Journal articles: 'Navigation control in gas pipes'

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Ong, J. K., K. Bouazza-Marouf, and D. Kerr. "Fuzzy logic control for use in in-pipe mobile robotic system navigation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 217, no. 5 (August 1, 2003): 401–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095965180321700506.

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This paper presents a fuzzy logic control for the navigation of a mobile robotic system in gas pipelines. The robotic system is designed for a local gas distribution pipeline network with 150–300mm diameter pipes; common pipe fittings in use are straight and bend sections, reducers and slope pipe sections. The navigation problem forms a part of the current development of a new modular and semi-autonomous vehicle system. The vehicle control and navigation technique is implemented using a two-mode controller consisting of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic control. The PID controller is responsible for direct control of the actuators, while the fuzzy logic controller is used to evaluate as well as to define the sensor outputs such as speed, climbing angle and rate of climbing angle in order to perceive the different types of pipe environment and vehicle actions. Since the navigation problem involves a multivariable input-output (MIMO) system, a cascaded hierarchical fuzzy model configuration is used to reduce the dimensionality of the fuzzy model. The fuzzy navigation controller is thus an interlink fuzzy subsystem of the pipe environment recognition and action adjustment subsystems. Results of simulations and laboratory experiments are presented to demonstrate the ability of the control strategy. A brief description of the mobile robotic system used is presented as background.

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Ong, J. K., D. Kerr, and K. Bouazza-Marouf. "Design of a semi-autonomous modular robotic vehicle for gas pipeline inspection." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 217, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095965180321700205.

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This paper presents a new solution for inspecting and repairing defects in live gas pipelines. The proposed approach is the development of a modular and semi-autonomous vehicle system. The robotic system has a drive mechanism, capable of navigating and adjusting its orientation in various configurations of pipelines. Other features of the system are cable-free communications, semi-autonomous motion control as well as integration of sensory devices. The robotic system is designed to traverse in 150–300 mm diameter pipes through straight and curved sections, junctions and reducers. The vehicle control and navigation technique is implemented using a two-mode controller consisting of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic control. Unlike other available systems, the vehicle employs proprioceptive sensors to monitor its own states. The fuzzy logic controller is used to evaluate the sensor outputs such as speed, climbing angle and rate of change of climbing angle. This control technique allows the vehicle to drive and adapt in a partially observable gas pipe system. Laboratory experiment results are presented. The paper also describes a cable-free communication method for the system. A brief account of typical pipe environments and currently available inspection tools is presented as background information.

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da Silva, Yago M. R., Fabio A. A. Andrade, Lucas Sousa, Gabriel G. R. de Castro, João T. Dias, Guido Berger, José Lima, and Milena F. Pinto. "Computer Vision Based Path Following for Autonomous Unammed Aerial Systems in Unburied Pipeline Onshore Inspection." Drones 6, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6120410.

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Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are becoming more attractive in diverse applications due to their efficiency in performing tasks with a reduced time execution, covering a larger area, and lowering human risks at harmful tasks. In the context of Oil & Gas (O&G), the scenario is even more attractive for the application of UAS for inspection activities due to the large extension of these facilities and the operational risks involved in the processes. Many authors proposed solutions to detect gas leaks regarding the onshore unburied pipeline structures. However, only a few addressed the navigation and tracking problem for the autonomous navigation of UAS over these structures. Most proposed solutions rely on traditional computer vision strategies for tracking. As a drawback, depending on lighting conditions, the obtained path line may be inaccurate, making a strategy to force the UAS to continue on the path necessary. Therefore, this research describes the potential of an autonomous UAS based on image processing technique and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) strategy to navigate appropriately in complex unburied pipeline networks contributing to the monitoring procedure of the Oil & Gas Industry structures. A CNN is used to detect the pipe, while image processing techniques such as Canny edge detection and Hough Transform are used to detect the pipe line reference, which is used by a line following algorithm to guide the UAS along the pipe. The framework is assessed by a PX4 flight controller Software-in-The-Loop (SITL) simulations performed with the Robot Operating System (ROS) along with the Gazebo platform to simulate the proposed operational environment and verify the approach’s functionality as a proof of concept. Real tests were also conducted. The results showed that the solution is robust and feasible to deploy in this proposed task, achieving 72% of mean average precision on detecting different types of pipes and 0.0111 m of mean squared error on the path following with a drone 2 m away from a tube.

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Hosokai, Hidemi. "Special Issue on Advanced Maintenance Robots." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 7, no. 5 (October 20, 1995): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1995.p0353.

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At present, inspection and maintenance operations on various types of pipelines, structures, and others are carried out manually by human operators. Such operations are often performed, in general, under adverse environments such as high places and narrow areas. In addition, fire fighters in blazing high-rise buildings may be subjected to dangers involving high places and fires. Moreover, the robotization of grinding work in factories, for example, require a large number of empirical technologies. In order to mechanize tasks under such adverse environments and under special working conditions, research has been conducted, including studies of mobile mechanisms on inner walls and outer walls of piping, on wall surfaces of structures, etc. or studies of force control methods. Under these circumstances, this issue will be specialized in technical progress of various types of maintenance robots. First, a navigation system of a wind quantity inspection robot using a fuzzy neural network will be discussed by Messrs. Fukuda and Abe. Next, a report will be given by Messrs. Ishikawa and Shiire on the mechanism and functions of a pile recovery robot for large-diameter pipes, with a view to carrying out cleaning work inside cooling water pipes of electric power generation plants, as well as on its field testing. Furthermore, Messrs. Kawaguchi and Yoshida will be asked to report on the mechanism of an inspection robot for use on the inner surfaces of gas piping buried in the ground. In addition, a discussion will be carried out by Messrs. Naruse and Takada on the mechanism and fire extinguishing capability of a hybrid robot system for use in combatting fires in high-rise buildings. Moreover, Messrs. Ozaki and Jinno will be discussing the mechanism and force control system of a grinding robot. In addition, a discussion will be carried out by Messrs. Hosokai and Hara regarding the motion function of a piping inspection robot having a lazy tong mechanism and also regarding its piping test results. Finally, Messrs. Amano and Kakikura will be called upon to give a discussion concerning a robot for carrying out exfoliation of finishing materials on the outer walls of structures and its exfoliation. In closing, it is hoped that this special issue will be of some help in the future when such maintenance robots are developed.

