact analytical tools for on-site analysis of deep-sea water using atomic emission spectroscopy.

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8

Tschopp, Kurt P., and Christine Gottardo. "Comparison of Various Methods of Electromyographic Monitoring of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Thyroid Surgery." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 9 (September 2002): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211100909.

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In the present study, 3 types of electrodes for recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) monitoring are compared: 1) intralaryngeal surface electrodes attached to a conventional endotracheal tube, 2) monopolar needle electrodes placed on the vocal cords by direct laryngoscopy, and 3) bipolar needle electrodes inserted intraoperatively through the cricothyroid ligament. Data were collected from stimulation of 21 RLNs in 16 patients undergoing thyroid surgery. The reliability in terms of distinct electromyographic (EMG) potentials following stimulation of the RLN was 100% with monopolar and bipolar needle electrodes and 76% with intralaryngeal surface electrodes. The mean (±SD) amplitudes of the EMG potentials were 1.61 ± 1.6 mV, 2.37 ± 1.8 mV, and 0.35 ± 0.4 mV for the monopolar endolaryngeal, bipolar transligament, and intralaryngeal surface electrodes, respectively. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of electrode are discussed.

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9

Musteata, Mihai, Denis Borcea, Raluca Ștefănescu, Gheorghe Solcan, and Radu Lăcătuș. "Influence of Stainless Needle Electrodes and Silver Disk Electrodes over the Interhemispheric Cerebral Coherence Value in Vigil Dogs." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 3990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113990.

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Electroencephalography (EEG) is an objective diagnostic tool in the evaluation of cerebral functionality, both in human and veterinary medicine. For EEG acquisition, different types of electrodes are used, as long as they have no impact on the recorded background activity. However, to date, the influence of electrode type on quantitative EEG and cerebral coherence has not been investigated. Twenty EEG traces (ten with needle electrodes and ten with disk electrodes) were recorded from ten mesocephalic vigil dogs in a monopolar montage. Values for interhemispheric coherence for each frequency band were compared between stainless needle and silver disk electrodes traces. Our results show that the values of interhemispheric coherence in vigil dogs are depending of the type of electrodes used in EEG recordings. In the frontal (FP) channel, for delta and theta frequency bands, the registered coherence is significantly higher when stainless needle electrodes are used. Our results might have important consequences in the field of canine neurology and applied neuroscience, as the frontal channel analysis is preferred in aging and behavior studies.

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10

Radhakrishnan, J. K., V. C. Padaki, and U. K. Singh. "Mechanical Failure Analysis of Needles, for Micro-needle Array Dry-electrodes." Defence Life Science Journal 2, no. 4 (November 10, 2017): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.2.12282.

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<p class="p1"><span class="s1"> </span>Dry electrodes, which have an array of vertically aligned conducting micro-needles over a conducting substrate/base are most suitable for long-term continuous monitoring of EEG-signal, and overcomesthe disadvantages of conventional wet electrodes. A crucial design requirement for thesemicro-needlearrays, is the choice of the needle material with suitable mechanical strength to penetrate the skin without mechanical failure. This paper gives, the results of mechanical failure analysis of different needle materials that have been typically used/proposed for invasive use. A conical needle with 150μ width at the base and 10μ width at the tip, and length in the range 10μ - 200μ was taken up for calculation. The Critical load for failure, falls in the following descending order for the selected materials: viz., Carbon Nanofibre (CNF), Titanium-alloy (Ti 6-4), Single Crystal Silicon, Nickel, Tungsten, Platinum-Iridium (Pt90 percent-Ir10 percent), Stainless Steel (SS304),Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Polyimide, Polycarbonate, Gold, Silver, Photoresist-SU8, Polyurethane and Poly DiMethylSiloxane (PDMS).Taking the most accepted value of 0.1N as the penetration force required for needle penetration into skin, it is seen that for a needle length of 100μ, the following materials, Carbon Nanofibre (CNF), Titanium-alloy (Ti 6-4), Single Crystal Silicon, Nickel, Tungsten, Platinum -Iridium (Pt90 percent-Ir10 percent) andStainless Steel (SS304), can penetrate the skin without mechanical failure.</p>

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11

Shang, Ke Feng, Zhe Zhao, Xiu Yan Zhou, and Xiao Chen Wang. "Design of a Novel Corona Plasma Reactor for Decomposition of VOCs." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.146.

