Books on the topic 'Needle electrodes'
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1
Pitt, Matthew. Techniques used to test the neuromuscular junction in children. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0009.
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The tests used to measure the neuromuscular junction function in children are repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) and single-fibre electromyography (SFEMG). The physiological changes which explain abnormalities in RNS are covered in this chapter as are those affecting jitter measurement when measured by SFEMG. Practical considerations of how to perform RNS in children are discussed, along with the reasons for using SFEMG in preference to RNS and the need to use stimulation techniques. Controversies concerning so-called stimulated SFEMG including needle selection, filter settings, and the origin of the potentials that are being sampled are all discussed. The term stimulated potential analysis using concentric needle electrodes (SPACE) is introduced to divert most if not all of these criticisms. Derivation of normative data from previous studies is described as well as the use of e-norm methodology on laboratory data. The chapter concludes with practical measures of how to analyse the data collected and reference is made to the cross-correlation technique for determining abnormalities.
2
Seeck, Margitta, and Donald L. Schomer. Intracranial EEG Monitoring. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0029.
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Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) is used to localize the focus of seizures and determine vital adjacent cortex before epilepsy surgery. The two most commonly used electrode types are subdural and depth electrodes. Foramen ovale electrodes are less often used. Combinations of electrode types are possible. The choice depends on the presumed focus site. Careful planning is needed before implantation, taking into account the results of noninvasive studies. While subdural recordings allow better mapping of functional cortex, depth electrodes can reach deep structures. There are no guidelines on how to read ictal intracranial EEG recordings, but a focal onset (<5 contacts) and a high-frequency onset herald a good prognosis. High-frequency oscillations have been described as a potential biomarker of the seizure onset zone. Intracranial recordings provide a focal but magnified view of the brain, which is also exemplified by the use of microelectrodes, which allow the recording of single-unit or multi-unit activity.
3
Pitt, Matthew. Results of the clinical application of SPACE in suspected disorders of the neuromuscular junction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0011.
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Findings in a large cohort of children with disorders of the neuromuscular junction are presented along with those in non-primary neuromuscular junction abnormalities. From these results it is possible to derive test parameters for stimulated potential analysis using concentric needle electrodes (SPACE) including sensitivity and specificity, along with positive and negative predictive values. The differences between performing stimulation techniques to determine jitter in children and adults are highlighted as are technical aspects and the effects of the differential diagnosis on interpretation of results. An investigative strategy is outlined to be used with SPACE. The chapter concludes with discussion of the occurrence of normal jitter measurements with SPACE in proven cases of myasthenia as well as the phenomenon of delayed diagnosis of myasthenia and its relationship to the availability of neurophysiological testing.
4
Stålberg, Erik. Electromyography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0007.
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Electromyography (EMG) has been used since the 1940s in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. It has particularly developed with the advent of computers and recording equipment with integrated software. This has made methods of analysis fast, robust, and precise, helping to deal with increasing numbers of patients. Indications have changed dynamically over the years, with the development of new EMG methods themselves and complementary methods used in this field for diagnosis such as histochemistry, genetics, and imaging techniques. This chapter focuses mainly on the routine methods based on recordings with concentric or monopolar needle electrodes, but will also briefly review some of the other EMG methods. There is an increasing understanding of the relationship between the generators (muscle fibres) and the recorded signal that helps interpretation of the recordings. The parameters used for quantitation of the EMG signal are discussed. The findings in pathological conditions are discussed and some practical hints on EMG studies given.
5
Valenzuela, S. O., and T. Kimura. Experimental observation of the spin Hall effect using electronic nonlocal detection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0014.
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This chapter shows how the spin Hall effect (SHE) has been described as a source of spin-polarized electrons for electronic applications without the need for ferromagnets or optical injection. Because spin accumulation does not produce an obvious measurable electrical signal, electronic detection of the SHE proved to be elusive and was preceded by optical demonstrations. Several experimental schemes for the electronic detection of the SHE had been originally proposed, including the use of ferromagnetic electrodes to determine the spin accumulation at the edges of the sample. However, the difficulty of sample fabrication and the presence of spin-related phenomena such as anisotropic magnetoresistance or the anomalous Hall effect in the ferromagnetic electrodes could mask or even mimic the SHE signal in the sample layouts.