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Bartlett, H., and R. Whalley. "Gas Flow in Pipes and Tunnels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 209, no. 1 (February 1995): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_361_02.

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Brown, Liam, Joaquin Carrasco, Simon Watson, and Barry Lennox. "Elbow Detection in Pipes for Autonomous Navigation of Inspection Robots." Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 95, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-018-0904-7.

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Ryakhovskikh, Ilya, Roman Kashkovskiy, Aleksandr Kaverin, Vladimir Stolov, and Sergey Zhedulov. "Safe operation of gas pipelines based on the control of stress corrosion cracking." International Journal of Structural Integrity 12, no. 6 (October 13, 2021): 864–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-05-2021-0052.

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PurposeThe paper is devoted to the phenomenon of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which is an urgent problem for major operator companies that use large-diameter gas transport systems built in the second half of the last century. The aim of the study is to predict the operability of gas pipelines with SCC and ensure their safe operation.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of the article mainly consisted of strength calculations, mathematical and analytical approaches.FindingsThe paper describes practical methods of assessing the residual service life and operability of pipes with SCC defects as part of gas pipelines, the developed approaches to assessing the point of failure of pipes, provides recommendations for developing requirements to ILI smart tools in order to detect cracks and the methods of pipe repair depending on the SCC defect parameters.Originality/valueThe originality of the study consists in the analytical description of the point of destruction of gas pipelines with SCC, assessment of their performance, as well as the definition of modern requirements for the accuracy of in-line inspection to ensure the detection of potentially dangerous SCC defects.

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Li, Kai, Jiong Dong, and Mei Lei Jiang. "Dynamic Matrix Control for Multiple Gas Collectors of Coke Ovens." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 1215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.1215.

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The pressure of gas collector in coke oven is an important industrial parameter in coking process, even in the whole metallurgical industry. Due to the complex characteristics of the multiple gas collectors pressure system, conventional control strategies meet challenges when the pressures in collector pipes are required to be kept at the appropriate operating point. Dynamic matrix control (DMC), which focus on the complicated industril process and has achieved successful and mature applications, is the most widely-used model predictive control (MPC). This paper introduce DMC to the multiple gas collectors pressure system. The simulation results in a three-ovens system show the feasibility and effectiveness of DMC.

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Mihai, Alexandrina, Florin Ştefănescu, Gigel Neagu, and C. P. Mihai. "Quality Control of Composite Material Pipes by Infrared Thermography." Solid State Phenomena 188 (May 2012): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.188.140.

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The paper presents some aspects concerning the use of infrared thermography (IRT) in the evaluation of composite pipes integrity. Composite pipelines made up of glass fibres reinforced epoxy resins are increasingly used, especially in oil and gas industry, for their good mechanical properties, combined with reduced weight and excellent behaviour under hostile environment conditions. Taking into account that high reliability is required for such pipe networks, it is mandatory to choose reliable non-destructive inspection (NDI) methods to achieve efficient structural health monitoring. The main advantages of the IRT inspection are: non-contact and non-dangerous examination. In order to characterize the integrity of composites pipes, first of all the researches were interested in obtaining a set of reference images and then to examine the samples before and after the impact stress test. The conclusions point out the schemes and the optimal parameters of evaluation as well as the application limits of thermographic inspection

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Gorkunov, E. S., S. M. Zadvorkin, E. A. Putilova, and A. A. Bakunova. "Quality control of heat treatment of oil and gas pipes using magnetic structuroscopy." Inorganic Materials 52, no. 15 (December 2016): 1483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168516150048.

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Radimas Putra, M. D. L., Muhammad Rivai, and Astria Nur Irfansyah. "Unmanned Surface Vehicle Navigation Based on Gas Sensors and Fuzzy Logic Control to Localize Gas Source." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1201 (May 2019): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1201/1/012001.

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12

He, Shengquan, Shengnan Ou, Fengxiang Huang, Longzhe Jin, Yanran Ma, and Tuo Chen. "Borehole Protection Technology of Screen Pipes for Gas Drainage Boreholes in Soft Coal Seams." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 5657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155657.