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The configuration of discharge electrode is closely related to the uniformity and the strength of corona plasma, which has big effect on the efficiency of plasma in destructing pollutants, treating materials and so on. A novel sheet electrode was devised to enhance the input energy and the uniformity of plasma’s distribution, and its production performance of plasma was compared with other discharge electrodes including wire, needle and multi-needles. Corona images and I-V characteristic curves of discharge electrodes indicate that ultra-thin sheet electrode could produce more uniform and stronger corona plasma zone than other electrodes in this paper, which is advantageous for decomposing pollutants, treating material surface and so on. Primary VOCs decomposition experiments were conducted, and the results indicated that the highest energy yield of VOCs decomposition reached 1.8 g (benzene) • (kWh)-1 /3.5 g (toluene) • (kWh)-1.

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12

Xi, Ji, Guo, Li, and Liu. "Fabrication and Characterization of Micro-Nano Electrodes for Implantable BCI." Micromachines 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10040242.

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Signal recording and stimulation with high spatial and temporal resolution are of increasing interest with the development of implantable brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, implantable BCI technology still faces challenges in the biocompatibility and long-term stability of devices after implantation. Due to the cone structure, needle electrodes have advantages in the biocompatibility and stability as nerve recording electrodes. This paper develops the fabrication of Ag needle micro/nano electrodes with a laser-assisted pulling method and modifies the electrode surface by electrochemical oxidation. A significant impedance reduction of the modified Ag/AgCl electrodes compared to the Ag electrodes is demonstrated by the electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS). Furthermore, the stability of modified Ag/AgCl electrodes is confirmed by cyclic voltammogram (CV) scanning. These findings suggest that these micro/nano electrodes have a great application prospect in neural interfaces.

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13

Krieg, Sandro M., Lisa Kempf, Doris Droese, Steffen K. Rosahl, Bernhard Meyer, and Jens Lehmberg. "Superiority of tympanic ball electrodes over mastoid needle electrodes for intraoperative monitoring of hearing function." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 5 (May 2014): 1042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.1.jns13396.

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Object Recording the auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a common method for monitoring the integrity of auditory pathways during surgery in the cerebellopontine angle. Electrocochleography (ECochG) is an alternative means of intraoperative neuromonitoring. In the present study the authors compared the practicability and prognostic significance of these two methods by performing simultaneous recordings in the operating room. Methods Between 2006 and 2011, 125 patients (mean age 55 years) underwent surgery in the cerebellopontine angle. Seventy-one percent of the patients presented with a hearing deficit, and 37% had useful hearing but with slight functional impairment. Auditory brainstem response was recorded with a subdermal needle electrode at the mastoid. For ECochG recording, a noninvasive ball electrode was attached to the tympanic membrane. Amplitudes obtained from both ECochG and ABR audiometry were compared and correlated to pre- and postoperative hearing deficits. Results Simultaneous intraoperative monitoring via ABR and ECochG was possible in 114 cases (91%). Postoperatively, 42% of patients showed some degree of new hearing deficit, whereas 4% had improvement. The mean amplitudes in ECochG monitoring were significantly higher (0.18 ± 0.04 μV) than the ABR potentials (0.08 ± 0.006 μV; p < 0.05). All waves recorded at the mastoid needle electrode could be recognized in the potentials of the tympanic ball electrode. Hearing outcome correlated more reliably with the relative amplitude changes in Waves III and V in ECochG (III: p = 0.0008, V: p = 0.0015) than in ABR monitoring (III: p = 0.2075, V: p = 0.0398). Conclusions Intraoperative monitoring of the auditory system by recording with noninvasive tympanic ball electrodes is more practicable than with subcutaneous needle electrodes at the tragus. Since there is also a reliable correlation between ECochG and clinical outcome, the method can replace common ABR recording during surgery in the cerebellopontine angle.

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14

Sanders, Donald B. "Measuring jitter with concentric needle electrodes." Muscle & Nerve 47, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.23709.

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15

Stålberg, Erik V., and Donald B. Sanders. "Jitter recordings with concentric needle electrodes." Muscle & Nerve 40, no. 3 (August 24, 2009): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.21424.

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16

Stålberg, Erik. "Jitter analysis with concentric needle electrodes." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1274, no. 1 (December 2012): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06775.x.

