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1
Singh, Parul, Sudha Ravindranath, Vidya A, and K. Ganesha Raj. "Understanding the Vegetation Dynamics of NCT- Delhi Using Remote Sensing." Journal of Geomatics 16, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58825/jog.2022.16.2.53.
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Urban vegetation is a crucial ecosystem component that keeps the environment in check. The existence of a well-distributed vegetation cover helps to ensure the city's long-term sustainability and aesthetic appeal. Rapid urban expansion has direct and indirect effects on vegetation growth and its distribution. This paper studied the vegetation cover dynamics using remotely sensed Landsat series datasets in the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. The study examined the vegetation change over 28 years and observed a reduction of about 15% due to rapid urbanization. This work studied the prominent Green Spaces (GS) in NCT- Delhi and highlighted their significance. The study also investigated the district-wise change in the vegetation cover. The vegetation mapping of the region can be utilized as a tool for integrated spatial planning to address urban challenges like air pollution, reducing the effects of urban heat islands, and public health improvement.
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Kumar Chandra Gupta, A., P. Kumar, and P. Kumar Sharma. "DEVELOPMENT OF GEOSPATIAL MAP BASED PORTAL FOR NEW DELHI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 12, 2017): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-45-2017.
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The Geospatial Delhi Limited (GSDL), a Govt. of NCT of Delhi Company formed in order to provide the geospatial information of National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD) to the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) and its organs such as DDA, MCD, DJB, State Election Department, DMRC etc., for the benefit of all citizens of Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD). <br><br> This paper describes the development of Geospatial Map based Portal (GMP) for New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) of NCT of Delhi. The GMP has been developed as a map based spatial decision support system (SDSS) for planning and development of NDMC area to the NDMC department and It’s heaving the inbuilt information searching tools (identifying of location, nearest utilities locations, distance measurement etc.) for the citizens of NCTD. The GMP is based on Client-Server architecture model. It has been developed using Arc GIS Server 10.0 with .NET (pronounced dot net) technology. The GMP is scalable to enterprise SDSS with enterprise Geo Database & Virtual Private Network (VPN) connectivity. <br><br> Spatial data to GMP includes Circle, Division, Sub-division boundaries of department pertaining to New Delhi Municipal Council, Parcels of residential, commercial, and government buildings, basic amenities (Police Stations, Hospitals, Schools, Banks, ATMs and Fire Stations etc.), Over-ground and Underground utility network lines, Roads, Railway features. GMP could help achieve not only the desired transparency and easiness in planning process but also facilitates through efficient & effective tools for development and management of MCD area. It enables a faster response to the changing ground realities in the development planning, owing to its in-built scientific approach and open-ended design.
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Kumar Chandra Gupta, A., P. Kumar, and N. Vasanth Kumar. "Development of Geospatial Map Based Election Portal." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1149-2014.
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The Geospatial Delhi Limited (GSDL), a Govt. of NCT of Delhi Company formed in order to provide the geospatial information of National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD) to the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) and its organs such as DDA, MCD, DJB, State Election Department, DMRC etc., for the benefit of all citizens of Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD). <br><br> This paper describes the development of Geospatial Map based Election portal (GMEP) of NCT of Delhi. The portal has been developed as a map based spatial decision support system (SDSS) for pertain to planning and management of Department of Chief Electoral Officer, and as an election related information searching tools (Polling Station, Assembly and parliamentary constituency etc.,) for the citizens of NCTD. The GMEP is based on Client-Server architecture model. It has been developed using ArcGIS Server 10.0 with J2EE front-end on Microsoft Windows environment. The GMEP is scalable to enterprise SDSS with enterprise Geo Database & Virtual Private Network (VPN) connectivity. <br><br> Spatial data to GMEP includes delimited precinct area boundaries of Voters Area of Polling stations, Assembly Constituency, Parliamentary Constituency, Election District, Landmark locations of Polling Stations & basic amenities (Police Stations, Hospitals, Schools and Fire Stations etc.). GMEP could help achieve not only the desired transparency and easiness in planning process but also facilitates through efficient & effective tools for management of elections. It enables a faster response to the changing ground realities in the development planning, owing to its in-built scientific approach and open-ended design.
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Kumar Chandra Gupta, A., P. Kumar, and P. Kumar Sharma. "DEVELOPMENT OF GEOSPATIAL MAP BASED PORTAL FOR DELIMITATION OF MCD WARDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 12, 2017): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-49-2017.
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The Geospatial Delhi Limited (GSDL), a Govt. of NCT of Delhi Company formed in order to provide the geospatial information of National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD) to the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) and its organs such as DDA, MCD, DJB, State Election Department, DMRC etc., for the benefit of all citizens of Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD). <br><br> This paper describes the development of Geospatial Map based Portal for Delimitation of MCD Wards (GMPDW) and election of 3 Municipal Corporations of NCT of Delhi. The portal has been developed as a map based spatial decision support system (SDSS) for delimitation of MCD Wards and draw of peripheral wards boundaries to planning and management of MCD Election process of State Election Commission, and as an MCD election related information searching tools (Polling Station, MCD Wards and Assembly constituency etc.,) for the citizens of NCTD. The GMPDW is based on Client-Server architecture model. It has been developed using Arc GIS Server 10.0 with .NET (pronounced dot net) technology. The GMPDW is scalable to enterprise SDSS with enterprise Geo Database & Virtual Private Network (VPN) connectivity. <br><br> Spatial data to GMPDW includes Enumeration Block (EB) and Enumeration Blocks Group (EBG) boundaries of Citizens of Delhi, Assembly Constituency, Parliamentary Constituency, Election District, Landmark locations of Polling Stations & basic amenities (Police Stations, Hospitals, Schools and Fire Stations etc.). GMPDW could help achieve not only the desired transparency and easiness in planning process but also facilitates through efficient & effective tools for management of MCD election. It enables a faster response to the changing ground realities in the development planning, owing to its in-built scientific approach and open-ended design.
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Singh, Sheilja, and Rabidyuti Biswas. "Analysis of Land Use Change Effects/Impacts on Surface Water Resources in Delhi." Urban Science 6, no. 4 (December 7, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6040092.
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Rapid urbanization and haphazard development derive the changes in land uses and affect the naturally available resources which are essential for human development and other lives. Land use changes can undermine the environment and ecology of an urban area. Although many studies on the land use changes, trends, status, directions, and the relationship between them have been conducted for Chinese cities, none of them have been completed for Indian cities and also not for NCT Delhi. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of land use changes on surface water resources. So, this study aims to analyze the effects of land use changes on surface water resources in NCT Delhi, one water-stressed city in India. The analysis is comprised of changes, trends, status, and directions for surface water resources and other types of land use for showing the effects. Comprehensive tools such as remote sensing, GIS, and the cross-tabulation method are used for the assessment of land use changes, trends, and status. Four decadal (1990, 2000, 2010, 2020) satellite maps have been used to study the temporal-spatial data of several land uses and to calculate the index of land use changes for investigating the trends and status. In the form of results, the comprehensive net change (18.28%) and total change (49.28%) with a trend value of 0.37 show the quasi-balanced, two-way transition and positive changes in the whole area. This metrics-based study shows that surface water resources land use type is decreasing, and built-up land use type is increasing since 1990. Population growth, economic and industrial development were the major factors for the variations in built-up, green, and other land uses. This metrics-based analysis study is an important perspective for protecting urban water bodies from effects of land use changes. These understandings on land use changes and temporal-spatial relationships are important for present and future land use development and surface water resource planning. This study will help the Delhi Government’s initiatives for the rejuvenation of urban water bodies by endorsing the land use regulations on surrounding land uses.
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MOOLEY, D. A. "Rainfall distribution over Delhi State during monsoon." MAUSAM 10, no. 1 (November 27, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v10i1.4026.
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Based on the data for the period 1939-1954, the mean values of rainfall and number of rainy days during the, monsoon season at the various raingauge stations as well as the extreme values of these have been given; spatial distribution of heavy, rainfall over the State and the incidence of heavy rainfall at the various location have been studied. From a study of the synoptic charts on days prior to the days on which local heavy rainfall over was reported, an attempt has been made to indicate the topical synoptic situations which usually lead to local heavy rainfall over Delhi State during the next 24hours.Typical situation ‘have been illustrated by charts.
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Upadhyay, Abhishek. "Investigation of Performance Indicator for Public Transit Connectivity in Multi-Modal Transportation Network of NCT Delhi." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 3181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37046.
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Centrality plays a crucial role as agencies at the federal and state level focus on expanding the public transit system to meet the demands of a multimodal transportation system. Transit agencies have a need to explore mechanisms to improve connectivity by improving transit service. This requires a systemic approach to develop measures that can prioritize the allocation of funding to locations that provide greater connectivity, or in some cases direct funding towards underperforming areas. The concept of centrality is well documented in social network literature and to some extent, transportation engineering literature. However, centrality measures have limited capability to analyze multi-modal public transportation systems which are much more complex in nature than highway networks. In my study area, we propose measures to determine Network centrality from a QGIS SOFTWARE which is based on graph theoretic approach for all levels of transit service coverage integrating routes, schedules, socioeconomic, demographic and spatial activity patterns. The objective of using Network centrality as an indicator is to quantify and evaluate transit service in terms of prioritizing transit locations for funding; providing service delivery strategies, especially for areas with large multi-jurisdictional, multi-modal transit networks; providing an indicator of multi-level transit capacity for planning purposes; assessing the effectiveness and efficiency for node/stop prioritization; and making a user friendly tool to determine locations with highest connectivity while choosing transit as a mode of travel. The proposed analysis offers reliable indicators that can be used as tools for determining the transit connectivity of a multimodal transportation network.
