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Journal articles on the topic 'Nazi concentration camp theater'

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Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Kift, Roy. "Comedy in the Holocaust: the Theresienstadt Cabaret." New Theatre Quarterly 12, no. 48 (November 1996): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00010496.

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The concentration camp in Theresienstadt in the Czech Republic was unique, in that it was used by the Nazis as a ‘flagship’ ghetto to deceive the world about the real fate of the Jews. It contained an extraordinarily high proportion of VIPs – so-called Prominenten, well-known international personalities from the worlds of academia, medicine, politics, and the military, as well as leading composers, musicians, opera singers, actors, and cabarettists, most of whom were eventually murdered in Auschwitz. The author, Roy Kift, who first presented this paper at a conference on ‘The Shoah and Performance’ at the University of Glasgow in September 1995, is a free-lance dramatist who has been living in Germany since 1981, where he has written award-winning plays for stage and radio, and a prizewinning opera libretto, as well as directing for stage, television, and radio. His new stage play, Camp Comedy, set in Theresienstadt, was inspired by this paper, and includes original cabaret material: it centres on the nightmare dilemma encountered by Kurt Gerron in making the Nazi propaganda film, The Fuhrer Gives the Jews a Town. Roy Kift has contributed regular reports on contemporary German theatre to a number of magazines, including NTQ. His article on the GRIPS Theater in Berlin appeared in TQ39 (1981) and an article on Peter Zadek in NTQ4 (1985).

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2

Kaynar-Kissinger, Gad. "Shylock in Buchenwald." European Judaism 51, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2018.510223.

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Abstract Can The Merchant of Venice be performed in Germany after the Holocaust, and if so, how? Is the claim that the play is a touchstone for German-Jewish relations, with a philosemitic tradition – and therefore eligible to be performed today – verifiable? The article begins by briefly surveying this tradition from the Jewish emancipation in the mideighteenth century, which, with a few relapses, continued – especially in productions directed by Jews and/or with Jewish actors in the role of Shylock – until the rise of the Nazi regime, to be resumed after the Second World War. The main part analyses a test case, staged by the Israeli director Hanan Snir at the Weimar National Theatre (1995), and intended rhetorically to avenge the Holocaust on the German audience: Merchant as a viciously antisemitic play with in a play, directed by SS personnel in the nearby Buchenwald concentration camp with eventually murdered Jewish inmates compelled to play the Jewish parts.

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Kaynar-Kissinger, Gad. "Shylock in Buchenwald." European Judaism 51, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2017.510223.

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Can The Merchant of Venice be performed in Germany after the Holocaust, and if so, how? Is the claim that the play is a touchstone for German-Jewish relations, with a philosemitic tradition – and therefore eligible to be performed today – verifiable? The article begins by briefly surveying this tradition from the Jewish emancipation in the mid-eighteenth century, which, with a few relapses, continued – especially in productions directed by Jews and/or with Jewish actors in the role of Shylock – until the rise of the Nazi regime, to be resumed after the Second World War. The main part analyses a test case, staged by the Israeli director Hanan Snir at the Weimar National Theatre (1995), and intended rhetorically to avenge the Holocaust on the German audience: Merchant as a viciously antisemitic play-within-a-play, directed by SS personnel in the nearby Buchenwald concentration camp with eventually murdered Jewish inmates compelled to play the Jewish parts.

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4

Stahrenberg, Carolin. "‘Meine Heimat ist der Wagen’: Negotiation of mobility and settledness in two German post-war musicals." Studies in Musical Theatre 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/smt_00106_1.

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Persecution and expulsion due to Nazi terror and the Second World War led to massive population shifts within Europe. First was the mass exodus from the German Reich, as a result of racist and political persecution. Then, after the end of the war, millions of German refugees and up to 12 million displaced persons – former forced labourers and foreign concentration camp prisoners – had to find new homes or be repatriated. These movements led to the discursive negotiation of wandering, mobility and settledness in German language musical theatre of the 1950s. This article analyses such relations by looking at the musicals Feuerwerk (1950) and Katharina Knie (1957) and focusing on their structures, receptions and evolutions; in both cases, special attention is paid to the dream ballets. Both musicals (at that time referred to as ‘musical comedies’ or ‘musical folk plays’) premiered at Munich’s Gärtnerplatztheater and, as part of their plots, thematize the nomadic life of circus people opposed to a settled existence.

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5

Chen, Chien-Cheng. "Post-Auschwitz Dramaturgy: Toward the Later Edward Bond." Modern Drama 65, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md-65-3-1121.

