Academic literature on the topic 'Near surround'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Near surround.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Near surround"
1
Shushruth, S., Jennifer M. Ichida, Jonathan B. Levitt, and Alessandra Angelucci. "Comparison of Spatial Summation Properties of Neurons in Macaque V1 and V2." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (October 2009): 2069–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00512.2009.
Full textAbstract:
In visual cortex, responses to stimulation of the receptive field (RF) are modulated by simultaneous stimulation of the RF surround. The mechanisms for surround modulation remain unidentified. We previously proposed that in the primary visual cortex (V1), near surround modulation is mediated by geniculocortical and horizontal connections and far surround modulation by interareal feedback connections. To understand spatial integration in the secondary visual cortex (V2) and its underlying circuitry, we have characterized spatial summation in different V2 layers and stripe compartments and compared it to that in V1. We used grating stimuli in circular and annular apertures of different sizes to estimate the extent and sensitivity of RF and surround components in V1 and V2. V2 RFs and surrounds were twice as large as those in V1. As in V1, V2 RFs doubled in size when measured at low contrast. In both V1 and V2, surrounds were about fivefold the size of the RF and the far surround could exceed 12.5° in radius, averaging 5.5° in V1 and 9.2° in V2. The strength of surround suppression was similar in both areas. Thus although differing in spatial scale, the interactions among RF components are similar in V1 and V2, suggesting similar underlying mechanisms. As in V1, the extent of V2 horizontal connections matches that of the RF center, but is much smaller than the largest far surrounds, which likely derive from interareal feedback. In V2, we found no laminar or stripe differences in size and magnitude of surround suppression, suggesting conservation across stripes of the basic circuit for surround modulation.
2
Kingdom, Frederick A. A., Barbara Blakeslee, and Mark E. McCourt. "Brightness with and without Perceived Transparency: When Does it Make a Difference?" Perception 26, no. 4 (April 1997): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p260493.
Full textAbstract:
Subjects matched the brightness of test patches whose inner (adjacent) surrounds appeared either as transparent overlays on a wider background that included the test patch or as regions differing in reflectance from the test patch and the outer surround. In the above configurations the luminance and spatial extent of the inner surround was identical, thus controlling for the effects of surround luminance. Configuration condition had a significant effect on test-patch brightness. In general, test-patch brightness was significantly elevated under conditions favouring the interpretation of the stimulus as including a transparent overlay. The largest effect occurred for the configuration in which the perception of transparency was supported by stereo depth cues. The brightness effect was mediated by the virtual transmittance of the transparent overlay, increasing in magnitude with decreasing transmittance. Further, the effect of transparency on brightness was greatest for test-patch luminances near to those of their immediate surrounds.
3
Eifuku, Satoshi, and Robert H. Wurtz. "Response to Motion in Extrastriate Area MSTl: Disparity Sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): 2462–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2462.
Full textAbstract:
Many neurons in the lateral-ventral region of the medial superior temporal area (MSTl) have a clear center surround separation in their receptive fields. Either moving or stationary stimuli in the surround modulates the response to moving stimuli in the center, and this modulation could facilitate the perceptual segmentation of a moving object from its background. Another mechanism that could facilitate such segmentation would be sensitivity to binocular disparity in the center and surround regions of the receptive fields of these neurons. We therefore investigated the sensitivity of these MSTl neurons to disparity ranging from three degrees crossed disparity (near) to three degrees uncrossed disparity (far) applied to both the center and the surround regions. Many neurons showed clear disparity sensitivity to stimulus motion in the center of the receptive field. About [Formula: see text] of 104 neurons had a clear peak in their response, whereas another [Formula: see text] had broader tuning. Monocular stimulation abolished the tuning. The prevalence of cells broadly tuned to near and far disparity and the reversal of preferred directions at different disparities observed in MSTd were not found in MSTl. A stationary surround at zero disparity simply modulated up or down the response to moving stimuli at different disparities in the receptive field (RF) center but did not alter the disparity tuning curve. When the RF center motion was held at zero disparity and the disparity of the stationary surround was varied, some surround disparities produced greater modulation of MSTl neuron response than did others. Some neurons with different disparity preferences in center and surround responded best to the relative disparity differences between center and surround, whereas others were related to the absolute difference between center and surround. The combination of modulatory surrounds and the sensitivity to relative difference between center and surround disparity make these MSTl neurons particularly well suited for the segmentation of a moving object from the background.
4
LEVITT, JONATHAN B., and JENNIFER S. LUND. "The spatial extent over which neurons in macaque striate cortex pool visual signals." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 4 (July 2002): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802194065.
Full textAbstract:
We recorded activity of single units in macaque monkey primary visual cortex (V1) to define the retinotopic extent of the visual inputs that drive or modulate V1 neuron responses in parafoveal and peripheral (calcarine) cortex. We used high-contrast drifting grating stimuli to define the extent of the area over which responses summate and the extent of the receptive-field surround. We found responses of most V1 cells to summate over 1 deg, with a suppressive surround typically twice that in diameter, though for some cells (even in parafoveal V1) surrounds exceeded 13 deg in diameter. Surprisingly, we found no significant laminar differences in these dimensions or in the strength of surround suppression. We found that surround suppression in most cells arises from both the ends and sides of the receptive field. Our measures indicate that the strongest modulatory input arises from regions immediately adjacent to the excitatory summation area. These physiological measures suggest that the high-contrast summation field of V1 neurons can be accounted for by the sum of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) inputs offered to the local cortical column, with monosynaptic lateral connections within area V1 adding the larger dimensions of the low-contrast summation field and the near surround. Neither of these inputs suffice to explain the largest surrounds, which most likely derive from feedback from extrastriate visual areas.
