Dissertations / Theses: 'NBS'

1

Sagan, Daniel. "Untersuchungen zur Strahlensensitivität von NBS Zellen." Diss., lmu, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-50007.

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2

Hanuščáková, Valéria. "Menová politka NBS a prijatie eura." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72763.

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The topic of the thesis is the monetary policy of the National Bank of Slovakia and the adoption of euro. The content of the thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The first part is devoted to the main representative of monetary policy in Slovakia, the National Bank of Slovakia, and description of the activities performed and the tools used while implementing the policy. In addition, the work focuses on the prerequisite of adoption of the common European currency, namely the formation and the history of the economic and monetary union. The main objective, the practical part of the thesis, is the secondary research analysis devoted to the implementation of monetary policy of the National Bank of Slovakia from the Bank's formation itself, through very important events such as change in FX rate in 1998, access to the ERM II system in 2005, adoption of euro in 2009 till the present time. In the final chapter, the thesis focuses on the evaluation of euro adoption in Slovakia via primary research conducted through questionnaire designed for Slovak citizens. Closure part consists of my personal analysis of euro implementation whereby I'll remit to advantages just as disadvantages which have been caused by our new mutual currency.

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3

Santillán, Iniesta Itzel. "Obtención de alfa-bromocetonas a partir de metilaril cetonas." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/65724.

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Describe una manera fácil y barata para preparar cetonas bromadas en buen rendimiento.
Con el interés de proponer nuevas rutas para la obtención de α-bromocarbonilos, se desarrolló un método para la síntesis de dichos compuestos a partir de metilarilcetonas mediante una metodología fácil, bajo condiciones de reacción suaves incluyendo el uso concomitante de ácido tartárico, N-bromosuccinimida (NBS) y Nitrato Cérico Amoniacal (CAN).
Proyecto No. 3804/2014 financiado por la Secretaría de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México.

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Gamble, Rex Surachat. "Evaluating Streambank Retreat Prediction Using the BANCS Model in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103819.

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Excess sediment in streams is harmful to the environment, economy, and human health. Streambanks account for an estimated 7-92% of sediment and 6-93% of total-phosphorus loads to streams depending on the watershed. Stream stabilization through stream restoration has become a common practice to satisfy the 2010 Chesapeake Bay total maximum daily load (TMDL) due its value in credits received per dollar spent. Bank erosion is most commonly credited through the Bank Assessment for Non-point source Consequences of Sediment (BANCS) framework, an empirically-derived model that predicts bankfull bank erosion rates using Bank Erodibility Hazard Index (BEHI), an indicator of bank stability, and Near-Bank Stress (NBS), an indicator of applied flow energy at bankfull discharge. This study assessed the BANCS framework in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province where it has not previously been applied. The spatial and temporal variability of erosion data was assessed to determine the impact of different erosion measurement schemes on bank erosion estimates and BANCS curves, and alternate NBS methods that capture flow energy beyond bankfull were applied. Three years of monthly erosion data on 64 streambanks were used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of erosion measurements and subsequently develop the erosion curves. Predicted erosion rates were then compared to measured erosion rates on three banks in the Valley and Ridge of Southwest Virginia. Analysis of spatial variability suggests bank retreat measurements should be made every three channel widths to reliably quantify reach-scale load estimates. Furthermore, a minimum monitoring period of 12 months is recommended to ensure seasonal patterns in bank retreat are captured. These results also bring into question the efficacy of the BANCS model as a crediting tool, as the developed statistical relationships between erosion rates, BEHI, and multiple NBS methods were not statistically significant. The limited number of significant curves had low r2 values (r2 < 0.1) indicating measures of NBS and BEHI do not adequately explain the natural variability of bank retreat in the Valley and Ridge of Southwest Virginia.
Master of Science
While sediment naturally occurs in streams, too much sediment in these systems is harmful to the environment, economy, and human health. Streambanks contribute an estimated 7-92% of sediment pollution into streams. Stabilizing streambanks with stream restoration has become a common practice to reduce sediment for the 2010 Chesapeake Bay pollutant diet. The sediment reduction of bank stabilization is most commonly estimated with the Bank Assessment for Non-point source Consequences of Sediment (BANCS) framework, a model that predicts bank erosion rates using Bank Erodibility Hazard Index (BEHI), an indicator of bank stability, and Near-Bank Stress (NBS), an indicator of flow energy when the stream channel is full of water. This study assessed the BANCS framework in the Southwest (SW) Virginia where it has not previously been applied. In this process, the variability of the erosion data in space and time was assessed to determine the impact of different erosion measurement methodologies on bank erosion estimates and BANCS equations. Additionally, alternate NBS methods that represent flow energy below, at, and above the channel being full were tested. Three years of erosion data on 64 streambanks were used to assess the variability of erosion measurements in space and time and create new BANCS erosion equations. Predicted erosion rates using the new erosion equations were then compared to measured erosion rates on three banks in the area. Analysis of variability in space suggests bank retreat measurements should be made every three channel widths to reliably estimate erosion volume along a length of stream. Furthermore, a minimum measuring period of 12 months is recommended to ensure seasonal differences in bank retreat are captured. The results also bring into question the effectiveness of the BANCS model as a tool to estimate sediment reduction for the Chesapeake Bay pollutant diet, as the developed equations between erosion rates, BEHI, and multiple NBS methods were not significant. The limited number of significant curves had low r2 values (r2 < 0.1) indicating the measures of NBS and BEHI do not explain the natural variability of bank retreat in the study area.

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5

Čačková, Anna. "Monetary policy of NBS and convergence to EMU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15681.

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Diploma thesis is entitled Monetary policy of NBS and convergence to EMU. Introductory theoretical section describes the development of monetary unions in the past and the causes of their extinction. Subsequently, it is devoted to the foundation of the European Monetary Union in various stages, of its crisis and transition to the ERM II exchange rate system. It characterizes the nominal Maastricht criteria in theory. Following chapters constitute the practical part of the thesis. Chapters 2-4 discuss the monetary policy of the NBS and its roles and objectives. They outline monetary policy of NBS in the individual periods followed by an evaluation of measures and compliance with the main objectives, such as exchange rate stability, inflation targeting and inflation targeting in ERM II. The last chapter discusses the costs and benefits of euro, their comparison and evaluation of the appropriateness of the timing of entry into EMU. Real convergence is emphasised and represented by GDP per capita, the adjustment of price levels, employment and foreign trade. Nominal convergence is represented by Maastricht convergence criteria and their implementation. The development of various criteria is compared with the countries of V4 -- Czech republic, Poland and Hungary. Finally it summarises the overall functioning of the National Bank in the field of monetary policy, the appreciation of the euro advantages and appropriateness of the timing.

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ARAÚJO, Flávia Tadeu de. "Genes de resistência a patógenos em feijão-caupi e em outras leguminosas: caracterização e diversidade." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17337.

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FACEPE
A cultura do feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] apresenta importância econômica em nível internacional, entretanto ela é frequentemente acometida por uma diversidade de patógenos. Nesse contexto a família gênica NBS-LRR de genes de Resistência (R) se destaca devido ao seu papel fundamental na defesa das plantas contra o ataque de patógenos, sendo a maior e mais diversificada família desse grupo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar genes NBS-LRR em feijão-caupi, desenvolver marcadores moleculares RGA (Resistance Gene Analogs) e validar genes diferencialmente expressos em uma interação planta-vírus. Inicialmente, sequências candidatas para genes NBS-LRR foram obtidas no banco de dados NordEST, procedendo-se com a anotação dos dados, tradução e identificação dos domínios conservados por meio de ferramentas in silico. Um total de 57 sequências NBS-LRR completas foi identificado em feijão-caupi. Como as proteínas codificadas pelos genes R apresentam domínios e motivos conservados, foi possível desenvolver marcadores RGAs usando as sequências de feijão-caupi como sonda contra o banco de Phaseolus vulgaris L. Foram desenhados 16 pares de iniciadores para P. vulgaris, identificando-se um percentual de 87,5% de transferibilidade para o feijão-caupi. Destes, dois foram polimórficos e apresentaram segregação mendeliana em uma população de mapeamento para o vírus do mosaico severo do feijão-caupi (CPSMV). Os 57 candidatos foram ancorados nos 20 pseudocromossomos de Glycine max (L.) Merr., verificando-se repetições in tandem deste grupo gênico. A análise de expressão gênica diferencial in silico foi realizada utilizando dados de RNAseq e SuperSAGE. A validação da expressão gênica via RT-qPCR foi através do desenho de primers, com os dados de SuperSAGE, onde três genes alvo apresentaram indução nos níveis de expressão após 16 horas da inoculação com o patógeno. Esses resultados mostram-se valiosos para o melhoramento genético do feijão-caupi.
The cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] culture has an international economic importance, however it is often affected by a diversity of pathogens. In this context the NBS-LRR family of resistance (R) genes stands out because of its key role in plant defense against pathogen attack, being the largest and most diverse family of this group. The present work aimed the characterization of NBS-LRR genes from cowpea, the development of RGA (resistance gene analogs) markers and the validation of differentially expressed genes in plant-virus interaction. Initially, NBS-LRR gene candidate sequences were obtained from NordEST database, proceeding with data annotation, translation and identification of conserved domains through in silico methods. A total of 57 NBS-LRR complete sequences were identified for cowpea. Since R-gene encoded proteins exhibit conserved domains and motifs, it was possible to develop RGA markers using cowpea sequences as probes against Phaseolus vulgaris L. Sixteen primer pairs of P. vulgaris were designed, from which 87.5% were transferable to cowpea. From those, two were polymorphic and showed Mendelian segregation in a mapping population for the cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV). The 57 candidates were anchored in the 20 Glycine max (L.) Merr. pseudo-chromosomes, revealing in tandem repetitions for this group of gene. Differential gene expression analysis in silico was performed using data from RNAseq and SuperSAGE. The validation of gene expression by RT-qPCR was carried out after design of primers using SuperSAGE data, from which three target genes presented induction in expression levels at 16 hours after the pathogen inoculation. These results represent valuable data for the genetic improvement of cowpea.

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7

Jalali, Elnaz. "Regiospecific P-Bromination of Activated Aromatic Systems – Greener Approach." TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1950.

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The halogenated derivatives of heterocyclic compounds (haloarenes) are highly utilized in many fields of chemistry, including drug discovery, medicinal, and material chemistry. There are a variety of ways to functionalize an aromatic system and introduce halogen substituent into the ring. However, electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) has been the focus of growing attention, particularly for electronrich substrates. Electrophilic aromatic bromination protocols are one of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. However, preparation of bromoarenes classically recommends the use of highly oxidative agents along with utilizing various metal catalysts in a halogenated solvent. The corrosive and toxic nature of these reagents and need of harsh conditions for these protocols make their utility less desirable in current practice. Furthermore, lack of regioselectivity for most substituted aromatics is the other distinguished drawback, since most products contain ortho/para directors which afford a mixture of isomers. The innovation of our procedure for the bromination of various substituted aromatic compounds is twofold in that highly regiospecific para-bromination of activated aryls by treatment with NBS has been accomplished. Although various reaction mediums, such as cyclohexane, acetone, and acetonitrile has been used in this procedure, the significant high yields of the product formation along with the very short reaction times using acetonitrile make this approach more attractive. That this regiospecific p-substitution takes place under such mild conditions leads us to question whether it is EAS.

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8

Boltman, Taahirah. "Liposomal drug delivery to brain cancer cells." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4706.