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Although British playwright Edward Bond is well known for his early plays during the 1960s–80s, his later works, from the late 1990s onward, have been relatively overlooked and underexplored. In this article, I aim to bridge these two phases and propose a theoretical framework to approach Bond’s evolution as a playwright. I will first examine Bond’s critical engagement with Brecht, and then I will proceed to analyse Bond’s evolving dramaturgy of the Holocaust, which will help to demonstrate how Bond has developed what we might call his post-Auschwitz dramaturgy. While criticizing Brecht’s theatre for being the “Theatre of Auschwitz,” Bond bases his post-Brechtian dramaturgy on his specific understanding of the infamous Nazi concentration camp. Bond regards Auschwitz as not only a localized historical event but also a trans-historical structure of biopolitics, manifested in both the camp and an ensuing neoliberal capitalist system. By drawing on two pivotal passages of the Palermo improvisation (which took place in 1983) and the Russian guard’s story, both of which Bond describes in “Commentary on The War Plays” (1991), I will elucidate how these examples herald a “post-Auschwitz” dramaturgical model that can be understood through Emmanuel Levinas’s ethics and Giorgio Agamben’s biopolitics. Building on this analysis, I will analyse Bond’s plays The Crime of the Twenty-First Century (1999) and Born (2006) to argue that it is the dissonance between the biopolitical paradigm exemplified in Auschwitz and the human subject’s fundamental creativity that defines Bond’s later works.

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Przewoźnik, Sylwia. "Korespondencja więźniów z obozu w Auschwitz w świetle akt Sądu Grodzkiego w Krakowie z lat 1946–1950." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 70, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2018.1.12.

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The Auschwitz concentration camp was established in 1940. It was the largest Nazi concentration camp situated on the territory of the occupied Poland. It was also an extermination camp of the prisoners incarcerated there. The Jews and the Poles were the largest national groups which were confined to the Nazi camp in Auschwitz. In January of 1945, the Auschwitz camp was liberated by the Red Army. The following article is based on the archives of Cracow Magistrate’s Court from 1946 until 1950 which are accompanied by the prisoner correspondence from the Nazi death camp in Auschwitz.

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Pukhovskaya, Natalia E. "Nazi Concentration Camps: Harsh Everyday Life and Survival Strategies." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 4 (December 27, 2023): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2023-4-109-118.

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The article is devoted to the study of psychological aspects of survival in Nazi concentration camps. An analysis of camp everyday life practices, as well as behavioral and psychological strategies of both prisoners and camp management, is presented. Particular attention is focused on the phenomenon of depersonalization, and emotional reactions of people entrapped in extremely harsh life in the camp. As sources for the analyses there were taken the memoirs of famous psychiatrists Viktor Frankl and Bruno Bettelheim, which were based on their personal experiences, psychological observations and insights, since they themselves were prisoners of Nazi concentration camps. The article also refers to the memoirs of R. Hess, which allow us to comprehend the strategies of behavior of camp functionaries and their way of dealing with prisoners and everyday life in the concentration camp.

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Kogan, Ilany. "“PLAYING WITH REALITY” IN A NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP." American Journal of Psychoanalysis 82, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s11231-022-09337-y.

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Williams, Robert L., Jack H. Medalie, Stephen J. Zyzanski, Susan A. Flocke, Shlomit Yaari, and Uri Goldbourt. "Long term mortality of NAZI concentration camp survivors." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46, no. 6 (June 1993): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90130-s.

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B. Oster, Sharon. "The Female Muselmann in Nazi Concentration Camp Discourse." Journal of Holocaust Research 34, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 198–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25785648.2020.1779502.

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Schafer, Arthur. "On Using Nazi Data: The Case Against." Dialogue 25, no. 3 (1986): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300020862.

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The weather can be very cold at Dachau concentration camp, but Dachau was apparently not cold enough for some Nazi purposes. A camp doctor named Rascher wrote to Heinrich Himmler in February 1943, asking to be transferred to Auschwitz to continue his experiments—which involved freezing live prisoners. The letter reads: “Auschwitz is more suitable [than Dachau] as it is colder there and the camp itself is much larger, thereby attracting less attention to the test persons, who tend to scream while freezing.”

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Garfinkle, Jarred, Frederick Andermann, and Michael I. Shevell. "Neurolathyrism in Vapniarka: Medical Heroism in a Concentration Camp." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 38, no. 6 (November 2011): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100012403.

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Stories abound about the medical abuses that have come to define medicine and the “pseudo”-neurosciences in the Third Reich. Well known are the Nazi program of euthanasia and the neuroscientific publications that arose from it. Nevertheless, during this widespread perversion of medical practice and science, true medical heroics persisted, even in the concentration camps. In December 1942, inmates of Camp Vapniarka began experiencing painful lower extremity muscle cramps, spastic paraparesis, and urinary incontinence. In order to reduce the cost of feeding the 1200, mostly Jewish, inmates of Camp Vapniarka and surreptitiously hasten their deaths, the Nazi-affiliated Romanian officers of the camp had begun feeding them a diet high in Lathyrus sativus. L. sativus is the neurotoxin implicated in neurolathyrism, a degenerative disease of the upper motor neurons. Dr. Arthur Kessler, one of the camp's prisoners, eventually identified the source of the epidemic. Armed with this knowledge, the inmates collectively organized to halt its spread.

