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Journal articles on the topic 'Nb3Sn superconductor'

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Published: 7 July 2024
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Talantsev, Evgeny F., Evgeniya G. Valova-Zaharevskaya, Irina L. Deryagina, and Elena N. Popova. "Characteristic Length for Pinning Force Density in Nb3Sn." Materials 16, no. 14 (July 24, 2023): 5185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16145185.

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The pinning force density, Fp, is one of the main parameters that characterize the resilience of a superconductor to carrying a dissipative-free transport current in an applied magnetic field. Kramer (1973) and Dew-Hughes (1974) proposed a widely used scaling law for this quantity, where one of the parameters is the pinning force density maximum, Fp,max, which represents the maximal performance of a given superconductor in an applied magnetic field at a given temperature. Since the late 1970s to the present, several research groups have reported experimental data on the dependence of Fp,max on the average grain size, d, in Nb3Sn-based conductors. Fp,maxd datasets were analyzed and a scaling law for the dependence Fp,maxd=A×ln1/d+B was proposed. Despite the fact that this scaling law is widely accepted, it has several problems; for instance, according to this law, at T=4.2 K and d≥650 nm, Nb3Sn should lose its superconductivity, which is in striking contrast to experiments. Here, we reanalyzed the full inventory of publicly available Fp,maxd data for Nb3Sn conductors and found that the dependence can be described by the exponential law, in which the characteristic length, δ, varies within a remarkably narrow range of δ=175±13 nm for samples fabricated using different technologies. The interpretation of this result is based on the idea that the in-field supercurrent flows within a thin surface layer (thickness of δ) near grain boundary surfaces (similar to London’s law, where the self-field supercurrent flows within a thin surface layer with a thickness of the London penetration depth, λ, and the surface is a superconductor–vacuum surface). An alternative interpretation is that δ represents the characteristic length of the exponential decay flux pinning potential from the dominant defects in Nb3Sn superconductors, which are grain boundaries.
2

Rodrigues, D., A. J. Garratt-Reed, and S. Foner. "Experimental determination of k-factors for grain boundary analysis of alloyed Nb3Sn superconductor wires." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 1008–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100172772.

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In superconductors the critical current densities are limited by the ability of the pinning centers in the material to pin flux lines. In A15-type superconductor wires, such as Nb3Sn, the pinning centers are the boundaries of A15 grains formed during the reaction heat treatment between the Nb and Sn at 650-750°C. The pinning behavior in these wires usually relates the average grain size and average composition of the A15 phase to the pinning force measured for the same wire. Few publications described the variations of the pinning behavior due to changes in the grain and grain-boundary compositions. In order to better understand the pinning behavior in regular A15 wires or in new wires with artificial pinning centers, the concentrations of elements across the grains and at the grain boundaries must be analyzed. These concentrations change the chemical potential of the region and, consequently, the interaction energy between the flux line lattice and the pinning centers. For our superconductor wires, the Nb3Sn grains could contain Nb, Sn, Cu, and Ta or Ti.
3

Hall, Ernest L., Lee E. Rumaner, and Mark G. Benz. "Interfacial studies in Nb3Sn superconductors." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100087264.

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The intermetallic compound Nb3Sn is a type-II superconductor of interest because it has high values of critical current density Jc in high magnetic fields. One method of forming this compound involves diffusion of Sn into Nb foil containing small amounts of Zr and O. In order to maintain high values of Jc, it is important to keep the grain size in the Nb3Sn as small as possible, since the grain boundaries act as flux-pinning sites. It has been known for many years that Zr and O were essential to grain size control in this process. In previous work, we have shown that (a) the Sn is transported to the Nb3Sn/Nb interface by liquid diffusion along grain boundaries; (b) the Zr and O form small ZrO2 particles in the Nb3Sn grains; and (c) many very small Nb3Sn grains nucleate from a single Nb grain at the reaction interface. In this paper we report the results of detailed studies of the Nb3Sn/Nb3Sn, Nb3Sn/Nb, and Nb3Sn/ZrO2 interfaces.
4

Han, Xuheng. "The Manufacture and Performance of Low Temperature Superconductors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2152, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2152/1/012049.