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Master of Science (Nanoscience)
Neuroblastomas (NBs) are the most common solid extra-cranial tumours diagnosed in childhood and characterized by a high risk of tumour relapse. Like in other tumour types, there are major concerns about the specificity and safety of available drugs used for the treatment of NBs, especially because of potential damage to the developing brain. Many plant-derived bioactive compounds have proved effective for cancer treatment but are not delivered to tumour sites in sufficient amounts due to compromised tumour vasculature characterized by leaky capillary walls. Betulinic acid (BetA) is one such naturally-occurring anti-tumour compound with minimum to no cytotoxic effects in healthy cells and rodents. BetA is however insoluble in water and most aqueous solutions, thereby limiting its therapeutic potential as a pharmaceutical product. Liposomes are self-assembling closed colloidal structures composed of one or more concentric lipid bilayers surrounding a central aqueous core. The unique ability of liposomes to entrap hydrophilic molecules into the core and hydrophobic molecules into the bilayers renders them attractive for drug delivery systems. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are non-reducing cyclic oligosaccharides which proximate a truncated core, with features of a hydrophophilic outer surface and hydrophobic inner cavity for forming host-guest inclusion complexes with poorly water soluble molecules. CDs and liposomes have recently gained interest as novel drug delivery vehicles by allowing lipophilic/non-polar molecules into the aqueous core of liposomes, hence improving the therapeutic load, bioavailability and efficacy of many poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim of the study was to develop nano-drug delivery systems for BetA in order to treat human neuroblastoma (NB) cancer cell lines. This was achieved through the preparation of BetA liposomes (BetAL) and improving the percent entrapment efficiency (% EE) of BetA in liposomes through double entrapment of BetA and gamma cyclodextrin BetA inclusion complex (γ-CD-BetA) into liposomes (γ-CD-BetAL). We hypothesized that the γ-CD-BetAL would produce an increased % EE compared to BetAL, hence higher cytotoxic effects. Empty liposomes (EL), BetAL and γ-CD-BetAL were synthesized using the thin film hydration method followed by manual extrusion. Spectroscopic and electron microscopic characterization of these liposome formulations showed size distributions of 1-4 μm (before extrusion) and less than 200 nm (after extrusion). As the liposome size decreased, the zeta-potential (measurement of liposome stability) decreased contributing to a less stable liposomal formulation. Low starting BetA concentrations were found to be more effective in entrapping higher amounts of BetA in liposomes while the incorporation of γ-CD-BetA into liposomes enhanced the % EE when compared to BetAL, although this was not statistically significant. Cell viability studies using the WST-1 assay showed a time-and concentration-dependent decrease in SK-N-BE(2) and Kelly NB cell lines exposed to free BetA, BetAL and γ-CD-BetAL at concentrations of 5-20 ug/ml for 24, 48 and 72 hours treatment durations. The observed cytotoxicity of liposomes was dependant on the % EE of BetA. The γ-CD-BetAL was more effective in reducing cell viability in SK-N-BE(2) cells than BetAL whereas BetAL was more effective in KELLY cells at 48-72 hours. Exposure of all cells to EL showed no toxicity while free BetA was more effective overall than the respective liposomal formulations. The estimated IC₅₀ values following exposure to free BetA and BetAL were similar and both showed remarkable statistically significant decrease in NB cell viability, thus providing a basis for new hope in the effective treatment of NBs.

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9

Tameling, Wladimir Igor Leander. "Disease resistance proteins of the NBS-LRR class: molecular switches of plant defense." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2005. http://dare.uva.nl/document/88684.

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10

Cho, Jae-Min. "Isolation and characterization of resistance gene analogs (RGAs) in sorghum." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2375.

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The largest group of plant disease resistance (R) genes that share similar structures contains a predicted nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domain. NBS domains of this class of R genes show highly conserved amino acid motifs, which makes it possible to isolate resistance gene analogs (RGAs) by PCR with degenerate primers and homology searches from public databases. Multiple combinations of degenerate primers were designed from three conserved motifs (one motif was used for a subgroup-specific primer design) in the NBS regions of R genes of various plants. All combinations of primer pairs were used to amplify genomic DNA from sorghum. TIR-specific primer combinations showed no PCR amplification in sorghum. Homology searches identified many NBS-encoding sequences among the expressed or genomic molecular database entries for sorghum. Motif analysis of the sorghum NBS sequences that were identified in this study revealed eight major conserved motifs plus two additional highly conserved motifs, but no TIR-specific motifs. Phylogenetic analysis of sorghum NBS sequences showed tree topology typical of NBS-LRR genes, including clustered nodes and longbranch lengths. Eleven distinct families of NBS sequences, representing a highly diverse sample, were isolated from Sorghum bicolor. With two exceptions, sorghum RGA families appeared to be closely related in sequence to at least one R-gene cloned from other species. In addition, deduced amino acid sequences of sorghum RGAs showed strong sequence similarity to almost all known non-TIR (Toll/Interleukin 1 Receptor)- type R-genes. Mapping with sorghum RGA markers revealed one linkage group containing four out of ten randomly selected markers, suggesting non-random distribution of NBS sequences in the sorghum genome. Rice sequences homologous to sorghum NBS sequences were found from two-way BLAST searches. Some of them were shown to be orthologs, when determined by using phylogenetic approaches which combined five different evolution models and tree-building methods.

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11

山下, 浩司, Hiroshi Yamashita, 美奈子大森, Minako Ohmori, 邦秀西澤, and Kunihide Nishizawa. "NBS-RM-49蓚酸標準体のδ^<13>C." 名古屋大学年代測定資料研究センター天然放射性元素測定小委員会, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13418.

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Mahmoudi, Michael. "Statins activate a novel NBS-1-dependent mechanism of accelerating DNA repair in atherosclerosis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611331.

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13

Thapa, Rajesh. "Regioselectivity in Free Radical Bromination of Unsymmetrical Dimethylated Pyridines." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1263340046.

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14

Herchl, Peter. "Přínosy a náklady přijetí společné evropské měny v malé otevřené ekonomice (na příkladu Slovenska)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199245.

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The master thesis focuses on the influence of common European currency in Slovakia. Slovakia represents small transitive economy with high degree of openness and long-term experience from participation in common monetary union. The aim of the thesis is to analyse observed and potential benefits and costs that are emerging from adoption of common European currency in Slovakia. The analysis is based not only on quantified determinants, but also on the basis of observed alternative evaluation criteria, which are providing complex picture of macroeconomic development and performance of Slovak economy in comparison with other countries of Eurozone and European Union. Analyses that are used in the thesis are based on theoretical findings that are described in the first chapter. This chapter deals with criteria defined by the theory of optimal monetary unions, real convergence, but also with the most significant benefits and costs defined by the European Commission and economic theory. The thesis deals with the monetary politics in Slovakia before and after 2009 with focus on loss of autonomous monetary policy as the most significant cost of entry to European Monetary Union and also with analysis of the nominal convergence criteria that are needed to accept in case of adopting common European currency.

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15

Gard, Pascal. "Etudes vibrationnelles et dynamique de réseau des semiconducteurs ZrS₃, TiS₃, Zr₁-ₓTiₓS₃ et NbS₂Cl₂." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10561.

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Etude par spectrometrie, resonance raman et diffusion raman normale. Mise en evidence de deux transitions excitoniques en interference pour zrs::(3); les frequences de phonons observes dans les phases ternaires sont interpretes par un calcul de champ de force de valence applique a zrs::(3) et tis::(3). Une etude en ir et raman du chlorosulfure a permis d'attribuer toutes les bandes observees en termes de symetrie. Les profils d'excitation raman apparents et corriges ont ete obtenus a partir des conditions de pre-resonance raman avec des transitions directes permises. Les spectres raman de resonance exacte ont ete interpretes

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Curlis, Yvette M. "Attitudes towards newborn screening for Pompe disease among affected adults, family members and parents of 'healthy' children /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/7065.

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Pompe disease is a rare autosomal recessive condition caused by a deficiency in lysosomal alpha glucosidase. It is a progressive and often fatal muscular disease with wide variation in clinical presentation. Two broad clinical categories of Pompe disease have been identified; infantile- and late- onset. In the past decade, enzyme replacement therapy has shown promising results in treating the underlying pathology, resulting in improved clinical outcome. Clinical trials indicating that initiation of treatment at an earlier disease stage leads to a higher chance of preventing permanent damage have led to the proposition of introducing newborn screening for Pompe disease. All forms of Pompe disease are caused by the same pathology, and thus newborn screening has the potential to identify those affected with the more severe infantile-onset form as well as those with late-onset disease who may not present with symptoms until late in life.
The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes towards newborn screening for Pompe disease among affected adults, their family members and parents of ‘healthy’ children. Affected adults were recruited through support groups in Australia, the United Kingdom and United States; family members of affected adults were recruited from Australia; and parents of ‘healthy’ children were recruited through maternal child health clinics in Victoria, Australia. Participants completed questionnaires exploring their experiences of Pompe disease and/or newborn screening and their attitudes towards newborn screening for Pompe disease.
Support for newborn screening for Pompe disease was high among adults with Pompe disease (85.4%), parents of ‘healthy’ children (93.9%) and all three family members of affected adults who participated in this study. However, when offered a theoretical screening test that would only identify infantile-onset Pompe disease, 42.1% of adults with Pompe disease and 53.1% of parents of ‘healthy’ children preferred this screen, indicating that these stakeholders have some concerns regarding detection of late-onset disease in infancy. Factors influencing attitudes were investigated and support for newborn screening in affected adults was highly correlated with age of onset of disease; a preference to have been diagnosed in infancy; a belief that an earlier diagnosis would have made symptoms easier to cope with; and a stronger confidence in the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy.
Potential benefits of diagnosis of late-onset disease in infancy were identified as being able to avoid the diagnosis odyssey, access enzyme replacement therapy at the optimal time, and allow individuals to make appropriate life choices. Participants identified increased anxiety in parents and the potential for over-protectiveness, in addition to possible discrimination, as harms of newborn screening for Pompe disease.
Families in which an infant is identified with the potential for late-onset Pompe disease will need assistance to adapt to and manage this diagnosis, so that anxiety is minimised and unnecessary limitations are not placed on the child. Whilst potential medical and psychosocial benefits can result from newborn screening, it is important to carefully consider the potential for harm and the resources required to appropriately manage these so that ultimately benefit outweighs harm.

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Maneva, Galina Stoyanova [Verfasser]. "Nijmegen Breakage Syndrom (NBS) : Krebsrisiko bei Heterozygotie für die Mutationen 657del5 und R215W / Galina Stoyanova Maneva." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1026174643/34.

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Moreira, João Suender. "Identificação de proteínas antimicrobianas de flores de alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides): uma nova estratégia no combate a patógenos." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2009. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2732.

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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Um dos principais problemas mundiais na agricultura está diretamente relacionado às enormes perdas na produção causada por fungos fitopatogenicos, onde sua infecção nas culturas se dá desde o plantio até a pós- colheita. O fungo Botrytis cinerea, causador do mofo cinzento em mais de 200 espécies de plantas é um grande problema no agronegócio em todo o mundo. O uso de fungicidas é o principal método de controle em plantas, enquanto os resultados obtidos de imediato e a facilidade de aplicação justificam o seu uso. No entanto, o uso contínuo de fungicidas pode promover a seleção de fungos resistentes além de causar a contaminação de ecossistemas. Com o objetivo de encontrar uma solução para esse problema, diversos estudos tem se concentrado na busca de novas alternativas de controle, como por exemplo, as proteínas de plantas com atividades antifúngicas (AFPs). Nesse sentido, uma seleção de peptídeos antimicrobianos de flores, folhas e sementes de espécies do gênero Lippia bem como o isolamento de peptídeos antifúngicos de flores de Lippia sidoides foi o objetivo desse trabalho. Neste trabalho, a purificação e identificação de dois novos peptídeos de aproximadamente 10 kDa e 15 kDa de flores de Alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides) foi descrito. As flores de L. sidoides, depois de secadas em estufa a 25o por cinco dias, foram submetidas à extração de proteínas com solução de HCl 0,1% e NaCl 0,6M, seguido por precipitação com sulfato de amônia (100%). Após a precipitação, o extrato foi dialisado contra água destilada (cut off 1,0 kDa) e liofilizado. A fração rica foi aplicada em cromatografia hidrofóbica Octyl-sepharose, seguida por cromatografia de fase-reversa de HPLC (Vydac C18-TP). Bioensaios com EB, e fração PR in vitro indicaram a inibição do crescimento do fungo Botrytis cinerea. As sequências N-terminal, obtidas por degradação de Edman, seguidas por alinhamento indicam que esses dois peptídeos podem ser classificados com proteínas R NBS-LRR. Esta descoberta pode contribuir, futuramente, para o desenvolvimento de produtos biotecnológicos como drogas antifúngicas e plantas transgênicas com resistência elevada a fungos patogênicos.
One of the major global issues in agriculture could be directly related to the severe production crop losses caused by phytopathogenic fungi, especially when infection affects post-harvest cultures. In this view, the fungus Botrytis cinerea is able to cause gray mold in more than 200 species of plants, being considered a major problem for the agribusiness. The use of fungicides is a primary fungi control method in plants, due to velocity and facility of application. However, the continuous use of fungicides may promote the selection of resistant fungi and also the ecosystems contamination. Aiming to find different solutions to this problem, several studies have focused on the search for new alternatives to fungi control, such as plant proteins with antifungal activities (AFPs). In this view, a selection of antimicrobial peptides from flowers, leaves and seeds from Lippia genus and further isolation of antifungal peptides from Lippia sidoides flowers was focused in this work. In this work, the purification and identification of two novel peptides of approximately 10 kDa and 15 kDa from flowers of rosemary-pepper (L. sidoides) was described. L. sidoides flowers were oven dried at 25 oC for 5 days, following protein extraction with a solution containing 0.1% HCl 0.6 M NaCl, and further ammonium sulfate precipitation (100%). After precipitation the extract was dialyzed against distilled water (cut off 1.0 kDa) and lyophilized. The rich fraction was applied onto an Octyl-Sepharose hydrophobic chromatography, followed by HPLC reversed-phase chromatography (Vydac C18-TP). Bioassays using crude extract and in vitro PR fraction indicated the inhibition of Botrytis cinerea growth. N-termini sequences, obtained by the Edman degradation, followed by alignment indicate that these two peptides can be classified as NBS-LRR R proteins. This discovery may help in a near future to the development of biotechnology products such as antifungal drugs and transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens.