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In this paper, research was carried out on borehole protection technology using screen pipes, aiming to address the problems of gas drainage borehole collapse and low gas drainage efficiency in soft coal seams, which have low gas permeability and high gas content. An experiment was conducted to study the compressive resistance and borehole protection effects of polyvinylchloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) screen pipes with different sieve opening spacings. The optimal screen pipe material and sieve opening spacing were determined. The borehole protection effect and gas drainage efficiency using three borehole protection methods, namely, bare boreholes, traditional PVC screen pipes, and new ABS screen pipes, were compared and studied on site, and the influence of pipe diameter on borehole protection efficiency was revealed. The results show that the compressive resistance and borehole protection effects of the three types of screen pipes are in the following order: PVC < PP < ABS. ABS screen pipes can more effectively inhibit boreholes from collapse, and the best borehole protection is achieved with a sieve opening spacing of 50 mm. The field tests showed that the gas drainage concentration of the bare borehole in the creep deceleration stage was 113% higher than that of the borehole protected by the ABS screen pipe and 255% higher than that of the borehole with the PVC screen pipe. The screen pipe began to play a role in borehole protection at the beginning of the stable working stage, as the borehole wall began to deform and collapse. On the 30th day of gas drainage, the gas drainage concentration of the borehole installed with the ABS screen pipe was about 9 times that of the bare borehole due to the collapse and blockage of the bare borehole. The new ABS screen pipe with an outer diameter of 40 mm and a sieve opening spacing of 50 mm had a better borehole protection effect and gas drainage efficiency than the traditional PVC pipe. Proper sizing of the screen pipe diameter can improve borehole service life and gas drainage efficiency. The research results are of great significance for solving the problem of gas drainage borehole instability and for improving gas drainage efficiency in soft coal seams.

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Moussa, Mohamed, Shady Zahran, Mostafa Mostafa, Adel Moussa, Naser El-Sheimy, and Mohamed Elhabiby. "Optical and Mass Flow Sensors for Aiding Vehicle Navigation in GNSS Denied Environment." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 6567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226567.

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Nowadays, autonomous vehicles have achieved a lot of research interest regarding the navigation, the surrounding environmental perception, and control. Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation System (GNSS/INS) is one of the significant components of any vehicle navigation system. However, GNSS has limitations in some operating scenarios such as urban regions and indoor environments where the GNSS signal suffers from multipath or outage. On the other hand, INS standalone navigation solution degrades over time due to the INS errors. Therefore, a modern vehicle navigation system depends on integration between different sensors to aid INS for mitigating its drift during GNSS signal outage. However, there are some challenges for the aiding sensors related to their high price, high computational costs, and environmental and weather effects. This paper proposes an integrated aiding navigation system for vehicles in an indoor environment (e.g., underground parking). This proposed system is based on optical flow and multiple mass flow sensors integrations to aid the low-cost INS by providing the navigation extended Kalman filter (EKF) with forward velocity and change of heading updates to enhance the vehicle navigation. The optical flow is computed for frames taken using a consumer portable device (CPD) camera mounted in the upward-looking direction to avoid moving objects in front of the camera and to exploit the typical features of the underground parking or tunnels such as ducts and pipes. On the other hand, the multiple mass flow sensors measurements are modeled to provide forward velocity information. Moreover, a mass flow differential odometry is proposed where the vehicle change of heading is estimated from the multiple mass flow sensors measurements. This integrated aiding system can be used for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and land vehicle navigations. However, the experimental results are implemented for land vehicles through the integration of CPD with mass flow sensors to aid the navigation system.

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Weisbin, C. R., B. L. Burks, J. R. Einstein, R. R. Feezell, W. W. Manges, and D. H. Thompson. "Hermies-III: A step toward autonomous mobility, manipulation and perception." Robotica 8, no. 1 (January 1990): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700007268.

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SUMMARYHERMIES-III is an autonomous robot comprised of a seven degree-of-freedom (DOF) manipulator designed for human scale tasks, a laser range finder, a sonar array, an omnidirectional wheel-driven chassis, multiple cameras, and a dual computer system containing a 16-node hypercube expandable to 128 nodes. The current experimental program involves performance of human-scale tasks (e.g., valve manipulation, use of tools), integration of a dexterous manipulator and platform motion in geometrically complex environments, and effective use of multiple cooperating robots (HERMIES-IIB and HERMIES-III). The environment in which the robots operate has been designed to include multiple valves, pipes, meters, obstacles on the floor, valves occluded from view, and multiple paths of differing navigation complexity. The ongoing research program supports the development of autonomous capability for HERMIES-IIB and III to perform complex navigation and manipulation under time constraints, while dealing with imprecise sensory information.

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Marfitsyn, S. V., A. V. Marfitsyn, and V. Р. Marfitsyn. "Cyclic loads affecting the durability of pipes for production wells gas." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 5 (November 17, 2019): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2019-5-140-144.

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The use of Chebyshev's polynomials of the first type to the strength of materials is based on probabilistic logic for the objective states of a metal. This is the case when "pure" science helps practical issues of objective reality. Due to this, it was noted that the metal undergoes a stable and unstable state during loading. The use of Chebyshev's polynomials of the first type has showed that the most stable state of the metal is shown by the Т9curve, at which the ratio б/бт = 0,5. This ratio is most favorable for pressure vessels, in contrast to the recommended American standard ASME, in which б/бт = 0,666 (this ratio reduces the reliability). Assessment of the state of the metal taking into account the frequency characteristics is more promising. This assessment confirms the frequency ratio б/бт ≈ 0,5 and allows taking into account inelastic phenomena in the metal, taking into account the loss coefficient, as well as to assess the possibility of resonance. The application of the control valve using the patent RU 2416751C1 allows achieving the optimal frequency of gas oscillations in the pipe and reducing the probability of resonance.