5
Previc, Fred H., and Michael Donnelly. "The Effects of Visual Depth and Eccentricity on Manual Bias, Induced Motion, and Vection." Perception 22, no. 8 (August 1993): 929–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220929.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between the effects of visual-surround roll motion on compensatory manual tracking of a central display and the perceptual phenomena of induced motion and vection were investigated. To determine if manual-control biases generated in the direction of surround rotation compensate primarily for the perceived counterrotation of the central display (‘induced motion’) or the perceived counterrotation of the entire body (‘vection’), the depth and eccentricity of the visual surround were varied. In the first experiment, twelve subjects attempted to keep an unstable central display level while viewing rotating visual surrounds in three depth planes: near (∼20 cm in front of the central display), coplanar, and far (∼21 cm behind the central display). In the second experiment, twelve additional subjects viewed a rotating surround that was presented either in the full visual field (0–110 deg) or in central and peripheral regions of similar width. Manual-control biases and induced motion were shown to be closely related to one another and strongly influenced both by central and by peripheral surround motion at or beyond the plane of fixation. Vection, on the other hand, was shown to be much more dependent on peripheral visual inputs.
6
Royden, Constance S., James F. Baker, and John Allman. "Perceptions of Depth Elicited by Occluded and Shearing Motions of Random Dots." Perception 17, no. 3 (June 1988): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p170289.
Full textAbstract:
A computer-controlled display of random dots was used to study perceptions of depth. In this display, a field of stationary random dots surrounded a rectangular area in which random dots moved with uniform velocity in a single direction. The boundaries of this rectangle did not move. When dot motion was perpendicular to the longer boundary of the rectangle (occluded motion), the rectangle seemed to be behind the stationary background surround. Motion parallel to the longer boundary of the rectangle (shearing motion) made it appear in front of the surround. The relative lengths of the sides of the rectangle determined which effect predominated. Thus, for motion perpendicular to the long axis of the rectangle the occlusion predominated and naive subjects reported that the central area seemed farther away than the surround. For shearing motion parallel to the long axis, the subjects reported that the rectangle was closer than the surround and the strength of both effects also depended on the length-to-width ratio of the rectangle. If there was occluded motion along the long axis, as the length-to-width ratio increased so did the likelihood that subjects would report seeing the rectangle behind the surround. Conversely, with shearing motion along the long axis, increasing the length-to-width ratio increased the likelihood that the rectangle would appear unambiguously in front of the surround. Some subjects integrated the two cues with the resulting perception being a rotating cylinder. The occlusion effect was stronger than the shearing effect. In fact, this ‘far’ depth effect was so powerful that it tended to override conflicting depth cues such as height in the visual field or stereopsis. The ‘near’ depth effect produced by shearing motion was definite but these other depth cues could often override it.
7
Seymour, Kiley, and Susan Wardle. "Differential orientation tuning of near and far surround suppression in human V1." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.797.
Full text
8
Khang, Byung-Geun, and Edward A. Essock. "Apparent Relative Motion from a Checkerboard Surround." Perception 26, no. 7 (July 1997): 831–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p260831.
Full textAbstract:
To better understand the Ouchi illusion in which a stationary picture generates illusory relative motion, the spatial properties of the constituent elements of the rectangular checkerboard background were examined. Results of experiment 1 revealed that the largest illusion was obtained with elements of approximately 20–30 min in width and 4–6 min in height, an orientation of the constituents that was orthogonal to that of the test grating, and a phase shift of the alternate stripes that was close to 180°. In experiment 2 it was found that the illusion increased in magnitude with increasing achromatic contrast but was minimal with a pattern of high chromatic contrast near isoluminance. In experiment 3, two test patches were presented simultaneously in the checkerboard background and were varied independently in their orientation to explore whether or not their motions were perceived as coherent (common fate). Patches having identical orientations, and nearly orthogonal to the surround, were synchronized more strongly than those having reflected orientations. Hysteresis related to the gain control of spatially overlapping visual units differing in their polarity (ON/OFF) was discussed as a possible cause of this phenomenon.
9
Li, Guoteng, Chengshi Zheng, Yuxuan Ke, and Xiaodong Li. "Deep Learning-Based Acoustic Echo Cancellation for Surround Sound Systems." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031266.
Full textAbstract:
Surround sound systems that play back multi-channel audio signals through multiple loudspeakers can improve augmented reality, which has been widely used in many multimedia communication systems. It is common that a hand-free speech communication system suffers from the acoustic echo problem, and the echo needs to be canceled or suppressed completely. This paper proposes a deep learning-based acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) method to recover the desired near-end speech from the microphone signals in surround sound systems. The ambisonics technique was adopted to record the surround sound for reproduction. To achieve a better generalization capability against different loudspeaker layouts, the compressed complex spectra of the first-order ambisonic signals (B-format) were sent to the neural network as the input features directly instead of using the ambisonic decoded signals (D-format). Experimental results on both simulated and real acoustic environments showed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in surround AEC, and outperformed other competing methods in terms of the speech quality and the amount of echo reduction.