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Abstract The application of Nb3Sn superconductor joints is an important part in the production of ITER, MRI and so on. This paper first introduced the application, like coil of MRI, and basic information including the micro crystal structure of Nb3Sn superconductor, which includes the theoretical critical temperature of 18.1K, even mostly, experiments take place under 4.2K, which is the boiling point of liquid helium. Second, it talked a little about the production of CICC joints in industry. Then, mainly introduced the testing device, material parameters and testing procedures of resistance testing of Nb3Sn joints. Concluded all the data from several tests and summarized it. At last, it displayed some of its mechanical property especially about its brittle property and discussed some details in manufacture. Finally conclude about them all.
5

Schiesaro, Irene, Simone Anzellini, Rita Loria, Raffaella Torchio, Tiziana Spina, René Flükiger, Tetsuo Irifune, Enrico Silva, and Carlo Meneghini. "Anomalous Behavior in the Atomic Structure of Nb3Sn under High Pressure." Crystals 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040331.

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In the present study, the local atomic structure of a Nb3Sn superconductor sample has been probed by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) as a function of hydrostatic pressure (from ambient up to 26 GPa) using a diamond anvil cell set-up. The analysis of the Nb-K edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data was carried out combining standard multi shell structural refinement and reverse Monte Carlo method to provide detailed in situ characterization of the pressure-induced evolution of the Nb local structure in Nb3Sn. The results highlight a complex evolution of Nb chains at the local atomic scale, with a peculiar correlated displacement of Nb–Nb and Nb–Nb–Nb configurations. Such a local effect appears related to anomalies evidenced by X-ray diffraction in other superconductors belonging to the same A15 crystallographic structure.
6

Pramono, Andika Widya. "Preliminary Observation on Macro Texture of Nb3Sn Low Temperature Superconductor (LTS)." Advanced Materials Research 789 (September 2013): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.789.193.

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The macro texture of Nb3Sn superconductor was observed in order to identify the tendency of crystallographic orientation of such A15 compound. The Nb3Sn samples were prepared through the powder metallurgy process with the composition of 24at%Sn-76at%Nb. The well-blended Nb-Sn powder was consolidated by means of the uni-axial compression method, while the subsequent sintering was performed at T = 700°C for t = 96 hr. The macro texture of the sintered samples was measured using D8 Advance XRD Goniometer and the corresponding results were analyzed in the form of pole figures. Preliminary results indicate that the crystallographic orientations of Nb3Sn for both green compact and sintered samples show the strong textures in {112}-pole figures. The intensity of Nb3Sn textures decreases from green compact sample to sintered sample, probably due to the mechanism of recovery recrystallisation following the Nb-Sn inter-diffusion process during sintering.
7

Hidaka, M., H. Fujii, and S. Yamashita. "Structural phase transitions in superconductor Nb3Sn." Phase Transitions 58, no. 4 (August 20, 1996): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411599608241822.

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8

Cantoni, M., V. Abächerli, D. Uglietti, B. Seeber, and R. Flükiger. "Analytical TEM of Nb3Sn Multifilament Superconductor Wires." Microscopy and Microanalysis 14, S2 (August 2008): 1146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927608087175.

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9

Zhang, Zhichao, and Lifan Shi. "Elastic–Plastic Mechanical Behavior Analysis of a Nb3Sn Superconducting Strand with Initial Thermal Damage." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 8313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168313.

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It is well known that the parameters of Nb3Sn superconducting strands are strain sensitive, and the internal brittle Nb3Sn filament can easily break under deformations. A temperature difference from the preparation temperature of about 1000 K to the cryogenic working environment of 4.2 K damages brittle Nb3Sn fibers before working. Based on the Curtin–Zhou model, the damage theory for fiber-reinforced composites is utilized to study the influence of filament fractures caused by thermal stress. According to the typical multi-scale geometric of the EAS-Nb3Sn strand (European Advanced Superconductor, EAS), an efficient hierarchical homogenized calculation model considering filament fracture and matrix plasticity was established. In this work, we took the filament fracture caused by both thermal stresses and mechanical loads into consideration using the secant modulus and simultaneously had the impact of the plastic constitutive of the bronze matrix and the copper protective layer. Mechanical parameters, such as the homogenized secant modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio in different directions of level scale, were predicted at various temperatures. The elastoplastic mechanical behavior of the strands subjected to axial load was analyzed, and the results were in good agreement with the experiment. The initial thermal fiber fracture has non-negligible effects on the mechanical properties of the EAS-Nb3Sn superconducting strand and play the role in accelerating the increase in fiber breakage.
10

Fang, Liu, Weng Peide, Wu Yu, and Long Feng. "Magnetization of Multifilamentary Superconductor Nb3Sn in Perpendicular Field." Plasma Science and Technology 10, no. 6 (December 2008): 748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/10/6/19.