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NISHIMURA, Hiroyuki, Thoru SHISHIDO, Masahiro NAKAKURA, Hiroshi SHIBANO, and Koichi KITAO. "A Quality Control Method for Medium Density Polyethylene Pipes for Gas Distribution Using Fatigue Behavior." Seikei-Kakou 1, no. 3 (1989): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.1.318.

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Savchenkova, Natalya M., Yuriy V. Panin, Igor O. Kuznetsov, Konstantin A. Goncharov, and leksey E. Kholyakov. "The Influence of Non-Condensable Gas on the Control Range of Variable-Conductivity Heat Pipes." Vestnik MEI, no. 1 (2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2022-1-51-57.

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One of the important tasks to be solved in designing and manufacturing heat pipes (HP) is the determination of their thermal parameters, taking into account the specified geometry and coolant mass. The task becomes more complicated when in addition to the coolant, non-condensable gas (NG) appears in the heat pipe as a component forcedly introduced for control purposes. This generates the need to develop a model of transfer processes for the designs gas-controlled heat pipes (GCHP) based on widely used axial heat pipes (AHP), the body and the capillary structure of which are manufactured by extrusion as a whole, and to verify it with the developed structures. Options of simulating the operation of an HP with axial grooves for various masses of non-condensable gas with taking into account thermal conductivity and diffusion are considered. This approach made it possible not only to assess the adequacy of the 2D model of heat and mass transfer in the vapor-gas front for a particular GCHP design, but also the possibility of using the same GCHP geometry with various masses of NG to improve the control accuracy. The article presents a calculation for a GCHP with axial grooves, in which the reservoir volume and the evaporation and condensation zone lengths are predetermined. A procedure for testing an axial heat pipe filled with a coolant and non-condensable gas is described. The results on the distribution of temperature fields in the GCHP operation modes with the minimal (10 W) and maximal (100 W) thermal loads at various condensation zone temperatures are obtained. The test results are compared with the calculated data, and a good agreement between them is shown. Despite the fact that the correctness of the procedure has been confirmed, the test result in terms of requirements for the upper control temperature is negative. The required range is 15°C instead of its actual value equal to 32°C. A conclusion was drawn from this result that, given the existing external conditions, the considered pipe geometry cannot ensure the control range from 15 to 30°C. Based on this result, options with a larger reservoir volume without a significant change in the GCHP design and its external dimensions were proposed. It is shown that the GCHP design with axial grooves and a reservoir in the form of an extended casing cannot ensure a control range of more than 25°C even with a ten-fold increase in the NG volume in view of the influence the coolant vapor entering the reservoir has on the NG temperature. Methods for improving the control accuracy are proposed.

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Wang, Bin, Jianguo Hu, Weixiong Chen, Zhongzhao Cheng, and Fei Gao. "Flow Pattern and Resistance Characteristics of Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow with Foam under Low Gas–Liquid Flow Rate." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133722.

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To reduce the cost of arranging air foam flooding equipment at each wellhead, a method of establishing centralized air foam flooding injection stations is proposed. The flow pattern and resistance characteristics of air foam flooding mixtures in different initial conditions are studied. Experimental results indicate that the probability density function of stratified flow is obtained by comparing stainless steel and transparent pipes. If the gas–liquid ratio is kept constant, then the shape of the probability density function remains unchanged in both stainless steel and transparent tubes. Meanwhile, the flow pattern under the gas–liquid ratio is determined by comparing the image recognition results with the probability density function, and a formula for calculating the resistance and pressure drop of the gas and liquid two-phase flow in the horizontal and upward pipes is established. Compared with the experiments, the error results of the calculation are small. Thus, the proposed equations can be used to predict the flow resistance of real air foam flooding.

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Nurmaini, Siti, Bambang Tutuko, and T. Aulia Rahman. "A New Navigation of Behavior-Based Olfactory Mobile Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1255.

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In this paper a new olfactory mobile robot application is proposed where dynamic olfaction system is used on a mobile robot in order to acquire the gas/odour property of objects. Olfaction system with two dynamic gas/odour sensors can be moved in 14180o' type="#_x0000_t75"> in order to be able to detect source in many directions. We examine the problem of deciding when, how and where the gas/odour sensor should be activated by planning for active perception use behavior-based architecture. Simple form of cooperation between Fuzzy Logic control and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is implemented in the navigation strategies. The real experiments performed on a simple mobile robot equipped with dynamic gas/odour sensor and three infra-red sensor. The initial result shows that olfactory mobile robot that is capable of locating the source of a simulated chemical leak in an environment while detecting and avoiding obstacles along its path.

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Hwang, Soon-kyu, Byung-gun Jung, and Jong-kap Ahn. "A Novel Proposal for Optimal Performance of Blanket Gas System for FPSOs." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 6820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186820.

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The energy required for the transportation of raw materials and the production of most manufactured goods depends on crude oil. For these reasons, FPSOs (Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading) have become the primary production units of crude oil offshore. It is leading to an increase in the number and expanding of the production and storage facilities of the FPSOs. An increase in the oil production at the topside facilities of FPSOs will contain more gases, which leads to a rise in blow-by gas. Changes to the blanket gas system may be necessary as the flow rate of the blow-by gas is expected to increase. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a novel blanket gas system with a proper control method for controlling the cargo tank pressure when the blow-by gas is occurring. Unlike the existing system, in this proposal, the purge header that supplies the inert gas is possible for a use of the vent purpose in the situation where the blow-by gas is generated. By using the vent header and purge header for the purpose of venting, the pipe size can be drastically reduced. To quickly convert the purge header for the purpose of venting, the application of an appropriate control method is essential. A simulation was carried out for confirming the efficacy of the pressure control and the processible blow-by gas quantity compared to the existing system. In addition, as the amount of blow-by gas increased, a study on the possibility of installing large pipes used in the existing system configuration and the dual pipes suggested by this proposal was investigated. As a result of the simulation, this proposal presented better results in terms of both the pressure control performance of the cargo tanks and the arrangement of the piping compared to the existing system.