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CHATTERJEE, R. N., and PREM PRAKASH. "Radar study of the understorms around Delhi During monsoon season." MAUSAM 41, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v41i2.2511.
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Frequency of thunderstorm development in Delhi region during the monsoon season and some of their general characteristics have been studied using the radar observations of convective clouds within 100 km around Delhi made during the monsoon season of the S-year period from I965to 1972. For this purpose convective clouds whose radar echo tops reached or extended beyond 8 km have been considered as thunder clouds. The study revealed that about 34 per cent of the convective clouds; forming in and round Delhi develop into I thunder-storms. Height distribution of the storm cells and spatial distribution of storm echoes are also discussed.
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Bhardwaj, Purnima, Alok Pandey, Krishan Kumar, and V. K. Jain. "Spatial variation of Aerosol Optical Depth and Solar Irradiance over Delhi -NCR during Summer season." Current World Environment 12, no. 2 (August 25, 2017): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.2.22.
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Present study shows the spatial variation of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), solar irradiance and their association at the urban and rural sites in Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR) during the summer season of the year 2015. Summer-time AOD data from the NASA’s Terra satellite MODIS sensor has been used to study the spatial distribution of aerosols over Delhi and its surrounding rural area. The ground data for the direct and global solar irradiances was collected over this region at urban and rural locations in Delhi and NCR using a Fieldspec Spectro-radiometer. HYSPLIT model has been used for the air mass trajectory analysis. The AOD values were observed to be higher over Delhi compared to the relatively lower AOD in rural area of NCR. The NCR site observed higher average solar irradiances than Delhi during the summer season. This may be because of the higher aerosol concentration in Delhi as compared to its outskirts. Also, this region is affected by the severe dust storm events during the summer season which further increases the aerosol load in the atmosphere. HYSPLIT results show the influence of western Thar Desert air masses on the Delhi-NCR. Windblown as well anthropogenic aerosols play a major role in scattering and absorption of the incoming solar radiation and hence, in governing the micro-climatology of the region.
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Das, Rabin, and Goutam Das. "ARS-GIS based Spatial Analysis and Assessment on the Urban Growth of Delhi National Capital Territory (NCT) from 1977 to 2014." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 06 (June 2017): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-220611103123.
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Kaur, Ravinder, and Rupa Rani. "Spatial Characterization and Prioritization of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil-Water Resources in Peri-Urban Areas of National Capital Territory (NCT), Delhi." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 123, no. 1-3 (June 9, 2006): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9193-x.
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CHACKO, O., CT THOMAS, and A. MANI. "Surface radiation balance measurements in India during the IQSY." MAUSAM 19, no. 1 (May 2, 2022): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v19i1.5225.
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Results of surface radiation balance measurements at Poona, Calcutta and Delhi during the IQSY are presented. The diurnal, seasonal and spatial variation of net radiation are discussed with reference to solar elevation, cloudiness albedo and surface moisture and temperature. Net radiation during day is a maximum during the clear summer months and least during cloudy monsoon and winter months. At night net radiation negative and generally very small or zero. Marked differences are present in the magnitude and the distribution of net radiation at Poona, Calcutta and Delhi.
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PRAKASH, RAJESH, R. K. SINGH, A. K. SHUKLA, D. SINGH, B. S. RANA, J. S. JARYAL, A. K. BHATNAGAR, and S. BALI. "Intensity and isoseismal map of 25th November 2007 Delhi earthquake." MAUSAM 62, no. 3 (December 14, 2021): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v62i3.319.
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An earthquake of magnitude ML: 4.3 occurred on 25th November 2007 (2312 UTC) in Delhi with hypocenter at 28.56° N / 77.08° E and focal depth 33.1 km. The epicenter was at about 21 km SW of Delhi University. It was widely felt in and around Delhi and created panic among the local populace. A macroseismic survey was conducted in about ten days starting from 27th November, 2007 at 89 locations covering an area of about 1500 sq. km in Delhi and its neighborhood through a questionnaire. The results of the macroseismic survey allowed establishment of spatial distribution of the earthquake effects in the form of isoseismal map generated using geo-statistical analysis tool of ArcGIS 9.1. The isoseismal map shows that most parts of Delhi region experienced an intensity of V on MMI scale, except on northern most region of Delhi where intensity was found IV. The mean isoseismal radii for the zones V, IV, III and II are 29.13, 57.78, 83.63 and 100.75 km, respectively. The orientation of elongated epicentral track of intensity field shows that the stress release was pronounced along Delhi-Sargodha ridge and earthquake was attributed to activities of this ridge.
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Singh, Poornima Suryanath, and Himanshu K. Chaturvedi. "Temporal variation and geospatial clustering of dengue in Delhi, India 2015–2018." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e043848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043848.
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ObjectivesThe study was focused on geographical mapping of dengue cases and also to identify the hotspots or high-risk areas of dengue in Delhi.DesignA retrospective spatial–temporal (ecological) study. Descriptive analysis was used to know the distribution of dengue cases by age, sex, seasons and districts of Delhi. The spatiotemporal analysis was performed using inverse distance weighting and Getis-Ord Gi* statistic to know the geographical distribution and identify the hotspot areas.SettingsAll the confirmed and diagnosed dengue cases (IgM +ve or NS1 Antigen +ve ELISA) recorded by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi for the last 4 years (2015–2018) were collected with their local address. The location of all the dengue cases was geocoded using their address to prepare the spatiotemporal dengue database.ParticipantsRecord of all the dengue cases (4179) reported for treatment in the hospitals during the past 4 years were extracted and included in the study. Data were not collected directly from dengue patients.ResultsSeasonal occurrence of dengue cases (4179) shows that the cases start emerging in July, peaked in September–October and declined in December. The proportions of dengue cases were recorded high among the males 57.3% compared with females 42.6%, and differences were also recorded in all the age groups with more cases in age groups <15 and 16-30 years. Mapping of the cases reflects the spatial heterogeneity in the geographical distribution. The geomapping of cases indicates the presence of a significantly high number of cases in West, Southwest, South and Southeast districts of Delhi. High-risk areas or hotspots were also identified in this region.ConclusionDengue occurrence shows significant association with age, sex and seasons. The spatial analysis identified the high-risk areas, which can aid health administrators to take necessary action for prevention and better disease management.
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Nanda, C., Y. Kant, A. Gupta, and D. Mitra. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANT TRACE GASES DURING DIWALI OVER INDIA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5 (November 15, 2018): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-339-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> People effected due to air pollution in India rose by almost 150% during 1990 to 2015. Diwali event is one of the major anthropogenic source contributing to the air pollution. The study focuses on spatial and temporal distribution of trace gases emitted during pre, on and post diwali days and identify areas with high concentration using station measured and satellite derived data during 2008-2017. The ground measured data shows that during diwali days, NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, CO &amp; O<sub>3</sub> concentration is almost 1.5 to 7 times the NAAQ safety limits over major cities particularly in northern, western and eastern India. Central and southern India experience low to moderate increase in pollution concentration. Spatial distribution over diwali days using satellite data reveal that NO<sub>2</sub> values over India are mostly below NAAQ standards, however high range are observed (27&ndash;48<span class="thinspace"></span>&mu;g/m<sup>3</sup>) over Delhi, Punjab, Haryana region (Northern zones), Western, central and Eastern Indo-Gangetic plain and this concentration is seen denser on diwali days compared to pre and post diwali. The observation reveal that SO<sub>2</sub> concentration is below safety levels over almost entire country except few cities like Delhi region, part of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Kolkata region. CO concentration is at higher level than NAAQ standards over Western, central and Eastern Indo-gangetic plain. The regression shows that the satellite derived values are in close agreement with the ground measured over the diwali days. The analysis conclude that the peak of the pollutants during diwali may not be increasing quite drastically over many parts of the cities but the overall spatial distribution of the pollutants is increasing from ‘moderate’ to ‘moderately high’ range.</p>
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Shukla, Komal, Prashant Kumar, Gaurav S. Mann, and Mukesh Khare. "Mapping spatial distribution of particulate matter using Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting at supersites of megacity Delhi." Sustainable Cities and Society 54 (March 2020): 101997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101997.
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Hazarika, Naba, Arunangshu Das, Vikas Kamal, Khalid Anwar, Arun Srivastava, and Vinod K. Jain. "Particle phase PAHs in the atmosphere of Delhi-NCR: With spatial distribution, source characterization and risk approximation." Atmospheric Environment 200 (March 2019): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.064.