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Zetterström-Geschwind, Britta. "From Nazi Concentration Camp to Detention in Sweden 1945." Ethnologia Scandinavica 52 (September 1, 2022): 90–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.69819/ethsc.v52i.25324.

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Aristov, Stanislav V., and Valentina N. Aristova. "The role of communication in the survival of Nazi concentration camp prisoners." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 480 (2023): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/480/10.

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The aim of the article is to analyze the communication of prisoners of Nazi concentration camps as one of the factors in the prisoners' struggle for life in extreme conditions. The sources of the research are materials from Russian and foreign archives: the State Archive of the Russian Federation (Russia), the Yad Vashem Archive (Israel), the Security Service Archive (Ukraine), the Holocaust Memorial Archive (USA), the Bundesarchive (Germany), as well as published memoirs and interviews of former prisoners. In particular, the authors analyzed the testimony of former prisoners, criminal cases against the concentration camps' administrative and security personnel convicted in the course of post-war trials. As a result of their research, the authors concluded that language ability and communication played a critical role in the rescue of prisoners. If prisoners spoke several languages, mastered the internal camp jargon, and also managed to build communication with representatives of the camp administration, functionary prisoners and ordinary prisoners, their chances of survival increased significantly. If adaptation to the camp's linguistic realities did not take place, prisoners had practically no opportunity to escape. The authors examine the characteristics that determined the framework of the camp community, among which the main were Nazi ideological attitudes, as well as prisoners' pre-camp experience. They thoroughly analyze German and camp jargon - the languages that, if mastered, determined prisoners' survival. The authors show how German changed due to lexical and semantic neologisms and the role it played in prisoners' subjugation, demonstrate that the camp jargon developed in several directions - the formation of a single lingua franca and the formation of jargon in national groups of prisoners, and also pay particular attention to the role that translators played in the camp life. The authors characterize the basic models of camp communication: “SS man - ordinary prisoner”, “SS man - camp functionary”, “representative of the camp ‘elite' - ordinary prisoner”, “prisoner - prisoner”, “prisoner - civilian worker”, and note the possibility (or impossibility) of prisoners within each of them to be saved. Finally, the authors describe the role of communication in organizing the underground Resistance, in order not only to survive, but also to actively resist the Nazi terror.

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Tryuk, Malgorzata. "Interpreting in Nazi concentration camps during World War II." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 12, no. 2 (July 30, 2010): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.12.2.01try.

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This paper is based on a study of the records of prisoners in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp with the aim of uncovering as much information as possible about camp interpreters, their work and their attempts to ease the hardships of other prisoners, often risking their own lives in the process. As will be demonstrated, the generally accepted deontological norms for interpreting in community settings were not applicable to concentration camps, and different norms were adopted which were clearly justified, under the circumstances. The paper in particular investigates why interpreters were needed in the concentration camps, who they were, how they were recruited for the job, what their language combinations were, what their duties were, when the interpreters were required, and how they performed their duties as well what their roles were.

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Voronin, S. A., and B. G. Yakemenko. "The phenomenon of «man between life and death» in the space of the Nazi concentration camp." RUDN Journal of World History 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2019-11-3-195-201.

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The article explores the phenomenology of a special category of prisoners of Nazi concentration camps, who were in a state close to death, but for a long time did not die, being in a special, borderline state of mind and body. In camp jargon, they were called “Muslims”, which was not related to religious confession - the etymology of the term is controversial. The state in which the “Muslims” were, is an unknown phenomenon, since it is characterized by almost complete fading of mental and physical functions, the Erasure of age and sex characteristics. This category of prisoners can be considered the apotheosis of the Nazi concentration camp system.

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Lothstein, Leslie. "Can theories on complex trauma and attachment make room for Garwood’s concept of a psychic guardian?" International Journal of Forensic Psychotherapy 4, no. 1 (July 25, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ijfp.v4n1.2022.1.

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This review essay of a new book by GP and psychotherapist (and Nazi camp survivor), Alfred Garwood, explores the effect of severe early childhood trauma on the development of the adult. It relates how Dr Garwood was interned in a Nazi concentration camp from the age of nine months to two years old. He grew up to become a GP and psychotherapist, but his early experiences always reverberated inside him. Garwood’s efforts to cope with those reverberations led him to develop the concept of a “psychic guardian” which is explored in this article.

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18

FAVARO, A., F. C. RODELLA, and P. SANTONASTASO. "Binge eating and eating attitudes among Nazi concentration camp survivors." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 2 (March 2000): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799008521.