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Newton, David E., Amy G. Ryan, and Luke J. Hilchie. "Competence and lithostratigraphy of host rocks govern kimberlite pipe morphology." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 2 (February 2018): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0019.

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We use analogue experimentation to test the hypothesis that host rock competence primarily determines the morphology of kimberlite pipes. Natural occurrences of kimberlite pipes are subdivided into three classes: class 1 pipes are steep-sided diatremes emplaced into crystalline rock; class 2 pipes have a wide, shallow crater emplaced into sedimentary rock overlain by unconsolidated sediments; class 3 pipes comprise a steep-sided diatreme with a shallow-angled crater emplaced into competent crystalline rock overlain by unconsolidated sediments. We use different configurations of three analogue materials with varying cohesions to model the contrasting geological settings observed in nature. Pulses of compressed air, representing the energy of the gas-rich head of a kimberlitic magma, are used to disrupt the experimental substrate. In our experiments, the competence and configuration of the analogue materials control the excavation processes as well as the final shape of the analogue pipes: eruption through competent analogue strata results in steep-sided analogue pipes; eruption through weak analogue strata results in wide, shallow analogue pipes; eruption through intermediate strength analogue strata results in analogue pipes with a shallow crater and a steep-sided diatreme. These experimental results correspond with the shapes of natural kimberlite pipes, and demonstrate that variations in the lithology of the host rock are sufficient to generate classic kimberlite pipe shapes. These findings are consistent with models that ascribe the pipe morphologies of natural kimberlites to the competence of the host rocks in which they are emplaced.

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Gugat, Martin, and Michael Schuster. "Stationary Gas Networks with Compressor Control and Random Loads: Optimization with Probabilistic Constraints." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (September 26, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7984079.

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We introduce a stationary model for gas flow based on simplified isothermal Euler equations in a non-cycled pipeline network. Especially the problem of the feasibility of a random load vector is analyzed. Feasibility in this context means the existence of a flow vector meeting these loads, which satisfies the physical conservation laws with box constraints for the pressure. An important aspect of the model is the support of compressor stations, which counteract the pressure loss caused by friction in the pipes. The network is assumed to have only one influx node; all other nodes are efflux nodes. With these assumptions the set of feasible loads can be characterized analytically. In addition we show the existence of optimal solutions for some optimization problems with probabilistic constraints. A numerical example based on real data completes this paper.

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Nec, Yana, and Greg Huculak. "Modelling and optimization of a wellhead gas flowmeter using concentric pipes." Engineering Optimization 49, no. 9 (December 28, 2016): 1633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305215x.2016.1265306.

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Palanisamy, Vinothkumar, Jan Ketil Solberg, and Per Thomas Moe. "Shielded Active Gas Forge Welding of an L80 Steel in a Small Scale Shielded Active Gas Forge Welding Machine." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5010016.

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The Shielded Active Gas Forge Welding (SAG-FW) method is a solid-state welding technique in which the mating surfaces are heated by induction heating or direct electrical heating before being forged together to form a weld. In this article, an API 5CT L80 grade carbon steel alloy has been welded using the SAG-FW method. A small-scale forge welding machine has been used to join miniature pipes extracted from a large pipe wall. The welding was performed at three different forging temperatures, i.e., 1300 °C, 1150 °C and 950 °C, in some cases followed by one or two post weld heat treatment cycles. In order to qualify the welds, mechanical and corrosion testing was performed on miniature samples extracted from the welded pipes. In addition, the microstructure of the welds was analysed, and electron probe microanalysis was carried out to control that no oxide film had formed along the weld line. Based on the complete set of experimental results, promising parameters for SAG-FW welding of the API 5CT L80 grade steel are suggested. The most promising procedure includes forging at relative high temperature (1150 °C) followed by rapid cooling and a short temper. This procedure was found to give a weld zone microstructure dominated by tempered martensite with promising mechanical and corrosion properties. The investigation confirmed that small scale forge welding testing is a useful tool in the development of welding parameters for full size SAG-FW welding.

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Entezari, Ehsan, Jorge Luis González-Velázquez, Diego Rivas López, Manuel Alejandro Beltrán Zúñiga, and Jerzy A. Szpunar. "Review of Current Developments on High Strength Pipeline Steels for HIC Inducing Service." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, no. 61 (June 19, 2022): 20–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.61.02.

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Nowadays, an increasing number of oil and gas transmission pipes are constructed with high-strength low alloy steels (HSLA); however, many of these pipelines suffer from different types of hydrogen damages, such as hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). So many research efforts are being carried out to reduce the detrimental effects of hydrogen damage in HSLA steel pipes. The thermomechanical control process (TMCP) is a microstructural control technique that is able to eliminate the conventional heat treatment after hot rolling. Recent research demonstrated that TMCP provides high HIC resistance without adding high amounts of alloying elements or expensive heat treatments. However, once these HSLA steel pipes are put into service, they experience HIC damage, and the prediction of its kinetics is a necessary condition to perform Fitness-For-Service assessments. To develop a reliable predictive model for the kinetics of HIC, the relations among the microstructural features, environmental parameters, and mechanical properties have to be fully understood. This paper presents a review of the key metallurgical and processing factors to develop HSLA steel pipes, as well as a review of the phenomenological and empirical models of HIC kinetics in order to identify specific research directions for further investigations aimed to establish a reliable and sound model of HIC kinetics.