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19

David, Perrine. "Organisation physique et évolution moléculaire du locus B4 de gènes de résistance chez Phaseolus vulgaris." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112292.

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Le locus de résistance B4 de Phaseolus vulgaris, localisé en région sub-télomérique du bras court du chromosome 4, est un locus particulièrement complexe regroupant de nombreux gènes de résistance spécifique ainsi que des QTLs de résistance dirigés contre des champignons des virus et des bactéries. Une carte physique du locus B4 a été réalisée à partir de clones génomiques de type BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) du génotype BAT93. Environ 650 kb du locus B4 ont été complètement séquencés et annotés, révélant l’existence d’environ 30 séquences de type CNL (Coiled coil-Nucleotide Binding Site-Leucine Rich Repeat), classe prépondérante des gènes de résistance spécifique chez les plantes, réparties en 4 « sous-clusters ». Cette séquence de 650 kb a servi de base pour réaliser différents types d’analyses : développement de marqueurs moléculaires liés à des gènes R, étude d’expression, de diversité et de micro-synténie avec les génomes de Medicago trucatula et Lotus japonicus. L’excellente synténie observée dans cette région du génome entre ces espèces végétales a permis de démontrer que les séquences CNL de type B4 y sont absentes chez M. Truncatula et L. Japonicus. Ces analyses, couplées à des études phylogénétiques, ont permis de proposer que les séquences CNL du locus B4, proviennent d’un évènement de recombinaison ectopique, impliquant des séquences CNL d’un autre locus de résistance du haricot localisé à l’extrémité du groupe de liaison B11, le locus « Co-2 ». Les processus de recombinaison ectopique représentent un nouveau mécanisme évolutif important pour la génération de la diversité moléculaire des gènes de résistance chez les plantes
The Phaseolus vulgaris B4 R-gene locus, located in sub-telomeric region of the short arm of the chromosome 4, is a complex locus harbouring many specific resistance gene as well as QTL against fungi, virus and bacteria. A physical map of the B4 R-gene locus has been constructed with Phaseolus vulgaris BAT93 genotype genomic BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) clones. We have completely sequenced and annotated a 650 kb region spanning this B4 R-gene cluster revealing the occurrence of 26 CNL (Coiled coil-Nucleotide Binding Site-Leucine Rich Repeat) sequences, the major specific resistance gene class, distributed in 4 sub-clusters. This 650 kb sequence served as a basis to build different types of analysis: molecular markers linked to R-genes development, expression analyses, diversity analyses, microsynteny analyses with the 2 model legumes genomes Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus. Conserved microsynteny was observed, with the notable exception of CNL sequences which appeared to be completely absent in the corresponding regions of M. Truncatula and L. Japonicus. These results, coupled with phylogenetic analysis, suggest that in the bean genome, CNL sequences of the B4 locus derived from CNL sequences from another cluster, the Co-2 cluster located at the end of the linkage group B11, through an ectopic recombination event between non-homologous chromosomes. Ectopic recombination represents therefore a new important evolutionary mechanism for the evolution of plant disease resistance genes

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20

Mafofo, Joseph. "Saturation sequencing, characterisation and mapping of the NBS-LRR resistance gene family in apple, Malus x domestica (Borkh)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9535_1269996826.

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To date five classes of resistance proteins have been identified in plants and these include the intracellular protein kinases, receptor-like protein kinases with extracellular leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, LRR proteins that encode membrane bound extracellular proteins, toxin reductase and intracellular LRR proteins with a nucleotide-binding site (NBS). These proteins recognise &ldquo
invading pathogen&rdquo
and in turn trigger defence response systems that act to protect plants from invading pathogens. The NBS-LRR genes which constitutes the major class encode a family of resistance proteins that are made up of a centrally located nucleotide binding site domain and a C-terminal leucine rich repeat receptor. This class of genes constitute the largest family of resistance genes identified in plants to date. They make up the majority of proteins involved in the plant basal and inducible defence systems against pathogen infection.

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21

Nikolakopoulou, Myrto-Georgia. "The functional role of emergent macrophytes in nature-based solutions (NBS) aiming to mitigate nutrient loading in freshwater ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672904.

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Freshwater degradation has been largely attributed to excess nutrient concentrations of anthropogenic origin. Freshwater degradation in combination with water scarcity are the reason of severe stress on water resources globally. As one third of the world’s population does not have access to clean drinking water, nutrient pollution is imperative to be addressed. Nature-based solutions (NBS) is a recent concept to address several societal challenges, using techniques inspired by nature, or by nature itself, while preserving ecosystem sustainability. Water security is among the essential societal challenges that NBS can address, with nutrient pollution of freshwater systems being one of its primary aspects. While NBS projects aiming to address nutrient loading in freshwater systems, conspicuously include emergent macrophytes in their design, there is a lack in mechanistic understanding of how these aquatic plants enhance water treatment performance. In the present doctoral thesis, we focused on bridging this knowledge gap by investigating the plants’ physical, chemical and biological influence on the subsurface aquatic environment and the implications for nutrient mitigation. Specifically, we examined subsurface solute transport and nutrient retention under the presence of three emergent macrophyte species; Iris pseudacorus L., Phragmites australis L., and Scirpus lacustris L., while we also explored the influence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) quality on nitrogen cycling. To this aim, we performed a series of three studies in a setup of 12 artificial flumes, where we used traditional methods of stream ecology (i.e. pulse additions of conservative and reactive tracers) to characterize subsurface solute transport and to estimate nutrient spiraling metrics. Likewise, we experimentally modified DOC lability in the flumes, and we characterized root system architecture of the used emergent macrophytes. Regarding the physical effect of macrophytes, our results showed that macrophytes root architecture can substantially influence subsurface solute transport. Specifically, a dense root system of fine roots results in increased hydraulic retention, while an architecture of thicker roots leads to inverse results, facilitating infiltration. Further, we found that the chemical and biological influence of emergent macrophytes on the subsurface aquatic environment is species specific, and depends on physiological differences between the species, and on the plants’ capacity to create long residence times in the subsurface. Additionally, the presence of emergent macrophytes was found to facilitate N removal, while the availability of a labile C source mostly increased microbial respiration, rather than denitrification. Finally, in the general discussion of the thesis, we discuss the above results and further synthesized them with information from the literature, within the context of NBS. Overall, the present doctoral thesis elucidates some unclear aspects of the functional role of emergent macrophytes in NBS aiming nutrient mitigation, highlight the importance of suitable macrophyte species selection in NBS systems to optimize treatment performance, and provides valuable guidelines to NBS practitioners for successful macrophyte species identification.
La degradació dels ecosistemes aquàtics s’ha atribuït, en gran mesura, a l’excés de concentracions de nutrients d’origen antropogènic. Aquesta degradació, combinada amb l’escassetat d’aigua, és la principal causa de l’alarmant problemàtica dels recursos hídrics a nivell global. Donat que un terç de la població mundial no té accés a aigua potable, es fa imprescindible abordar la problemàtica de la contaminació per nutrients. El concepte de solució basada en la natura (SBN) ha aparegut recentment per designar aquelles tècniques inspirades en la natura que aborden diversos reptes socials tot preservant la sostenibilitat dels ecosistemes. La seguretat de poder disposar d'aigua es troba entre els desafiaments socials més importants que avui dia afronten les SBNs, essent la contaminació per nutrients en ecosistemes aquàtics un dels seus principals objectius. Si bé els SBN destinats a abordar la problemàtica de la càrrega de nutrients en sistemes aquàtics incorporen macròfits emergents en el seu disseny de forma rutinària, hi ha una manca de coneixement dels mecanismes que expliquen com aquestes plantes aquàtiques milloren el tractament de les aigües. En aquesta tesi doctoral, ens hem proposat reduir aquesta mancança del coneixement investigant com els trets físics, químics i biològics de les plantes influeixen en el medi aquàtic subsuperficial i com afecten la mitigació de nutrients. Concretament, hem examinat el transport de soluts a la subsuperficie i la retenció de nutrients sota la presència de tres espècies de macròfits emergents; Iris pseudacorus L., Phragmites australis L. i Scirpus lacustris L.. Addicionalment, hem explorat la influència de la qualitat del carboni orgànic dissolt en el cicle del nitrogen. Per portar a terme aquest objectiu, es van realitzar una sèrie de tres treballs dissenyats amb una mateixa configuració de 12 canals artificials experimentals, i on es van aplicar mètodes tradicionals de l’ecologia fluvial (és a dir, addicions sobtades de traçadors conservatius i d’elements reactius) per poder caracteritzar el transport subsuperficial de soluts i estimar les mètriques de l’espiral de nutrients. Igualment, es va modificar experimentalment el grau de labilitat del carboni en el sistema de canals, i es va caracteritzar l'arquitectura del sistema radicular d’aquests tres macròfits emergents. Quant a l’efecte físic dels macròfits, els resultats demostren que l’arquitectura radicular dels macròfits influeix substancialment en el transport subsuperficial dels soluts. Concretament, un sistema dens d’arrels fines dóna lloc a una major retenció hidràulica, mentre que una arquitectura d’arrels més gruixudes condueix a resultats inversos, donat que faciliten la infiltració a nivell intersticial. A més, hem constatat que la influència química i biològica dels macròfits emergents en el medi subsuperficial aquàtic és específica de cada espècie, i depèn de les diferències fisiològiques entre elles, i de la capacitat de les plantes per crear major temps de residència en el medi intersticial. Addicionalment, hem provat que la presència de macròfits emergents facilita l’eliminació de nitrogen, mentre que la disponibilitat d’una font de carboni làbil fa augmentar la respiració aeròbica microbiana en lloc de la desnitrificació. Finalment, a la discussió general de la tesi, es discuteixen els resultats obtinguts i es sintetitzen dins del context de les SBN amb informació extreta de la bibliografia. En general, la present tesi doctoral posa de manifest aspectes poc coneguts sobre el paper funcional dels macròfits emergents quant a la reducció de nutrients en les SBNs. També posa en relleu la importància de fer una selecció adequada d’espècies de macròfits per a sistemes on s’apliquen SBN a fi d’optimitzar el tractament d’aigües; i proporciona valuoses pautes per a professionals que apliquen SBNs per tal d’identificar les espècies de macròfits més apropiades per la reducció de nutrients.

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22

Yang, Shengming. "Map-based Cloning of an Anthracnose Resistance Gene in Medicago truncatula." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/641.

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Anthracnose, caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum trifolii, is one of the most destructive diseases of alfalfa worldwide. Cloning and characterization of the host resistance (R) genes against the pathogen will improve our knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying host resistance and facilitate the development of resistant alfalfa cultivars. However, the intractable genetic system of cultivated alfalfa, owing to its tetrasomic inheritance and outcrossing nature, limits the ability to carry out genetic analysis in alfalfa. Nonetheless, the model legume Medicago truncatula, a close relative of alfalfa, provides a surrogate for cloning the counterparts of many agronomically important genes in alfalfa. In this study, we used genetic map-based approach to clone RCT1, a host resistance gene against C. trifolii race 1, in M. truncatula. The RCT1 locus was delimited within a physical interval spanning ~200 kilo-bases located on the top of M. truncatula linkage group 4. Complementation tests of three candidate genes on the susceptible alfalfa clones revealed that RCT1 is a member of the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) class of plant R genes and confers broad spectrum anthracnose resistance. Thus, RCT1 offers a novel resource to develop anthracnose-resistant alfalfa cultivars. Furthermore, the cloning of RCT1 also makes a significant contribution to our understanding of host resistance against the fungal genus Colletotrichum.

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23

Do, Ngoc Long. "Etude de l'oxydation thermique du titane et du zirconium sous irradiation aux ions d'argon dans le domaine du MeV (E ≤ 15 MeV)." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/78/07/72/PDF/PhD-thesis_Ngoc-Long-DO.pdf.