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Mazumdar, Gargi Kar. "Influence of Income on Shopping Behavior of Residents and Feasibility of Neighborhood Shops: A Study of Selected South Delhi Localities." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 7, no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n3.p2.
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<div><p><em>Metro cities of India are going through rapid phase of socio-economic development accompanied with changing standards of living and a rise in purchasing power of population. This increasing expenditure pattern calls for increase in business and commercial outlets in the cities. This is more so noticeable in NCT of Delhi where due to limited availability of urban land for multi functional land use, both planned and unplanned commercial areas are emerging fast to cater to the needs and demands of local population. However, the impact of income as well as other socio-economic factors play an important role in defining the spatial pattern of movement of shoppers which in a way define the survival of neighborhood (both planned and unplanned) shopping centers/ shops. The aim of this research paper is to understand the impact of income in defining the spatial pattern of shopping behavior of the consumer in patronizing the neighborhood shops or markets for various food and non food items. Thus, the present study focuses primarily on identification of shopping patterns / behavior of residents of selected localities in South Delhi<strong>. </strong>This study is conducted over two economic categories of localities: lower and middle income category locality consisting of areas like Gobind Puri, Gobind Puri Extension and Kalkaji DDA Flat localities; and upper middle and higher income locality consisting of areas like C.R.Park, Kalkaji Main area (excluding DDA LIG, Janta, Slum category flats) and Alakananda. The rationale behind the selection of these two separate socio- economic areas for the survey is to analyze the inter locality and intra locality comparison of shopping behavior of various income class of population.</em><em> </em></p></div><em>The findings of the study favors the feasibility of the local shops in the surveyed localities, since nearness to the market and ease of shopping has encouraged the survival of the local shops/ markets operating in the residential colonies especially for food items. However apart from income levels, standard of living is also influencing the shoppers behavior and growing trend of shopping from Malls and Plazas is also noticed showing changing preference of shoppers for well established market areas than local shops especially for non food items. Through GIS based mapping, the movement of shoppers for both food and non food items is traced and specific suggestion are given regarding the changing land use under commercial activities in the survey areas. Area specific suggestions are given in the light of Master Plan of Delhi 2021.</em>
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Kumar, Amrit, Rajeev Kumar Mishra, and Kiranmay Sarma. "Mapping spatial distribution of traffic induced criteria pollutants and associated health risks using kriging interpolation tool in Delhi." Journal of Transport & Health 18 (September 2020): 100879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100879.
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Tanaka, Kenichi, Satoru Endo, Masaharu Hoshi, and Jun Takada. "Development of monitoring method of spatial neutron distribution in neutrons–gamma rays mixed field using imaging plate for NCT—Depression of the field." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 69, no. 12 (December 2011): 1885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.02.050.
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Mishra, Manisha, and Umesh C. Kulshrestha. "Spatio-Temporal Variation of Atmospheric Gaseous and Particulate Reactive Nitrogen over Northern India." Current World Environment Special Issue, no. 1 (June 16, 2021): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.special-issue1.05.
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The present study reports spatio-temporal distribution pattern of major gaseous (NH3 and NO2) and particulate water soluble total nitrogen (pWSTN) in the ambient air to explore the seasonal variation, major interactions and dominating sources. Considering the major hotspot of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N) emission, three sites in Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) were selected based on different local source parameters. Results have shown that gas phase reactive N contribute up to 90% of total analyzed reactive N, where NH3 imparted highest at all the three sites. Prayagraj, a fast growing urban site, has shown highest concentrations of NH3 (72.0 μg m−3), followed by Madhupur rural site (57.7 μg m−3) and Delhi, an urban megacity site (35.8 μg m−3). As compared to previous studies conducted at different sites of IGP, NH3 concentrations were reported to be the highest at the former two sites. However, unlike NH3, NO2 levels were recorded lower at Madhupur (3.1 μg m−3) and Prayagraj (9.4 μg m−3) sites as compared to Delhi (13.4 μg m−3). Similarly, pWSTN concentrations were in the order of Madhupur (6.6 μg m−3) < Prayagraj (10.0 μg m−3) < Delhi (10.1 μg m−3). A strong correlation of NO2 with pWSTN at urban sites has shown the crucial role of NO2 in the formation of nitrogenous aerosols. Significant spatial variation can be attributed to varying local emission sources ranging from microbial emission from improper sewage treatment and open waste dumping at Prayagraj, agricultural activities at Madhupur and vehicular exhausts at Delhi site.
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Kumar, Jagdeep, and Dr Gaurav Kalotra. "Sex-wise Spatial Analysis of in-Migrants in North-Western Region of India." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 9, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2021.v09i10.002.
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Migration studies have been a concern as a very important issue among the contemporary scholars of population geographic research. As a third major reason for population change it plays an essential role in the growth of an area and redistribution of the population. Distribution of the population in all the continents and countries is the consequence of long time Migration of people from the old world to the newly discovered countries .from the time immemorial, people tend to migrate from the stage of food gathering and pastoralism to the present stage of highly specialized nature of migration with varying of distribution. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the in-migration in north western India to other Regions (states and Union Territories of India). The analysis is based on the 2001 & 2011 D-2 migration tables of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, states, and Union Territories released by the census of India. The study informs that in-migrants in north western India have been enumerated in all states and Union Territories of India. A large number of in-migrants have come from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh not only in 2001but also in 2011.
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Maung, Htet Myat Win, Prasit Palittapongarnpim, Htin Lin Aung, Komwit Surachat, Wint Wint Nyunt, and Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong. "Geno-Spatial Distribution of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Drug Resistance Profiles in Myanmar–Thai Border Area." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5040153.
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Worldwide, studies investigating the relationship between the lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) across geographic areas has empowered the “End TB” program and understand transmission across national boundaries. Genomic diversity of MTB varies with geographical locations and ethnicity. Genomic diversity can also affect the emergence of drug resistance. In Myanmar, we still have limited genetic information about geographical, ethnicity, and drug resistance linkage to MTB genetic information. This study aimed to describe the geno-spatial distribution of MTB and drug resistance profiles in Myanmar–Thailand border areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 109 sequenced isolates. The lineages of MTB and the potential associated socio-demographic, geographic and clinical factors were analyzed using Fisher’s exact tests. p value of statistically significance was set at < 0.05. We found that 67% of the isolates were lineage 1 (L1)/East-African-Indian (EAI) (n = 73), followed by lineage 2 (L2)/Beijing (n = 26), lineage 4 (L4)/European American (n = 6) and lineage 3 (L3)/Delhi/Central Asian (n = 4). “Gender”, “type of TB patient”, “sputum smear grading” and “streptomycin resistance” were significantly different with the lineages of MTB. Sublineages of L1, which had never been reported elsewhere in Myanmar, were detected in this study area. Moreover, both ethnicity and lineage of MTB significantly differed in distribution by patient location. Diversity of the lineage of MTB and detection of new sublineages suggested that this small area had been resided by a heterogeneous population group who actively transmitted the disease. This information on distribution of lineage of MTB can be linked in the future with those on the other side of the border to evaluate cross-border transmission.
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Song, Haipeng, and Tingting He. "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of National Characteristic Towns in China Using Nighttime Light Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030598.
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Characteristic towns have emerged along with China’s economic and social development. As a new model of small-town development, they have played an essential role in promoting industrial transformation and upgrade, improving the living environment, and promoting regional innovation and development. Accurate identification of the expansion characteristics of National Characteristic Towns (NCTs) is vital for optimizing the spatial layout of characteristic towns and adjusting the policies of characteristic towns. This study used a dataset on nighttime light to identify expanding NCTs and measure their expansion from 2000 to 2020. In total, 233 expanding NCTs were identified, accounting for 58.25% of the NCTs in China. The areas with the most significant intensity of expansion are primarily located in the East, South, and North economic regions. The critical period of NCTs expansion primarily occurred in the periods 2008–2011 and 2011–2014. Our results show that NCTs are highly consistent with the spatial distribution of urban agglomerations, and the development of NCTs is inherently related to the development of urban agglomerations in the region. The implementation of NCT policies has significantly promoted the development of NCTs in the Central and Western economic regions, which face challenging development issues and differ from those in the Eastern region. The method proposed in this study can effectively identify the ‘hot spots’ of expanding NCTs and the critical periods of their expansion.
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Shankar, Thendral Uma, Dinesh Prasad Semwal, Veena Gupta, Sunil Archak, Ramakrishnan M. Nair, and Kuldeep Tripathi. "Spatial Distribution, Diversity Mapping, and Gap Analysis of Wild Vigna Species Conserved in India’s National Genebank." Diversity 15, no. 4 (April 13, 2023): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15040552.