10
Raiguel, S. E., D. K. Xiao, V. L. Marcar, and G. A. Orban. "Response Latency of Macaque Area MT/V5 Neurons and Its Relationship to Stimulus Parameters." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 1944–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.4.1944.
Full textAbstract:
A total of 310 MT/V5 single cells were tested in anesthetized, paralyzed macaque monkeys with moving random-dot stimuli. At optimum stimulus parameters, latencies ranged from 35 to 325 ms with a mean of 87 ± 45 (SD) ms. By examining the relationship between latency and response levels, stimulus parameters, and stimulus selectivities, we attempted to isolate the contributions of these factors to latency and to identify delays representing intervening synapses (circuitry) and signal processing (flow of information through that circuitry). First, the relationship between stimulus parameters and latency was investigated by varying stimulus speed and direction for individual cells. Resulting changes in latencies were explainable in terms of response levels corresponding to how closely the actual stimulus matched the preferred stimulus of the cell. Second, the relationship between stimulus selectivity and latency across the population of cells was examined using the optimum speed and direction of each neuron. A weak tendency for cells tuned for slow speeds to have longer latencies was explainable by lower response rates among slower-tuned neurons. In contrast, sharper direction tuning was significantly associated with short latencies even after taking response rate into account, ( P = 0.002, ANCOVA). Accordingly, even the first 10 ms of the population response fully demonstrates direction tuning. A third study, which examined the relationship between antagonistic surrounds and latency, revealed a significant association between the strength of the surround and the latency that was independent of response levels ( P < 0.002, ANCOVA). Neurons having strong surrounds exhibited latencies averaging 20 ms longer than those with little or no surround influence, suggesting that neurons with surrounds represent a later stage in processing with one or more intervening synapses. The laminar distribution of latencies closely followed the average surround antagonism in each layer, increasing with distance from input layer IV but precisely mirroring response levels, which were highest near the input layer and gradually decreased with distance from input layer IV. Layer II proved the exception with unexpectedly shorter latencies ( P < 0.02, ANOVA) yet showing only modest response levels. The short latency and lack of strong direction tuning in layer II is consistent with input from the superior colliculus. Finally, experiments with static stimuli showed that latency does not vary with response rate for such stimuli, suggesting a fundamentally different mode of processing than that for a moving stimulus.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Near surround"
1
Jeans, Rhiannon. "Form perception and neural feedback: insights from V1 and V2." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/12731.
Full textAbstract:
In the brain, every cortical inter-area feedforward projection shares a reciprocal feedback connection. Despite its pervasive nature in the brain, our understanding of the functional role of neural feedback in form perception remains incomplete, particularly in behaving animals. This problem is addressed in humans with a novel form completion paradigm. Seven subjects (5 female) had their EEG waveforms analysed using three linear models showing non-significant differences between stimulus conditions designed to produce differences by manipulating neural feedback to V1. Two of these subjects (one female), in addition to EEG waveforms, had combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) cortical maps that allowed anatomically close areas such as V1 and V2 to have their signals decomposed and neural feedback inferred. Differences between stimulus conditions arose once signals had been divided into V1 and V2. Significant differences (p < .05) for one subject in V1 and V2 suggests cortical interactions at 100ms and 350ms. This suggests the form completion paradigm has utility at investigating the influence of the V2 far receptive field surround on V1, given future given signal to noise issues are resolved.
Books on the topic "Near surround"
1
The Near Surround. New York, USA: Four Way Books, 2002.
Find full text
2
Toal, Gerard. Near Abroad. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190253301.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Before Russia invaded Ukraine, it invaded Georgia. Both states are part of Russia's "near abroad" - newly independent states that were once part of the Soviet Union and are now Russia's neighbors. While the Russia-Georgia war of 2008 faded from the headlines in the wake of the global recession, the geopolitical contest that created it did not. Six years later, the spectre of a revanchist Russia returned when Putin's forces invaded and annexed the Crimean peninsula, once part of Russia but an internationally recognized part of Ukraine since the Soviet collapse. Crimea's annexation and follow on conflict in eastern Ukraine have generated the greatest geopolitical crisis on the European continent since the end of the Cold War. In Near Abroad, the eminent political geographer Gerard Toal moves beyond the polemical rhetoric that surrounds Russia's interventions in Georgia and Ukraine to study the underlying territorial conflicts and geopolitical struggles. Central to understanding are legacies of the Soviet Union collapse: unresolved territorial issues, weak states and a conflicted geopolitical culture in Russia over the new territorial order. The West's desire to expand NATO contributed to a growing geopolitical contest in Russia's near abroad. This found expression in a 2008 NATO proclamation that Georgia and Ukraine will become members of NATO, a "red line" issue for Russia. The road to invasion and war in Georgia and Ukraine, thereafter, is explained in Near Abroad. Geopolitics is often thought of as a game of chess. Near Abroad provides an account of real life geopolitics, one that emphasizes changing spatial relationships, geopolitical cultures and the power of media images. Rather than being a cold game of deliberation, geopolitics is often driven by emotions and ambitions, by desires for freedom and greatness, by clashing personalities and reckless acts. Not only a penetrating analysis of Russia's relationships with its regional neighbors, Near Abroad also offers an analysis of how US geopolitical culture frequently fails to fully understand Russia and the geopolitical archipelago of dependencies in its near abroad.