6
Glazov, M. M. Spin Systems in Semiconductor Nanostructures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0002.
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This chapter is an introduction to a rich variety of effects taking place in the interacting system of electrons and nuclei in semiconductors. It includes also the basics of electronic properties of nanostructures and of spin physics, an overview of fundamental interactions in the electron and nuclear spin systems, the selection rules at optical transitions in semiconductors, spin resonance effect, as well as optical orientation, and dynamical nuclear polarization. In this chapter an analysis of particular features of spin dynamics arising in the structures with localized electrons such as quantum dots, which are studied further in the book, are addressed. The aim of this chapter is to provide basic minimum of information needed to read the remaining chapters.
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Hirohata, A., and J. Y. Kim. Optically Induced and Detected Spin Current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0006.
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This chapter presents an alternative method of injecting spin-polarized electrons into a nonmagnetic semiconductor through photoexcitation. This method uses circularly-polarized light, whose energy needs to be the same as, or slightly larger than, the semiconductor band-gap, to excite spin-polarized electrons. This process will introduce a spin-polarized electron-hole pair, which can be detected as electrical signals. Such an optically induced spin-polarized current can only be generated in a direct band-gap semiconductor due to the selection rule described in the following sections. This introduction of circularly polarized light can also be used for spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy.
8
Milev, Roumen. The role of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0027.
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This chapter examines the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treatment of patients with bipolar disorders. It briefly reviews the basics of ECT, stimulus parameters, placement of electrodes, and seizure threshold. The data for efficacy and tolerability of ECT for bipolar disorder, including mania, depression, mixed states, and across the lifespan is reviewed. Although there is a paucity of good-quality randomized studies, all available data, including case reports and naturalistic observations, support the use of ECT in this population, and reinforce the widespread use of ECT in everyday clinical practice. Good-quality randomized control trials are urgently needed to address numerous unanswered questions, in order to improve efficacy and reduce side-effect burden of one of the best treatments for bipolar disorder.
9
Fowler, Clare J., and Jalesh N. Panicker. Urinary retention in women. Edited by Christopher R. Chapple. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0044.
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If a young woman in complete urinary retention is investigated and all urological and neurological investigations are found to be normal, the commonest diagnosis then made is Fowler’s syndrome (FS). Described by Fowler et al. in 1987, the original syndrome comprised of complete urinary retention with the finding of a particular pattern of electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded with a concentric needle electrode from the striated urethral sphincter, in a young woman with clinical features of polycystic ovaries. Prior to that, description medical opinion was that urinary retention in young women was due to ‘hysteria’; more had been written about ‘psychogenic urinary retention in women’ than any other possible causes. Twenty-five years on, the situation now seems to be that if neither the urologist or urologist can discover an underlying abnormality, the woman may be told she has FS without any positive identification of that condition.
10
Jamison, David, Indy Wilkinson, and Steven P. Cohen. Facet Joint Interventions: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0019.
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This chapter reviews the diagnosis and treatment of facet joint pain. Fluoroscopic guidance is commonly used to optimize treatment outcomes. The only reliable way to identify a painful facet joint is with image-guided blockade of either the medial branch innervating the joint or the joint itself. Although computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound have been shown to provide reliable landmarks for accurate needle placement, these modalities have limitations. The risks of CT include increased radiation exposure, cost, and an inability to perform real-time contrast injection. While ultrasound provides a convenient and inexpensive way to anesthetize the facet joints or medial branch nerves innervating them, it is unreliable in obese patients, is not as sensitive for detecting intravascular uptake as digital substraction or real-time contrast injection under fluoroscopy, and cannot be reliably used to place an electrode parallel to the course of the nerve, which has been shown to enhance lesion size.
11
Elwes, Robert. Presurgical evaluation for epilepsy surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0031.