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17

Joynt, Robert L. "The selection of electromyographic needle electrodes." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 75, no. 3 (March 1994): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(94)90024-8.

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18

Churchouse, S. J., C. M. Battersby, W. H. Mullen, and P. M. Vadgama. "Needle enzyme electrodes for biological studies." Biosensors 2, no. 6 (January 1986): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-928x(86)85022-2.

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19

Zhou, Xiaohong, Jian Huang, and Raymond E. Ideker. "Transmural recording of monophasic action potentials." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 282, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): H855—H861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01172.2000.

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To investigate the possibility of transmural recording of repolarization through the ventricular wall, KCl monophasic action potential (MAP) electrodes positioned along plunge needles were developed and tested. The MAP electrode consists of a silver wire surrounded by agarose gel containing KCl, which slowly eluted into the adjacent tissue to depolarize it. In six dogs, a plunge needle containing three KCl MAP electrodes was inserted into the left ventricle to simultaneously record from the subepicardium, midwall, and subendocardium. In six pigs, eight plunge needles containing three KCl MAP electrodes and two plunge needles containing similar electrodes except for the absence of KCl were inserted into the ventricles. In three guinea pig papillary muscles, a KCl electrode was used to record MAPs along with two microelectrodes for recording transmembrane potentials. Transmural MAP recordings could be made for >1 h in dogs and >2 h in pigs with a significant decrease in MAP amplitude over time but without a significant change in MAP duration. With the electrodes without KCl in pigs, the injury potentials subsided in <30 min. When the pacing rate was changed to alter the action potential duration and refractory period in dogs, the MAP duration correlated with the local effective refractory period ( r = 0.94). The time course of the MAP duration recorded with a KCl MAP electrode in guinea pig papillary muscles corresponded well with that of the transmembrane potential recorded with an adjacent microelectrode. It is possible to record transmural repolarization of the ventricles with KCl MAP electrodes on plunge needles. The MAP is caused by the KCl rather than being a nonspecific injury potential.

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20

Hallin, Rolf G., and Gang Wu. "Protocol for microneurography with concentric needle electrodes." Brain Research Protocols 2, no. 2 (January 1998): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-299x(97)00025-1.

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21

Rogers, J. M., S. B. Melnick, and Jian Huang. "Fiberglass needle electrodes for transmural cardiac mapping." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 49, no. 12 (December 2002): 1639–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2002.805483.

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22

Kobayashi, Takeo, Yasuhiro Kudo, and Ming-Jen Chow. "Nerve Excitability Test Using Fine Needle Electrodes." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 104, sup446 (January 1987): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016488709121843.

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23

DUBIN, STEVIN, and DAN MARTIN. "Spiral Needle Electrodes for Evoked Potential Monitoring." Anesthesiology 69, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198808000-00025.

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24

Anastasova, Salzitsa, Anna-Maria Spehar-Délèze, Dale Bickham, Patrick Uebel, Markus Schmidt, Philip Russell, and Pankaj Vadgama. "Stabilised Biosensing Using Needle-Based Recess Electrodes." Electroanalysis 24, no. 3 (December 20, 2011): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201100511.

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25

Mier, A., C. Brophy, J. Moxham, and M. Green. "Twitch PDI: Needle versus Surface Stimulating Electrodes." Clinical Science 79, s23 (October 1, 1990): 18P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs079018p.

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26

Stålberg, E. "CS1.3 Measuring jitter with concentric needle electrodes." Clinical Neurophysiology 117 (September 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.07.014.

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27

Kalvøy, Håvard, Christian Tronstad, Bernt Nordbotten, Sverre Grimnes, and Ørjan G. Martinsen. "Electrical Impedance of Stainless Steel Needle Electrodes." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 38, no. 7 (March 9, 2010): 2371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-010-9989-2.

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28

Sanders, Donald B. "WS6.3. Measuring jitter with concentric needle electrodes." Clinical Neurophysiology 132, no. 8 (August 2021): e61-e62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.02.105.

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29

Monowid, T., A. Bocheńska, S. Lew, and A. Pomianowski. "Comparison of the Two Types of Stimulating Electrodes in the Study of Motor Nerve Conduction in Dogs." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 20, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2017-0053.