3
Tenney, James. About Diapason. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
James Tenney reflects on his 1996 composition Diapason. Near the beginning and the end of the piece, the “diapason” includes harmonics from the forty-eighth through sixty-fourth, whereas at the dynamic climax, it includes the first through the seventeenth partials. Tenney discusses some unusual procedures that are required to perform the piece, including: all of the string instruments are retuned in an elaborate scordatura; wind players are free to choose from the set of pitches being played at any moment by the string players nearest to them; and to facilitate this process, each wind player is seated between two string players or is, in fact, surrounded by from four to six string players whose pitches can thus be matched in this way. Tenney also claims that he produced these unusual pitches because of his belief that we have entered a new music-historical era during which there will be a resumption of the evolutionary development of harmony.
4
Graybill, Rhiannon. Texts after Terror. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190082314.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
It is widely recognized that the Hebrew Bible is filled with rape and sexual violence. However, feminist approaches to the topic remain dominated by Phyllis Trible’s 1984 Texts of Terror, which describes feminist criticism as a practice of “telling sad stories.” Pushing beyond Trible, Texts after Terror offers a new framework for reading biblical sexual violence, one that draws on recent work in feminist, queer, and affect theory and activism against sexual violence and rape culture. In the Hebrew Bible as in the contemporary world, sexual violence is frequently fuzzy, messy, and icky. Fuzzy names the ambiguity and confusion that often surround experiences of sexual violence. Messy identifies the consequences of rape, while also describing messy sex and bodies. Icky points out the ways that sexual violence fails to fit into neat patterns of evil perpetrators and innocent victims. Building on these concepts, Texts after Terror offers new feminist strategies and approaches to sexual violence: critiquing the framework of consent, offering new models of sexual harm, emphasizing the importance of relationships between women (even in the context of stories of heterosexual rape), reading biblical rape texts with and through contemporary texts written by survivors, and advocating for “unhappy reading” that makes unhappiness and open-endedness into key feminist sites of possibility. Texts after Terror also discusses a wide range of biblical rape stories, including Dinah (Gen 34), Tamar (2 Sam 13), Lot’s daughters (Gen 19), Bathsheba (2 Sam 11), Hagar (Gen 16 and 21), Daughter Zion (Lam 1 and 2), and the Levite’s concubine (Judg 19).
5
Howells, Coral Ann, Paul Sharrad, and Gerry Turcotte. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
THE Oxford History of the Novel in English concludes with the present volume, which focuses on the novels written in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific since 1950. A sequel of sorts to Volume 9, The World Novel in English to 1950, the present work examines the literary production of a set of diverse writings from a geographically varied and extensive region. Its component cultural entities are connected by historical networks of trading and colonialism and by contemporary systems of global production and circulation. The fiction covered in this volume emanates from countries either bordering on the Pacific Ocean or surrounded by it. For at least one century they were all interconnected by sailing ships, and they have all faced the crisis of reinventing themselves as postcolonial nations since the Second World War. In that regard, this volume—allowing for many differences in historical and sociological circumstances—also serves as a companion to studies of Asian and African fiction in Volumes 10 and 11. At the same time, each zone of literary production surveyed here retains specific differences of temporal, political, and ethnic formations that cannot be contained within one neat comparative frame. This fact is reflected in the structure of the volume: a mix of comparative surveys centred on genres or modes, a section on book history, another providing sociocultural contexts focused on the notion of shifting identities, a series of regional analyses with more detailed discussion of key figures from each zone, and concluding with chapters on the periodicals supporting literary production and on literary histories across the entire area....
Book chapters on the topic "Near surround"
1
Raczka, Tony. "Sky That Surrounds Near to Far." In Art, Literature, and Passions of the Skies, 235–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4261-1_18.
Full text
2
Ohtsu, Motoichi, and Kiyoshi Kobayashi. "Picture of Optical Near Field as a Virtual Cloud Around a Nanometric System Surrounded by a Macroscopic System." In Optical Near Fields, 109–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09104-3_8.
Full text
3
Rey, Georges. "Introduction and Synopsis." In Representation of Language, 1–10. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855637.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
The book is divided into three parts1. Part I provides a somewhat novel exposition and defense of what I regard as the core ideas of a Chomskyan linguistic theory; Part II, a discussion of some of the core philosophical claims that surround it; and Part III, a more contentious discussion of the ultimate problem that concerns me: whether and how the core theory is committed to a philosophically troublesome notion of intentionality that is associated with the near ubiquitous term “representation.” The last chapter will conclude with a brief critical discussion of a few further philosophical views that Chomsky has expressed regarding the mind–body problem, which many might—mistakenly—take to be essential to his theory....