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Liu, Jianping, Hong Zhang, Baodong Wang, Dong Zhang, Beilei Ji, Fan Fei, and Xiaoben Liu. "An Accurate and Efficient Fitness-For-Service Assessment Method of Pipes with Defects under Surface Load." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 5521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175521.

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With continued urbanization in China, the construction of urban gas pipelines is increasing, and the safety of gas pipelines are also increasingly affected by urban development and the increased scope of buildings and roads. Pipes with defects are more likely to fail under the surface loads. In this study, uniaxial tensile tests of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes were carried out to obtain the real material parameters of pipe. A pipeline-soil interaction finite element model of HDPE pipeline with defects under surface load was established. The failure mechanism of the urban gas pipeline was studied and the influence of parameters such as internal pressure, defect position, defect depth on the mechanical behavior, and failure of pipelines were analyzed. A failure criterion for HDPE pipes with defects under surface load was proposed based on the limit-state curves obtained under different working conditions. Furthermore, an accurate and efficient fitness-for-service assessment procedure of pipes with defects under surface load was proposed. The results showed that maximum Mises stress of the pipeline gradually increased with increasing surface load and the position of maximum stress changed from the top and bottom of the pipe to the defect position and both sides of the pipe. Finally, when Mises stress of the HDPE pipe exceeds the yield limit, failure will occur. Internal pressure, defect location, and defect depth were found to influence the failure process and critical surface load of the pipeline. Safety evaluation curves of the gas pipeline with defects under surface load were obtained by calculating the critical failure load of the pipeline under various working conditions. Finally, a nonlinear fitting method was used to derive a formula for calculating the critical surface load under different defect parameters. The proposed method provides a useful reference for urban gas pipeline safety management.

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Gugat, Martin, Falk M. Hante, and Li Jin. "Closed loop control of gas flow in a pipe: stability for a transient model." at - Automatisierungstechnik 68, no. 12 (November 18, 2020): 1001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2020-0071.

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AbstractThis contribution focuses on the analysis and control of friction-dominated flow of gas in pipes. The pressure in the gas flow is governed by a partial differential equation that is a doubly nonlinear parabolic equation of p-Laplace type, where p=\frac{3}{2}. Such equations exhibit positive solutions, finite speed of propagation and satisfy a maximum principle. The pressure is fixed on one end (upstream), and the flow is specified on the other end (downstream). These boundary conditions determine a unique steady equilibrium flow.We present a boundary feedback flow control scheme, that ensures local exponential stability of the equilibrium in an {L^{2}}-sense. The analysis is done both for the PDE system and an ODE system that is obtained by a suitable spatial semi-discretization. The proofs are based upon suitably chosen Lyapunov functions.

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Setiaji, Ahmad, Adrijani Sumarahinsih, and Subairi Subairi. "Purwarupa Robot Pipe Following Pendeteksi Kebocoran Gas Internet of Things Berbasis Web dan Aplikasi Android." JASIEK (Jurnal Aplikasi Sains, Informasi, Elektronika dan Komputer) 4, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jasiek.v4i1.8465.

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Indonesia is one of the largest producers/producers and consumers of natural gas in the world. The large demand for gas makes the gas industry continue to produce. Gas pipes used in industry have very large sizes. This makes it difficult for workers to carry out pipe maintenance. In the gas production process, there is the possibility of gas leaks that threaten the safety of the workers. Therefore, this research is expected to help workers. A mobile pipe following robot that can detect gas leaks. Robot control can be done manually and automatically. The robot is also based on the internet of things that can be controlled via an android application and the gas leak data will be stored in a web database.

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Arora, Hitesh, Rupinder Singh, and Gurinder Singh Brar. "Numerical simulation on residual stresses of stainless steel SS-304 thin welded pipe." Measurement and Control 53, no. 7-8 (May 30, 2020): 1183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294020917173.

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The major concern in the high tech industries like oil and petroleum industries, automobiles, aeronautical, and nuclear power plants is the control of the defects like distortion in the welded joints and residual stresses occur due to arc welding on the circumferential joints of the thin pipes. Three-dimensional non-linear thermal and thermomechanical numerical simulations are conducted for the tungsten inert gas welding process of SS-304 stainless steel pipes. In this article, numerical analysis of the distribution of the temperature and the welding residual stress fields induced after the welding is done. Study on the effect of the welding heat input by varying the welding parameters (like welding current and welding speed) based on finite element simulations is conduit to examine the results on the residual stresses which is also called as the ‘locked-in’ stresses. The precision of the finite element model is validated for the welding residual stresses. The intention of this study is to provide the information to verify the validity of ongoing process circumferential manufacturing technology for thin-walled pipes, so to avoid the failure of these kinds of structures which are in service because of these intrinsic stresses.

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NISHIMURA, Hiroyuki, Thoru SHISHIDO, Masahiro NAKAKURA, Hiroshi SHIBANO, and Koichi KITAO. "A Quality Control Method for Medium-Density Polyethylene Pipes for Gas Distribution Using Fatigue Behavior (Second Report)." Seikei-Kakou 1, no. 4 (1989): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.1.447.