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Abstract In this research two kinds of stimulation electrodes were compared in motor nerve conduction study: needle electrodes used in human medicine and electrodes made of injection needles connected to the stimulator via alligator-type electrodes. A study was conducted in 22 mixed-breed dogs. The resulting values of the potential amplitudes of the stimulus, the parameters of the complex muscle potentials, and the motor nerve conduction velocity were statistically compared. There was no statistical difference between the parameters obtained with the two types of stimulation electrodes. The results of our research constitute a basis for improving present-day procedures, improving aseptic procedures, reducing tissue trauma during research and lowering research costs due to the introduction of injection-needle electrodes and their benefits into the study of motor nerve conduction in animals.

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30

Beaudoin, Étienne J., Maurício M. Kubaski, Mazen Samara, Ricardo J. Zednik, and Nicole R. Demarquette. "Scaled-Up Multi-Needle Electrospinning Process Using Parallel Plate Auxiliary Electrodes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081356.

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Electrospinning has gained much attention in recent years due to its ability to easily produce high-quality polymeric nanofibers. However, electrospinning suffers from limited production capacity and a method to readily scale up this process is needed. One obvious approach includes the use of multiple electrospinning needles operating in parallel. Nonetheless, such an implementation has remained elusive, partly due to the uneven electric field distribution resulting from the Coulombic repulsion between the charged jets and needles. In this work, the uniformization of the electric field was performed for a linear array of twenty electrospinning needles using lateral charged plates as auxiliary electrodes. The effect of the auxiliary electrodes was characterized by investigating the semi-vertical angle of the spun jets, the deposition area and diameter of the fibers, as well as the thickness of the produced membranes. Finite element simulation was also used to analyze the impact of the auxiliary electrodes on the electric field intensity below each needle. Implementing parallel lateral plates as auxiliary electrodes was shown to help achieve uniformization of the electric field, the semi-vertical angle of the spun jet, and the deposition area of the fibers for the multi-needle electrospinning process. The high-quality morphology of the polymer nanofibers obtained by this improved process was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These findings help resolve one of the primary challenges that have plagued the large-scale industrial adoption of this exciting polymer processing technique.

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Campana, Luca G., Paolo Di Barba, Fabrizio Dughiero, Michele Forzan, Maria Evelina Mognaschi, Rudy Rizzo, and Elisabetta Sieni. "Non-parallellism of needles in electroporation: 3D computational model and experimental analysis." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-04-2018-0189.

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PurposeIn electrochemotherapy, flexible electrodes, composed by an array of needles, are applied to human tissues to treat large surface tumors. The positioning of the needles in the tissue depends on the surface curvature. The parallel needle case is preferred, as their relative inclinations strongly affect the actual distribution of electric field. Nevertheless, in some case, small inclinations are unavoidable. The purpose of this paper is to study the electric field distribution for non-parallel needles.Design/methodology/approachThe effect of electrode position is evaluated systematically by means of numerical models and experiments on phantoms for two different angles (5° and 30°) and compared with the case of parallel needles. Potato model was used as phantom, as this tissue becomes dark after few hours from electroporation. The electroporation degree was gauged from the color changings on the potatoes.FindingsThe distribution of electric field in different needle configuration is found by means of finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments on potatoes. The electric field level of inclined needles was compared with parallel needle case. In particular, the electric field distribution in the case of inclined needles could be very different with respect to the one in the case of parallel needles. The degree of enhancement for different inclinations is visualized by potato color intensity. The FEA suggested that the needle parallelism has to be maintained as possible as if the tips are closer to each other, the electric field intensity could be different with respect to the one in the case of parallel needles.Originality/valueThis paper analyzes the effect of inclined electrodes considering also the non-linearity of tissues.

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32

Fujimoto, T., and H. Nishizono. "Muscle contractile properties by surface electrodes compared with those by needle electrodes." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section 89, no. 4 (August 1993): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(93)90103-v.

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33

Bowen, Randy C., Michael E. Possin, and Michael M. Altaweel. "Bilateral Globe Penetration From Electromyography Electrode Placement for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring." Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases 4, no. 2 (October 16, 2019): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2474126419868888.