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Background. Prisoners in Nazi concentration camps lived through extreme situations that included starvation. We test our hypothesis that there is a greater lifetime presence of binge eating among survivors from concentration camps than in a control group.Methods. The subjects were 51 political prisoners who survived Nazi concentration camps and 47 ex-partisans of similar age and sex. A clinical interview investigated the lifetime occurrence of binge eating. The Eating Attitudes Test was also administered.Results. The mean reported loss of weight among survivors was 27·3 kg. Thirty-three per cent of them and 4% of the ex-partisans reported going on eating binges at some time in their lives (P < 0·0007). There was no significant difference in the Eating Attitudes Test scores of survivors and ex-partisans, but, among survivors, the Bulimia subscale significantly discriminated subjects who reported current binge eating.Conclusions. Our study confirms that subjects who have survived a period of extreme food deprivation are more likely to develop binge eating behaviour.

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Lomranz, Jacob, Dov Shmotkin, Amnon Zechovoy, and Eliot Rosenberg. "Time orientation in Nazi concentration camp survivors: Forty years after." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 55, no. 2 (April 1985): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03437.x.

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Rabinowitz, Paula. "It’s Still There." boundary 2 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-7999532.

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Daniel Blaufuks’s video Als Ob/As If formally interrogates the history of Holocaust imagery using a close visual examination of the 1944 “Staged Nazi Film” shot in Thereseinstadt. Layering his footage from present-day Terezín with a number of earlier films and television shows shot at or about the Nazi concentration camp, he contemplates the role of the image, both still and moving, in the creation of memory and history of the Holocaust. His video and phototextual book connect to literary explorations of the Czech concentration camp—by Georges Perec, W. G. Sebald, and Jiří Weil—as well as cinematic documentaries about the Nazi murder of European Jews by Alain Resnais, Claude Lanzmann, and Jean-Luc Godard. By focusing on contemporary Terezín, Blaufuks also brings to light aspects of memorialization within post-totalitarian societies investigated by filmmakers Petra Epperlein and Chantal Akerman, as well as by scholars of the Holocaust and post-Soviet Eastern Europe.

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Hachtmann, Rüdiger. "Fordism and Unfree Labour: Aspects of the Work Deployment of Concentration Camp Prisoners in German Industry between 1941 and 1944." International Review of Social History 55, no. 3 (December 2010): 485–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000416.

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SummaryThis article examines the relationship between Fordism and unfree labour in Nazi Germany. Fordism is understood here as a form of workplace rationalization (especially assembly-line production), but also as a “technology of domination” and an “exploitation innovation”. In contrast to the Weimar Republic, Fordism was established in broad sectors of German industry under Nazi rule in the form of “war Fordism”. In order to examine the connections between the specific historical variants of these two apparently contradictory production regimes – Fordism and forced labour – the article focuses on the “labour deployment” of the most severely terrorized and brutalized group of labourers in Nazi Germany: concentration camp prisoners. Surveying the existing literature, it explores the compatibilities and tensions between Fordism and the deployments of concentration camp prisoners in German industry. In closing, several theses are presented on how Fordism between 1941 and 1944 can be classified within an entire history of Fordism in Germany.

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Hordler, S. "Before the Holocaust: Concentration Camp Lichtenburg and the Evolution of the Nazi Camp System." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 100–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcr006.

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Chan, Paula. "Red Stars and Yellow Stars: The Soviet Investigation of Klooga Concentration Camp." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 33, no. 2 (2019): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcz022.

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Abstract This study considers the extent to which Stalinist political goals influenced the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission’s information gathering about Nazi crimes on the local level. Examining the investigation of Klooga concentration camp in Estonia, the author compares the statements that Jewish survivors gave to commission investigators with these same survivors’ testimony preserved in other Soviet and non-Soviet sources. She argues that investigations took fundamentally different courses in different places due to local agendas and conditions. In cases such as Klooga, Jewish survivors and Soviet investigators worked together to document Nazi atrocities, creating the accurate record that Stalin’s government required to pursue its political objectives.

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Domènech, Jordi, and Juan Jesús Fernández. "Survival in a Nazi Concentration Camp: The Spanish Prisoners of Mauthausen." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 52, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 351–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01731.

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Abstract Analysis of the extent to which higher social class (along with other demographic variables) was an advantage for Spanish prisoners at the Mauthausen concentration camp advances the study of the determinants of survival in contexts of indiscriminate violence. Use of Cox event-history models, based on detailed information collected by well-placed Spaniards at the camp, reveals that individuals from higher social classes who filled administrative positions at Mauthausen were prominent in support networks and had a good command of the German language were more likely to survive. The risk of death was highest among unskilled agricultural workers, followed by unskilled non-agricultural workers.