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11

Xu, Xingchen. "A review and prospects for Nb3Sn superconductor development." Superconductor Science and Technology 30, no. 9 (August 2, 2017): 093001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/aa7976.

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12

Schachinger, E., and M. Prohammer. "Anisotropy effects in the A-15 superconductor Nb3Sn." Physica C: Superconductivity 156, no. 5 (December 1988): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(88)90146-3.

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13

Kumar, A. K., T. Laurila, V. Vuorinen, and Aloke Paul. "Study on the Growth of Nb3Sn Superconductor in Cu(Sn)/Nb Diffusion Couple." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.467.

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Nb3Sn growth following the bronze technique, (i.e. by interdiffusion between Cu(Sn) alloy (bronze) and Nb) is one of the important methodologies to produce this superconductor. In this study, we have addressed the confusion over the growth rate of the Nb3Sn phase. Furthermore, a possible explanation for the corrugated layer in the multifilamentary structure is discussed. Kirkendall marker experiments were conducted to study the relative mobilities of the species, which also explained the reason for finding pores in the product phase layer. Based on the parabolic growth constant at different temperatures, the activation energy for the growth is determined. We have further explained the dramatic increase in the growth rate of the product phase by changing just one atomic percentage of Sn in the Cu-Sn bronze alloy.
14

MIZOMATA, Yoichi, Ryoichi HIROSE, Masatoshi YOSHIKAWA, Norikazu MATSUKURA, Takayuki MIYATAKE, Masao SHIMADA, Yoshio KAWATE, and Kazuo TAKABATAKE. "Shield Effect of a Powder-Metallurgy Processed Nb3Sn Superconductor." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan) 32, no. 10 (1997): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.32.491.

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15

Goldfarb, R. B., and K. Itoh. "Reduction of interfilament contact loss in Nb3Sn superconductor wires." Journal of Applied Physics 75, no. 4 (February 15, 1994): 2115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356317.

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16

Galambos, J. D., Y.-K. M. Peng, R. L. Reid, M. S. Lubell, L. Dresner, and J. R. Miller. "Comparison of Nb3Sn and NbTi Superconductor Magnet ITER Devices." Fusion Technology 15, no. 2P2B (March 1989): 1046–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst89-a39830.

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17

Hearne, G. R., P. R. Stoddart, and H. Pollak. "Pronounced anharmonicity in the classical high-Tc superconductor Nb3Sn." Physica C: Superconductivity 167, no. 3-4 (May 1990): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(90)90362-i.

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18

YAMAMOTO, Tsuyoshi, Kenji WATANABE, Satoru MURASE, Gen NISHIJIMA, Kazuo WATANABE, and Akio KIMURA. "Thermal Stability of Reinforced Nb3Sn Composite Superconductor under Cryocooled Conditions." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of the Cryogenic Society of Japan) 38, no. 6 (2003): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.38.262.

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19

Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi, Kenji Watanabe, Satoru Murase, Gen Nishijima, Kazuo Watanabe, and Akio Kimura. "Thermal stability of reinforced Nb3Sn composite superconductor under cryocooled conditions." Cryogenics 44, no. 10 (October 2004): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2004.03.017.

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20

Kong, Ershuai, Chengtao Wang, Lin Wang, Xiangqi Wang, Da Cheng, Kai Zhang, Yingzhe Wang, Quanling Peng, and Qingjin Xu. "Conceptual design study of iron-based superconducting dipole magnets for SPPC." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 13n14 (May 20, 2019): 1940003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19400037.

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A conceptual design study of 12-T two-in-one dipole magnets is ongoing with the iron-based superconducting (IBS) technology, as a candidate option for Super Proton Proton Collider (SPPC), which is designed with a circumference of 100 km and a center-of-mass energy of 70 TeV. Compared with Nb3Sn, the IBS design is competitive because of the potential much higher performance and lower cost of IBS conductors in the future. The design study is carried out with an expected Je level of IBS in 10 years. Besides, we also expect the IBS superconductor to have much better mechanical properties compared to stress-sensitive conductors like Nb3Sn and Bi-2212 wires. The 12-T dipole magnet is designed with common-coil configuration. We have optimized the field uniformity with two different layouts of the coil ends, including the soft-way bending and the hard-way bending. We also have explored the influence of a mid-plane gap on the field uniformity. The main parameters, the coil layouts, and the optimization of the field quality are presented.
21

Zlobin, Alexander V., Igor Novitski, and Emanuela Barzi. "Conceptual Design of a HTS Dipole Insert Based on Bi2212 Rutherford Cable." Instruments 4, no. 4 (September 27, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4040029.