4
Grewal, Gwenda-lin. "Introduction." In Thinking of Death in Plato's Euthydemus, 1–12. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849571.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
An initial sketch of the relationship between Plato’s Euthydemus and the dialogues that surround Socrates’ trial and death lays the groundwork for imagining the dialogue as set in Hades. Euthydemus and Dionysodorus’ disembodied treatment of subjects and predicates is all shadows and no reality. But while their sophistic antics look all too similar to refutative midwifery, they also veer perilously near to the look of purified philosophy. Socrates’ fascination with them seems to derive from both, and so too Crito’s vicarious criticism of Socrates through an “other,” whom he claims came away from the conversation critiquing philosophy as “worthy of nothing.” To Crito’s seriousness, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus are a playful antidote and a confirmation of his fear that Socrates wiles away his time in nonsensical pursuits. Socrates seems to wish to verify Crito’s view, but not in the way Crito thinks. Rather, it is the gusto with which Euthydemus and Dionysodorus pursue nothing in particular that makes them so philosophically interesting.
5
Levä, Tapio, Mahya Ilaghi, Vilen Looga, Miika Komu, Nicklas Beijar, and Oleksiy Mazhelis. "A Techno-Economic Perspective of Constrained Application Protocol." In Driving Innovation and Business Success in the Digital Economy, 251–67. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1779-5.ch016.
Full textAbstract:
Among billions of Internet enabled devices that are expected to surround us in the near future, many will be resource constrained, i.e., will have limited power supply, processing power and memory. To cope with these limitations, the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) has been recently introduced as a lightweight alternative to HTTP for connecting the resource limited devices to the Web. Although the new protocol offers solid technical advantages, it remains uncertain whether a successful uptake will follow, as it depends also on its economic feasibility for the involved stakeholders. Therefore, this paper studies the techno-economic feasibility of CoAP using a systematic methodological framework. Based on eleven expert interviews complemented with a literature survey, the paper identifies potential deployment challenges for CoAP, both technical and business-related, and suggests approaches to overcome them. The findings should facilitate the uptake of CoAP by supporting the potential adopters of the protocol in their decision-making.
6
Drew Lanham, J. "Red-headed Love Child." In When Birds Are Near, 46–53. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750915.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter shows how the author journeyed out to Nebraska in the last days of March to witness the tail end of one of the great ornithological wonders in North America: the northward migration of sandhill cranes along the Platte River. For probably 10,000 years or more, the tall, steel-gray birds have thrown their unmusically beautiful calls across the shallow floodplain that is now in the heart of America's corn and burger-producing breadbasket. In the air they were gracefully buoyant and powerful fliers. On the ground they were just as stately — walking, stalking, dancing, and prancing as crane-kind does. When one is surrounded by cranes it is easy to understand how the family of birds have generated awe and worship around the world.
7
Bardgett, Richard. "Soil and the Distant Past." In Earth Matters. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668564.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Rainbow Beach is a small town on the coastal dunes of eastern Australia, near Brisbane. I had travelled there to meet with some colleagues to sample soils from the vast coastal sand dunes that surround the area. It might seem an unusual place to visit to collect soil, but a unique sequence of soils has formed in the sand dunes, which differ greatly in age. As you move inland from the sea, the soils get progressively older and deeper, and more weathered and nutrient-poor. The youngest soils are shallow, having only just started to form in recent sand dunes, whereas the oldest soils are around half a million years old and can reach 25 metres deep. These are among the oldest, deepest, and most weathered soils that I have sampled, and what I recall most vividly is how stunted and sparse the vegetation was that grew there, reflecting their struggle to grow in such ancient, weathered soil. The soils of Rainbow Beach are by no means the oldest on Earth. Hidden beneath ice sheets in Greenland, scientists recently discovered a soil that was 2.7 million years old, a remnant of the fertile tundra that covered the area before the ice sheets came. And scientists working in South Africa recently discovered a soil, now compacted in rock, that is 3 billion years old. One of the most fascinating things about soil is that it is incredibly diverse; soils vary enormously across continents, countries, and from valley to valley and field to field. Even within a small patch of land, such as a field, forest, or vegetable garden, the underlying soil can vary considerably. Over distances of metres, it might differ in its texture and depth, and in its pH, being acid in one patch of a field and neutral in another. Soils also vary greatly in the diversity of living organisms that live within them. I will go into more detail about the diversity of soil life later in this book; but for now suffice to say that it is vast. Soils also change with time.
8
Einboden, Jeffrey. "“His name is ‘Usman”." In Jefferson's Muslim Fugitives, 55–63. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844479.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on a slave named ‘Usman. Born in 18th-century Futa Jallon—“in the interior part of Guinea”—‘Usman was raised in a Muslim region famed for scholarship, but also soldiery, regularly waging war against neighboring states. Educated in Islamic traditions, ‘Usman was trained not merely to recite Qur’anic text orally, but to write in elegant lines. Such literary skills would comprise a rare continuity in a life of jarring interruption, linking ‘Usman’s studies in Africa with his slavery in America. Surviving the Middle Passage horrors crossing the Atlantic, ‘Usman was settled near Midway, a West African exile enslaved near an itinerant church, itself a refugee in Georgia. Transitioning between cultures, ‘Usman was surrounded by contending lines of succession, lines which seem to bleed into his own ink, receiving expression from ‘Usman’s pen.