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This chapter describes the preoperative electroclinical assessment of the various epilepsy syndromes and pathologies that are open to surgical treatment. Particular emphasis is placed on medial temporal epilepsy and frontal epilepsy. The assessment of cases considered for hemispherotomy, multiple subpial transection for Landau–Kleffner syndrome, anterior two-thirds callosotomy in symptomatic generalized epilepsy, neural stimulation, and cases with nodular hetertopia are summarized. Throughout the chapter, particular emphasis is placed on the need for multidisciplinary assessment, and the interpretation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the context of the clinical features, imaging, and neuropsychology. Evaluation pathways are suggested and the indications for intracranial EEG, the types of electrodes used and the operative complications are discussed in detail. Summaries of the key points in the electroclinical evaluation of temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy are given.
12
Contraindications, precautions, and adverse events. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0005.
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Judgements about whether it is safe to use TENS are guided by whether it has the potential to increase the likelihood of an adverse event. Hazards associated with using TENS need to be assessed against risks of using other available treatments including drug medication, and patients need to be informed of these hazards to provide valid consent to treatment. In many instances TENS evaluates favourably. The decision to offer TENS to a patient is based on professional judgement of practitioner informed by research evidence, safety guidelines by professional bodies, and clinical experience. The purpose of this chapter is to consider contraindications, precautions, and adverse events associated with TENS, by discussing national safety guidelines, contraindications to TENS, including device implants and pre-existing conditions, hazardous electrode sites, and adverse reactions.
13
Vassanelli, Stefano. Implantable neural interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0050.
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Establishing direct communication with the brain through physical interfaces is a fundamental strategy to investigate brain function. Starting with the patch-clamp technique in the seventies, neuroscience has moved from detailed characterization of ionic channels to the analysis of single neurons and, more recently, microcircuits in brain neuronal networks. Development of new biohybrid probes with electrodes for recording and stimulating neurons in the living animal is a natural consequence of this trend. The recent introduction of optogenetic stimulation and advanced high-resolution large-scale electrical recording approaches demonstrates this need. Brain implants for real-time neurophysiology are also opening new avenues for neuroprosthetics to restore brain function after injury or in neurological disorders. This chapter provides an overview on existing and emergent neurophysiology technologies with particular focus on those intended to interface neuronal microcircuits in vivo. Chemical, electrical, and optogenetic-based interfaces are presented, with an analysis of advantages and disadvantages of the different technical approaches.
14
Evaluating TENS on a new patient—the supervised trial. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0006.
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There are no robust predictors to identify whether a new patient will respond to TENS, or what might be the most appropriate electrode sites and electrical characteristics to use for their pain. Therefore, new patients need to be assessed for their suitability for TENS and to be shown how to use TENS so that they are able to self-administer it. The most efficient means of achieving these goals is to undertake a supervised trial of TENS for new patients. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a framework for undertaking a supervised TENS trial by looking at screening for suitability, trying TENS on the patient and troubleshooting issues, evaluating the patient’s initial response to TENS and their ability to self-administer TENS, setting treatment goals, instigating and evaluating an extended TENS trial, and strategies to try to improve treatment effect.
15
Pitt, Matthew. Paediatric Electromyography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.001.0001.
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Paediatric Electromyography is a single-author textbook which covers the full range of applications of the techniques of nerve conduction and electromyography (EMG) in children from the neonatal period to the late teenage years. It comprises five sections. Section 1 in its first chapter, gives a detailed introduction to the different skills that are needed to effect successful interventions in paediatric EMG. The emphasis here is that paediatric EMG is not simply adult EMG applied to younger subjects. Its second chapter is an introduction to the basic physiology which is common to any practice of nerve and muscle study. The next three sections (2–4), each comprised of three chapters, are structured anatomically covering in order, nerves, muscles, and neuromuscular junctions. All follow a similar pattern with the first chapter of the section dedicated to the underlying physiology needed for interpretation of the techniques used in the investigation of that particular part of the nervous system. The second chapter gives the pathophysiological associations and the final chapter covers any aspect not covered in the previous two chapters. In section 5 the techniques needed to deal with the more unusual clinical requests, such as investigation of facial palsy, swallowing abnormalities, brachial plexus injuries, and diaphragmatic problems are brought together in a final chapter. The book is concluded with three appendices. Appendix 1 describes protocols devised to cover the differing clinical request sent to any laboratory. Appendix 2 gives a comprehensive database of normative data, often derived from e-norm methodology, and intending to cover every measure recorded. Appendix 3 is an illustrated description of electrode placements for all the common nerve studies.