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The U.S. Magnet Development Program (US-MDP) is aimed at developing high-field accelerator magnets with magnetic fields beyond the limits of Nb3Sn technology. Recent progress with composite wires and Rutherford cables based on the first generation high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8−x (Bi2212) allows considering them for this purpose. However, Bi2212 wires and cables are sensitive to transverse stresses and strains, which are large in high-field accelerator magnets. This requires magnet designs with stress management concepts to control azimuthal and radial strains in the coil windings and prevent the degradation of the current carrying capability of Bi2212 conductor or even its permanent damage. This paper describes a novel stress management approach, which was developed at Fermilab for high-field large-aperture Nb3Sn accelerator magnets, and is now being applied to high-field dipole inserts based on Bi2212 Rutherford cables. The insert conceptual design and main parameters, including the superconducting wire and cable, as well as the coil stress management structure, key technological steps and approaches, test configurations and their target parameters, are presented and discussed.
22

Prouzet, Eric, Alexandre Puigségur, André Larbot, Jean-Michel Rey, and Françoise Rondeaux. "Organic free montmorillonite-based flexible insulating sheaths for Nb3Sn superconductor magnets." Applied Clay Science 80-81 (August 2013): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.04.011.

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23

Laurila, T., V. Vuorinen, A. K. Kumar, and A. Paul. "Diffusion and growth mechanism of Nb3Sn superconductor grown by bronze technique." Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 23 (June 7, 2010): 231910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3453502.

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24

Rodrigues, C. A., and D. Rodrigues. "Development and characterization of Nb3Sn superconductor wire with nanometric-scale pinning centers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 43 (June 1, 2006): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/43/1/011.

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25

Mitchell, N. "Analysis of the effect of Nb3Sn strand bending on CICC superconductor performance." Cryogenics 42, no. 5 (May 2002): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(02)00041-3.

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26

Zhang, Qinyuan. "Introduction to superconducting materials and electrical properties of their structures." Applied and Computational Engineering 7, no. 1 (July 21, 2023): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/7/20230514.

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Nowadays, with the development of our modern lives, superconducting material is closely related to our lives. Therefore, the introduction of the superconductor itself and its properties is necessary. The superconducting notion, the common superconductive substancesNbTi and Nb3Snand how to manufacture the essential superconducting joint are the three parts that play the most important roles in the introduction. In this summary paper, we discuss how to make Nb3Sn, how to create the stable and non-resistance superconducting joint, and how to measure the resistance. We find these solutions by using the document-material method and the survey method, and we summarize them for analysis of the superconducting materials. At last, the concept of superconducting materials has been discovered in this summarized thesis.
27

Bai, Hongyu, W. Markiewicz, Jun Lu, and Hubertus Weijers. "Thermal Conductivity Test of YBCO Coated Conductor Tape Stacks Interleaved With Insulated Stainless Steel Tapes." Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on 23, no. 3 (December 2012): 4600204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2229774.

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A 32 Tesla, all-superconducting user magnet, which consists of two high temperature superconductor YBCO inner coils producing a field of 17 T in an low temperature superconductor Nb3Sn and NbTi outer magnet producing a background field of 15 T, is being developed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. The YBCO inner coils are pancake-wound with YBCO coated conductor tapes with an interleaved insulation of sol-gel coated stainless steel tapes. The coils are to be cooled directly in liquid helium bath. Heat losses in the windings, such as ac losses during ramping and heat loss in the internal joints, are supposed to be transferred to the coil external surfaces through heat conduction. Thus, thermal conductivity of the coil structure is critical for the internal cooling of the coil and also quench propagation if any. Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out in the radial direction on stacks of alternating YBCO tapes and stainless steel tapes. This paper presents the test results that showed a very low thermal conductivity in the radial direction. For comparison purposes, calculated thermal conductivities in the axial and azimuthal direction are also presented.
28

KUMAKURA, Hiroaki. "Present Status and Future Prospect of Nb3Sn Superconductor—50 years since its discovery—." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of the Cryogenic Society of Japan) 39, no. 9 (2004): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.39.376.

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29

Lortz, Rolf, Yuxing Wang, Alain Junod, and Naoki Toyota. "Thermal fluctuations in the classical superconductor Nb3Sn from high-resolution specific-heat measurements." Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications 460-462 (September 2007): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2007.04.161.

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30

Kumar, A. K., and A. Paul. "Interdiffusion and Growth of the Superconductor Nb3Sn in Nb/Cu(Sn) Diffusion Couples." Journal of Electronic Materials 38, no. 5 (January 9, 2009): 700–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-008-0632-z.