9
Penn, William A. "The First Battle of Cynthiana." In Kentucky Rebel Town. University Press of Kentucky, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813167718.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter (and map) describes the First Battle of Cynthiana, July 17, 1862, during Col. John Hunt Morgan’ s First Kentucky Raid. Lt. Col. John J. Landram commanded the Union troops at Cynthiana. Morgan’s men, with two cannons, surrounded the town. The Rebels waded the South Fork Licking River, then Morgan led a cavalry attack over the nearby covered bridge. Landram’s men retreated to the depot, Rankin House, and courthouse before surrendering. Landram escaped. To interrupt reinforcements, the Rebels burned Keller’s Bridge and other bridges on the Kentucky Central Railroad near Cynthiana and Paris.
10
Hart, Keith. "Afterword." In Debt in the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East, 179–88. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197647172.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The breakout from agrarian civilization was led by urban middle-class elements in a few European places. For a thousand years bce, class coalitions based, respectively, on property in land and money slugged it out for control of Mediterranean society. The world today can be summarized as a two-class model. A rich, mainly White, aging minority is surrounded by people who are a lot poorer, darker in color, and much younger. A stagnant Western elite is about to be replaced by a majority from whom it is separated by cultural arrogance and ingrained practices of social exclusion. The institutions of agrarian civilization, developed over five millennia to extract wealth from an unfree rural workforce, are, in form if not in content, our institutions today: territorial states, landed property, warfare, racism, varieties of slavery, embattled cities, money as currency and credit, long-distance trade, an emphasis on work, world religion, and the nuclear family—all of this to preserve gross inequality. Human society has never been modern. It is comprised of primitives who stumbled recently into a machine revolution and cannot think what to do with it beyond repeating the inhumanity of a society built unequally on agriculture. Humanity is caught between the machine revolution and agrarian institutions, and the combination is potentially lethal. The Afterword ends with a fuller account of David Graeber’s Debt: The First 5,000 Years, which inspired this volume.
Conference papers on the topic "Near surround"
1
Knepley, Matthew G., and Jaydeep P. Bardhan. "Work/Precision Tradeoffs in Continuum Models of Biomolecular Electrostatics." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53579.
Full textAbstract:
The structure and function of biological molecules are strongly influenced by the water and dissolved ions that surround them. This aqueous solution (solvent) exerts significant electrostatic forces in response to the biomolecule’s ubiquitous atomic charges and polar chemical groups. In this work, we investigate a simple approach to numerical calculation of this model using boundary-integral equation (BIE) methods and boundary-element methods (BEM). Traditional BEM discretizes the protein–solvent boundary into a set of boundary elements, or panels, and the approximate solution is defined as a weighted combination of basis functions with compact support. The resulting BEM matrix then requires integrating singular or near singular functions, which can be slow and challenging to compute. Here we investigate the accuracy and convergence of a simpler representation, namely modeling the unknown surface charge distribution as a set of discrete point charges on the surface. We find that at low resolution, point-based BEM is more accurate than panel-based methods, due to the fact that the protein surface is sampled directly, and can be of significant value for numerous important calculations that require only moderate accuracy, such as the preliminary stages of rational drug design and protein engineering.
2
Karimi-Moghaddam, Giti, Richard D. Gould, and Subhashish Bhattacharya. "Numerical Investigation of Electronic Liquid Cooling Based on the Thermomagnetic Effect." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87764.
Full textAbstract:
Liquid cooling for thermal management has been widely applied in high power electronic systems. Use of pumps may often introduce reliability and mechanical limitations such as vibration of moving parts, noise problems, leakage problems, and considerable power consumption. This paper presents a theoretical design of circulating a liquid coolant using magnetic and thermal fields which surround high power electronic systems by means of thermomagnetic effects of temperature sensitive magnetic fluids. Numerical simulation models of the heat transfer process from a magnetic liquid contained in a closed flow loop in the presence of an external magnetic field have been developed. These models include the coupling of three fundamental phenomena, i.e. magnetic, thermal, and fluid dynamic features. In this cooling device, the thermomagnetic convection is generated by a non-uniform magnetic field from a solenoid, which is placed close to the fluid loop. The device cooling load is calculated in the region near the solenoid. No energy is needed, other than the heat load (i.e. waste heat from actual electrical device), to drive the cooling system, and as such, the device can be considered completely self-powered. In effect, the heat added to the ferrofluid in the presence of a magnetic field is converted into useful flow work. In this numerical study, the effects of different factors such as input heat load, magnetic field strength and magnetic distribution (based on solenoid dimensions and the applied electrical current) along the loop, on the performance of the cooling system are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the variation of the local Nusselt number along the heated and cooled regions of the flow loop are calculated and compared with laminar entry length analytical solutions.
3
Moore, John J., Robert M. Moore, Deepak Kumar, Joseph M. Mansour, Brian M. Mercer, Elizabeth Yohannes, Jillian Novak, and Mark Chance. "Differential Expression of Fibulin Family Proteins in Mechanically Strong vs. Weak Fetal Membrane Fragments." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175332.