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The genus Vigna has several crop species that could be used to feasibly address nutritional security challenges in the subtropical and tropical regions of the world, particularly in climate-changing scenarios. Wild taxa of Vigna are a source of economically important traits and need to be studied. Out of the 34 wild Vigna species reported in India, 928 indigenous accessions belonging to 19 wild Vigna are conserved in India’s National Genebank (INGB) housed at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. Geospatial mapping has identified diversity-rich areas and the Western Ghats region exhibits the highest Shannon diversity values (H = 1.65–3.0). Using the complementarity procedure, six diversity hotspots were identified for the 34 wild Vigna, and these require utmost priority for exploration and germplasm collection. Due to the meagre amount of information available for wild Vigna, the BioClim model was used to successfully predict the Idukki district of Kerala as a suitable site for germplasm-collecting expeditions. Coastal areas identified as rich in twelve wild taxa, V. bourneae, V. dalzelliana, V. marina, V. sublobata, V. subramaniana, V. vexillata, V. stipulacea, V. trilobata, and V. trinervia, require immediate attention to protect hotspots as well as to collect accessions from these areas for ex situ conservation. A hotspot in the protected forest of Anshi National Park and Bhagwan Mahavira Wildlife Sanctuary was identified as an ideal spot for possible in situ conservation of V. konkanensis, V silvestris, and V. sublobata. The 15 wild Vigna species do not have representation in the INGB, and 11 Vigna species have been identified as endemic species to India. Priority needs to be given to these species for focussed exploration and germplasm collection. This paper discusses the future focus on explorations to be carried out for the collection of the germplasm of wild Vigna species.
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Said, Saif, Athar Hussain, and Garima Sharma. "Water Quality Mapping of Yamuna River Stretch Passing Through Delhi State Using High Resolution Geoeye-2 Imagery." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 9, no. 4 (October 2018): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2018100102.
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The present article utilizes high resolution Geoeye 2 imagery for mapping and monitoring pollution concentrations of 22 km stretch of river Yamuna passing through Delhi state, by developing regression models between water quality parameters (WQP's) and the corresponding spectral reflectance values. Water samples collected from the sampling locations were analysed for 20 WQP's and grouped into four classes namely; (WQP)organic, (WQP)inorganic, (WQP)anion and (WQP)cation. Several spectral band combinations as well as single bands were probed for performing multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis with the four WQP classes. Results reveal relatively strong positive correlations for band combination viz. [mean RGB × √B/R] with all four WQP classes yielding high R2 value (∼0.85) and RMSE (∼1.03) amongst other selected band combinations. Spatial distribution maps were generated that substantiates to the actual in-situ pollution concentration levels thereby evidences the potential of high resolution Geoeye-2 imagery for monitoring and mapping pollution concentrations in the water bodies.
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Joshi, Girish Chandra, Mayuri Paul, Bhrigu Kumar Kalita, Vikram Ranga, Jiwan Singh Rawat, and Pinkesh Singh Rawat. "Mapping the social landscape through social media." Journal of Information Science 46, no. 6 (August 13, 2019): 776–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551519865487.
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Being a habitat of the global village, every place has established connections through the strength and power of social media, piercing through the political boundaries. Social media is a digital platform, where people across the world can interact. This has a number of advantages of being universal, anonymous, easy accessibility, indirect interaction, gathering and sharing information when compared with direct interaction. The easy access to social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Twitter and blogs has brought about unprecedented opportunities for citizens to voice their opinions loaded with emotions/sentiments. Furthermore, social media can influence human thoughts. A recent incident of public importance had presented an opportunity to map the sentiments, involved around it. Sentiments were extracted from tweets for a week. These sentiments were classified as positive, negative and neutral and were mapped in geographic information system (GIS) environment. It was found that the number of tweets diminished by 91% over a week from 25 August 2017 to 31 August 2017. Maximum tweets emerged from places near the origin of the case (Haryana, Delhi and Punjab). The trend of sentiments was found to be – neutral (47.4%), negative (30%) and positive (22.6%). Interestingly, tweets were also coming from unexpected places such as United States, United Kingdom and West Asia. The result can also be used to assess the spatial distribution of digital penetration in India. The highest concentration was found to be around metropolitan cities, that is, Mumbai, Delhi and lowest in North East India and Jammu & Kashmir indicating the penetration of SNSs.
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DeepChand, Noor Afshan Khan, Priyanka Saxena, and Sanjeev K. Goyal. "Assessment of Supply Water Quality Using GIS Tool for Selected Locations in Delhi—A Case Study." Air, Soil and Water Research 15 (January 2022): 117862212211119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786221221111935.
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The importance of water quality is well understood, and it becomes even more critical when is use for drinking purposes. A case study was carried out to know the applicability of GIS tool for determining the quality of supply water. Water samples from 21 houses at different locations of Delhi were collected. Sample analysis was done for physicochemical parameters viz., pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Chloride, Fluoride, and Nitrate. The water quality data from these selected locations was analyzed using Geographical Information System (GIS) Technique. GIS software did interpolation through the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method to know the water quality (WQ) in different part of the city for various parameters mentioned above and prepare thematic maps from the analysis of water quality data as a database. These thematic maps show the distribution of different water quality parameters. Using Weighted Arithmetic Index (WAI) method, Water Quality Index is calculated. After that, the Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI) map was generated using thematic layer, reclassification, and weight value assigned in weighted overlay tools in GIS software. Five categories viz., excellent, good, satisfactory, poor, and very poor is assign to describe DWQI. Out of all the selected locations, DWQI was good only at two locations, whereas, at the remaining sites, the DWQI was found satisfactory. However, the overall water quality was found suitable for human consumption. The analysis outcome was represented as maps that will be advantageous to know the water quality status for the area under study. The spatial database established can be a reliable technique for monitoring and managing water quality in the water supply system.
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Abdul Sater, Houssein, Jeffrey Robinson, Julius Strauss, Margaret Elena Gatti-Mays, Jason Redman, Charalampos S. Floudas, Jenn Marte, et al. "Spatial analysis of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in patients treated with Bintrafusp alfa." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 3070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.3070.
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3070 Background: Bintrafusp alfa is a first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of TGF-βRII receptor (TGF-β “trap”) fused to a human IgG1 mAb blocking PD-L1. In preclinical models, bintrafusp alfa treatment promoted CD8+ T cell and NK cell activation, and both immune cell (IC) populations were required for optimal bintrafusp alfa mediated tumor control. However, the effect of bintrafusp alfa on TIME in humans has not been reported. Methods: In this unplanned interim analysis of a biomarker expansion cohort (NCT 02517398), patients (pts) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) underwent paired biopsies (bx) before and on treatment with bintrafusp alfa (~ 50 days apart). The objective was to evaluate frequency and localization of tumor infiltrated ICs by IHC. Out of 12 pts, 7 had matched (Pre vs Post) tumor-containing specimens sufficient for multiplex immunofluorescence (MxIF) analysis of TIME. Four pts were excluded as Post bx histology for 3/12 [2 PR (partial response), 1 SD (stable disease)] was negative for tumor (necrosis or fibrosis) and 1/12 did not have a Post bx performed. Results: TIME study shows CD8 T cell infiltrates were increased in Post compared to Pre bx (median 161 vs 62/mm²; interquartile range [IQR] 65–396/mm² vs 31–135/mm²; p = 0·04). While M2 macrophages were also increased (median 800 vs 367/mm²; IQR 776–1131/mm² vs 171–831/mm²; p = 0·04), the ratio of M1/M2 was reversed in pts with SD (↑) compared to pts with PD (↓). Other ICs such as CD4, T-regs, NK cells and M1 macrophages were not changed. On average compared to baseline, M2 macrophages were > 2 fold closer to every other IC in pts with PD, but > 2 fold further from any IC in pts with SD. Tregs were relatively closer to other IC in PD pts. Linear Discriminant Analysis was also performed and results indicate that differential IC densities (mainly M1 macrophages and CD4 T cells) do perform as classifiers between long ( > 5 months) and short ( < 5 months) term responses. Conclusions: This study suggests that bintrafusp alfa not only can enhance intratumoral effector IC infiltrates (CD8) but also has a modulating effect on the spatial distribution of both M1/M2 macrophages within the NSCLC TIME. The differential proximity of M2 macrophages to other IC infiltrates and changes in M1/M2 ratios in association with response suggests that an M1/M2 macrophage balance is directly involved in response and/or resistance to bintrafusp alfa. Given the limited number of patients in this cohort, we intend to study effects of bintrafusp alfa in a larger cohort of patients. Clinical trial information: 02517398 .
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GOYAL, SUMAN, M. MOHAPATRA, and A. K. SHARMA. "Comparison of best track parameters of RSMC, New Delhi with satellite estimates over north Indian Ocean." MAUSAM 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v64i1.652.