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31

Željko Đ, Vujović. "Magnets, Gradients, and RF Coils of MR Scanners." International Journal of Physics Research and Applications 6, no. 2 (July 25, 2023): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ijpra.1001062.

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The topic of this paper is the parts of modern MR devices, which contain magnet coils. MR scanner magnets are made of four types of electromagnetic coils: 1) Main magnet, made of superconducting material. The main magnet of an MR (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scanner creates a strong and uniform magnetic field around the patient being scanned. This magnetic field is typically in the range of 0.5 to 3 Tesla and is used to align the magnetic moments of the hydrogen atoms in the patient's body. The superconductors, which create the main magnetic field, should be cooled with liquid helium and liquid nitrogen. The main magnets made of superconductors should use a cryostat, with cooling vessels with liquid helium and liquid nitrogen, thermal insulation, and other protective elements of the magnet system. 2) The gradient magnetic field is made of three types of coils: x-coils, y-coils, and z-coils. The X coil, made of resistive material, creates a variable magnetic field, horizontally, from left to right, across the scanning tube; 3) The Y coil creates a variable magnetic field, vertically, from bottom to top; 4) The Z coil creates a variable magnetic field, longitudinally, from head to toe, inside the scanning tube. RF coils are used to generate RF pulses to excite the hydrogen protons (spins) in the patient's body and detect the signals emitted by the protons when they return to their equilibrium state after the RF excitation is turned off. The resulting interaction between the magnetic field and the aligned hydrogen atoms produces a signal that is used to generate the images seen in an MRI scan. The main magnetic field is what allows MR imaging to produce detailed anatomical and functional information non-invasively. The structure of the MR scanner magnet is complex. The resonant frequency changes at each point of the field in a controlled manner. Inside the copper core are embedded the windings of the main magnet made of superconducting material in the form of microfibers. A non-linear gradient field is created by coils of conductive material. It adds to the main magnetic field. Thus the resulting magnetic field is obtained. The types of magnets that exist in the basic configurations of MR scanners are analyzed. Scanners in the form of a closed cylindrical cavity generate their magnetic fields by passing current through a solenoid, which is maintained at the temperature of a superconductor. Exclusively used superconductors are niobium-titanium (NbTi), niobium-tin (Nb3Sn), vanadium-gallium (V3Ga), and magnesium-diboride (MgB2). Only magnesium diboride is a high-temperature superconductor, with a critical temperature Tc = 390K. The three remaining superconductors are low temperatures. New high-temperature superconductors have been discovered, as well as superconductors at room temperature. Newly discovered superconducting materials are not used in MR scanners.
32

Dhal, Jyoti Prakash, and Subash Chandra Mishra. "Effect of Niobium/Molybdenum Microalloying on SS316LN Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 1259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.1259.

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In recent years SS316LN microalloyed stainless steel is preferred for use as jacket material for Nb3Sn superconductor strands/wires. In the present investigation, microalloyed SS316LN is prepared in a vacuum induction melting furnace; Niobium and Molybdenum in their ferroalloy stage are considered as alloying element. This microalloyed steels are cast in water cooled copper mould. The tensile strength and elongation are measured and the fracture surface is studied under scanning electron microscope. It is observed that, there is a reduction of tensile strength and decrease in hardness of the steels prepared with addition of either/both the alloying elements; however there is an increase in ductility, which is helpful for cold rolling operation. From the micrographs it is observed that nitride precipitates are formed along the grain boundary, but formation of chromium carbide precipitates is reduced.
33

Hoshino, Tsutomu, Itaru Ishii, Noboru Higuchi, and Shuichiro Fuchino. "1 to 3 GVA class superconducting power transmission cables with Nb3Sn or oxide superconductor." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 108, no. 9 (1988): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1972.108.431.

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34

Takeda, M., H. Yoshida, and H. Hashimoto. "Local tetragonality and atomic structure in Nb3Sn superconductor studied by high resolution electron microscopy." physica status solidi (a) 87, no. 2 (February 16, 1985): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2210870209.

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35

Hoshino, Tsutomu, Itaru Ishii, Noboru Higuchi, and Shuichiro Fuchino. "1- to 3-GVA class superconducting power transmission cables with Nb3Sn or oxide superconductor." Electrical Engineering in Japan 108, no. 6 (November 1988): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391080608.