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Goeschel, Christian. "Suicide in Nazi Concentration Camps, 1933-9." Journal of Contemporary History 45, no. 3 (July 2010): 628–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009410366558.

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Too often histories of the concentration camps tend to be ignorant of the wider political context of nazi repression and control. This article tries to overcome this problem. Combining legal, social and political history, it contributes to a more thorough understanding of the changing relationship between the camps as places of extra-legal terror and the judiciary, between nazi terror and the law. It argues that the conflict between the judiciary and the SS was not a conflict between ‘good’ and ‘evil’, as existing accounts claim. Rather, it was a power struggle for jurisdiction over the camps. Concentration camp authorities covered up the murders of prisoners as suicides to prevent judicial investigations. This article also looks at actual suicides in the pre-war camps, to highlight individual inmates’ reactions to life within the camps. The article concludes that the history of the concentration camps needs to be firmly integrated into the history of nazi terror and the Third Reich.

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Wachsmann, Nikolaus. "Lived experience and the Holocaust: spaces, senses and emotions in Auschwitz." Journal of the British Academy 9 (2021): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/009.027.

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This article examines lived experience during the Holocaust, focusing on Auschwitz, the most lethal Nazi concentration camp. It draws on spatial history, as well as the history of senses and emotions, to explore subjective being in Auschwitz. The article suggests that a more explicit engagement with individual spaces�prisoner bunks, barracks, latrines, crematoria, construction sites, SS offices�and their emotional and sensory dimension, can reveal elements of lived experience that have remained peripheral on the edges of historical visibility. Such an approach can deepen understanding of Auschwitz, by making the camp more recognisable and by contributing to wider historiographical debates about the nature of Nazi terror.

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Dreyfus, Jean-Marc. "The mass graves of Hohne and the French attempt (and failure) at exhumation (1958–1969)." Heritage, Memory and Conflict 3 (May 10, 2023): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/hmc.3.74126.

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The Bergen Belsen Nazi concentration camp has been widely described and studied, especially as the images taken by British troops at the moment of the camp's liberation shaped the very representation of Nazi crimes and the Holocaust. Much less-known are the debates about the exhumations of more than 20 000 corpses of inmates, the ones who died in the weeks before or after the liberation. The French mission in search of corpses of deportees, the so-called 'Garban mission', tried to negotiate the access to the camp grounds. After an international uproar and a decade of negotiations, the permission was finally not granted.

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Riedel, Dirk. "A ‘Political Soldier’ and ‘Practitioner of Violence’: The Concentration Camp Commandant Hans Loritz." Journal of Contemporary History 45, no. 3 (July 2010): 555–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009410366703.

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This article builds on the growing body of literature on SS perpetrators. It explores the career of Hans Loritz, one of the most influential commandants of the pre-war nazi camps (and, from 1936, commandant of Dachau). The present article explores Loritz’s career within the small network of senior camp officials — many of whom would become key players of nazi extermination policy in the second world war — that emerged before the war. In addition, the article places Loritz into his social context: in spite of his responsibility for major atrocities, he led a perfectly ‘normal’ life and was not stranded on the margins of society.

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Lambertz, Jan. "The Urn and the Swastika: Recording Death in the Nazi Camp System*." German History 38, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz107.

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Abstract Why did Nazi concentration camps routinely send death notifications and even cremation urns to families of dead prisoners, including Jewish prisoners, until well into the war years? This article challenges the assumption that these practices served solely to provide reassurance that the prisoners had died under ‘normal’ circumstances. In the case of Jewish prisoners, urns sent home for burial to families in the Reich were part and parcel of a system of intimidation waged through local Gestapo offices. These urns also illuminate changing practices around prisoner deaths within camps themselves and the dissonant character of Nazi camp organization. On the one hand, camp administrators adhered to long-standing German state practices, establishing civil registries on camp premises to record prisoner deaths. On the other hand, they flouted bureaucratic norms, fabricating the causes of prisoner death on a grand scale and using bureaucratic procedures to veil the gross mistreatment of inmates. In many camps, prisoner labour was forced to help manufacture and uphold this imperfect subterfuge. These histories point to one of the few places in which the death of Jewish prisoners in the Nazi detention system was systematically recorded and conveyed back to families and Jewish communities in the Reich. Yet, paradoxically, the ‘processing’ of death in the major concentration camps was in many respects untrustworthy, and intimidation now also hovered over what had been a credible, neutral civil procedure.

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Omlor, Daniela. "Spaniards in Mauthausen: Representations of a Nazi Concentration Camp, 1940–2015." Hispanic Research Journal 21, no. 2 (March 3, 2020): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682737.2020.1807187.

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O'Donoghue, Samuel. "Figurations of Suffering in Concentration Camp Testimony." Comparative Literature Studies 58, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 807–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.58.4.0807.