16
Stuewer, Roger H. Nuclear Physicists at the Crossroads. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0009.
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The Nazi Civil Service Law of April 7, 1933, prompted the establishment of refugee organizations to cope with the greatest intellectual migration in history, a difficult task in the Great Depression. It was in full swing in October when the seventh Solvay Conference was convened to address fundamental questions in nuclear physics. Foremost was the exact value of the mass of the neutron. Chadwick, Curie and Joliot, and Lawrence advanced very different values, and Lawrence soon had to admit that his very low value was mistaken. In January 1934, Fermi published his far-reaching theory of beta decay, which assumed that an electron and a neutrino are created when a neutron in the nucleus is transformed into a proton, which obviated the need to assume that electrons are present in nuclei. In August 1934, Chadwick and Goldhaber proved experimentally that the neutron is an unstable elementary particle.
17
Nitzan, Abraham. Chemical Dynamics in Condensed Phases. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529798.001.0001.
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This text provides a uniform and consistent approach to diversified problems encountered in the study of dynamical processes in condensed phase molecular systems. Given the broad interdisciplinary aspect of this subject, the book focuses on three themes: coverage of needed background material, in-depth introduction of methodologies, and analysis of several key applications. The uniform approach and common language used in all discussions help to develop general understanding and insight on condensed phases chemical dynamics. The applications discussed are among the most fundamental processes that underlie physical, chemical and biological phenomena in complex systems. The first part of the book starts with a general review of basic mathematical and physical methods (Chapter 1) and a few introductory chapters on quantum dynamics (Chapter 2), interaction of radiation and matter (Chapter 3) and basic properties of solids (chapter 4) and liquids (Chapter 5). In the second part the text embarks on a broad coverage of the main methodological approaches. The central role of classical and quantum time correlation functions is emphasized in Chapter 6. The presentation of dynamical phenomena in complex systems as stochastic processes is discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. The basic theory of quantum relaxation phenomena is developed in Chapter 9, and carried on in Chapter 10 which introduces the density operator, its quantum evolution in Liouville space, and the concept of reduced equation of motions. The methodological part concludes with a discussion of linear response theory in Chapter 11, and of the spin-boson model in chapter 12. The third part of the book applies the methodologies introduced earlier to several fundamental processes that underlie much of the dynamical behaviour of condensed phase molecular systems. Vibrational relaxation and vibrational energy transfer (Chapter 13), Barrier crossing and diffusion controlled reactions (Chapter 14), solvation dynamics (Chapter 15), electron transfer in bulk solvents (Chapter 16) and at electrodes/electrolyte and metal/molecule/metal junctions (Chapter 17), and several processes pertaining to molecular spectroscopy in condensed phases (Chapter 18) are the main subjects discussed in this part.
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Raymer, Michael. Quantum Physics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190250720.001.0001.
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Around 1900, physicists started to discover particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons, and with these discoveries they believed they could predict the internal behavior of the atom. However, once their predictions were compared to the results of experiments in the real world, it became clear that the principles of classical physics and mechanics were far from capable of explaining phenomena on the atomic scale. With this realization came the advent of quantum physics, one of the most important intellectual movements in human history. Today, quantum physics is everywhere: it explains how our computers work, how radios transmit sound, and allows scientists to predict accurately the behavior of nearly every particle in nature. Its application led to the recent discovery of the Higgs Boson, and continues to be fundamental in the investigation of the broadest and most expansive questions related to our world and the universe. However, while the field and principles of quantum physics are known to have nearly limitless applications, the reasons why this is the case are far less understood. In “Quantum Physics: What Everyone Needs to Know,” Michael Raymer distills the basic principles of such an abstract field, and addresses the many ways quantum physics is a key factor in today’s scientific climate and beyond. The book tackles questions as broad as the definition of a quantum state and as specific and timely as why the British government plans to spend 270 million GBP on quantum technology research in the next five years. Raymer’s list of topics is diverse, and showcases the sheer range of questions and ideas in which quantum physics is involved. From applications like data encryption and micro-circuitry to principles and concepts like Absolute Zero and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle, “Quantum Physics: What Everyone Needs to Know” is wide-reaching introduction to a nearly ubiquitous scientific topic.