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Academic literature on the topic 'Nécrotrophe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nécrotrophe"
Rapilly, F., H. Richard, M. Skajennikoff, Y. Cauderon, and J. Roussel. "Pressions de sélection exercées par le noyau ou le cytoplasme de l'hôte sur l'agressivité d'un parasite nécrotrophe du blé: Septoria nodorum Berk." Agronomie 9, no. 7 (1989): 703–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:19890708.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Nécrotrophe"
Lemonnier, Pauline. "Étude de l'implication des transporteurs de sucres dans l'interaction entre Arabidopsis thaliana et le champignon nécrotrophe Botrytis cinerea." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2252/document.
Full textDuring plant/pathogen interactions, sugar availability is one of the major issues for both partners. There is a competition for the same carbohydrates necessary for carbon supply on the pathogen's side and to support the additional energy demand for plant's defense. Sugar transporters are the molecular actors in this competition which is determinant for the final outcome of the interaction. In this study, we characterized the implication of sugar transporters in the interaction between the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea.Among the A. thaliana hexose transporter family (STPs), STP13 is induced during B. cinerea infection. A potential role of STP13 in this interaction was investigated using transgenic plants (Knock-Out and over-expressor lines). Disease symptoms characterization and glucose uptake assays showed phenotypical variations between the different genotypes. It seems that STP13 expression, glucose uptake and fungus spreading are correlated pointing to a role of STP13 in tolerance to B. cinerea. Other preliminary results showed an inhibition of the cellular glucose uptake upon condition mimicking B. cinerea infection. These analyses were performed on a model composed of an A. thaliana cell suspension elicited with a proteinaceous extract from B. cinerea.We also studied sucrose fluxes in the whole infected plant. Our results suggest that fungus inoculation modifies the usual fluxes creating a new sink.This study may lead to a better understanding of sugar transport mechanisms to improve plant resistance capacity against pathogens in the future
Badet, Thomas. "Genome scale analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana quantitative disease resistance to the generalist fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30403.
Full textIn nature, plant pathogen interactions are frequent but disease is not the most prevalent outcome. Indeed, plants evolved an efficient immune system able to face multiple pathogen attacks. Getting insights into plant microbe interactions at multiple levels will improve our understanding of how plants defend against pathogens and help building sustainable agronomy. Fungal plant pathogens are major threats to food security worldwide. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an Ascomycete generalist plant pathogen causing mold diseases on hundreds of plant species. There is no genetic source of complete plant resistance to this generalist pathogen known to date. Instead, natural plant populations show a continuum of resistance levels controlled by multiple genes, a phenotype designated as quantitative disease resistance (QDR). Little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction between plants and S. sclerotiorum, and more generally which are the molecular bases underlying QDR in plants. My thesis project consisted in a first part in identifying molecular mechanisms underlying QDR to S. sclerotiorum in natural accessions of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A Genome wide association study (GWAS) allowed me to associate genetic variation with disease resistance to S. sclerotiorum. The analysis pinpointed three genes in A. thaliana genome as putative candidates involved in QDR to S. sclerotiorum. I led the functional characterization of these genes and investigated natural diversity at these loci. The results revealed that a prolyl-oligopeptidase (POQR) and an actin-related protein complex member (ARPC4) are associated with QDR against S. sclerotiorum. The analysis of actin filament networks highlighted their role in response to S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, I showed that POQR alleles evolved convergently in different plant lineages, suggesting that some QDR molecular mechanisms are conserved across plants. Among fungal parasites, some like S. sclerotiorum are able to infect multiple species while others are restricted to one or few hosts. In the second part of the project, I investigated the properties of S. sclerotiorum genome associated to its ability to infect hundreds of plant species. Theory predicts that generalism comes at a cost and may underlie important fitness trade-offs. At the genome level, some codons (nucleotide triplets) allow more efficient translation than their synonymous. Indeed, the genetic encoding of proteins is redundant with multiple codons specifying the same amino acid. The optimization of codon-usage is a mean to reduce the costs associated with protein production. I analysed codon-usage at the genome level in 45 fungal species to reveal that generalist parasites are highly codon optimized. Moreover, I showed that optimized codons are under purifying selection, suggesting that codon optimization is an adaptation to generalist parasitism in fungi
Veillet, Florian. "Étude des mécanismes moléculaires et biochimiques du transport de sucres dans les relations source/puits et au cours de l'interaction entre Arabidopsis thaliana et le champignon nécrotrophe Botrytis cinerea." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2305/document.
Full textDuring plant development and upon pathogen infection, sugar allocation is a key process in plant physiology. Cell wall invertases and sugar transporters, involved in the sink strength, likely play a major role in the metabolic plant response. Molecular actors involved in carbohydrates allocation upon B. cinerea interaction have been identified using a transcriptional approach. Some gene families of sugar transporters and invertases have been targeted, allowing the establishment of a cartography of genes regulated during the interaction. To understand the biological role of carbon allocation during the interaction between plants and necrotrophic fungi, candidate genes have been studied using a functional genomics approach.A simplified interaction system has been developped, allowing a molecular dialogue between Arabidopsis and B. cinerea cells, without any physical contact. This system enables the monitoring of radiolabelled sugar uptake rates and some enzymatic and metabolomic activities for both the host cells and the pathogen, independently.Globally, our results demonstrate that B. cinerea infection leads to the transition from a source to a sink tissue, with a strong increase in cell wall invertase activity. The expression of some sugar transporter genes is also affected, while some of them (AtSTP1 and 13) are involved in the disease development. Besides the increase in hexose uptake activity, primary metabolism is deeply affected, highlighting the competition for apoplastic sugars that takes place at the plant/pathogen interface. Sugar retrieval appears to be a key process, fuelling host cells with energy and signal molecules, contributing to the plant defense mechanisms
Mercier, Alex. "Déterminants génomiques de la spécialisation à l’hôte chez le champignon phytopathogène polyphage Botrytis cinerea." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS442.
Full textPhytopathogenic fungi are major parasites to wild or domesticated plant species. The grey mold fungus, Botrytis cinerea, infects more than 1400 plant species and thus is considered a broad generalist. However, recent data have revealed population structure correlated to the host of origin of isolates. This observation raises the hypothesis of ongoing host specialization in a generalist species. Studying this question could greatly deepen our theoretical knowledge of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the early stages of population divergence and subsequent speciation. This thesis aims (i) to formally demonstrate the host specialization in B. cinerea’s populations and determine its magnitude, and (ii) to identify the genomic determinants of this specialization. Thus, I studied population structure based on 683 isolates characterized using microsatellite markers. We compared the inferred genetic structure with variations in aggressiveness measured through cross-pathogenicity tests on multiple hosts. These experiments and analyses confirmed the specialization of B. cinerea to tomato and grapevine hosts. Besides these specialized lineages, the species B. cinerea is composed of generalist individuals capable of infecting multiple hosts. I sequenced the whole genome of 32 individuals and characterized nucleotide polymorphism. Structure inference and genomic genealogy methods allowed us to more accurately define the population structure and identify a lineage specialized on tomato. Lastly, McDonald-Kreitman tests and genomic scans methods allowed the identification of genes under divergent natural selection between populations, revealing possible genomic determinants of specialization. This work can serve as foundation for the validation of multiple genes involved in host-specific pathogenicity of B. cinerea, and pave the way for the implementation of efficient strategies for managing pathogen reservoirs and new agricultural practices for controlling grey mold