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36

Jin, Peng, Lankai Li, Xide Li, Qiuliang Wang, and Junsheng Cheng. "Residual Stress in Nb3Sn Superconductor Strand Introduced by Structure and Stoichiometric Distribution After Heat Treatment." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 27, no. 5 (August 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2017.2685500.

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37

Wang, Qing-Yu, Cun Xue, Chao Dong, and You-He Zhou. "Effects of defects and surface roughness on the vortex penetration and vortex dynamics in superconductor–insulator–superconductor multilayer structures exposed to RF magnetic fields: numerical simulations within TDGL theory." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (February 24, 2022): 045004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac4ad1.

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Abstract Vortex penetration and vortex dynamics are significantly important to superconducting devices, for example, the superconducting cavities, since vortex motions will create substantial dissipation. In experiments, different kinds of defects as well as different degrees of surface roughness were observed. By considering these in superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) structures, vortex penetration and vortex dynamics are very complex due to their interactions with defects and the influence of surface roughness, especially for radio-frequency (RF) magnetic fields, which are quite different from ideal defect-free SIS multilayer structures. In this paper, within the Ginzburg–Landau theory, we perform numerical simulations to study the effects of nanoscale defects, surface roughness, and cracks in the coating layer on the vortex penetration and superheating field in Nb3Sn–I–Nb multilayer structures exposed to a quasi-static magnetic field. The validation of the numerical simulations is verified by good consistency with previous theoretical results in ideal defect-free SIS multilayer and single Nb structures. Furthermore, we explore the vortex dynamics and induced voltages in SIS multilayer structures exposed to RF magnetic fields for both ideal defect-free structures and real situations that include surface roughness. Our numerical simulations indicate that, unlike the quasi-static case, the advantage of SIS multilayer structures over a single Nb structure depends on the degree of surface roughness as well as the frequency and amplitude of the RF magnetic field. The results of this paper provide deep insight to evaluate the actual performance-limiting characteristics of next-generation superconducting RF cavities with different proposed candidate materials, which are quite susceptible to nonideal surfaces.
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Santra, Sangeeta, Satyam Suwas, and Aloke Paul. "Effect of Nb orientation and deformation on the growth of Nb3Sn intermetallic superconductor by bronze technique." Philosophical Magazine Letters 95, no. 10 (October 3, 2015): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500839.2015.1112045.

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39

Hearne, G. R., and H. Pollak. "Low-temperature anharmonicity, strong electron-phonon interactions and heavy-fermion behaviour, in the A15 superconductor Nb3Sn." Hyperfine Interactions 70, no. 1-4 (April 1992): 1159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02397535.

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40

Imaduddin, Agung, Samsulludin, Muhammad Reza Wicaksono, Iman Saefuloh, Satrio Herbirowo, Sigit Dwi Yudanto, Hendrik, et al. "The Doping Effects of SiC and Carbon Nanotubes on the Manufacture of Superconducting Monofilament MgB2 Wires." Materials Science Forum 966 (August 2019): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.966.249.

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MgB2 superconductor is a superconductor with a critical temperature of around 39K and has the potential to replace Nb3Sn and NbTi as superconducting coils to produce high magnetic fields. In this study, monofilament wires have been made to analyze the doping effect of SiC and Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) in its manufacture using Powder-In-Tube (PIT) method. Stainless Steel (SS-316) tube was used as a tube filled with powders of starting materials of Mg, B, SiC and CNT. A total of 8 samples were prepared with variations in the addition of SiC, and CNT as much as 5, 10, and 15 wt %, and also the variations in the addition of Mg composition by 0 and 10 mol % from normal stoichiometric values. The samples were rolled and sintered at 800°C for 3 hours. The samples then were analyzed using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) to analyze the surface morphology, XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer) to analyze the formed phases and crystal structures, and then resistivity versus temperature using cryogenic systems to analyze their superconductivity properties. Based on the results of the XRD analysis, the MgB2 phase is the major phase in the samples and the SiC doping causes the formation of minor phases of Mg2Si and Fe3C. The addition of SiC causes a decrease in crystalline properties of the MgB2 phase due to reaction with SiC, while the addition of CNT does not cause the formation of a new phase. Based on the results of the analysis of resistance versus temperature, it is seen that the addition of SiC causes a decrease in TC value. While the addition of CNT causes the improvement in the nature of superconductivity, but it also causes the decrease of its TC values.
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Ochiai, S., S. Nishino, M. Hojo, and K. Watanabe. "Relation of the strength distribution of Nb3Sn to the critical current of a pre-stressed multifilamentary composite superconductor." Superconductor Science and Technology 8, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/8/12/002.