Full textAbstract:
Untimely rupture of the fetal membranes (FM), the amnion and choriodecidua, which normally surround and protect the fetus prior to delivery, is a major cause of preterm birth and results in significant infant mortality and morbidity. The physiological mechanism which normally leads the FM to weaken and fail prior to birth is not known. Conventional thinking that FM rupture is precipitated by the stress of uterine contractions during labor fails to explain the 10% of term deliveries and 40% of preterm deliveries in which FM rupture is the sentinel event, preceding any uterine contractions. Recent studies from several laboratories indicate that the FM undergo a genetically-programmed, biochemically-mediated, maturation process, near term, which is characterized by collagen remodeling and apoptosis. In human FM, in contrast to rat membranes, these changes are limited to the region of the FM overlying the cervix [1]. In a series of publications, our group has demonstrated that human FM have a zone of physical weakness (decreased force to rupture and work to rupture relative to the other areas of the same FM) overlying the cervical opening of the uterus. We further demonstrate that this same zone is characterized by specific markers of increased collagen remodeling and apoptosis [1–3]. These regional characteristics develop prior to the onset of contractions of labor and persist until delivery. Furthermore, the rupture tear line of the FM intersects this weak zone and thus the rupture process is hypothesized to initiate in this weak zone [3]. In order to investigate how differences in the biochemical composition of the extra-cellular matrix of the weak and the strong zones of FM reflect their different biomechanical properties, we utilized a proteomics approach to identify differences in the abundance of specific proteins in weak and strong FM fragments. Initial 2-DIGE screening resolved differences in Fibulin 5 protein expression. This prompted further analysis of additional members of the Fibulin protein family.
4
Pratiwi, L. H. K., A. Setianto, Y. P. Nusantara, and A. Warman. "Successtivity of Frequency Ratio to Predict Landslide, Study Case Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta and Surrounded Area." In EAGE-HAGI 1st Asia Pacific Meeting on Near Surface Geoscience and Engineering. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201800410.
Full text
5
Yuksel, Anil, Michael Cullinan, Edward T. Yu, and Jayathi Murthy. "Enhanced Plasmonic Behavior of Metal Nanoparticles Surrounded With Dielectric Shell." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11994.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Metal nanoparticles have attracted intense attention due to their unique optical and thermal properties in various next generation applications such as micro-nano electronics and photonics. The near-field confinement between closely packed metal nanoparticles, which is enhanced due to their plasmonic behavior, creates high thermal energy densities under visible to near-infrared wavelength laser irradiation. As metal nanoparticles tend to be oxidized or change shape under laser illumination, resulting in nonlinear optical and thermal behavior, surrounding each metal nanoparticle with a dielectric shell could be a potential way to prevent these effects as well as to engineer their plasmonic behavior. In this study, we investigate energy transport within dimer and 4 nanoparticle (chain) configurations of 50 nm radius Au nanoparticles surrounded by dielectric shells under illumination from various laser sources in different dielectric media.
6
Kneafsey, T. J., P. F. Dobson, C. Ulrich, C. Hopp, V. Rodríguez-Tribaldos, Y. Guglielmi, D. Blankenship, et al. "The EGS Collab Project – Stimulations at Two Depths." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-2261.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: The EGS Collab project, supported by the US Department of Energy, is performing intensively monitored rock stimulation and flow tests at the 10-m scale in an underground research laboratory to address challenges in implementing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Data and observations from the field tests are compared to simulations to understand processes and build confidence in numerical modeling of the processes. We have completed Experiment 1 (of 3), which examined hydraulic fracturing in a well-characterized underground fractured phyllite test bed at a depth of approximately 1.5 km at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota. Testbed characterization included fracture mapping, borehole acoustic and optical televiewers, full waveform sonic, conductivity, resistivity, temperature, campaign p- and s-wave investigations and electrical resistance tomography. Borehole geophysical techniques including passive seismic, continuous active source seismic monitoring, electrical resistance tomography, fiber-based distributed strain, distributed temperature, and distributed acoustic monitoring, were used to carefully monitor stimulation events and flow tests. More than a dozen stimulations and nearly one year of flow tests were performed. Quality data and detailed observations were collected and analyzed during stimulation and water flow tests using ambient temperature and chilled water. We achieved adaptive control of the tests using real-time monitoring and rapid dissemination of data and near-real-time simulation. More detailed numerical simulation was performed to answer key experimental design questions, forecast fracture propagation trajectories and extents, and analyze and evaluate results. Data are freely available from the Geothermal Data Repository. Experiment 2 examines the potential for hydraulic shearing in amphibolite at a depth of about 1.25 km at SURF. This site has a different set of stress and fracture conditions than Experiment 1. The Experiment 2 testbed consists of nine subhorizontal boreholes configured in two fans of two boreholes which surround the testbed and contain grouted-in electrical resistance tomography, seismic sensors, active seismic sources and distributed fiber sensors. A "five-spot" set of test wells that extends from a custom mined alcove includes an injection well and four production/monitoring wells. The testbed was characterized geophysically and hydrologically, and three stimulations have been performed using the Step-Rate Injection Method for Fracture In-Situ Properties (SIMFIP) tool to measure strains, and a new strain quantifying tool (downhole robotic strain analysis tool -DORSA) was deployed in a monitoring hole during stimulation. Real-time data were broadcast during stimulations to allow real-time response to arising issues.