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Nous avons montré que l'irradiation aux ions d'argon d'énergie comprise entre 1 et 15 MeV cause des dommages en surface du titane et du zirconium, qui prennent la forme d'une oxydation accélérée et/ou d'une cratérisation dont les effets évoluent en fonction de l'énergie du projectile et de l'atmosphère de recuit (température et pression), simulant les conditions environnementales représentatives de l'interface gaine/combustible d'un réacteur REP. Par AFM, nous avons montré que la surface du titane et du zirconium était attaquée par bombardement aux ions d'argon, à haute température (jusqu'à 500°C) en milieu faiblement oxydant (sous pression d'air sec raréfié comprise entre 5,7 10-5 Pa et 5 10-3 Pa) et à une dose moyenne fixée à environ 5 1014 ions. Cm-2. On observe ainsi la formation de cratères nanométriques sur toute la surface du titane irradié entre 2 et 9 MeV et celle du zirconium irradié à 4 MeV, dont les caractéristiques varient en fonction de la température et de la pression. Dans le cas du couple Ar/Ti, l'efficacité d'endommagement superficiel augmente lorsque l'énergie du projectile diminue de 9 à 2 MeV. Par ailleurs, alors que la surface du titane apparaît transparente au faisceau d'ions à 15 MeV, celle du zirconium révèle de nombreux cratères micrométriques entourés d'un large halo sombre. Les caractéristiques des cratères (taille et densité superficielle) diffèrent de façon significative de celles observées à la fois dans le domaine des basses énergies (keV) où le dépôt d'énergie est contrôlé par les collisions balistiques (Sn) et dans le domaine des hautes énergies (MeV - GeV) où le dépôt d'énergie est contrôlé par les excitations électroniques (Se), ce qui n'était pas complètement inattendu dans le domaine d'énergie intermédiaire étudié, dans lequel des effets de pouvoir d'arrêt combiné Sn - Se sont envisageables. Par XPS couplé au décapage ionique, nous avons montré qu'il existe un effet d'irradiation sur l'oxydation thermique du titane, exacerbée sous faisceau d'ions d'argon entre 2 et 9 MeV, et qu'il existe aussi un effet d'énergie sur l'épaisseur et la stœchiométrie de l'oxyde. L'étude menée par Ellipsométrie Spectroscopique sur les films d'oxyde formés entre 1 et 9 MeV a corroboré ces résultats et montré précisément qu'il existe un pic d'oxydation en fonction de l'énergie d'ions d'argon, qui présente un maximum à 3 MeV, dans les conditions de l'expérience. Les mesures de gain d'oxygène effectuées par NBS confirment l'existence de ce pic d'oxydation. Les résultats acquis à ce jour par NBS concernant l'oxydation thermique du zirconium sous irradiation à l'argon de 4 et 9 MeV confirment les travaux antérieurs du groupe Aval du Cycle Electronucléaire de l'Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, et suggèrent fortement l'existence d'un pic d'oxydation dans la même plage d'énergie de projectile que pour le titane
We have shown that argon ion irradiation between 1 and 15 MeV produces damage on both titanium and zirconium surfaces, taking the form of accelerated oxidation and/or craterization effects, varying as a function of the projectile energy and the annealing atmosphere (temperature and pressure) simulating the environmental conditions of the fuel/cladding interface of PWR fuel rods. Using AFM, we have shown that the titanium and zirconium surface is attacked under light argon ion bombardment at high temperature (up to 500°C) in weakly oxidizing medium (under rarefied dry air pressure ranging from 5,7 10-5 Pa to 5 10-3 Pa) for a fixed fluence of about 5 1014 ions. Cm-2. We observed the formation of nanometric craters over the whole titanium surface irradiated between 2 and 9 MeV and the whole zirconium surface irradiated at 4 MeV, the characteristics of which vary depending on the temperature and the pressure. In the case of the Ar/Ti couple, the superficial damage efficiency increases when the projectile energy decreases from 9 to 2 MeV. Moreover, whereas the titanium surface seems to be transparent under the 15-MeV ion beam, the zirconium surface exhibits numerous micrometric craters surrounded by a wide halo. The crater characteristics (size and superficial density) differ significantly from that observed both in the low energy range (keV) where the energy losses are controlled by ballistic collisions (Sn) and in the high energy range (MeV - GeV) where the energy losses are controlled by electronic excitations (Se), which was not completely unexpected in this intermediate energy range for which combined Sn - Se stopping power effects are possibly foreseen. Using XPS associated to ionic sputtering, we have shown that there is an irradiation effect on thermal oxidation of titanium, enhanced under the argon ion beam between 2 and 9 MeV, and that there is also an energy effect on the oxide thickness and stoichiometry. The study conducted using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry on the oxide films grown between 1 and 9 MeV confirmed these results and showed precisely that there is an oxidation peak as a function of the argon ion energy, found maximum at 3 MeV under present experimental conditions. The oxygen gain measurements obtained by NBS confirm the presence of this oxidation peak. Until now, the results obtained by NBS concerning the thermal oxidation of zirconium under argon irradiation at 4 and 9 MeV confirm the previous works done by the 'Aval du Cycle Electronucléaire' group of the 'Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon', and strongly suggest the existence of the oxidation peak in the same projectile energy range, as for titanium

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24

Lundqvist, Andreas. "The superior option for stormwater management : A case study of Årstafältet." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298526.

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Dagens dagvattenhantering i urbana områden är inte hållbar vilket resulterar i översvämningar, förfallav naturen och hälsoproblem. Fortsatt urbanisering och klimatförändringar påverkar systemet negativtoch kräver en brådskande förändring. Ett alternativ till traditionell dagvattenhantering är naturligalösningar, NBS, definierat som inspiration och användandet av naturen för att hanterasamhällsproblem. Det kan ge resilienta och adaptiva lösningar som främjar biologisk mångfald,människors välbefinnande, ett lovande alternativ för att tackla de här problemen. NBS är dock förenatmed osäkerheter såsom kunskapsbrister kring prestanda, underhåll och möjliga negativakonsekvenser. Även om NBS kan anses vara en hållbar lösning är den inte frekvent implementerad iurbana områden. Den här uppsatsen använder fallstudien Årstafältet för att samla och analysera föroch nackdelar av NBS och traditionella dagvattenlösningar. Med hjälp av intervjuer med inblandadeaktörer, plandokument, regleringar och en litteraturstudie visar resultatet att NBS kan ge ett resilient,flexibelt och kostnads-effektivt system med multipla fördelar vilket kan uppfylla t.ex. vattendirektivet(WFD), hållbarhetsmålen (SDGs) och miljömålen. Det traditionella systemet är en oelastisk lösninginkapabel att förebygga miljöförändringarna och med frekvent breddning av smutsigt dag- ochavloppsvatten. Systemet är sett som oförmögen att uppfylla mål kring biologisk mångfald, miljömåloch reningskrav och därav en ohållbar lösning. Existerande infrastruktur och ett välarbetat arbetssättgör att det traditionella systemet dock fortfarande förlitas på. Problem som identifierades med NBSvar kunskapsbrister, en ny process för att hantera dagvatten som inkluderar en omfattande inblandningav aktörer, övergångsbarriärer, oklarheter gällande ansvarsfördelning, brist på deltagande frånallmänheten, avsaknad av tekniskt vägledning, bristen och behovet av att kontrollera och mätalösningar samt beroendet av entusiastiska aktörer.
The current stormwater management in urban areas is not sustainable, resulting in frequent floodingevents, degeneration of the environment and human health issues. Increased urbanization and climatechange negatively impact the outcome and calls for an urgent change. An alternative to traditionalstormwater management is nature-based solution, NBS, broadly defined as the usage or inspiration ofnature to address societal challenges. It can provide resilient, adaptive solutions which promotebiodiversity and human well-being, a solution to address these challenges. NBS is however unitedwith uncertainties such as knowledge gaps of performance, maintenance, efficiency and potentialtradeoffs. Although NBS can be considered a sustainable solution, it is not widely adopted andimplemented in urban areas. This thesis uses the case study of Årstafältet project to identify andanalyze opportunities and challenges of NBS and conventional drainage system. Based on interviewswith involved actors, plans, regulation and a conceptual framework, the result shows that NBS canprovide a resilient, flexible and cost-effective system with multiple benefits which addresses allaspects of sustainability. It is widely supported by laws and policies, addressing the EU WaterFramework Directive (WFD), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the EnvironmentalObjectives for example. The conventional drainage system is an inflexible system unable to mitigateclimate change, with frequent overflows (CSOs) of dirty storm and sewage water. It is unable toachieve biodiversity goals, environmental objectives and water quality targets and thus recognized asan unsustainable solution. With an existing infrastructure and an established way of managing theconventional drainage system, it is however still relied on. Identified challenges of NBS areknowledge gaps, a new management process with extensive stakeholder involvement, transitionbarriers, unclear division of responsibilities, lack of public participation and technical guidance, lackof and the need to monitor solutions and the dependence on enthusiastic actors.

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25

Hsieh, Ji-Fan (Sarah). "Molecular and Chemical Mechanisms of Defence against Myrtle Rust in Australian Myrtaceae." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143530.

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Increased human disturbance to forest ecosystems has exacerbated the spread of fungal pathogens to non-native environments. Rust pathogens (Pucciniales) can spread long distances by human activity and wind dispersal, and can cause severe disease outbreaks in cereal crops and in forest trees. The exotic fungus Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) arrived in Australia in 2010 and most species of native Myrtaceae including Eucalyptus and Melaleuca are susceptible to infection to various degrees. Plants infected by A. psidii can suffer from crown loss and eventual mortality, which can be detrimental to ecosystems as well as to many rural industries that produce essential oils and flavourings from species of Myrtaceae. Within-species variation in resistance to A. psidii has been discovered in many native species. However, the molecular and chemical mechanisms of resistance to A. psidii infection in these species are largely unknown. Finding the molecular and chemical basis of resistance against A. psidii is therefore an essential part of ensuring that future plantations and re-afforestation programs are resistant to this pathogen. This thesis therefore aims to elucidate the molecular and chemical mechanisms of resistance to A. psidii in Myrtaceae in Australia, with the goal of obtaining a comprehensive view of potential mechanisms involved in defence to identify candidate genes that may be implemented into resistance breeding. After first screening multiple species of Myrtaceae, I selected Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) and M. quinquenervia (broadleaf paperbark) for detailed molecular study because they showed varying disease symptoms from resistance to susceptibility among individuals, and were economically and ecologically important and amenable to molecular studies. I used a variety of experimental approaches, including RNA-Seq, qRT-PCR, GC-MS, and functional characterisation through heterologous gene expression in E. coli to apply an integrated analysis that examined both molecular and chemical aspects of plant defence. I constructed the transcriptomes of M. alternifolia and M. quinquenervia de novo and investigated differential gene expressions between resistant and susceptible plants. I showed that resistant M. alternifolia and M. quinquenervia over-express genes which may be contribute to defence against to A. psidii infection, and have found and functionally characterised new terpene synthase genes that showed induction in response to infection by A. psidii in M. quinquenervia.

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26

Van, Ghelder Cyril. "Le locus de résistance Ma des Prunus vis-à-vis des nématodes à galles : Originalité structurale et évolution dans la famille des NBS-LRRs chez les plantes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR6006.