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Purpose: This interventional case report discusses inadvertent bilateral temporal globe penetration during placement of intramuscular wire electrodes to the lateral rectus muscles for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) via electromyography. Methods: An 11-year-old girl underwent surgical resection of massive medulloblastoma within the fourth ventricle, requiring IONM. Placement of an electrode in each lateral rectus muscle resulted in bilateral globe penetration, with choroidal rupture, retinal tears, and hemorrhage. Results: Sterile needle perforation of the globe did not result in endophthalmitis. Encircling laser retinopexy was performed, and no retinal detachments occurred. Conclusions: Insertion of needle electrodes without guidance imaging can potentially lead to globe penetration and incorrect electrode placement. Direct visualization with ultrasound, electromyography, or other advanced image-guided systems may offer a safe solution for electrode placement to avoid injury. Verbal patients should be made aware of postoperative warning signs of globe penetration. For nonverbal patients, a postoperative dilated exam is warranted.

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34

Darcey, Terrance M., Erik J. Kobylarz, Michael A. Pearl, Patricia J. Krauss, Stephanie A. Ferri, David W. Roberts, and David F. Bauer. "Safe use of subdermal needles for intraoperative monitoring with MRI." Neurosurgical Focus 40, no. 3 (March 2016): E19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.12.focus15555.

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OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to develop safe, site-specific procedures for placing and leaving subdermal needle leads for intraoperative monitoring (IOM) during intraoperative MRI procedures. METHODS The authors tested a variety of standard subdermal needle electrodes designed and FDA-approved for IOM in the conventional operating room. Testing was used to determine the conditions necessary to avoid thermal injury and significant image artifacts with minimal disruption of IOM and MRI procedures. Phantom testing was performed with a fiber optic (lead) temperature monitoring system and was followed by testing of leads placed in a healthy volunteer. The volunteer testing used electrode placements typical of standard IOM cases, together with radiofrequency (RF) coil placement and imaging sequences routinely employed for these case types. Lead length was investigated to assess heating effects for electrodes placed within the RF coil. RESULTS The authors found that conventional stainless steel (SS) and platinum/iridium (Pt/Ir) subdermal needles can be used safely without significant heating when placed outside the RF coil, and this accounts for the majority or entirety of electrode placements. When placed within the RF coil, Pt/Ir leads produced minimal image artifacts, while SS leads produced potentially significant artifacts. In phantom testing, significant heating was demonstrated in both SS and Pt/Ir leads placed within the RF coil, but only during high-resolution T2-weighted scanning. This problem was largely, but not completely, eliminated when leads were shortened to 25 cm. Human testing was unremarkable except for nonpainful heating detected in a few electrodes during thin-slice (1.5 mm) FLAIR scanning. Transient irritation (skin reddening along the needle tract) was noted at 2 of the electrodes with detectable heating. CONCLUSIONS The authors were satisfied with the safety of their site-specific procedures and have begun with off-label use (following institutional review board approval and obtaining patient informed consent) of tested monitoring leads in cases that combine IOM and MRI. The authors recommend that all facilities perform their own site-specific testing of monitoring leads before proceeding with their routine use.

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Franz, Burkhard K. H. G., Ernst Lehnhardt, James F. Patrick, Janusz A. Kuzma, Graeme M. Clark, and Roland Laszig. "Implantation of the Melbourne/Cochlear Multiple-Electrode Extracochlear Prosthesis." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 98, no. 8 (August 1989): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948909800804.

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The Melbourne/Cochlear multiple-electrode extracochlear implant is designed for deaf patients who are unsuited to multiple-electrode intracochlear implantation. The implant consists of a receiver-stimulator package connected via a lead wire assembly to six individual stimulating electrodes. There is a choice of two alternative surgical procedures, both of which are via a combined middle ear approach using anterior and posterior tympanotomies. Four active electrodes shaped into compressible platinum-iridium soft-balls are fed through the mastoid cavity and across the facial recess, and placed into cavities that are made over the cochlear turns that project to the medial wall of the middle ear. One hard-ball active electrode is placed into the round window niche. One hard-ball reference electrode is placed into the hypotympanum. An additional electrode wrapped around the lead wire assembly can be used as an alternative reference electrode. A specially designed insertion needle facilitates the placement and the fixation of the soft-ball electrodes.

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Liu, Fu Ping, and An Ling Wang. "Application Boundary Element Approach to Compute the Electric Field Intensity of the Thirteen-Needle Electrodes in Vacuum." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 3089–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.3089.