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Hkkjr ekSle foKku foHkkx ¼vkbZ- ,e- Mh-½ ,d izknsf’kd fof’k"V izdkj ds ekSle dsUnz gksus ds dkj.k pØokrh; fo{kksHkksa ¼lh-Mh-,l½ dk ekWuhVju ,oa iwokZuqeku nsus ds fy, ftEesokj gS blds varZxr pØokrh; fo{kksHksa ls lacaf/kr lHkh izdkj ds vk¡dM+s ftlesa vonkc ,oa m".kdfVca/kh; pØokr ¼Vh- lh-½ 'kkfey gS] dk laxzg] lalk/ku ,oa HkaMkj.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mRrjh fgUn egklkxj ¼,u- vkbZ- vks-½ esa cuus okys pØokrksa ds ekxZ dks lgh&lgh fu/kkZfjr djus esa budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA _rq ds i'pkr~ pØokrh; fo{kksHkksa ds fo’ys"k.k ds }kjk fdlh pØokrh; fo{kksHk dh fLFkfr ,oa mldh rhozrk dk fu/kkZj.k pØokr dh vof/k ds nkSjku dh vU; fo’ks"krkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk fd;k tkrk gS ftls ge csLV VSªfdax ds uke ls tkurs gSaA csLV VSªfdax izfØ;k mRrjh fgUn egklkxj lfgr fo’o esa vyx&vyx izdkj dh gS vkSj ;g ekWuhVju ,oa fo’ys"k.k ds lk/ku rFkk izfØ;k esa fHkUurk ds dkj.k gksrh gSA ;|fi pØokrh; fo{kksHkksa ds LFkku ,oa rhozrk dk ekWuhVju djus ds fy, Hkw&LFkSfrd mixzg gh eq[; midj.k ekuk tk jgk gSA mRrjh fgUn egklkxj esa pØokrh; fo{kksHkksa ds csLV VSªd ds LFkku ,oa rhozrk ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, mixzg dh Hkwfedk vkSj mldh lhek dk vkdyu djus ds fy, dqN iz;kl fd, x, gSA vr% izknsf’kd fof’k"V izdkj ds ekSle dsUnz ¼vkj- ,l- ,e- lh-½ ubZ fnYyh ds csLV VSªd izkpyksa ds vk/kkj ij pØokrh; fo{kksHkksa ds LFkku ,oa rhozrk dh rqyuk bulSV vkSj dYiuk mixzgksa ds vk/kkj ij vkbZ- ,e- Mh- ds mixzg izHkkx }kjk vkdfyr ifj.kkeksa ls djus ds fy, ,d v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA
mRrjh fgUn egklkxj] caxky dh [kkM+h rFkk vjc lkxj esa vk, pØokrh; fo{kksHkksa ds LFkkuksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa vkSlr varj Øe’k% 39 fd- eh-] 40 fd- eh- ,oa 37 fd- eh- ik, x, gSA dqy ?kVukvksa esa ls yxHkx 65 izfr’kr ds LFku fu/kkZj.k esa 50 fd- eh- ;k de dk varj ik;k x;k vkSj mRrjh fgUn egklkxj esa laiw.kZ ?kVukvksa esa ls 6 izfr’kr esa 100 fd- eh- dk vFkok blls vf/kd dk varj ik;k x;kA caxky dh [kkM+h esa ;g varj 62 izfr’kr rFkk 6 izfr’kr dk Fkk vksj vjc lkxj esa yxHkx 70 izfr’kr ,oa 5 izfr’kr dk ik;k x;kA LFkku fu/kkZj.k esa varj Vh uacj esa o`f) ds lkFk /khjs&/khjs de gksrk tkrk gSA tc caxky dh [kkM+h] vjc lkxj vkSj mRrjh fgUn egklkxj esa flLVe dh rhozrk Vh-&4-0 ;k vf/kd ¼vfrizpaM pØokrh; rwQku vkSj mPp rhozrk½ gks rks ;g varj yxHkx 30 fd-eh- dk gksrk gSA pØokrh; fo{kksaHkksa ds LFkku esa varj ds LFkkfud forj.k dks ns[krs gq, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g varj leqnz rV ds fudV vf/kd jgrk gS vksj tSls& tSls ge rV ls nwj tkrs gS ;g de gksrk tkrk gSA yxHkx 85-5 izfr’kr ?kVukvksa esa csLV VSªd dh rhozrk mixzg ds }kjk vkdyu ls esy [kkrh gSA tcfd mixzg vk/kkfjr rhozrk 9-5 izfr’kr ?kVukvksa esa de vkdfyr gqbZ gS ¼mixzg izHkkx }kjk vkdfyr Vh- uacj csLV VSªd Vh- uacj ls de gS½] mRrjh fgUn egklkx esa yxHkx 5 izfr’kr ?kVukvksa esa ;g vf/kd ¼mixzg izHkkx }kjk vkdfyr Vh- uacj csLV VSªd Vh- uacj ls vf/kd½ vkdfyr gqbZ gSSA LFkkfud forj.k dh n`f"V ls ge ns[krs gS rks ikrs gS fd ;g varj vDlj rc gksrk gS tc pØokrh; fo{kksHk leqnz rV ds fudV gksrk gS vFkok mRrjh fgUn egklkxj ds }hiksa ds LFkku esa blh izdkj dk varj gksrk gSA
India Meteorological Department (IMD), as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) has the responsibility of monitoring and prediction of cyclonic disturbances (CDs) including depressions and tropical cyclone (TC); collection, processing and archival of all data pertaining to CDs and preparation of best track data over the north Indian Ocean (NIO). The process of post-season analysis of CDs to determine the best estimate of a CD’s position and intensity along with other characteristics during its lifetime is described as “best tracking”. The best tracking procedure has undergone several changes world-over including NIO due to change in monitoring and analysis tools & procedure. However, the geostationary satellite remains the main tool for monitoring of location and intensity of CDs. There have been a few attempts to document the role and extent of satellite estimates in determining the best track location and intensity of CDs over the NIO. Hence, a study has been undertaken to compare the location and intensity of CDs based on best track parameters prepared by RSMC, New Delhi with those estimated by satellite division of IMD based on INSAT and Kalpana satellites.
The average difference in location of CDs over the NIO, BOB and AS is about 39, 40 and 37 km respectively. The difference in location is 50 km or less in about 65% of the total cases and about 6% of the cases have a difference of 100 km or more over the NIO as a whole. It is about 62% and 6% over the BOB and about 70% and 5% over the AS respectively. Difference in location gradually decreases with increase in T number. It is about 30 km when the intensity of the system is T4.0 or more (very severe cyclonic storms and above intensity) over the BOB, AS and NIO. Considering the spatial distribution of difference in location of CDs, it is higher near the coast and decreases as we move away from the coast. The intensity in the best track agrees with the satellite estimates in about 85.5% of the cases. While the satellite based intensity is underestimated (Satellite division estimated T number is less than best track T number) in 9.5% cases, it is overestimated (Satellite division estimated T number is greater than best track derived T number) in about 5% cases over the NIO. Considering the spatial distribution, the difference occurs mostly when the CD lies near the coast or the islands in the NIO like the difference in location.
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Fatima, Yasmin. "Demographic Data for SCSP Mobile Health Care Programme Conducted in the Rural Area of Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh." International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 07, no. 01 (March 30, 2021): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.202101.
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Introduction: Demography is the statistical and mathematical study of the size composition and spatial distribution of human populations. In this article we focused on some demographic data such as age, gender, education, caste, religion, marital status, occupation, addiction and dietary habits which may help to assess the socio economic and health status of the population. Methods: This is an observational and descriptive study, where data collected using a pretested, predesigned questionnaire/screening form to assess the demographic information i.e. age, gender, education, caste, religion, marital status, occupation, addiction and dietary habits, provided by Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine(CCRUM), Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Delhi. Sample size was not calculated as all the patients who were coming to OPD were included in the study and all patients were assured of confidentiality of the details collected and patients provided data willingly. Inclusion criteria for the study included all the patients of either sex of any age group attending OPDs in five adopted villages, i.e. Kurana, Kalkheda, Bagoniya, Toomda and Dhammarra during July 2019 to March 2020 at SCSP Mobile Healthcare Programme, Clinical Research Unit, Bhopal. Results and Conclusion: Collected and compiled data exhibits that the Scheduled Castes population visited the OPDs belongs to a low socio-economic group and are mainly small farmers and landless labourers. The percentage of the female population who visited the OPDs was more which reveals that due to the excessive burden of work and poor nutritional diet they are more susceptible to have an illness. Literacy level was fair among population with 19.16 % illiterate. Tobacco chewing is seen more prevalent among the participants. Poverty and less availability of food have led to unsatisfactory dietary habit, though literacy is considerable in these villages.
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GIRI, R. K., B. R. LOE, N. PUVIARSON, S. S. BHANDARI, and R. K. SHARMA. "Estimation of precipitable water vapour from GPS during winter season 2003." MAUSAM 57, no. 2 (November 25, 2021): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v57i2.479.