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Les nématodes à galles, Meloidogyne spp., sont des ravageurs extrêmement polyphages qui, à l’échelle mondiale, occasionnent de graves dommages aux plantes. La résistance génétique spécifique des plantes aux maladies et ravageurs s’appuie principalement sur les gènes de la famille des récepteurs NBS-LRR (ou NLRs), regroupant les TNLs, CNLs et RNLs. Chez les Prunus, le gène Ma du prunier appartient à la sous-famille des TNLs et confère une résistance à toutes les espèces de Meloidogyne testées, alors que le gène RMja de l’amandier exprime un spectre de résistance (R) plus restreint vis-à-vis de ces ravageurs. De plus, la protéine Ma présente une région C-terminale particulière constituée de cinq domaines répétés, désignés domaines post-LRR (PLs). Notre travail de thèse a caractérisé l’originalité et la distribution de cette région à travers de nombreux protéomes de plantes et a identifié la relation génétique entre les gènes Ma et RMja.Nous avons tout d’abord étudié la fréquence, la distribution et les caractéristiques structurales des gènes TNL et des domaines PL dans le génome du pêcher, génome de référence des Rosaceae. Les domaines PL, retrouvés chez les deux tiers des 195 TNLs identifiés, nous ont permis d’établir des signatures améliorant la détection de ce domaine, jusqu’alors peu étudié, dans divers génomes d’Angiospermes. Nous avons pu établir que le domaine PL est spécifique aux TNLs et qu’il est retrouvé dans des proportions similaires à celle établie chez le pêcher. Par ailleurs, les TNLs disposant de domaines PL multiples sont rares chez les plantes étudiées. La structure à cinq domaines répétés est probablement unique à Ma et ses orthologues et a vraisemblablement été héritée de leur ancêtre commun dans l’ordre des Rosales. Nous avons ensuite étudié le répertoire des NBS-LRRs chez les conifères (Gymnospermes), groupe taxonomique ancien, dont les données sur cette famille de gènes étaient parcellaires. En analysant sept transcriptomes de référence, nous avons pu établir que l’arsenal des NBS-LRRs chez les conifères était large et varié mais, étonnamment, qu’aucun domaine PL précédemment défini n’y était présent. L’examen de protéomes de plantes plus anciennes a montré que seul le Ginkgo biloba portait quelques signatures PL. Ces observations suggèrent une acquisition partielle précoce du domaine chez les plantes à graines et une expansion adaptative chez les Angiospermes. En complément, nous avons montré que les conifères, tout comme les Rosaceae, possèdent de nombreux RNLs et TNLs. En étendant notre étude à diverses plantes terrestres, nous avons mis en évidence un rapport moyen de 1:10 reliant les effectifs de RNLs et de TNLs à travers les divers génomes étudiés. Nous avons finalement conduit une cartographie haute résolution du gène RMja chez l’amandier. En nous appuyant sur une banque BAC, RMja a été localisé dans le cluster de résistance Ma et l’orthologue de Ma est de très loin le meilleur candidat. La comparaison de séquence entre les régions orthologues du locus Ma, chez le prunier (spectre R complet), l’amandier (spectre R incomplet) et le pêcher (spectre R nul) a mis en évidence une structure conservée unique des trois orthologues de Ma. Nos résultats suggèrent que le polymorphisme des répétitions du domaine PL sous-tend des interactions différentielles de résistance vis-à-vis des Meloidogyne et un mécanisme d’immunité original chez les plantes pérennes. Dans ces processus immuns de reconnaissance ou de signalisation, d’autres composants tels les RNLs pourraient être impliqués. Notre travail ouvre la voie à des approches comparative et fonctionnelle d’identification des déterminants moléculaires impliqués dans la résistance aux nématodes à galles
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely polyphagous pests that severely challenge plants worldwide and especially perennials. The specific genetic resistance of plants mainly relies on NBS-LRR receptor genes (or NLRs grouping TNL, CNL and RNL subfamilies) that are pivotal factors for control of pests and pathogens. In Prunus spp., the Ma plum TNL gene confers resistance to all RKNs tested, whereas the RMja almond gene displays a more restricted spectrum of resistance (R). Moreover, the Ma predicted protein shows a peculiar TNL structure due to a C-terminal region made of five repeated domains, designated post-LRR domains (PLs). In this context, this thesis work has characterised the originality and the distribution of this uncommon structure among diverse plant proteomes and has revealed the genetic relationship between the Ma and RMja genes.We first studied the frequency, distribution and structural characteristics of TNL genes and PL domains within the peach genome, the reference genome for Rosaceae. The finding of PL domains, which have been identified in two thirds of the 195 TNLs, allowed us to define specific motifs that improve the detection of this poorly known domain in Angiosperms. We found that the PL domain is specific of TNLs and is present in Angiosperm genomes in a proportion similar to the one established for peach. Besides, TNLs displaying multiple PL domains are rare in plants. The five-PL domain pattern is probably unique to Ma and its orthologues and was probably inherited from their common ancestor in the order Rosales. We then investigated the NBS-LRR repertoire of the conifers (Gymnosperms), an ancient taxonomic group, for which the data related to this gene family are unclear. By analysing seven reference transcriptomes, we highlighted a large and diverse NBS-LRR arsenal in conifers but, surprisingly, no PL signatures have been detected. The examination of ancient plant proteomes revealed that only Ginkgo biloba displayed a few PL signatures. Our results suggest that a partial acquisition of the PL domain occurred early in seed plants and was followed by an adaptive expansion in Angiosperms. Additionally, we showed that conifers and Rosaceae have numerous RNLs and TNLs. By enlarging our study to other land plant genomes, we uncovered an average ratio of 1:10 between RNLs and TNLs numbers.We finally carried out a high-resolution mapping of the RMja gene in almond. Using a BAC library, RMja was localised into the Ma resistance cluster and the Ma orthologue is by far the best candidate. The sequence comparison between three orthologous regions of the Ma locus, i.e. plum (complete R spectrum), almond (incomplete R spectrum) and peach (null R spectrum) highlighted a unique conserved structure of the Ma orthologues. Our results suggest that the polymorphism contained in the PL-domain repeats might underlie differential resistance interactions with RKNs and an original immune mechanism in woody perennials. In these immune processes for recognition or signalling, other components such as RNLs might be involved. This work paves the way for future comparative and functional approaches aiming to unravel the molecular determinants involved in the resistance to RKNs

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RISTORINI, Martina. "Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) removal by deposition on leaves: analytical evaluation and applications to biomonitoring and to nature-based solutions (NbS)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11695/114988.

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Il presente progetto di dottorato è focalizzato sulla rimozione di particolato atmosferico (PM) mediante deposizione su lamine fogliari. Le principali tecniche sperimentali per la valutazione del PM depositato su foglia sono state testate e validate (Capitolo 2). L’efficienza della microanalisi mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione accoppiata a rilevatore a raggi X (SEM/EDX) è stata testata, dimostrando la sua efficacia per una caratterizzazione chimica e fisica del PM depositato quanto più completa possibile. La procedura gravimetrica del Vacuum Filtration (VF), basata sul lavaggio delle foglie e la successiva filtrazione delle soluzioni, è stata anch’essa testata a questo scopo. Infine, la tecnica di frazionamento chimico, basata sulla caratterizzazione chimica delle soluzioni di lavaggio e dei filtri, è risultata efficiente per ottenere informazioni sulla frazione solubile e insolubile del PM depositato. I risultati ottenuti tramite le tre tecniche sono stati poi confrontati, per dimostrare la loro efficacia e per evidenziare le loro limitazioni (Capitolo 3). Le potenzialità della caratterizzazione del PM depositato su foglia ai fini del biomonitoraggio sono state esplorate in due diversi contesti urbani (Capitolo 4). Nelle città di Terni e Torino, la deposizione fogliare di componenti elementari del PM, noti come traccianti di sorgente, è stata confrontata con le loro concentrazioni atmosferiche, per la valutazione dell’impatto di specifiche sorgenti emissive. Nel Capitolo 5, l'efficienza delle foglie nella rimozione del PM atmosferico è stata descritta in relazione al concetto di Nature-based solution (NbS). Il PM rimosso da tre NbS realizzate nell’ambito del progetto H2020 "proGIreg" è stato valutato mediante SEM/EDX. Le NbS studiate sono state realizzate in aree post-industriali di Torino (Italia), Dortmund (Germania) e Ningbo (Cina). Nel caso specifico della NbS di Dortmund (DE), i risultati sperimentali sono stati inoltre confrontati con quelli ottenuti tramite l’applicazione del modello i-Tree Eco. Nel Capitolo 6, sono state presentate nuove tecniche per il monitoraggio e l’analisi ad alta risoluzione spaziale del PM atmosferico. Campionatori attivi di PM10 a basso costo, gli High Spatial Resolution Samplers (HSRS, Fai Instruments, Italia) sono stati utilizzati in una densa rete di monitoraggio a Terni, per la valutazione e mappatura della distribuzione spaziale dei principali componenti del PM10. Viene inoltre riportata l'applicazione di saggi acellulari di potenziale ossidativo (OP), per valutare il ruolo di specifiche sorgenti nell'indurre stress ossidativo. L'efficienza di licheni è inoltre testata per la valutazione della distribuzione spaziale di inquinanti organici persistenti (POP). Infine, il modello Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) è applicato ai dati chimici ottenuti da filtri campionati prima, durante e dopo il lockdown Covid-19, per valutare i profili emissivi delle fonti e il loro contributo alla massa del PM10 in condizioni estremamente particolari. I risultati presentati forniscono risultati innovativi sulla valutazione della deposizione fogliare del PM e sulle sue principali applicazioni. Il frazionamento chimico applicato al PM depositato su foglia è risultato essere efficace per ottenere informazioni dettagliate sulle frazioni solubili e insolubili del PM e per aumentare la selettività di componenti specifici come traccianti di sorgente. Il confronto con le concentrazioni atmosferiche ha inoltre dimostrato l'affidabilità delle foglie come campionatori di PM. Infine, la microanalisi fogliare tramite SEM/EDX ha dimostrato la sua efficacia nella valutazione dell'affinità specie-specifica e dell'efficienza di NbS nei confronti della rimozione di PM tramite deposizione fogliare.
This PhD research project investigates the removal mechanism of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) by deposition on tree leaves. The most used experimental techniques for the evaluation of leaf deposited PM are reviewed (Chapter 2). Leaf microanalysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersed X-ray (SEM/EDX) is tested and validated. The proposed procedure allows the chemical and physical characterization of leaf deposited PM. Vacuum filtration (VF) gravimetric procedure, based on leaves washing and subsequent filtration of washing solutions, is also tested to this aim. A chemical fractionation procedure, based on the characterization of both leaf washing solutions and membrane filters is validated, thus achieving information on the water-soluble and insoluble fraction of leaf deposited PM. Results obtained from the three approaches are compared, to prove their efficiency and to highlight their limitations (Chapter 3). The potentialities of the characterization of leaf deposited PM for biomonitoring and source apportionment purposes have been explored in connection within two urban contexts (Chapter 4). In Terni, leaf deposition of PM elemental components, known as specific source tracers, is compared to their atmospheric concentrations. In Turin, the PM leaf deposition data obtained by SEM/EDX, from two NbSs, are integrated with the atmospheric concentrations of PM and its elemental components as retrieved by the analysis of the sampled membrane filters (Chapter 5), to evaluate the impact of specific emission sources. In Chapter 5, new insights on the tree leaf efficiency for the removal of atmospheric PM are provided, in connection with the concept of NbS. The PM removed by three NbSs realized within the context of the European project H2020 “proGIreg” has been assessed by SEM/EDX microanalysis. The studied NbSs have been realized in post-industrialized areas of Turin (Italy), Dortmund (Germany) and Ningbo (China). In the specific case of a renatured landfill in Dortmund (DE), SEM/EDX experimental results are also compared with those obtained by the i-Tree Eco model. In Chapter 6, the application of new techniques for the spatially-resolved analysis of atmospheric PM is described. Low-cost active PM10 samplers, the High Spatial Resolution Samplers (HSRS, Fai Instruments, Italy) are employed in a dense network in Terni, for the evaluation and mapping of the spatial distribution of PM10 main elements. The application of oxidative potential (OP) acellular assays is also reported, to evaluate the role of sources in inducing oxidative stress. The efficiency of lichen transplants is tested for the evaluation of the spatial distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Then, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model is applied to chemical data retrieved from PM10 filters sampled before, during and after the Covid-19 lockdown, to evaluate chemical profiles of sources and their contribution to PM10 mass during these peculiar periods. The results presented in this PhD thesis provide new insights on the evaluation of PM leaf deposition and its main applications. The new chemical fractionation results effective for obtaining detailed information on water-soluble and insoluble PM fraction and for increasing the selectivity of specific components as source tracers. The comparison with their atmospheric concentrations proved the reliability of leaves as low-cost PM samplers which can be deployed for the identification of emission sources and the evaluation of their impact. Finally, SEM/EDX leaf microanalysis proved its efficiency for evaluating the species-specific affinity and the efficiency of NbS implemented in urban areas.

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Zhou, Binbin. "Identification and characterization of target genes of RRS1-R, a protein conferring resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana to the pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2604/.