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According to the electric field intensity of thirteen-needle electrodes in vacuum, the discrete equations based on the indetermination linear current density were established by the boundary element integral equations. The non-uniform distribution of the current flowing from thirteen-needle electrodes to conductive in vacuum was imaged by solving a set of linear equations. Then, the electric field intensity generated by thirteen-needle electrodes in vacuum at any point can be determined through the boundary element method. It means that this method has an important referenced significance for computing the electric field intensity generated by thirteen-needle electrodes in vacuum

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Okabe, Yosihiro, Hideaki Koibuchi, Minoru Ai, Hideharu Hibi, and Tadasu Haketa. "Newly Devised Subcutaneous Needle Electrodes for EMG Recording." JOURNAL OF THE STOMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY,JAPAN 58, no. 3 (1991): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5357/koubyou.58.598.

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Dascalescu, L., A. Samuila, D. Rafiroiu, A. Iuga, and R. Morar. "Multiple-needle corona electrodes for electrostatic processes application." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 35, no. 3 (1999): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.766999.

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Kwon, H., S. B. Rutkove, and B. Sanchez. "Recording characteristics of electrical impedance myography needle electrodes." Physiological Measurement 38, no. 9 (August 21, 2017): 1748–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/aa80ac.

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Kwon, H., J. F. Di Cristina, S. B. Rutkove, and B. Sanchez. "Recording characteristics of electrical impedance-electromyography needle electrodes." Physiological Measurement 39, no. 5 (May 22, 2018): 055005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/aabb8c.

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Kung, Yi, Alexey Lihachev, Saulius Šatkauskas, Keng-Li Lan, and Wen-Shiang Chen. "Electroporation by concentric-type needle electrodes and arrays." Bioelectrochemistry 118 (December 2017): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.06.014.

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Ares, William J., Nitin Agarwal, Jeffrey Balzer, and Brian T. Jankowitz. "Hemorrhagic complications of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring needle electrodes." Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery 10 (December 2017): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inat.2017.04.003.

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Guo, Liheng, Jonathan P. Cranford, John C. Neu, and Wanda Krassowska Neu. "Activating function of needle electrodes in anisotropic tissue." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 47, no. 9 (July 5, 2009): 1001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11517-009-0508-2.

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Mordukhovich, B. Sh, V. N. Karakuts, A. F. Makhov, N. R. Saifullin, G. G. Telyashev, V. P. Zaporin, V. N. Fomina, V. V. Levchenko, and I. P. Lanin. "Experimental production of needle coke for graphitized electrodes." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 31, no. 6 (December 1995): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00727600.

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Premoselli, S., V. Galimberti, D. Passerini, L. Piccinini, and C. Cerri. "Sacral reflexes recorded with monopolar short needle electrodes." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 95, no. 3 (September 1995): P55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(95)93417-6.

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Aydogan, Alper, Fatih Atalar, Aysel Ersoy Yilmaz, and Pawel Rozga. "Using the Method of Harmonic Distortion Analysis in Partial Discharge Assessment in Mineral Oil in a Non-Uniform Electric Field." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 4830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184830.

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In high-voltage equipment, it is vital to detect any failure in advance. To do this, a determination of the partial discharges occurring at different voltage types as well as at different electrode configurations is essential for observing the oil condition. In this study, an experimental setup consisting of a needle–semi-sphere electrode configuration immersed in mineral oil is prepared for laboratory experiment. In such a way, a non-uniform electric field is created and the leakage currents are monitored from the grounded electrode. A total of six different electrode configurations are analyzed during the tests by the use of hemispheres of different diameters as grounded electrodes and copper and steel pointed (medical) needle high-voltage electrodes. In the experiments, the partial discharges occurring at four different voltage levels between 5.4 and 10.8 kV are measured and recorded. The effect of the different electrode configurations and voltage levels on the harmonic distortion are noted and discussed. It is experimentally confirmed that it is possible to measure the leakage current caused by the partial discharges of the corona type in oil at the different metal points, creating high-voltage electrodes and different electric field distributions based on the proposed non-invasive measurement technique. The studies showed that there is a significant rise of even harmonic components in the leakage current during the increase in the partial discharge intensity with the 5th harmonic as dominant.

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Wang, Zutao, Chuan Li, Menghan Xiao, Pengyu Wang, Ming Zhang, Peng Shi, Jiawei Li, et al. "Coalescence and counterflow of droplets on needle electrode with negative corona discharge." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac47e3.