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Lkkj & ok;qeaMy esa ty ok"i dk forj.k LFkkfud :i ls vkSj dkfyd rkSj ij cgqr vf/kd ifjorZu’khy gksrk gSA ty ok"i dk forj.k vusdksa ok;qeaMyh; izfØ;kvksa esa izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA dqy lekdfyr ty ok"i vFkok le:ih o"kkZ ty ok"i dk vkdyu Xykscy iksft’kfuax flLVe ¼th- ih- ,l-½ tsfuFk VksVy fMys ¼tsM- Vh- Mh-½ ds vk¡dM+ksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa tsfuFk nzoLFkSfrd fMys ds eku dks funf’kZr fd;k x;k gS vkSj bls tsM- Vh- Mh- ls fudkyus ij tsfuFk vknzZ fMys ds vk¡dM+s izkIr gksaxsA vr% bl izdkj vkdfyr fd, x, tsM- MCY;w- Mh- ds eku ls izk;% yxkrkj ,e- ,e- esa o"kkZ ty ok"i dk irk pysxkA bl 'kks/k&i= esa th- ih- ,l- ds vk¡dM+ksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ubZ fnYyh ds fy, o"kZ 2003 ds 'khrdkyhu _rq vkSj Hkkjrh; foKku laLFkku ifj"kn] caxykSj ds dsanzksa ds fy, ,e- ,e- esa ih- MCY;w- oh- dk vkdyu djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA buls izkIr gq, ifj.kkeksa dk jsfM;kslkSUnsa vk¡dM+ksa ds lkFk lgh rkyesy ik;k x;k gSA The distribution of water vapour in atmosphere is highly spatial and temporal variable. It plays a key role in many atmospheric processes. The total integrated water vapour or equivalent precipitable water vapour (PWV) can be estimated with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) data. The value of Zenith Hydrostatic Delay (ZHD) is modeled and subtracting from ZTD will give Zenith wet delay (ZWD). Consequently, the estimated ZWD values will provide PWV in mm almost in a continuous manner. In this paper an attempt has been made for the estimation of PWV in mm during winter season 2003 for New Delhi and Indian Institute of Science (IISC), Bangalore stations using GPS data. The result shows fairly good agreement with the radio-sonde data.
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Sahu, Monalisha, Madhumita Dobe, and Kartikey Yadav. "Structural Vulnerability and Epidemiology of COVID-19 in India- A Socio-epidemiological Approach for Health Promotion." Journal of Comprehensive Health 8, no. 2 (October 8, 2020): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v08i02.012.
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Introduction: COVID-19 (2019 Novel Coronavirus) pandemic is an outcome of a “complex system†of interactions occurring within and between individuals and their environments. The individual-level models, which give sole or primary emphasis to individual choice with their “victim blaming†tendency is insufficient as determinants of risk and risk behaviour. There are ‘structural vulnerabilities’ that are likely to lead to increased exposure to the contagion, risk of basic human needs not being met, insufficient support, or inadequate treatment Objective: To explore various structural vulnerabilities affecting spread and responses to COVID-19 pandemic. Method: We have conducted a scoping review of secondary data and statistics on COVID-19 from January 2020 to July 2020 in context of various structural vulnerability across various states and Union Territories of India. Result: It was observed that individuals had dynamic and reciprocal association with their physical social, political and economic environments significantly modifying their vulnerabilities to the disease. We classified the various social vulnerabilities majorly faced by individuals into three domains: a) Socio demographic composition b) Spatial distribution across various States and Union territories and c) Migration. It was observed that elderly and male gender were more prone to death by COVID-19 whereas children were found to be less susceptible to the disease. Individuals with underlying illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases (death rate 13.2%), diabetes (death rate 9.2%), high blood pressure (death rate 8.4%), and chronic respiratory diseases (death rate 8%) were at significantly higher risk of mortality. Though the states and cities with maximum connectivity and population density (like Mumbai, Delhi) were afflicted most in the early days of pandemic, but with reverse migration the virus manged to reach even the deepest hinterlands of the country. Conclusion: For an efficient response towards the COVID-19 pandemic it is important for policy makers to look through the lens of structural vulnerability and formulate relevant Socio-epidemiological approach.
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Surl, Luke, Paul I. Palmer, and Gonzalo González Abad. "Which processes drive observed variations of HCHO columns over India?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 7 (April 5, 2018): 4549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4549-2018.
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Abstract. We interpret HCHO column variations observed by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), aboard the NASA Aura satellite, over India during 2014 using the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry and transport model. We use a nested version of the model with a horizontal resolution of approximately 25 km. HCHO columns are related to local emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with a spatial smearing that increases with the VOC lifetime. Over India, HCHO has biogenic, pyrogenic, and anthropogenic VOC sources. Using a 0-D photochemistry model, we find that isoprene has the largest molar yield of HCHO which is typically realized within a few hours. We also find that forested regions that neighbour major urban conurbations are exposed to high levels of nitrogen oxides. This results in depleted hydroxyl radical concentrations and a delay in the production of HCHO from isoprene oxidation. We find that propene is the only anthropogenic VOC emitted in major Indian cities that produces HCHO at a comparable (but slower) rate to isoprene. The GEOS-Chem model reproduces the broad-scale annual mean HCHO column distribution observed by OMI (r = 0.6), which is dominated by a distinctive meridional gradient in the northern half of the country, and by localized regions of high columns that coincide with forests. Major discrepancies are noted over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Delhi. We find that the model has more skill at reproducing observations during winter (JF) and pre-monsoon (MAM) months with Pearson correlations r > 0.5 but with a positive model bias of ≃ 1×1015 molec cm−2. During the monsoon season (JJAS) we reproduce only a diffuse version of the observed meridional gradient (r = 0.4). We find that on a continental scale most of the HCHO column seasonal cycle is explained by monthly variations in surface temperature (r = 0.9), suggesting a role for biogenic VOCs, in agreement with the 0-D and GEOS-Chem model calculations. We also find that the seasonal cycle during 2014 is not significantly different from the 2008 to 2015 mean seasonal variation. There are two main loci for biomass burning (the states of Punjab and Haryana, and northeastern India), which we find makes a significant contribution (up to 1×1015 molec cm−2) to observed HCHO columns only during March and April over northeastern India. The slow production of HCHO from propene oxidation results in a smeared hotspot over Delhi that we resolve only on an annual mean timescale by using a temporal oversampling method. Using a linear regression model to relate GEOS-Chem isoprene emissions to HCHO columns we infer seasonal isoprene emissions over two key forest regions from the OMI HCHO column data. We find that the a posteriori emissions are typically lower than the a priori emissions, with a much stronger reduction of emissions during the monsoon season. We find that this reduction in emissions during monsoon months coincides with a large drop in satellite observations of leaf phenology that recovers in post monsoon months. This may signal a forest-scale response to monsoon conditions.
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-, MAHESHWARI GUPTA, RABIDYUTI BISWAS -, and ASHOK KUMAR -. "Spatial Planning and Water Policies: A Quest for Coherent City Planning for NCT Delhi." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 5, no. 4 (August 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.5720.
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The world is undergoing significant changes in the social, economic, political, and environmental aspects of daily life. The challenges arising from these transformations are becoming unavoidable and extending beyond the reach of current solutions. A major concern is the heightened risk to urban communities due to the escalating natural resource crises. Of particular focus is the issue of water security, which garners substantial attention. Historical evidence indicates that there has been substantial discourse on water strategies within urban planning. Nonetheless, the incorporation of a framework for integrated water policies into a city's development plans is not an entirely novel concept, yet it remains largely unexplored within Indian cities. The formulation of water resource policies is now advancing, embracing the necessary steps for collaborative decision-making. Thus, the establishment of a legal framework at every level of city planning becomes pivotal for ensuring the sustainable advancement of urban settlements. With the aim of integrating water considerations into city planning, this research seeks to uncover the deficiencies and prospects within the existing master plans of Delhi, India's capital. The Master Plan for Delhi (MPD) holds responsibility for the comprehensive planning and development of the entire city. Guided by principles of water resource management, all three iterations of the MPD — 1962, 2001, and 2021 — undergo critical assessment and evaluation based on the ‘water security’ parameters. These predetermined criteria are adapted from the OECD principles of ‘policy coherence’ in water governance. The purpose of this evaluation is to identify gaps in policy coherence and explore the concept of integrating water policies across various levels of city planning. The thorough review offers insights into the tangible and intangible capabilities of the MPDs in executing existing water policies to achieve an inclusive approach to water in city planning. Currently, the concept of water-inclusive city planning necessitates special attention, especially as the Draft Master Plan for Delhi 2041 is under the process of notification.
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Chen, Xuhao, Bingzhen Li, and Chun Zhang. "Assessment of temporal and spatial distribution patterns of aerosol produced by air-puff non-contact tonometer." European Journal of Ophthalmology, December 3, 2021, 112067212110547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11206721211054727.
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Purpose To assess the distribution pattern of aerosol in the aspect of time and direction during the intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement by air-puff non-contact tonometer (NCT) and further offer references for protection from coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in the routine ophthalmic examination. Method A single-center observational study was conducted in the ophthalmology clinics of Peking University Third Hospital. Two air quality detectors were equipped to assess the generated particulate matter (PM) concentration simultaneously within 30 s after IOP measurement in the outpatient hall. Detector A was fixed next to the NCT as a reference, while Detector B was fixed 1 meter away. The participants were divided into two groups depending on the position of Detector B. The generation of aerosol was compared within different groups and time intervals. Results 144 participants were enrolled in the final analysis. At a 1 m distance from the NCT, the PM2.5 concentration significantly increased at the 30 s ( Z = 2.898, Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.038) while the PM10 concentration increased immediately after the IOP measurement ( Z = 2.967, Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.030). The PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at 1 m were significantly higher immediately ( Z = −2.183, P = 0.029; Z = −2.502, P = 0.012) and 30 s ( Z = −2.021, P = 0.043; Z = −2.071, P = 0.038) after the IOP measurements when the Detector B was vertical to the air jet on the lateral side. Conclusions NCT may produce aerosol after the IOP measurement by air-puff. The generated PM2.5 had a prolonged existence compared with PM10 at a 1 m distance. The lateral side of the air-puff direction may be of higher exposure risk to aerosol.