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42

Agatsuma, K., H. Tateishi, K. Arai, T. Saitoh, N. Sadakata, and M. Nakagawa. "Nb3Sn thin films made by rf magnetron sputtering process with a Nb3Snsingle target for FRS (Fiber Reinforced Superconductor)." Cryogenics 34 (January 1994): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(05)80199-7.

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43

Santra, S., S. K. Makineni, G. Shankar, S. Suwas, K. Chattopadhyay, S. V. Divinski, and A. Paul. "Insight into the effect of Ti-addition on diffusion-controlled growth and texture of Nb3Sn intermetallic superconductor phase." Materialia 6 (June 2019): 100276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100276.

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44

Ambrožič, Klemen, Damien Fourmentel, Hubert Carcreff, Vladimir Radulović, and Luka Snoj. "Computational support on the development of nuclear heating calorimeter detector design." EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 04033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022504033.

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Heating due to energy deposition of intense ionizing radiation in samples and structural materials of nuclear reactors poses severe limitations in terms of cooling requirements for safe reactor operation, especially in high neutron and gamma flux environments of material testing fission reactors (MTRs) and novel fusion devices. A bilateral CEA-JSI research project was launched in 2018 with the objective to measure the gamma heating rates in standard reactor-related materials (graphite, aluminium, stainless steel and tungsten) as well as fusionrelevant materials (low-activation steel Eurofer-97 and Nb3Sn superconductor) in the JSI TRIGA reactor my means of gamma calorimeters. The calorimeter design will be based on the the CALMOS-2 calorimeter developed at the CEA and used to perform gamma heating measurements in the OSIRIS MTR in Saclay. In order to optimize the detector response inside the JSI TRIGA reactor field and not to perturb the measurement field, a detailed computational analysis was performed in terms of energy deposition assessment and measurement field perturbation using the MCNP v6.1 code, and in terms of heat transfer using the COMSOL Multiphysics code. The abovementioned activities enabled us to finalize the detector design with the experimental campaign planned for the end of year 2019.
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Wang, Chengtao, Kai Zhang, and Qingjin Xu. "R&D steps of a 12-T common coil dipole magnet for SPPC pre-study." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 33 (November 22, 2016): 1644018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16440188.

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IHEP (the Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China) has started the R&D of high field accelerator magnet technology from 2014 for recently proposed CEPC-SppC (Circular Electron Positron Collider, Super proton–proton Collider) project. The conceptual design study of a 20-T dipole magnet is ongoing with the common coil configuration, and a 12-T model magnet will be fabricated in the next two years. A 3-step R&D process has been proposed to realize this 12-T common-coil model magnet: first, a 12-T subscale magnet will be fabricated with Nb3Sn and NbTi superconductors to investigate the fabrication process and characteristics of Nb3Sn coils, then a 12-T subscale magnet will be fabricated with only Nb3Sn superconductors to test the stress management method and quench protection method of Nb3Sn coils; the final step is fabricating the 12-T common-coil dipole magnet with HTS (YBCO) and Nb3Sn superconductors to test the field optimization method of the HTS and Nb3Sn coils. The characteristics of these R&D steps will be introduced in the paper.
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Liang, M., Ping Xiang Zhang, X. D. Tang, J. S. Li, C. G. Li, K. Li, M. Yang, C. J. Xiao, and Lian Zhou. "Effects of Heat Treatments on the Nb3Sn Composite Strands." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 2023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.2023.

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Nb3Sn superconductors are widely used in high magnetic field application. Internal tin processed Nb3Sn wires used for ITER coils (at 4.2K, 12T) were heated by two steps, local heat treatment and reaction heat treatments. The superconducting properties of Nb3Sn were investigated as a function of reaction heat treatment (HT) for strands during 625°C~665°C.To study the heat treatment effects on Jcn and n-value of Nb3Sn strands, different HT-parameters, i.e., annealing temperature and times, were applied on the Nb3Sn multifilament strands.
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McRae, Dustin, and Robert Walsh. "Dimensional Changes of <img src="/images/tex/809.gif" alt="\hbox {Nb}_{3}\hbox {Sn}"> Conductors and Conduit Alloys During Reaction Heat Treatment." Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on 23, no. 3 (January 2013): 9000404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2236601.