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Ralstonia solanacearum, agent du flétrissement bactérien, affecte près de 200 espèces végétales. Les gènes RRS1-R confèrent à l'écotype d'A. Thaliana Nd-1 une résistance à différentes souches de R. Solanacearum. RRS1-R code une protéine de structure modulaire associant les domaines typiques de nombreuses protéines de résistance TIR-NBS-LRR et un domaine signature de facteurs de transcription WRKY. Dans l'écotype sensible Col-0, le gène RRS1-S code pour une protéine qui présente une structure très semblable. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons montré que les gènes RRS1-R et RRS1-S s'expriment essentiellement dans les cellules du péricycle et les cellules de passage de l'endoderme des racines matures et de la base de l'hypocotyle, cellules qui correspondent aux sites de pénétration des bactéries dans le système vasculaire où elles se multiplient. Nous avons montré que les deux domaines WRKY des protéines codées par ces gènes se fixent spécifiquement aux boites W, reconnues par les facteurs de transcription de la famille WRKY. Nous avons par la suite développé une approche DamID (DNA adenine methyltransferase IDentification) visant à identifier les gènes cibles des protéines RRS1-R et RRS1-S in vivo. L'analyse a été focalisée sur l'identification des gènes cibles de RRS1-R, dans le fond génétique résistant Nd-1 exprimant, ou pas, la protéine d'avirulence PopP2 sous contrôle d'un promoteur inductible. Dans chacun des cas le séquençage d'une centaine de FARMs (Fragments Associated to RRS1-driven Methylation) a permis de proposer des cibles potentielles et un modèle de fonctionnement de RRS1-R comme régulateur transcriptionel. Ce travail se poursuit par une analyse globale au niveau du génome, grâce au séquençage haut débit des FARMS et par l'étude de la fonction dans la réponse de la plante et de la régulation transcriptionelle de quelques cibles d'intérêt. Les résultats de ce travail illustrent dans leur ensemble l'importance de RRS1-R pour réguler la réponse des plantes à R. Solanacearum
In nature, plants are constantly exposed to microbial pathogens and have evolved an effective and dynamic immune system in order to survive. R. Solanacearum, the causing agent of wilt disease, is a soil-borne bacteria pathogenic on more than 200 plant species. Bacteria enter roots, invade xylem vessels and then spread rapidly to aerial parts of the plant through the vasculature. In A. Thaliana Nd-1 plants, RRS1-R, with its partner RPS4 allows resistance to strains of R. Solanacearum that deliver PopP2, a type III effector, into the plant cells. Previous studies showed that RRS1 and RPS4 are two NBS-LRR receptor proteins involved in the perception of the effector. Interestingly, RRS1 also harbors a WRKY transcription factor domain in its C-terminal end. In a susceptible Arabidopsis ecotype Col 0, RRS1-S is an allelic gene of RRS1-R, which encodes a similar structure. The recognition of bacterial and plant proteins leads to RRS1 protein accumulation in the nucleus, triggering possibly transcriptional gene regulation. Important genomic reprogramming of the infected plant cells has indeed been shown. My work shows that the RRS1-S and RRS1-R genes are expressed mainly in mature roots and basal hypocotyls, in pericycle cells and passage cells from the endoderm. These cells correspond to entry sites of the invading R. Solanacearum bacteria within the vascular tissues. We also demonstrated the binding of WRKY domain of RRS1-R and RRS1-S, in vitro, to W boxes which are cis-regulatory elements recognized by WRKY transcription factors. In order to identify the in vivo target sequences of RRS1-R and RRS1-S, a DamID (DNA adenine methyltransferase IDentification) approach, detecting transitory DNA-protein associations was developed. DamID is based on the fusion of a protein of interest to a DNA Adenine Methyl-transferase from E. Coli, which will methylate DNA in the vicinity of the binding sites of this protein. The fingerprints can be further mapped by DNA restriction with methylation sensitive enzymes, and cloned or directly sequenced. Analysis was focused on RRS1-R, by cloning FARMs (Fragment Associated to RRS1 driven Methylation) from Nd-1 plants expressing or not an inducible PopP2 gene. This allowed the identification of several putative targets of RRS1-R and led us to propose a model for its function as a transcription factor. High throughput sequencing was then initiated at a whole genome scale analysis. The function and transcriptional regulation of a putative RRS1 target gene was evaluated. Taken together, the results of this study illustrate the important role of RRS1-R in the regulation of the plant response to R. Solanacearum

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29

Hayes, Alec J. "Characterization of the soybean genome in regions surrounding two loci for resistance to soybean mosaic virus." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11275.

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Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), has been the cause of numerous and often devastating disease epidemics, causing reduction in both the quality and quantity of soybeans worldwide. Two important genes for resistance to SMV are Rsv1 and Rsv4. Alleles at the Rsv1 locus have been shown to control resistance to all but the most virulent strain of SMV. This locus has been mapped previously to the soybean F linkage group. Rsv4 is an SMV resistance locus independent of Rsv1 and confers resistance to all strains of SMV. This locus has not been mapped previously. The purpose of this study is to investigate the two genomic regions that contain these vitally important resistance genes. A population of 281 F2 individuals that had previously been genotyped for reaction to SMV was evaluated in a mapping study which combined bulk segregant analysis with Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). A Rsv4-linked marker, R4-1, was identified that mapped to soybean linkage group D1b using a reference mapping population. More than 40 markers were mapped in the Rsv4 segregating population including eleven markers surrounding Rsv4. This will provide the necessary framework for the fine mapping of this important genetic locus. Previous work has located Rsv1 to a genomic region containing several important resistance genes including Rps3, Rpg1, and Rpv. An RFLP probe, NBS5, whose sequence closely resembles that of several cloned plant disease resistance genes has been mapped to this chromosomal region. The efficacy of using this sequence to identify potential disease resistance genes was assessed by screening a cDNA library to uncover a candidate disease resistance gene which corresponds to this NBS5 sequence. Two related sequence classes were identified that correspond to NBS5. Interestingly, one class corresponds to a full length gene closely resembling other previously cloned disease resistance genes offering evidence that this NBS5-derived clone is a candidate disease resistance gene. A new marker technique was developed by combining the speed and efficiency of AFLP with DNA sequence information from cloned disease resistance genes. Using this strategy, three new markers tightly linked to Rsv1 were identified. One of these markers, which maps 0.6 cM away from Rsv1, has motifs consistent with other cloned disease resistance genes, providing evidence that this approach is an efficient method for targeting genomic regions where disease resistance genes are located.
Ph. D.

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Chini, Andrea. "Genomic analysis and characterisation of adr1, an activated Arabidopsis mutant overexpressing a CC-NBS-LRR gene that confers disease resistance and drought tolerance." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16960.

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A transgenic Arabidopsis line containing a chimeric PR-1::luciferase (LUC) reporter gene was subjected to mutagenesis with activation tags. Screening of lines via high throughput LUC imaging identified a number of dominant Arabidopsis mutants that exhibited enhanced PR-1 gene expression. Here we report the characterisation of one of these mutants, designated activated disease resistance (adr) 1. This line showed constitutive expression of a number of key defence marker genes and accumulated salicylic acid, but not ethylene or jasmonic acid. Furthermore, adr1 plants exhibited resistance against the biotrophic pathogen Peronospora parasitica and Erysiphe cichoracearum but not the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cineria. Analysis of a series of adr1 double mutants suggested that ADR1-mediated resistance against P. parasitica was SA-dependent, while resistance against E. cichoracearum was both SA-dependent and partially NPR1-dependent. The controlled, transient expression of ADR1 conveyed striking disease resistance in the absence of yield penalty, highlighting the potential utility of this gene in crop protection. Homologous genes were uncovered in many phylogenetically distant and agronomically important plant species; their sequence analysis revealed a number of consensus motifs unique and distinctive for the ADR1 family. Furthermore, we show that either constitutive or conditional enhanced expression of ADR1 conferred significant drought tolerance. Cross-tolerance was not a characteristic of adr1 plants; rather they showed increased sensitivity to thermal and salinity stress. Hence, ADR1 activated signalling may antagonise some stress responses. Additionally, a large activation tagged population was screened in order to isolate novel mutants altered in disease susceptibility. Here we report the characterisation of one mutant, designated activated disease susceptibility (ads) 1. This line was confirmed to concurrently exhibit increased susceptibility to hemi-biotrophic, necrotrophic and non-host pathogens.

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Habib, Raneem [Verfasser]. "Analysis of telomere length in patients with chromosomal instability syndromes, particularly Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS) and its mouse model by complementary technologies / Raneem Habib." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027816428/34.

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Cohen, Camille. "Rôle des corps nucléaires PML et des chaperons de l’histone H3.3 dans la chromatinisation du génome du virus Herpès Simplex 1 pendant la latence." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1208.

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L'établissement de latence du virus de l'Herpès simplex 1 (HSV1) est contrôlé par les corps nucléaires PML (PML-NBs) mais leur implication exacte reste encore confuse. Une des caractéristiques majeures de la latence du virus est l'interaction entre le génome viral et les PML-NBs formant des structures nommées viral DNA-containing PML-NBs (vDCP-NBs). L'utilisation d'un modèle d'infection de fibroblastes primaires humains, qui reproduit la formation des vDCP-NBs, combinée à une approche par immuno-FISH, a permis de montrer que les vDCP-NBs contiennent l'histone H3.3 et ses chaperons, les complexes DAXX-ATRX et HIRA. La protéine HIRA a été également observé au sein des vDCP-NBs dans les neurones des ganglions trijumeaux de souris infectées par HSV1. Des expériences de ChIP-qPCR dans des cellules exprimant H3.3 ou H3.1 tagguées, nous a permis de déterminer que le génome viral est spécifiquement chromatinisé avec l'histone H3.3. La déplétion d'une seule protéine des complexes chaperons de H3.3 affecte légèrement l'incorporation de H3.3 dans les génomes viraux latents. Au contraire, l'absence de PML diminue significativement la chromatinisation H3.3 du génome HSV-1 latent sans remplacement par H3.1. Cette étude démontre une régulation épigénétique du génomes HSV1 latent par une chromatinisation dépendante de H3.3 impliquant les complexes chaperons DAXX-ATRX et HIRA. De plus, cette étude révèle un rôle majeur des PML-NBs dans la chromatinisation H3.3 des génomes HSV1 latent
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) latency establishment is tightly controlled by PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) although their exact implication is still elusive. A hallmark of HSV-1 latency is the interaction between latent viral genomes and PML-NBs leading to the formation of viral DNA-containing PML-NBs (vDCP-NBs). Using a replication defective HSV-1 infected human primary fibroblast model reproducing the formation of vDCP-NBs, combined with an IF-FISH approach developed to detect latent HSV-1, we show that vDCP-NBs contain both histone H3.3 and its chaperone complexes, i.e. the DAXX/ATRX and the HIRA complex. HIRA was also detected co-localizing with vDCP-NBs present in trigeminal ganglia neurons from HSV-1 infected WT mice. ChIP-qPCR performed on fibroblasts stably expressing tagged H3.3 or H3.1 show that latent HSV1 genomes are chromatinized almost exclusively with H3.3. Depletion of single proteins from the H3.3 chaperone complexes only mildly affects H3.3 deposition on the latent HSV1 genome. In contrast, absence of PML significantly impacts on the chromatinization of the latent genomes with H3.3 without replacement with H3.1. Consequently, the study demonstrates a specific epigenetic regulation of latent HSV-1 through an H3.3-dependent HSV-1 chromatinization involving both H3.3 chaperones DAXX/ATRX and HIRA complexes. Additionally, the study reveals that PML-NBs are major actors of the latent HSV-1 H3.3 chromatinization through a PML-NBs/histone H3.3/H3.3 chaperones axis

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Bernaola, Alvarado Lina. "Caracterización molecular de la resistencia al tizón tardío en Solanum paucissectum Ochoa (Solanaceae) mediante el uso de la técnica NBS y marcadores para loci candidatos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/870.

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El tizón tardío causado por el oomiceto Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, es la enfermedad más seria y devastadora en cultivos de papa alrededor del mundo. Aparte del uso de fungicidas, el uso de variedades resistentes es otro método para la protección de los cultivos contra esta enfermedad. Las especies silvestres de papa han demostrado ser una fuente continua de resistencia al tizón tardío en muchos programas de mejoramiento. Esta resistencia está controlada por genes R los cuales son fácilmente superados por razas nuevas de P. infestans, y/o por un número desconocido de genes que expresan un tipo cuantitativo de resistencia el cual podría ser más durable. Con el objetivo de caracterizar la resistencia a tizón tardío, 57 genotipos de una progenie diploide PCS1, originada del cruce entre Solanum paucissectum Ochoa 762126.227 (R) con S. paucissectum 762124.236 (S) fue analizada por medio de marcadores moleculares.La primera parte de la tesis estuvo enfocada en la evaluación de la técnica del perfil NBS (sitio de unión nucleotídica), estrategia basada en PCR (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) que eficientemente reconoce regiones cromosómicas que contienen genes R y análogos de genes R (RGAs) y al mismo tiempo produce marcadores polimórficos en estos genes. Los porcentajes de polimorfismo medio detectado al usar RsaI y HaeIII como enzimas de restricción fueron 11% y 8%, respectivamente. El número promedio de polimorfismo por combinación de iniciador-enzima fue igual a 5, con un rango que va desde 3 a 13 bandas polimórficas. Los resultados indican que el perfil NBS proporciona un medio efectivo para identificar polimorfismo en papa.La segunda parte se encontró enfocada en la evaluación de regiones genómicas responsables para resistencia a tizón tardío. La familia PCS1 fue analizada con 15 marcadores de ADN conocidos por estar ligados a QTL (locus de carácter cuantitativo) para resistencia en el genoma de la papa. Los fragmentos de ADN específicos basados en PCR fueron probados por asociación con este carácter cuantitativo analizado. Dos marcadores significativamente ligados a QTL para resistencia a P. infestans fueron encontrados en los cromosomas V y XI en la progenie PCS1.
--- Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is the most serious and devastating disease of potato production worldwide. Beside fungicides, the use of resistance varieties is another strategy to protect potato production against this disease. Wild potato species have proven to be a source of resistance to late blight used by much breeding programs. This resistance is controlled by R genes which may be easily overcome by new races of P. infestans, and/or by an unknown number of genes resulting in a quantitative type of resistance which may be more durable. With the goal of characterizing resistance to late blight, 57 genotypes of a PCS1 diploid offspring originated from cross among Solanum paucissectum Ochoa 762126.227 (R) with S. paucissectum 762124.236 (S) it was analyzed by means of molecular markers.The first part of the thesis focused on the evaluation of the NBS profiling technique, a strategy based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) that efficiently it recognizes chromosomal regions containing R genes or R genes analogs (RGAs). At the same time it produces polymorphic markers for this gene. Mean polymorphic rates detected using RsaI and HaeIII as restriction enzymes were 11% and 8%, respectively. Mean number of polymorphisms per enzyme-primer combination was equal to 5, ranging from 3 to 13 polymorphic bands. Our results indicate that NBS profiling provides an effective means to identify polymorphism in potato.The second part of the thesis focused on the evaluation of genomic regions responsible for resistance to late blight. PCS1 family was genotyped with 15 DNA markers known to be linked to QTL (quantitative trait locus) for resistance on potato genome. Specific DNA fragments based on PCR were tested for association with this analyzed quantitative character. Two markers significantly linked to QTL for resistance to P. infestans were found on chromosomes V and XI in the PCS1 progeny.
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Boháčik, Ján. "Rýchlosť obratu peňazí a jej význam pre menovú politiku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264640.