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Sharma, Arun Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Narinder Kumar Saini, Chirashree Ghosh, Sagnik Dey, and Palak Balyan. "Spatial Epidemiology of COPD in Delhi, India." Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), March 9, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743137.
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Abstract Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma are the most common chronic respiratory illnesses. COPD is one of the three most common causes of death worldwide. The main burden of mortality from COPD is seen in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, India, China, and South-East Asia. Absence of true prevalence values and mortality burden hinder planning and operationalization of public health interventions for prevention, control, and treatment of the disease. Further, the aggregated value of prevalence estimates calculated for a whole city or a larger geographical area does not provide the location of patients and presence of locally prevalent risk factors. The objective of this study was to understand the spatial distribution of COPD in a large, highly polluted city of a developing country. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD). All surveyed households were geocoded. GOLD screening criteria and pulmonary function tests using portable digital spirometer were used for diagnosis of COPD. Results Results are presented as a series of maps depicting spatial epidemiology. Overall prevalence rate was 9.8/1,000 population. Highest prevalence was seen in industrial area. Most of the spatial hotspots were seen in industrial and slum areas. Similarly, Kernel density was also highest in industrial area. Conclusion In the city of NCTD, we found the COPD being distributed in all types of habitations but spatial distribution helped us understand clustering of cases and compare prevalence rates in subunits of residential clusters within a metropolitan city.
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Gupta, Parul, and Kiranmay Sarma. "Spatial distribution of various parameters in groundwater of Delhi, India." Cogent Engineering 3, no. 1 (February 8, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1138596.
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SARA, AT. "Mesoscale study of heavy rainfall of Delhi." MAUSAM 19, no. 3 (May 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v19i3.5672.
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In this study an attempt has been made to examine (1) The striking features of the spatial distribution of heavy rainfall (2 or more in 24 hours), during monsoon (June to October), at Delhi and neighbourhood (about 25 miles around the National Physical Laboratory (N.P.L) and (2) Any influence of the hillocks on the southeastern parts of Delhi and neighbourhood on the rainfall distribution.
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Kai, Kombo Hamad, Sarah E. Osima, Agnes Laurence Kijazi, Mohammed Khamis Ngwali, and Asya Omar Hamad. "Assessment of the Off-season Rainfall of January to February 2020 and Its Socio Economic Implications in Tanzania: A Case Study of the Northern Coast of Tanzania." Journal of Atmospheric Science Research 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v4i2.3135.
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This article examines the off season rainfall in northern coast Tanzania (NCT) including Zanzibar which occurred in January and February 2020 (JF). Like the JF rainfalls of 2001, 2004, 2010, 2016 and 2018, the JF (2020) rainfall was more unique in damages including loss of lives, properties and infrastructures. The study used the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to examine the cause of uniqueness of JF rainfall in 2001, 2004, 2010, 2016, 2018 and 2020 over NCT and Zanzibar. These datasets include monthly mean u, v wind at 850, 700, 500, and 200 mb; SSTs, mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies, Dipole Mode Index (DMI), and monthly rainfall from NCT and Zanzibar stations. Datasets were processed and calculated into long term, seasonal, and monthly averages, indeed, Precipitation Index (PI) was calculated. Correlation analysis between the rainfall (December to January), SST, DMI and 850 mb wind vectors; and long-term percentage contribution of investigated parameters was calculated. Results revealed significant positive and negative correlations between JF rainfall, SSTs and DMI. Moreover, JFs of 2004 and 2016 had higher rainfalls of 443 mm with percentage contribution of up to 406%, while January and February, 2020 had the highest of 269.1 and 101.1mm in Zanzibar and 295 and 146.1 mm over and NCT areas, with highest January long-term rainfall contribution of 356% in Zanzibar and 526% over NCT. The DJF (2019/20) had the highest rainfall record of 649.5 mm in Zanzibar contributing up to 286%, while JF 2000 rainfall had a good spatial and temporal distribution over most NCT areas. JF, 2020 rainfall had impacts of more than 20 people died in Lindi and several infrastructures including Kiyegeya Bridge in Morogoro were damaged. Conclusively, more research works on understanding the dynamics of wet and dry JF seasons should be conducted.
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Mittal, Himanshu, Babita Sharma, Manisha Sandhu, and Dinesh Kumar. "Spatial distribution of high-frequency spectral decay factor kappa (κ) for Delhi, India." Acta Geophysica, September 24, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11600-021-00674-7.
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Sharma, Rajveer, Ravi Kumar Kunchala, Sunil Ojha, Pankaj Kumar, Deeksha Khandelwal, Satinath Gargari, and Sundeep Chopra. "SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FOSSIL FUEL CO2 IN MEGACITY DELHI DETERMINED USING RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS IN PEEPAL (FICUS RELIGIOSA) TREE LEAVES." Radiocarbon, August 29, 2023, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2023.66.
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ABSTRACT The quantification of fossil-fuel derived carbon dioxide (CO2ff) emissions is critical for regional carbon budgets. Radiocarbon (14C) is an effective tool to estimate the contribution of CO2ff to the total atmospheric CO2. In the present study, we have determined the spatial distribution of fossil fuel derived CO2 across Delhi using 14C measurements in Peepal tree leaves from April 2016 to March 2017 at city scale. Our analysis results show that the Δ14C values vary between –67.78‰ to 5.61‰ and corresponding CO2ff values are varying from 1.63 ppm to 33.34 ppm. CO2ff values from campus sites vary between 6.99 ppm to 16.38 ppm with an average value of 10.22 ± 3.20 ppm, while CO2ff values vary from 2.41 ppm to 33.34 ppm with an average value of 13.32 ± 9.40 ppm for sites located in the parks. Further, we observed the higher contributions of fossil fuels in the CO2 from northwest Delhi, central Delhi, and some parts of east and southwest Delhi. In the absence of real-time CO2 monitoring, the results of this study provide a potential method for analyzing the contribution of CO2ff values over the urban landscape to total CO2 over the study region.
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"Temporal and Spatial Fluctuation of Noise Levels in the Closed Vicinity of Urban Roadways." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 5983–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c5914.098319.
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Noise pollution is a very critical issue for a better quality of life in urban settings. This study has been conducted to investigate the temporal and spatial fluctuation of noise levels in the vicinity of urban roadways. A total of twelve sites have been covered, eight in residential area and four in commercial area for this study. The monitoring of noise levels in residential and commercial areas in the capital city of India, Delhi, has been carried out from 18th of July to 12th of August 2017 using Sound Level Meter (Larson & Davis 831). The monitoring has been done only on working days and in good weather condition as per standard procedure, special care has been taken to reduce the effects of wind. Temporal distribution shows that the noise level in morning at the residential area has been more than the prescribed standard and reached up to 84.8 dB (A) in comparison to the commercial areas which has been remains up to 79.46 dB (A). Spatial distribution revealed that the noise level at Ashram Chowk remains in the range of 75 to 80 dB (A) which is maximum in comparison to all other selected location of residential area followed by Moolchand which remains in the range of 70 to 75 dB (A). In commercial area the noise levels remain in the range of 65 to 70 dB (A) at Connaught Place outer Circle (CPOC), which is remain maximum among all selected location. The noise level exceeds the recommendation of CPCB at all eight locations of residential area and two locations of commercial area out of four. It can be concluded that the residential area near urban roadways remains more prone to noise pollution in comparison to commercial area. Planning and public knowledge about the long term noise risk may help in to relieve the noise risk in urban areas
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Tafess, Ketema, Teresa Kisi Beyen, Sisay Girma, Asnakech Girma, and Gilman Siu. "Spatial clustering and genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate among pulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia." BMC Pulmonary Medicine 21, no. 1 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12890-021-01567-7.