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Abstract This article offers a close reading of the figurative language used to represent suffering in literary testimonies of the Nazi concentration camps. It begins with an overview of the debate over the legitimacy of figurative language in representations of the Holocaust and considers the arguments against metaphor by scholars in the field of pain research and Holocaust studies. Bringing into dialogue the disciplines of pain studies and Holocaust studies, the article advances the claim that figurative language is an effective means of expressing suffering and that an analysis of this language is valuable for understanding the experiences of the victims of Nazism. The article subsequently presents a comparative analysis of Se questo è un uomo (1947) by Primo Levi, Le grand voyage (1963) by Jorge Semprún, and K.L. Reich (1963) by Joaquim Amat-Piniella. It identifies two patterns in the representation of suffering by these author-survivors: first, the use of zoomorphic metaphors to describe bodily pain and, second, the depiction of anthropomorphized landscapes to portray psychological anguish.

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KUBY, EMMA. "IN THE SHADOW OF THE CONCENTRATION CAMP: DAVID ROUSSET AND THE LIMITS OF APOLITICISM IN POSTWAR FRENCH THOUGHT." Modern Intellectual History 11, no. 1 (March 5, 2014): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147924431300036x.

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In 1949, French intellectual David Rousset publicly called on Nazi camp survivors to bear witness to the existence of a “concentration camp universe” in the Soviet Union. Rousset, a former Buchenwald internee and an influential author, demanded that his fellow survivors identify in unqualified terms with the suffering of Soviet prisoners. Even as he colluded with Cold War governmental agencies, Rousset claimed that the imperative to oppose concentration camps existed “beyond” political or ideological commitments. This essay analyzes the arguments about suffering, politics, and memory made by Rousset and his contemporary critics, notably Jean-Paul Sartre. It responds to Rousset's admirers who have overlooked distinctive aspects of his project: his rhetoric of apoliticism, his demand for complete identification with victims, his exclusive interest in limit-case abjection as opposed to injustice in general, his interpretation of the Nazi camps that centered on forced labor rather than on genocide, and his avoidance of the language of human rights.

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Yakemenko, Boris Grigor'evich. "Concentration camps of Nazi Germany as a phenomenon. Opportunities and the problem of understanding." RUDN Journal of World History 12, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2020-12-3-211-221.

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This article deals with the Nazi concentration camps as a phenomenon of social life and social thought in Europe in the mid-second half of the twentieth century. Today, when the world is experiencing a crisis of political and social institutions, there is less and less hope that this realization will happen. It describes the prerequisites for the formation of the system of concentration camps in Nazi Germany, the forms of their functioning, and provides comparative data on the statistics of the number of camps. It is also pointed out the importance of understanding the processes of psychological destruction of a person in the camp.

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Kumala, Aleksandra. "Manipulated memory. Right-winged media narratives about homosexual prisoners of concentration camps." Dziennikarstwo i Media 14 (March 10, 2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2082-8322.14.2.

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The article offers a critical interpretation of the chosen online activity of right-wing journalists and Internet users that seem to sympathize with this political option. Selected Tweets and articles are understood as exemplifications of either intentional, unconscious or ignorance-caused manipulations of memory, its object being homosexual prisoners of the Nazi concentration camps. Placing selected Tweets in a broader social, political, as well as historical context, the author shows the discursive exclusion of this group of the Nazi’s “forgotten victims” in the Polish media sphere, (re)producing the negative only image of homosexual prisoners and the tendency to falsely identify camp homosexual violence with camp homosexuality as such.

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Greif, Gideon. "Jasenovac, the camp and its historical and moral meaning." Napredak 3, no. 2 (2022): 11–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak3-39588.

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The paper gives an overview and stages of the development of the Ustasha concentration camp Jasenovac, during the existence of the "Independent State of Croatia" (ISC) in World War II. The fact is emphasized that the policy of the "Final solution" (for Jews and Romas, and in Croatia for Serbs as well), which was implemented by Nazi Germany, chronologically looking, was actually first applied in the ISC, and then in Germany. According to several criteria, the comparison is made between the concentration camps Auschwitz and Jasenovac, while particularly insisting on the brutality in the Ustasha killing of the victims in Jasenovac.

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Kondziella, Daniel, Klaus Hansen, and Lawrence A. Zeidman. "Scandinavian Neuroscience during the Nazi Era." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 40, no. 4 (July 2013): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100014578.