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Gao, Yuki, Maryam Ravan, and Reza K. Amineh. "Fast, Robust, and Low-Cost Microwave Imaging of Multiple Non-Metallic Pipes." Electronics 10, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151762.

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The use of non-metallic pipes and composite components that are low-cost, durable, light-weight, and resilient to corrosion is growing rapidly in various industrial sectors such as oil and gas industries in the form of non-metallic composite pipes. While these components are still prone to damages, traditional non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques such as eddy current technique and magnetic flux leakage technique cannot be utilized for inspection of these components. Microwave imaging can fill this gap as a favorable technique to perform inspection of non-metallic pipes. Holographic microwave imaging techniques are fast and robust and have been successfully employed in applications such as airport security screening and underground imaging. Here, we extend the use of holographic microwave imaging to inspection of multiple concentric pipes. To increase the speed of data acquisition, we utilize antenna arrays along the azimuthal direction in a cylindrical setup. A parametric study and demonstration of the performance of the proposed imaging system will be provided.

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Shtykov, R. A. "Automation of the control process of a gas pipeline network with a complex topological structure." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2182, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2182/1/012011.

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Abstract The reliability of the gas pipeline network is determined by the perfection of the structures, the precise fullfilament of the conditions of its operation, ensuring the coordination of the flow parameters in the pipe with the parameters of the blowers. Deviation from the established mode of operation in gas pipelines can affect the stability of the system. With a significant deviation from the operating mode, various features arise, both kinematic and dynamic deviations in the flow, which leads to unstable operation of the system. Therefore, it is necessary to automate the control processes of the pipeline gas network during gas transportation, which will be based on the results of mathematical modelling of mass transfer processes in pipes to determine the main flow parameters. It is also known that the main losses and changes in flow parameters in pipelines occur along the entire length of the linear sections of the network. Therefore, to adapt these changes to specific objects, it is necessary to use more accurate mathematical models that allow to adequately control the processes in the network based on automated control systems.

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Guo, Ya Bei, Hui Yu, Wen Yi Lu, Xiao Feng Jin, and Jiang Bo Zou. "The Influence and Control of Encapsulation Moisture in MEMS Gyroscope." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.875.

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MEMS gyroscope can be used in various field such as stabilization, controlling and guiding, navigation and so on. Bias variation over temperature is the key performance in MEMS gyroscope. The encapsulation moisture has great influence on the bias variation of MEMS gyroscope.By experiments on gas recharged, roast temperature, die attach adhesive and encapsulation shell, method to depress the encapsulation moisture is obtained. By DPA, the encapsulation moisture of sensing element encapsulated by the reformative method can be reduced to less than 1000 ppm, and the performance on temperature of MEMS gyroscope is improved.

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Boumehraz, Mohammed Amin, Mekki Mellas, and Abdelouahed Kriker. "Study on Durability of the Concrete of Sanitation Network in Ouargla Algeria Under the Existence of Sulphates Attack." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 1 (April 10, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v3i1.10809.

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Abstract: Several degradations were noted on remediation networks (pipes and manholes) in the Ouargla - Algeria, due to the product quality concrete the type of pipe used, and the aggressive of external environment. The objective of this research was to investigate the durability of pipes for sanitation networks in the Ouargla under the effect of sulfates (in particular H2S). In this research, the concrete specimens were conserved in real environment and these results were compared with the result of specimens control. They conclude the decrease in conservation of concrete specimens by 3% for compressive strength after 365 days. For concrete specimens exposed to H2S gas, a rapid deterioration after 90 days. Then, the change was found for from 90 to 365 days reduction to 40 % for compressive strength.

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Kardha, Dessyana, Budhi Sumboro, and Yunius Arsita. "Robot Kapal Selam Pendeteksi Keberadaan Benda." Go Infotech: Jurnal Ilmiah STMIK AUB 25, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36309/goi.v25i1.104.

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<p><em>The current technological developments so rapidly, as well as the development of electronics technology. Robotics is a proof of human civilization that progresses from time to time. The shape of the robot is not just a form that resembles a human or a certain animal, but moves to resemble the form it imitates. The development of computer technology associated with other devices. The problem of this research is the difficulty of checking leakage of gas or water pipes in the pond. The main purpose of the research is to design and build a complete submarine robot with an endoscope camera that can replace human power for. How this robot works is a robot moving forward, backward, turn right, turn left, move up and down (dive) and equipped with a camera to detect the existence of an object. This robot combines hardware and software, using Arduino Uno Microcontroller as the controller of robots, cameras, and motor drivers as control of propeller motion. The submarine is equipped with an endoscope camera as a leak detector of gas or water pipes inside the pool, especially the detection of objects. The result of the research is a robot can dive in the water base to detect the presence of objects. From this then the authors make a robot submarine detection of the existence of objects that can replace human power to check the leakage of gas or water pipes in the pool. expected robots can be smarter than the previous one.</em></p>

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García, Juan T., Juan M. García-Guerrero, José M. Carrillo, Álvaro Sordo-Ward, Luis Altarejos-García, Pedro D. Martínez-Solano, Francisco-Javier Pérez de la Cruz, Antonio Vigueras-Rodriguez, and Luis G. Castillo. "Sanitation Network Sulfide Modeling as a Tool for Asset Management. The Case of the City of Murcia (Spain)." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187643.