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The thesis discusses some issues on the topic of money velocity. Its goal is to summarise theroretical contributions in this area, which are followed by a practical application through the monetary analysis of the Slovak Republic from 1993 to 2000. The theoretical part involves the first approaches to money velocity, explanation of the quantity theory of money and monetarism and their critique. It also describes the monerary transmission mechanism. The practical application part evaluates the impact of the stability of money velocity on the decision of the National Bank of Slovakia to abandon monetary targeting. It also focuses on the other variables that influenced monetary policy execution. The last chapter is devoted to the importance of money velocity if the central bank uses inflation targeting as its policy.

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Rasmusson, Fredrika, and Toini Estreen. "Governance of Nature-based Solutions for stormwater management in Stockholm : A Social-Ecological-Technical Systems Perspective." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298728.

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Increased urbanisation and climate change are negatively affecting the water cycle and are increasing floods and creating concerns for the built environment and human wellbeing. This has created a need to research sustainable water management in cities. Nature-based solutions (NBS) can offer more sustainable ways of water management, but conventional systems are still favoured in governance. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to identify opportunities and challenges of implementing NBS at Årstafältet in Stockholm and the related governance processes from a Socio-Ecological-Technical system perspective in order to bring a holistic view on sustainable urban stormwater management. The methods used in triangulation for this case study are interviews, a site visit, and desktop study of associated planning documents. The collected data is analysed with an analytical framework that investigates the Social-Ecological-Technical System (SETS) dimensions, in relation to governance. The results show that the implementation of NBS at Årstafältet has been largely successful, due to contextual factors, as well as an adaptive and reflexive governance approach. However, identified system dynamics, interrelations and tensions have shown that there is room for improvements. By increasing transdisciplinarity in early stages of the process to overcome rigid governance structures and techno-centricity. The application of the SETS framework has proved to be successful in identifying dynamics, interrelations, and tensions but there are issues related to uncertainties in how to categorise system components. Nevertheless, the SETS perspective has been useful for identifying challenges and opportunities related to governance and planning processes of implementing NBS.

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Gao, Chengzhuo. "Mechanisms Underlying the Regulation and Functions of HDAC7." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1213890889.

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Greenwood, Jeremy Robert. "Pyridazinediones and amino acid receptors: theoretical studies, design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel analogues." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/394.

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http://www.pharmacol.usyd.edu.au/thesis This thesis is primarily concerned with a class of chemical compounds known as pyridazinediones, being 6-membered aromatic rings containing two adjacent nitrogen atoms (pyridazine), doubly substituted with oxygen. In particular, the work focuses on pyridazine-3,6-diones, derivatives of maleic hydrazide (1). Understanding of the chemistry of these compounds is extended, using theoretical and synthetic techniques. This thesis is also concerned with two very important classes of receptors which bind amino acids in the brain: firstly, the inhibitory GABA receptor, which binds g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (2) in vivo, and for which muscimol (3) is an agonist of the GABAA subclass; secondly, Excitatory Amino Acid (EAA) receptors, which bind glutamate (4) in vivo, and in particular the AMPA subclass, for which (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) (5) is an agonist. The connection between pyridazinediones and amino acid receptors is the design, synthesis, and evaluation of structures based on pyridazinediones as potential GABA and EAA receptor ligands. Techniques of theoretical chemistry, molecular modelling, synthetic chemistry, and in vitro pharmacology are used to explore pyridazine-3,6-dione derivatives as ligands.

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Greenwood, Jeremy Robert. "Pyridazinediones and amino acid receptors: theoretical studies, design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel analogues." University of Sydney, Department of Pharmacology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/394.

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http://www.pharmacol.usyd.edu.au/thesis This thesis is primarily concerned with a class of chemical compounds known as pyridazinediones, being 6-membered aromatic rings containing two adjacent nitrogen atoms (pyridazine), doubly substituted with oxygen. In particular, the work focuses on pyridazine-3,6-diones, derivatives of maleic hydrazide (1). Understanding of the chemistry of these compounds is extended, using theoretical and synthetic techniques. This thesis is also concerned with two very important classes of receptors which bind amino acids in the brain: firstly, the inhibitory GABA receptor, which binds g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (2) in vivo, and for which muscimol (3) is an agonist of the GABAA subclass; secondly, Excitatory Amino Acid (EAA) receptors, which bind glutamate (4) in vivo, and in particular the AMPA subclass, for which (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) (5) is an agonist. The connection between pyridazinediones and amino acid receptors is the design, synthesis, and evaluation of structures based on pyridazinediones as potential GABA and EAA receptor ligands. Techniques of theoretical chemistry, molecular modelling, synthetic chemistry, and in vitro pharmacology are used to explore pyridazine-3,6-dione derivatives as ligands.

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Leuschner, Jens. "Massenspeicher-Netze auf IP-Basis." Master's thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10761259.

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Baier, Camilla. "Integration of ecosystem-based adaptation measures in urban planning : Insights from Copenhagen and Malmö." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284343.

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A key challenge for sustainable urban development is to deal with the effects of climate change. To approach this issue, ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), i.e. the use of ecosystem services for climate adaptation, has been promoted by both scholars and practitioners. In this context, the thesis addresses two research questions: how EbA is included in strategic climate adaptation planning and how EbA is implemented in practice. To tackle these topics, the study uses a multiple case study design, where the process from strategic planning to its implementation is investigated in two Northern European cities: Copenhagen and Malmö. To collect in-depth data, qualitative methods were used: a document analysis and semi-structured interviews with planning officials were conducted. The findings of the study show that there is a high degree of awareness of the different EbA measures, their potential role to address climate change effects and their co-benefits in climate adaptation plans. However, the practical implementation of the plans was executed only at a project-based scale to address some climate change impacts rather than holistically and on a regional level. The main EbA measure that was used was the expansion and transformation of public green space. The thesis concludes that a more comprehensive approach concerning the use of EbA is needed and further mainstreaming is highly required.
En viktig utmaning för hållbar stadsutveckling är att adressera effekterna av de stundande klimatförändringar. För att ta sig an denna fråga har användningen av ekosystembaserad anpassning (EbA), dvs. användningen av ekosystemtjänster för klimatanpassning, främjats av både forskare och utövare. I detta sammanhang behandlar studien två forskningsfrågor: hur EbA ingår i strategisk klimatanpassningsplanering och hur EbA implementeras i praktiken. Studien innehåller en fallstudie- design, där processen från strategisk planering till dess genomförande undersöks i två nordeuropeiska städer: Köpenhamn och Malmö. För att samla in data användes två kvalitativa metoder: en dokumentanalys och semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstepersoner på kommuner. Resultaten från studien visar att det finns en hög grad av medvetenhet om de olika EbA åtgärderna, deras potentiella roll för att hantera klimatförändringseffekter och deras synergier i klimatanpassningsplaner. Det praktiska genomförandet av planerna utfördes endast i en projektbaserad skala för att ta med vissa klimatförändringseffekter snarare än på ett holistiskt vis och på en större regional nivå. Den viktigaste EbA åtgärden som användes var utbyggnaden eller omvandlingen av de offentliga grönytorna. Sammanfattningsvis har studien visat på att det finns behov av ett mer heltäckande tillvägagångssätt och ytterligare integrering beträffande användandet av EbA krävs.

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Vansa, Miroslav. "Komparácia systémov odmeňovania rozhodcov v profesionálnych ligách." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199201.

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This thesis, which is divided into theoretical and analytical part, deals with the analysis of the remuneration of referees in professional basketball leagues in the U.S. and Europe. Consequently, it compares and evaluates these systems. In the theoretical section first it explains the rules of basketball and its popularity in the world compared to other sports. It mentions here about the two most prestigious competitions of the world basketball - the NBA and Euroleague. Analytical section begins with an explanation of the functions and work of a basketball referees. There is also explained the process of how to become a basketball referee. After that, it analyzes the two options of their remuneration system on the example of Czech basketball league NBL and American league NBA. It also compares these different evaluation systems. Referees had a chance to say their opinion through interviews and questionnaires, which is summarized in the penultimate chapter of the analytical work. In the last chapter it presents a SWOT analysis of the American way of remuneration of arbitrators and the possibility of its application to the European competitions.

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Jonsson, Lisa, and Karin Sallhammar. "User Interface Design for Analysis of Sensor Systems." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1670.

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In the future network-based Swedish Defence (NBD), attaining information superiority will be of great importance. This will be achieved by a network of networks where decision-makers, information- and weapon-systems are linked together. As a part of the development of NBD, we have performed a study of user interface design for a future network-based tool package for analysis of sensor systems, referred to as the C2SR-system.

This thesis was performed at Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Sensor and Information Networks, during the autumn 2002. A pre-study concerning the requirements of usability, trustworthiness and functionality of a userinterface for the C2SR-system was performed. Officers representing the future users in the NBD played an important role when gathering these requirements. Another important part of the pre-study was the evaluation of software that contains parts of the functionality necessary for the C2SR-system.

On the basis of the results from the pre-study, we have designed a user interface to the future C2SR-system. To demonstrate the most important conclusions, a prototype was implemented.

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Santos, Flávia Maria Ávila dos. "Impactos da aplicação da ABNT NBR 15.575/2013 nas empresas de edificações." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5394.

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Ao longo dos anos a falta de desempenho nas edificações do Brasil tem sido em problemática no setor da construção civil. Os problemas relacionados ao desempenho das edificações fomentaram a busca por melhores parâmetros construtivos, bem como melhores posturas capazes de configurar qualidade e desempenho para os produtos oriundos do setor. Frente a este cenário, em 2008 fora criada a ABNT NBR 15.575 – Desempenho – Edificações Habitacionais, cujo objetivo era promover uma visão sistêmica das edificações com foco nas necessidades dos usuários. No contexto da sustentabilidade, a Norma de Desempenho apresenta três exigências: durabilidade, manutenibilidade e impactos ambientais. O gerenciamento da manutenção consiste em um fator preponderante na configuração de desempenho nas etapas que abrangem uma edificação, sendo capaz de cumprir ou até prolongar sua vida útil, bem como de seus sistemas. Este trabalho objetiva verificar os impactos da aplicação da Norma de Desempenho nas empresas de edificações brasileiras, bem como verificar a maneira através da qual as empresas realizam as ações relativas à manutenção dos empreendimentos. Para tanto, a metodologia consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica seguida da realização de estudos de caso junto a quatro empresas de edificações. Como resultados, tem-se o cenário local quanto ao atendimento á Norma de Desempenho bem como às exigências de manutenção desde a etapa de projeto.
Over the years the lack of performance in the brazilian buildings has been problematic in the construction sector. The problems related to the performance of the buildings fostered the search for better construction parameters, as well as better postures capable of configuring quality and performance for the products coming from the sector. Against this background, in 2008 ABNT NBR 15,.575 - Performance - Housing Buildings was created, whose objective was to promote a systemic view of buildings with a focus on users' needs. In the context of sustainability, the Performance Standard has three requirements: durability, maintainability and environmental impacts. Maintenance management consists of a preponderant factor in the configuration of performance in steps that encompass a building, being able to meet or even extend its useful life as well as its systems. This work aims to verify the impacts of the application of the Performance Standard on brazilian building companies, as well as to verify the way in which the companies carry out the actions related to the maintenance of the projects. For this, the methodology consisted of a bibliographic review followed by the accomplishment of case studies with four building companies. As a result, we have the local scenario regarding compliance with the Performance Standard as well as the maintenance requirements from the design stage.

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Radacki, Krzysztof. "Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zu Clustermolekülen mit dem NB2-, NB3-, CB3- und B4-Gerüst." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962715182.

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Toledo, Rodrigo Atique Ferraz de. "Identificação e análise funcional de mutação associadas às craniossinostoses." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-20122016-090151/.