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Abstract Background Tuberculosis remains a serious public health concern globally. The enormous social, economic, and health impacts of the diseases are attributed to the lack of updated data on the prevalence, geospatial distribution, population structures, and genotypic variants of the circulating M. tuberculosis. Methods Structured questionnaire, mycobacterial culture, and standard 24-Mycobacterial Interspersed Repeated Units-Variable Number Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) were employed to collect sociodemographic characters, residence linked information, and genotype the isolates. The retrospective discrete Bernoulli model was used to identify the hot spot districts of sputum smear positivity, and Web-based Miru-VNTRPlus were used for the identification of lineages and sublineages. Results Out of 832 presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) suspects, 119 (14.3%) were smear-positive. In the multivariate binary logistic model, PTB suspected patients in the age groups of 7–25 and 25–34 and those from rural residents were 4.53 (AOR = 4.53; 95% CI 2.25–9.13), 3.00 (AOR = 3.00; 95% CI 1.41–6.35) and 1.65 (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.01–2.70) times at higher risk of turning smear-positive. Eleven (47.8%) districts of Arsi Zone were shown to have a high rate of clustering (RR = 2.27; 95% CI 1.62–3.2) of smear-positive PTB. Of 72 isolates queried for the lineage assignment, 59 (81.9%) were classified into the previously known lineages and 13 (18.1%) were not assigned to any known lineages. Overall, 42 (58.3%) belong to M. tuberculosis lineage 4 (Euro-American), 16 (22.2%) M. tuberculosis lineage 3 (Delhi/CAS), and 1 (1.4%) M. tuberculosis Lineage 1 (Indo-Oceanic/ East Africa Indian). Further classification to the sublineage indicates that the predominant lineage was Delhi/CAS comprising 16 (22.2%) isolates followed by 15 (20.8%) isolates belonging to Haarlem. The remaining isolates were distributed as 13 (18.1%) TUR, 6 (8.3%) LAM, 4 (5.5%) URAL, 4 (4.5%) NEW-1 and 1 (1.4%) EAI. Conclusion Our study showed higher smear-positive results among PTB suspected patients and remarkable spatial variation across districts of Arsi Zone in smear-positive PTB. This information together with the genotypic features could be used as input for the efforts of designing control strategies.
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Sharma, Jyoti P., Prabodha R. Sahoo, and E. V. S. S. K. Babu. "Evidence of ore-bearing fluid interaction with Proterozoic metasediments for the genesis of scapolite in parts of the North Delhi Fold Belt, western India." Geological Magazine, September 7, 2022, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756822000681.
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Abstract Scapolite occurrences are widely observed in the metasedimentary rocks exposed around the Khetri Copper Belt and adjoining Nim ka Thana copper mineralized area in western India. Amoeboidal to well-developed and rounded/elliptical-shaped marialitic scapolite (Na-rich end-member) rich zones with variable Cl contents ranging from 1.0 wt % to 2.9 wt % have been identified in proximity to the ore-bearing hydrothermal fluid activity zones. Although scapolite is formed as a product of regional metamorphism in many places, in this study, we propose a strong possibility that scapolite was formed by hydrothermal ore-bearing fluid interaction with metasediments. The evidence of hydrothermal activity and Cl sourcing is attributed to (i) the absence of evaporite beds in the area and no Na-rich plagioclase as inclusions within the scapolite suggesting the formation of marialitic scapolite from sodic plagioclase in the metasediments with the interacting hydrothermal fluid; (ii) an epithermal to mesothermal hydrothermal fluid with moderate salinity responsible for the Cu mineralization that is ascribed to be the source of Cl for the formation of marialitic scapolite; (iii) diffusion of SO2 in the scapolite in close association with the sulfide mineral phase (chalcopyrite) supporting the involvement of ore-bearing fluid in the development of scapolite; (iv) the absence of zoned scapolite, the spatial distribution of scapolite in a particular lithology, the occasional incorporation of sulfur into marialitic scapolite and the texture/geometry in the scapolite suggesting a broad hydrothermal linkage instead of a pure metamorphic origin.
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Pandit, Shreya, Savitesh Mishra, Ashish Mittal, and Anil Kumar Devrani. "Nowcasting Severity of Thunderstorm Associated with Strong Wind Flow Over Indian Subcontinent: Resource Lightning Surges." ATMÓSFERA, August 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20937/atm.53042.
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Lightning Detection Systems (LDS) have a vital role in the real-time identification of the location of lightning strikes for the purpose of weather forecasting and issuing warning with sufficient lead time for safe operations. The spatial and temporal distribution of lightning, formulated using LDS observations, can be an objective input to infer and refine the climatology of Thunderstorm (TS) over a region. This study uses the data of Indian Air Force (IAF) LDS network to prepare climatological plots of lightning over India and to formulate location-specific TS guidance for a total of 12 Indian airports. The analysis of climatological plots reveals that there is a distinct warm-season preponderance of lightning strikes over Indian subcontinent, with pre-monsoon months receiving the maximum lightning. The most probable time of occurrence being 1200-1400 UTC during all the seasons across the country. Location-specific TS guidance not only signifies the most probable direction of occurrence of TS with respect to the airport, but also clearly brings out the favourable direction of movement. Hence, the same can be judiciously used as nowcasting aid coupled with actual LDS and Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) observations. Further, the characteristics features of lightning, like surges in flash rate, can be objectively used to define a predictor for nowcasting severe weather associated with a TS cloud. The study of these surges in lightning flash rate visa vis occurrence of Strong Surface Winds (SSW) > 60 kmph over Delhi National Capital Region(NCR), indicated that there is an increase in the number of lightning flashes prior to the occurrence of SSW. 77.5 % occurrences are preceded by surges in flash rate within 45 minutes of the occurrence of SSW, however, the probability of detection of the event with a lead time of 15 to 45 minutes is around 71%.
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Sahoo, Bishnu Prasad, and Himanshu Bhushan Sahu. "Assessment of metal pollution in surface water using pollution indices and multivariate statistics: a case study of Talcher coalfield area, India." Applied Water Science 12, no. 9 (August 9, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01743-y.
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AbstractMetal pollution in aquatic environment of coal mines is of serious concern and requires to be dealt with to maintain sustainable mining practices. The spatio-temporal variation in metal pollution of surface water of Talcher coalfield area were determined by using multivariate statistical techniques and pollution indices. A total of 56 water samples were collected and analyzed for Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Co, Se, As, Hg, Cr, Ni, Mn, and Al in pre-monsoon and monsoon season. Spatial distribution maps were prepared so that the quality of surface water could easily be recognized. High values of Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Degree of Contamination (Dc), and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) were observed for 3%, 6%, 0% samples in pre-monsoon and 1%, 6%, 3% samples in monsoon. Sewage Treatment Plants (STP), Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP), and Mine Discharge Treatment Plants (MDTP) were found to have low to moderate efficiency in treating metals. The HPI of streams and rivers were observed to be higher in pre-monsoon than that of the monsoon season possibly due to dilution effect caused by intense rain in monsoon. The HPI of downstream was noted to be higher than the upstream indicating pollution due to mine effluent discharge. The average concentrations of Cd, Se, As, Ni, and Al in pre-monsoon and Fe, Cd, Se, As, Ni, and Al in monsoon exceeded the permissible drinking water limits set by WHO (WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2011) and BIS (BIS (2012) Drinking water specifications 2nd revision. Bureau of Indian standards (IS 10500: 2012). New Delhi. ftp://law.resource.org/in/bis/S06/is.10500.2012.pdf). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significant seasonal variation (p < 0.05) of Fe concentration between pre-monsoon and monsoon. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified major sources of metal pollution in water such as earth’s crust and the geological formation of the region, coal mining activities, industrial pollution, vehicular emission and coal burning. Cluster analysis (CA) identified 19 moderately polluted sites, 6 highly polluted sites, 3 very highly polluted sites and 1 severely polluted site in and around the Talcher coalfield area. This study is useful for formulating the metal pollution mitigation plan to enhance the water quality of Talcher coalfield area which affect the aquatic organism as well as the human health.
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Mishra, Seema, Sanjay Dwivedi, Amit Kumar, Jürgen Mattusch, and R. D. Tripathi. "Current Status of Ground Water Arsenic Contamination in India and Recent Advancements in Removal Techniques from Drinking Water." International Journal of Plant and Environment 2, no. 1-2 (October 25, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v2i1-2.6613.
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India is consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories, including a national capital, Delhi. Elevated concentrations (>10 g l ) of arsenic (As) in ground water (GW) -1 of many states of India have become a major concern in recent years. Up to now about 0.2 million GW samples have been analyzed for As contamination from all over India by various researchers and Government agencies. About 90% of these cover only the Eastern part of India while several states and UTs are still unexplored. However, from the available data, GW of eighteen Indian states and three union territories has been found to be As contaminated to different extents through natural or anthropogenic origin. Among these, As >300 μg l has been reported from at least one locality from fourteen states. The -1 maximum level of As (7350 μg l ) in GW has been reported from a highly industrialized -1 area, Patancheru in Medak district of Andhra Pradesh. However, the gravity of problem is more in West Bengal followed by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Five out of eight North-Eastern states are also affected by As contamination. Manipur is ranked first and Assam as second followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura and Nagaland. The GW in these regions is naturally As enriched, and therefore wide spatial distribution of As has been found in these areas. In North India, Punjab and Haryana and in South India, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are suffering with GW As contamination. Low level of As (up to 17 μg l ) has also -1 been reported in Tamil Nadu from South India. Many of the states like Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Gujrat, Kerala, Telengana, Goa etc. are still unexplored for GW As contamination. Thus, according to current reports out of 640 districts in India, 141 are As affected (As >10 g l-1), among them 120 are above 50 g l-1. Considering its severity, the issue of As contamination in drinking water has been taken up by the Government of India and mitigation efforts are being initiated. In order to provide safe drinking water, different agencies/ organizations have developed eco-friendly, cost effective devices/ filtration techniques having higher As removal capacity. Here we elucidated the current status of GWAs contamination in different states of India and the new developments of mitigation options.