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The performance of Nb3Sn composite superconducting wire is highly dependent on its strain state, which is difficult to predict or measure accurately. There is limited data in the literature on Nb3Sn or conduit alloys for the thermal expansion/contraction that occurs during reaction heat treatments. Thermal expansion measurements of two contemporary Nb3Sn wires and two conduit alloys-316LN and JK2LB-are taken individually during reaction heat treatments in a wide temperature range (4-1200 K) dilatometer system at the NHMFL. The measurements observed here are compared with the existing data and predicted models. This work significantly increases the available data for Nb3Sn superconductors and conduit alloys that can be used in magnet design and predictive modeling.
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Kirk, M. A., M. C. Baker, B. J. Kestel, and H. W. Weber. "Observation by HVEM of the martensite transformation and the superconducting transition in Nb3Sn." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100106004.

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It is well known that a number of compound superconductors with the A15 structure undergo a martensite transformation when cooled to the superconducting state. Nb3Sn is one of those compounds that transforms, at least partially, from a cubic to tetragonal structure near 43 K. To our knowledge this transformation in Nb3Sn has not been studied by TEM. In fact, the only low temperature TEM study of an A15 material, V3Si, was performed by Goringe and Valdre over 20 years ago. They found the martensite structure in some foil areas at temperatures between 11 and 29 K, accompanied by faults that consisted of coherent twin boundaries on {110} planes. In pursuing our studies of irradiation defects in superconductors, we are the first to observe by TEM a similar martensite structure in Nb3Sn.Samples of Nb3Sn suitable for TEM studies have been produced by both a liquid solute diffusion reaction and by sputter deposition of thin films.
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Zhao, Xiaoyu, Guannan Wang, Qiang Chen, Libin Duan, and Wenqiong Tu. "An effective thermal conductivity and thermomechanical homogenization scheme for a multiscale Nb3Sn filaments." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0015.

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Abstract A comprehensive study of the multiscale homogenized thermal conductivities and thermomechanical properties is conducted towards the filament groups of European Advanced Superconductors (EAS) strand via the recently proposed Multiphysics Locally Exact Homogenization Theory (LEHT). The filament groups have a distinctive two-level hierarchical microstructure with a repeating pattern perpendicular to the axial direction of Nb3Sn filament. The Nb3Sn filaments are processed in a very high temperature between 600 and 700°C, while its operation temperature is extremely low, −269°C. Meanwhile, Nb3Sn may experience high heat flux due to low resistivity of Nb3Sn in the normal state. The intrinsic hierarchical microstructure of Nb3Sn filament groups and Multiphysics loading conditions make LEHT an ideal candidate to conduct the homogenized thermal conductivities and thermomechanical analysis. First, a comparison with a finite element analysis is conducted to validate effectiveness of Multiphysics LEHT and good agreement is obtained for the homogenized thermal conductivities and mechanical and thermal expansion properties. Then, the Multiphysics LEHT is applied to systematically investigate the effects of volume fraction and temperature on homogenized thermal conductivities and thermomechanical properties of Nb3Sn filaments at the microscale and mesoscale. Those homogenized properties provide a full picture for researchers or engineers to understand the Nb3Sn homogenized properties and will further facilitate the material design and application.
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Sun, Wanshuo, and Shunzhong Chen. "Phase Transition of Nb3Sn during the Heat Treatment of Precursors after Mechanical Alloying." Crystals 13, no. 4 (April 11, 2023): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13040660.

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The phase transition process of Nb3Sn during heat treatment exerts important influences on Nb3Sn formation and the superconducting characteristics of Nb3Sn superconductors. A simple method for quickly preparing Nb3Sn was studied. First, Nb, Sn, and Cu powders were mechanically alloyed to prepare the precursor. Then, the precursor was heat treated at different times to form Nb3Sn. During the first stage, the morphology and crystal structure of the products were analyzed after different milling times. The results of the transmission electron microscopy showed the poor crystallinity of the products compared with the original materials. During the second stage, heat treatment was performed at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1073 K. After treatment, the products were studied via X-ray diffraction analysis to determine how the structure changed with increasing temperature. Only the Nb diffraction peaks in the precursor were observed after high-energy ball milling for more than 3 h. When the heat treatment temperature was above 773 K and heat treatment time was 15 min, Nb3Sn began to form. When the temperature was above 973 K, some impurities, such as Nb2O5, appeared. After 5 h of ball milling, the precursor was heat treated at different times in a vacuum heat treatment furnace. The crystal structure of the product exhibited evident diffraction peaks of Nb3Sn. The critical temperatures of the samples that were heat treated at different times were between 17 K and 18 K. The magnetic critical current density of the sample versus the applied magnetic field at 4.2 K indicated that the magnetic Jc was approximately 30,000 A/cm2.

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