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Abstract The coalescence of droplets on the discharge electrode surface in high humidity environments has rarely been studied, which may affect discharge characteristics. Meanwhile, directional transport of droplets is of great significance for many applications ranging from fluidic processing to thermal management. Here, corona discharge in a needle-plate electrode is adopted to explore the coalescence rule of droplets attached on the discharge electrode surface in a high-humidity environment, and to realize the counterflow of droplets. The experimental results show that the number of coalesced droplets on the needle electrode surface reaches the maximum under −7.5 kV at relative humidity ∼94% and ambient temperature ∼20 °C. When the applied voltage increases from −6 kV to −11 kV, the droplet moves up 2.76 mm in 5 s. The size of the attached droplet depends on the balance of coalescence and evaporation. The coalescence is mainly attributed to the dielectrophoretic force caused by the high electric field gradient. The evaporation is related to the ionic wind generated by the corona discharge. With regard to the counterflow phenomenon of the droplet, we speculate that the high concentration gradient of positive ions near the needle electrode provides a driving force for the negatively charged droplets. Meanwhile, the electrons and negative ions below the needle tip offer a repulsive force to the droplet. The shape and moving direction of the droplet attached to the needle surface can be manipulated by changing the voltage applied to the needle electrode, which shows the potential application value in realizing the self-cleaning of electrodes, liquid lenses and so on.

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Goto, Tetsuya, Yuichiro Tanaka, Kunihiko Kodama, Shoji Yomo, Yosuke Hara, Atsushi Sato, and Kazuhiro Hongo. "Staple electrodes: an innovative alternative for intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring." Journal of Neurosurgery 108, no. 4 (April 2008): 816–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/108/4/0816.

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✓ Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring is essential for minimally invasive neurosurgery. The authors developed an innovative recording method using a staple electrode, consisting of a surgical skin staple and an integrated circuit (IC) test clip with a cable. The staple is put on the patient's skin after the induction of general anesthesia. After head fixation, the IC test clip is simply hooked to the staple. The authors used this method for recording in 158 consecutive cases. It took only a few minutes to set up 4–18 staple electrodes in each case. None of the staple electrodes became disconnected unintentionally, and the initial impedance was kept throughout the procedures. The authors conclude that the staple electrode is superior to conventional disc or needle electrodes in speed of setup, electrical stability, and cost-effectiveness and recommend its routine use for intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring.

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Li, Hua, Linxiu Jiang, Chaoqun Guo, Jianmin Zhu, Yongrong Jiang, Wenxiang Xiao, Cheng Fang, and Zhencheng Chen. "Effect of cylinder electrode arrangement on the ionic wind properties of needle–cylinder electrodes." Journal of Electrostatics 86 (April 2017): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2017.01.013.

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Sumariyah, Kusminarto, Arief Hermanto, and Pekik Nurwantoro. "Velocity Measurement of EHD Flow Produced by Pin-Multi Concentric Ring Electrodes Generator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 771 (July 2015): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.771.227.

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Study of EHD flow by using generator corona discharge with electrodes configuration of pin to multi concentric rings (MCR) and pin to single ring (SR) have been curried out. We measured the velocity of EHD flow and determined the comparison of velocity of EHD flow produced by pin to single ring electrodes. The pin needle was made by stainless steel with a length of 50 mm and a tip diameter of 0.14 mm. The multi-ring electrodes constracted by three concentric rings with a metal material connected to each other and each ring has a diameter of 24 mm, 16 mm and 8 mm in width and the same ring thickness is 2 mm and 3 mm. Single ring electrode has a diameter, width and thickness respectively 24 mm , 3 mm and 2 mm. EHD was generated by using a DC high voltage of 10 kV. Pin as an active electrode of corona discharge and concentric rings multi/single ring electrodes as ions collector and passive electrodes. The velocity of EHD flow was measured by a hot-wire anemometer. We found that the velocity of EHD flow with multi-ring concentric electrodes larger than a single ring electrode. The measurement of velocity for two cases of electrodes configuration were limited at the certain voltage due to breackdown and arc phenomena. The maximum velocity of the of EHD flow using a pin-multi rings concentric was 0.7 m/s at a voltage of 6 kV.

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