7
Uyama, Masao, Hiroyuki Saito, and Tomoya Iioka. "Heating Impact on Corrosion Mechanism of Carbon Steel Surrounded by Bentonite." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16765.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The long-term safety of geological disposal of radioactive waste is studied through several simulations. Before underground disposal, radioactive waste is stored for 30 to 50 years at facilities near nuclear power plants to cool it down to around 100 degrees. It is then placed in steel canisters surrounded by artificial materials such as bentonite and concrete. To determine the long-term safety and stability of this disposal method, we’ve studied the corrosion rate of the steel canisters under different conditions using electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This paper describes the corrosion of the carbon steel and elucidates the corroded condition using EIS measurement. EIS was adopted to estimate the corrosion condition from the impedance frequency characteristic. In our experiment, samples of bentonite and carbon steel were compacted to Kunigel V1 of 1.37Mg/m3 dry density with several different water contents, and SM400 as a low carbon steel inside compacted bentonite. An electric heater was set inside the steel canister to maintain the temperature at 100 degrees Celsius. This model was made to a scale of around 1/120 as a current concept of a vertical disposal plan and reproduced the enclosed situation after underground emplacement of the radioactive waste. During heating, we conducted EIS measurements and set this data result as an equivalent circuit. We noted some different trends of impedance frequency characteristic depending on the bentonite’s water content and the heating time. From this result, we estimated the corrosion condition to analyze the corrosion products.
8
Ely, Marc J., and B. A. Jubran. "A Parametric Study on the Effect of Sister Hole Location on Active Film Cooling Flow Control." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22060.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents an investigation on the effect of sister holes on film cooling. The proposed technique surrounds a primary injection hole by two or four smaller sister holes to actively maintain flow adhesion along the surface of the blade. A numerical evaluation using the realizable k-ε turbulence model led to the determination that the use of sister holes significantly improves adiabatic effectiveness by countering the primary vortical flow structure. Research was performed to determine the optimal hole configuration, arriving at the conclusion that placing sister holes slightly downstream of the primary injection hole improves the near-hole effectiveness, while placing sister holes slightly upstream of the primary hole improves downstream effectiveness. On the whole, the sister hole approach to film cooling was found to offer viable improvements over standard cooling regimes.
9
Chimmalgi, A., D. J. Hwang, and C. P. Griogoropoulos. "Nanoscale Rapid Melting and Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon Thin Films." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82208.
Full textAbstract:
Nanostructuring of thin films is gaining widespread importance owing to ever-increasing applications in a variety of fields. The current study details nanosecond laser-based rapid melting and crystallization of thin amorphous silicon (a-Si) films at the nanoscale. Two different near-field processing schemes were employed. In the first scheme, local field enhancement in the near-field of a SPM probe tip irradiated with nanosecond laser pulses was utilized. As a second approach, the laser beam was spatially confined by a cantilevered near field scanning microscope tip (NSOM) fiber tip. Details of various modification regimes produced as a result of the rapid a-Si melting and crystallization transformations that critically depend on the input laser fluence are presented. At one extreme corresponding to relatively high applied fluence, ablation area surrounded by a narrow melt region was observed. At the other extreme, where the incident laser energy density is much lower, single nanostructures with a lateral dimension of ~90 nm were defined. The ability to induce nucleation and produce single semiconductor nanostructures in a controlled fashion may be crucial in the field of nano-opto-electronics.
10
Wang, Yaqiang, and Massood Tabib-Azar. "Fabrication and Characterization of Evanescent Microwave Probes Compatible With Atomic Force Microscope for Scanning Near-Field Microscopy." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33291.
Full textAbstract:
The design and microfabrication of silicon co-axial evanescent microwave probes (EMP) compatible with atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging was discussed. Scanning EMP (SEMP) imaging is suitable for nondestructive surface and subsurface characterization of materials over a wide frequency range-between 0.1 GHz and 140 GHz. The microfabricated EMP consists of a silicon V-shaped cantilever beam, a co-axial tip, and aluminum co-planar waveguides. The coaxial tip has an apex radius of ∼80 Å. The tip itself is oxidation-sharpened heavily-doped silicon surrounded by an oxide layer that acts as insulator and covered with an aluminum co-axial layer. The tip apex is electrically connected to a strip of aluminum that forms the active part of the waveguide. The design and microfabrication procedure are described. Mechanical and electrical characterizations are discussed. Contact mode and SEMP surface measurement results are reported. The first ever simultaneous contact AFM and scanning near-field microwave microscopy (SNMM) surface imaging are presented. Using the microwave measurement along with the AFM imaging opens up a new window to see inside the materials and sets the stage for hyperspectral imaging of organelles of biological objects as well as electronic devices and structural materials.
Reports on the topic "Near surround"
1
Yield and Value of the Wild Fishery of Rice Fields in Battambang Province, Near the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Mekong River Commission Secretariat, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.52107/mrc.ajhz96.
Full textAbstract:
The study aims to quantify the yield and value of the rice field fishery in an area typical of the rain-fed, lowland, wet-season rice fields that surround the floodplain of the Tonle Sap-Great Lake system.