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As craniossinostoses são malformações craniofaciais caracterizadas pelo fechamento precoce de uma ou mais suturas cranianas. Elas são doenças congênitas e são causadas por mutações em diversos genes devido ao grande número de vias envolvidas na formação e manutenção das suturas cranianas. Embora mutações em 53 genes já tenham sido descritas o conhecimento da genética e da patofisiologia das craniossinostoses ainda é incompleto. Nesse trabalho tivemos como objetivo a identificação de novas mutações associadas às craniossinostoses bem como o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre a atuação dessas mutações em células humanas por meio de estudos funcionais. Para identificarmos novas mutações utilizamos metodologias de sequenciamento em larga escala conhecidas como sequenciamento de noiva geração (NGS). Identificamos a mutação causal em uma paciente proveniente de um casamento consanguíneo portadora da síndrome de Raine (p.P496L em FAM20C). Também delimitamos a poucas mutações candidatas outros onze casos atípicos de craniossinostose. Por fim estudamos os efeitos de diferentes FGFs sobre o comportamento de células com a mutação mais comum causadora da S. de Apert, p.S252W em FGFR2. Descobrimos que os FGFs10 e 19 têm ações distintas sobre o perfil transcricional e sobre a taxa de proliferação de células mutantes. Também descobrimos que as células tronco mesenquimais e as células fibroblastóides têm comportamentos distintos ao serem tratadas com FGF19. Os resultados aqui apresentados serão de grande serventia para o melhor delineamento da biologia das suturas cranianas e da patofisiologia das craniossinostoses
Craniosynostosis are craniofacial malformations defined by early closure of the cranial sutures. They are congenital diseases caused by mutations in several genes due to the diversity of pathways involved in the development and maintenance of the cranial sutures. Even though 53 genes have already been linked to various forms of craniosynostosis, the knowledge about the genetics and pathophysiology is incomplete. In this work we aimed to identify new mutations associated with craniosynostosis as well as to further the knowledge of how those mutations act in human cells. To identify new variants associated with craniosynostosis we used large scale sequencing techniques known as next generation sequencing (NGS). We were able to identify the causal mutation in one patient from a consanguineous marriage with Raine syndrome (p.P496L in FAM20C). We also were able to elect candidate mutations in other eleven cases of atypical craniosynostosis. Lastly, we studied the effects of different FGFs over the behavior of human cells harboring the most common Apert syndrome mutation, p.S252W in FGFR2. We discovered that FGFs 10 and 19 have different effects over the transcriptional profile and proliferation rate of mutant cells. We also found that FGF19 have opposite effects in mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblastoid cells osteogenic differentiation. The results shown here will be of great service to better understand the biology of cranial suture and the pathophysiology of craniosynostosis

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ARAÚJO, Eugênia Cornils Monteiro. "Fatores críticos de sucesso nas construtoras de Pernambuco certificadas na norma NBR: ISO 9001:2008." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2012. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/5972.

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A importância e o crescimento da Construção Civil no Estado Pernambuco, em contraposição aos desperdícios existentes no setor, indicam a necessidade de ações para melhorar o desempenho das construtoras. Como os recursos de uma organização são limitados, os gestores devem identificar as áreas-chave que garantam o desempenho adequado da organização. Esta dissertação analisou o ambiente de construção civil no Estado de Pernambuco através de Fatores Críticos de Sucesso (ROCKART, 1979) em 7 (sete) Construtoras certificadas na norma NBR ISO 9001:2008. A metodologia utilizada compreendeu uma revisão bibliográfica dos principais conceitos utilizados. E baseado nessa fundamentação teórica, dois questionários foram elaborados, esses procuraram analisar os Fatores Críticos de Sucesso na construção civil, de forma a avaliar o desempenho desses fatores, segundo os profissionais, e a importância dos mesmos, segundo os clientes. Os dados dos profissionais foram analisados de forma individual e comparativa. Uma matriz importância - desempenho foi construída para inter-relacionar os dados entre cliente e profissionais. Um total de 7 (sete) empresas e 2 (dois) clientes de uma mesma empresa participaram da pesquisa. Foi identificada uma variação de desempenho das empresas nos diferentes fatores e a importância da adequação dos fatores sugeridos à realidade local. Como conclusão, sugere-se a necessidade de identificar e acompanhar quais são os fatores que podem trazer benefícios competitivos para as construtoras analisadas, através da satisfação do cliente

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Riou, Raphaelle. "Contribution à l'étude du rôle des cellules Natural Killer dans le contrôle de l'infection à cytomégalovirus." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1002/document.

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Les cellules NK, membres de l’immunité innée, sont impliquées dans le contrôle des infections virales et notamment l’infection à cytomégalovirus (CMV). Généralement bien tolérée chez l’individu immunocompétent, l’infection à CMV demeure associée à une forte morbidité chez les individus dont le système immunitaire est compromis (patients transplantés, coinfectés par le VIH) ou immature (fœtus et nouveaux nés). Lors de l’infection par le CMV, une relation étroite s’établit entre le système immunitaire et le virus. Celle-ci génère en effet une forte mobilisation, associée à un profond remodelage, de différents compartiments immuns. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressées à l’équilibre qui s’instaure entre le virus et le système immunitaire. Dans une première approche menée in vitro, nous avons exploré le rôle de différentes sous-populations NK dont les cellules NK NKG2C+, caractéristiques de l’infection à CMV, en réponse à des cellules endothéliales, isolées à partir de donneurs de rein, infectées par le CMV. Ensuite, une cohorte rare d’adultes immunocompétents souffrant d’une primo-infection symptomatique à CMV nous a permis d’étudier la course naturelle de l’infection à CMV. Cette approche ex vivo a constitué d’une part en l’analyse du polymorphisme de la réponse de l’hôte au virus, par l’étude phénotypique et transcriptomique non seulement de la réponse NK mais aussi d’autres effecteurs lymphocytaires. D’autre part, nous avons exploré l’impact du polymorphisme génétique viral, par le séquençage par NGS d’isolats cliniques du CMV, sur le pouvoir pathogène du virus. L’ensemble de ces travaux devrait contribuer à la meilleure compréhension du rôle des cellules NK dans le contrôle de l’infection à CMV
NK cells are innate lymphocyte effectors involved in the control of viral infections and particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Usually well tolerated in immunocompetent individuals, CMV infection remains life life-threatening in immunosuppressed patients, as transplant recipients or HIV-infected patients, or for fetuses in case of congenital infection. Upon primary infection, CMV establishes a close relationship with the immune system. CMV infection is known to drive an important immune response and to deeply imprint several immune compartments. In this present work, we focused on the host-virus balance that takes place upon infection. Through a first in vitro approach, we investigated the role of different NK cell subpopulations, including NKG2C+ NK cells which represent one of the hallmarks of CMV infection, in response to CMVinfected endothelial cells isolated from kidney donors. Then, an ex vivo approach was conducted in a cohort of immunocompetent adults diagnosed with symptomatic primary CMV infection. On one hand, our aim was to explore the host immune response polymorphism, through phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of lymphocyte responses. On the other hand, we investigated the viral genome polymorphism, through NGS sequencing of clinical CMV isolates, which could modulate the viral pathogenicity. Taken together, these findings should contribute to the better understanding of the role of NK cells during the course of CMV infection

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Leitzke, Tatiana da Cunha Gomes. "Blendas de SAN/NBR: influência do teor de acrilonitrila da borracha nitrílica nas propriedades físico-química e mecânicas." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2003. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1758.

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Aiming the development of polymer materials with high toughness, poly(butadiene-coacrylonitrile) rubbers (NBRs), with acrylonitrile (AN) contents varying from 32,9 to 45,7%, were added to poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) by casting, mini-extrusion and monoscrew extrusion followed by injection molding. Addition of NBR resulted in significant improvements in the impact strength and the elongation at break, that were strongly influenced by the blend composition, the AN contents and the NBR melt viscosities, but the tensile strength is slightly decreased. The best impact strength results (157,1 ± 3.7 J/m) were obtained with a 70/30 (w/w) SAN/NBR blend using NBR with 33,1% of AN and 51 ML 1+4 (100°C), being ca. 700% higher than the values for pure SAN (22,4 ± 1.1 J/m). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicated a partial miscibility between the copolymers, showing a shifting of the SAN glass transition temperature from 108,1 to 101,7oC for the 70/30 blend with NBR containing 45,7% of AN. This is in agreement with infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis that displayed a significant shift of the dienic band from 967 cm-1 to ca. 1060 cm-1 for all 70/30 blends, suggesting segmental interactions between NBR and SAN. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) from fracture surfaces revealed homogeneously dispersed spherical elastomeric domains, and the appearance of yielding and/or crazing processes for all blends. The size of NBR domains decreased as the AN content increased, while the number of NBR domains decreased as the melt viscosity increased. From these results it can be concluded that SAN thoughening by the addition of NBR is directly related to the AN content and the melt viscosity of the elastomer, depending on the morphology of the dispersed rubber phase. Higher NBR domain sizes cause better impact strengths, as large rubber particles are more effective in initiating crazing processes.
Com o objetivo de desenvolver materiais poliméricos com elevada tenacidade, borrachas de poli(butadieno-co-acrilonitrila) (NBR), com teores de acrilonitrila variando de 32,9 a 45,7%, foram incorporadas ao poli(estireno-co-acrilonitrila) (SAN), por evaporação desolventes, mini-extrusão e extrusão seguida de injeção. A adição do NBR resultou em um aumento significativo na resistência ao impacto e na deformação na ruptura, que foram fortemente influenciadas pela composição da blenda, pelo teor de acrilonitrila e pela viscosidade dos NBRs, porém, houve a diminuição da resistência à tração. O melhor resultado de resistência ao impacto (157,1 ± 3.7 J/m) foi obtido para a blenda 70/30 (m/m) utilizando NBR com 33,1% de acrilonitrila e 51 ML 1+4 (100°C), um valor cerca de 700% maior que o verificado para o SAN puro (22,4 ± 1.1 J/m). A técnica de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) indicou uma miscibilidade parcial entre os copolímeros, mostrando o deslocamento da temperatura de transição vítrea do SAN de 108,1 a 101,7ºC para a blenda 70/30 utilizando o NBR com 45,7% de acrilonitrila. Este resultado concorda com a análise de espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), que mostrou um deslocamento significativo da banda da parte butadiênica de 967 cm-1 para 1060 cm-1, para todas as blendas 70/30, sugerindo assim interações segmentais entre o NBR e SAN. A análise da superfície de fratura por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), revelou homogeneidade dos domínios elastoméricos dispersos na matriz, bem como o aparecimento de microtrincas e/ou deformação plástica para todas as blendas. O tamanho dos domínios de NBR diminui com o aumento do teor de acrilonitrila presente no NBR, enquanto a quantidade de domínios diminui com o aumento da viscosidade. A partir destes resultados conclui-se que a tenacificação do SAN com a adição de NBR está diretamente relacionada com o teor de acrilonitrila e viscosidade do elastômero e depende da morfologia da fase elastomérica dispersa na matriz. Os domínios maiores de NBR proporcionaram melhor resistência ao impacto, sendo que partículas de borracha maioresfavorecem o aparecimento de microtrincas.

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49

Botham, David. "Exploring the processes of action learning in the National Health Service : dilemmas and paradoxes of evaluation." Thesis, University of Salford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386479.

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50

Zhang, Taiping. "Plasmonic-Photonic Hybrid Nanodevice." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00904658.

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Abstract:

Metallic nano-particles or nano-antennas (NAs) provide a strong spatial confinement down to the sub wavelength regime. However, a key challenge is to address and collect light from those nano-scale systems. The tiny active area of the NA is both an advantage for its miniaturization, and a real limit for the level of the collected signal. Therefore, one needs to reconsider how to drive efficiently such NA. Here, we propose to tackle this important issue by designing and realizing a novel nano-optical device based on the use of a photonic crystal cavity (PC cavity) to generate an efficient coupling between the external source and a NA. In this thesis, we design and realize a novel nano-optical device based on the coupling engineering of a photonic crystal (PC) cavity and a nanoantenna (NA). The research work includes nanodevice design, fabrication and characterization. The PC structures are formed in an InP-based membrane with four InAsP quantum wells are in the centre of the membrane to act as an optical gain material of laser mode. The PC structures include defect mode PC structures and Bloch mode PC structures. The bowtie NAs are placed on the backbone of the PC structures. The fabrication of the PC is done by electron beam lithography. Reactive ion beam etching (RIBE) is used to transmit the patterns of PC structures into the InP layer. The NAs are then deterministically positioned on the PC structures by a second e-beam exposure followed by a lift-off process. Overlay measurements showed that the deviation in the alignment error could be as small as 20nm.Optical properties of the hybrid structure are investigated in both far-field and near-field. The far-field measurement shows that the NA increases the lasing threshold of the PC cavity. The wavelength of the laser is also impacted. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (SNOM) has employed to investigate the near-field optical field distribution. The measurement results show that the NA modifies the mode of the structure and localizes the optical field under it. The modification depends on the position and orientation of the NA.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'NBS'

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