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AbstractAlthough Scandinavian neuroscience has a proud history, its status during the Nazi era has been overlooked. In fact, prominent neuroscientists in German-occupied Denmark and Norway, as well as in neutral Sweden, were directly affected. Mogens Fog, Poul Thygesen (Denmark) and Haakon Sæthre (Norway) were resistance fighters, tortured by the Gestapo: Thygesen was imprisoned in concentration camps and Sæthre executed. Jan Jansen (Norway), another neuroscientist resistor, escaped to Sweden, returning under disguise to continue fighting. Fritz Buchthal (Denmark) was one of almost 8000 Jews escaping deportation by fleeing from Copenhagen to Sweden. In contrast, Carl Værnet (Denmark) became a collaborator, conducting inhuman experiments in Buchenwald concentration camp, and Herman Lundborg (Sweden) and Thorleif Østrem (Norway) advanced racial hygiene in order to maintain the “superior genetic pool of the Nordic race.” Compared to other Nazi-occupied countries, there was a high ratio of resistance fighters to collaborators and victims among the neuroscientists in Scandinavia.

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GILBERT, SHIRLI. "Songs Confront the Past: Music in KZ Sachsenhausen, 1936–1945." Contemporary European History 13, no. 3 (August 2004): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777304001730.

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This article considers the role of music among German, Polish and Jewish prisoners in Sachsenhausen, the Nazi concentration camp. It focuses primarily on the songs that were composed and sung in the camp, of which at least 350 are known. The article uses song as a lens through which to examine the diversity of the camp's social landscape, and places particular emphasis on the distinctive ways in which prisoner groups chose to interpret and respond to the experience of incarceration.

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Kudrin, Egor I., and Elena I. Serpionova. "Functional Specificity of the Guidebook to the Concentration Camp Memorial." Izvestia Ural Federal University Journal Series 1. Issues in Education, Science and Culture 28, no. 3 (2022): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv1.2022.28.3.057.

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This article forms part of series of comparative studies dealing with tourist guidebooks to the memorials of various former concentration camps in Germany published years ago during the GDR era and today. The authors substantiate the need to consider the former concentration camp memorial guidebook as an independent kind of genre identifying both functions for the memorial guidebook and inappropriate functions and underlying the need to expand the usual genre functionality of the guidebook. A new group of tourist guidebooks has been introduced. These are guidebooks of so-called places of traumatic memory as the former Nazi concentration camps can be considered. These guidebooks form homogeneous group among a vast variety of tourist guidebooks.

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Bosman, Frank G. "God Was Never there God and the Shoah in the Netflix Series Jaguar." Perichoresis 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2023): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2023-0019.

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Abstract On September 22, 2021, the Spanish series Jaguar was released on Netflix. Its six episodes of season one (a second season is yet to be confirmed) focus on a fictional band of Nazi-hunters in Spain, somewhere in the 1960s, calling themselves “Jaguars” (hence the series’ title). All but one Jaguar member are survivors of several German concentration camps, and dedicate their lives to bring Nazi war criminals, who are spending their days in luxury under the protection of the Franco regime in Spain, to justice. One of the Jaguars is Marsé (Francesc Garrido), a bearded man in his forties, and the team’s dedicated driver. Step by step, the viewer of Jaguar learns his background story: ordained a Roman Catholic priest, he renounced his faith after having witnessed and experienced the horrors of the Nazi regime in Dachau concentration camp. Marsé still struggles with his former faith and occasionally shares his theological insights with his teammates, especially with the series’ protagonist Isabel Garrido.

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Rich, David Alan. "Eastern Auxiliary Guards at Auschwitz-Birkenau in Spring 1943." Russian History 41, no. 2 (May 18, 2014): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04102012.

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To solve insurmountable manpower shortages in its concentration camp guard forces, the Nazi ss turned in early 1943 to an untapped, highly experienced and brutal source. Former Soviet prisoners of war recruited in 1941 and 1942 and trained at the Trawniki training camp in Poland, had effectuated the mass murder of over one million Jews in the three Operation “Reinhard” killing centers in about 9 months. By early 1943, however, some of those guards had come to doubt the wisdom of their collaboration with the Nazis, and deserted to the partisans. ss authorities decided to solve manning shortages in concentration camps by transferring 150 Trawniki guards to Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in March 1943. By failing to accommodate the foreign auxiliaries’ discontent, Auschwitz’s commandant faced his own mass desertion three months later. Berlin’s response to events at Auschwitz fundamentally reconfigured the relationship between the ss and its eastern guards in the Reich’s entire concentration camp system. About 1,500 Trawniki-trained guards eventually entered the camp system and served loyally until the Reich’s end. In coming to know their Slavic clients, the “new Soviet men,” the Nazis abandoned collaboration and turned to hierarchical discipline and integration with their own German guards.

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Wünschmann, Kim. "Cementing the Enemy Category: Arrest and Imprisonment of German Jews in Nazi Concentration Camps, 1933-8/9." Journal of Contemporary History 45, no. 3 (July 2010): 576–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009410366556.

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Understandably, research has focused overwhelmingly on Jews in the camps of the Holocaust. But the nazis had been detaining Jews in concentration camps ever since 1933, at times in large numbers. Who were these prisoners? This article analyzes nazi policies that brought Jews into the concentration camps. It ventures into the inner structure and dynamics of one of the most heterogeneous groups of concentration camp inmates. By contrasting the perpetrators’ objectives with the victims’ experiences, this article will illuminate the role of the concentration camp as the ultimate means of pressure in the fatal process of turning a minority group into an outsider group: that is, the act of defining and marking the enemy which was the critical stage before the destruction of European Jewry. Furthermore, it will examine Jewish reactions to SS terror inside the camps.

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Martin, Robert M. "Using Nazi Scientific Data." Dialogue 25, no. 3 (1986): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300020850.

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In a series of experiments done in wartime Nazi Germany, inmates of the Dachau concentration camp were exposed to cold by being immersed in ice water, or kept outside in freezing temperatures; their responses were measured, and various techniques were used in an attempt to revive them. The immediate application of these hypothermia studies was to the war effort, to try to protect or save soldiers exposed to cold water or air. An account of the procedures and results of these experiments was written by an American officer, Major Leo Alexander, on the basis of his post-war discovery of documents and interviews in Germany. These reports reveal the ghastly and abominable details of the experiments.Recent scientific work in British Columbia has caused some ethical debate when it consulted the Alexander report and used some of the Nazi experimental data. The scientists in the Hypothermia Unit of the University of Victoria, unsurprisingly but reassuringly, have no intention of repeating the Nazi atrocities, and condemn them. The current controversy concerns the morality of their using the Alexander data in their study. This out-of-the-way case has some small intrinsic interest; but its consideration leads to broader concerns.

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Diaconu, Ilinca-Miruna. "Symbolic Violence in Tengiz Abuladze’s 'Repentance'." Linguaculture 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2011): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/lincu-2011-2-2-267.

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This paper examines three dimensions of symbolic violence within a totalitarian state (the elimination of individuality, the preclusion of a sense of community, and the disappearance of the boundary between oppressor and oppressed), which can be identified in two historical cases, the Nazi concentration camp and the Piteşti experiment, as well as in the 1984 Georgian film Repentance by Tengiz Abuladze.

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Sturdy Colls, Caroline, Janos Kerti, and Kevin Colls. "Tormented Alderney: archaeological investigations of the Nazi labour and concentration camp of Sylt." Antiquity 94, no. 374 (March 31, 2020): 512–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.238.

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Pike, David Wingeate. "Spaniards in Mauthausen: Representations of a Nazi Concentration Camp by Sara J. Brenneis." Hispanic Review 87, no. 3 (2019): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hir.2019.0022.

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Cuerda-Galindo, Esther, Francisco López-Muñoz, Matthis Krischel, and Astrid Ley. "Study of deaths by suicide of homosexual prisoners in Nazi Sachsenhausen concentration camp." PLOS ONE 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2017): e0176007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176007.

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Margry, Karel. "‘Theresienstadt’ (1944–1945): The Nazi propaganda film depicting the concentration camp as paradise." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 12, no. 2 (January 1992): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439689200260091.

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Schwartz, Bertram. "Bomb Birkenau? The Relevance of Asiatic-Pacific Theater Tactics to the Question of Bombing the Nazi Death Camp." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/13.2.348.

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Gurczyńska-Sady, Katarzyna. "Wartość wychowania humanistycznego. Umysł humanisty w obozie koncentracyjnym." Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3279.

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Times when the Nazi concentration camps appeared is the period when the importance of humanistic knowledge weakened. The living conditions in concentration camps were so horrible that the primary goal of the prisoners was just to survive in the Nazi created “world”, which can be described as non-human, and therefore non-humanistic. Hence there is a question whether humanistic upbringing is valuable, if it is not useful in an extreme situation, when humanity of a human is at stake? If not: why does it not allow man to remain human? This question occupied the minds of the camp prisoners who discussed the status of humanistic upbringing. The author of the article tries to answer this question using the recollections of Primo Levi, Jean Amery and Victor Frankl.

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Turda, Marius. "The ambiguous victim: Miklós Nyiszli's narrative of medical experimentation in Auschwitz-Birkenau." Historein 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2014): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/historein.232.

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While recent scholarship has – for the past two decades – endeavoured to transcend initial reservations about memoirs of Holocaust survivors, the difficulty with some of these memoirs – namely their authors’ implicit complicity in unethical medical research and in the Nazi Holocaust in general – remains however problematic. To address this thorny issue, this article considers the memoirs of a Jewish inmate doctor, Miklós Nyiszli, who worked with and for SS medical officers in Auschwitz, and his Auschwitz: A Doctor’s Eyewitness Account. His memoirs can help us understand wider truths about the “bond of complicity” that, according to Primo Levi, existed between perpetrators and victims in the Nazi concentration camp.<br />

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