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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generated in sewer networks induces corrosion which today constitutes the main cause of deterioration of concrete pipes. Information regarding the H2S concentration inside sewer networks, as well as its control and reduction, has become one of the most important concerns in sanitation systems management nowadays. Modeling sulfide dynamics is the key to understanding corrosion processes. A dynamic model (called EMU-SANETSUL) was developed to calculate the H2S concentration in both the water and the gas phases of the main sewers of the city of Murcia (Spain). The model was calibrated with data from field measurements taken from both the gas phase and wastewater. Samples were taken in the network from 2016 to 2019. The model achieved an accuracy index and error index in the ranges of 57% and 15%, respectively. Empirical equations of reaction are used, and calibration parameters are detailed. The code uses an explicit discretization technique, named the Discrete Volume Element Method (DVEM). A map with the annual average concentration of H2S at the gas phase inside each pipe of the simulated network is presented. Values are compared with the mechanical deterioration inventory from closed-circuit television (CCTV) inspections performed by the Municipal Sanitation Company of the city of Murcia (EMUASA). Mechanical deterioration of pipes has diverse causes, including corrosion of pipes by H2S. Sections with high H2S concentrations that match with mechanical wear can be considered susceptible to being prioritized when rehabilitation works are being planned. Therefore, H2S concentration modeling provides valuable information for asset management of the sewer network.

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Aamo, Ole M., G. O. Eikrem, H. B. Siahaan, and Bjarne A. Foss. "Observer Design for Multiphase Flow in Vertical Pipes with Gas Lift - Theory and Experiments." Modeling, Identification and Control: A Norwegian Research Bulletin 26, no. 2 (2005): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4173/mic.2005.2.1.

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He, Ying, Lan Ma, De Zhong Gao, Xiao Fei Dang, and Li Chao Cheng. "Design of a New Normally Closed Type Safety Valves for Gas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 422 (September 2013): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.422.113.

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This paper elaborates much security menace of using gas and analysises defect of products now available, and advance a new normally closed type safety valve for gas, it can effectively prevent much security menace which was caused by the aging of the rubber tube and leak of the joints of the pipes. Design of structure and control circuit of the valve are introduced in this paper. And the security of this valve was tested and proved by experiment. In the Mechanical Innovative Design Competition for National College Students in 2010, this design gained the national first prize. Its practicability and innovativeness were highly acknowledged and appreciated by the industry experts and got patent for utility models in the same year.

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Aichayawanich, Sawanit, and Sirasa Jengsooksawat. "The Application of Heat Pipes for Fruit Juice Pasteurizing Machine." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 3140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.3140.

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This research was aim to apply heat pipe in the small pasteurizing machine for fruit juice process. The orange juice was used as the sample. The container of the pasteurizing machine was made from 304 stainless steel with 1.5 millimeter of thickness, 300 millimeter of inside diameter, and 374 millimeter high, with 20 liters capacity. In order to control the temperature distribution in the test tank, four heat pipes, that made from same material, were used as heating device that heated from LPG gas. The heat pipe had 0.8 millimeters of thickness, 25millimeter of internal diameter, and the length of 650 millimeters. The result was found that the pasteurizing machine can be pasteurized the orange juice as 88 degree celsius with 32.5 minutes of come up time. The temperature distribution of the orange juice in the tank was  0.5 degree celsius.

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Xie, Haibo, Zhengjiang Liu, Xingkang Xu, and Jiping Zhang. "Research on the safe distance between passing ship and offshore drilling platform based on theory and statistics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 234, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090220902305.

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The offshore drilling platform is the main equipment for oil and gas exploration. The increase in offshore drilling platform results in the apparently increased contradiction between oilfield exploitation and safe navigation of ships. In order to ensure safe navigation and the normal exploitation of oil and gas fields in a limited space, it is necessary to quantify the distance between ships and coastal drilling platforms. In this investigation, the relevant theoretical calculation models were developed, including a drift model for ship out of control and a ship emergency stopping model. By selecting appropriate ship samples, theoretical safe distances under different models can be obtained. With the use of statistical correlation theory based on the Automatic Identification System data of ship, the safe distance between passing ship and platform was further studied. Finally, the recommended safe distance in different waters was summarized by comparing different model calculation results and data statistics results. Research results are beneficial for the safety of ship navigation, safe operation of the platform, and the revision of relevant standards.

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Islam, Md Shahriar, Nathan Peter, and Travis Wiens. "Simulation and experiment of vibrational or acoustic communication in mining and oil-gas drill strings." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2018-0227.

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Drilling for exploration and mineral extraction purposes is generally an invisible process, that is, there is a lack of real-time information available from the tool head. The borehole mining and oil-gas drilling industries both face tremendous challenges because of this invisibility. Lack of data has impacts on extraction quantity and quality, process efficiencies, and is a major factor in overall program costs. This is why a communication method between the drill head and the surface has been under research. Different communication methods have enabled industries to establish more control over the drill bit. Low data transmission rate is one of the most concerning drawbacks of existing communication methods. Acoustic, also known as vibrational telemetry, is the most recent method used in transferring data through drill pipe at the highest data transmission rate. The proper use of acoustic tools and communication schemes will successfully establish a fast data transmission rate and is expected to become a popular method. This paper will introduce a simulation model for transmission of data through drill pipes and will extrapolate a practical case of a large number of pipes that is usually used in oil-gas extraction. It will also demonstrate an experimental setup of a new acoustic transducer.

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Plotnikov, Leonid, Nikita Grigoriev, Leonid Osipov, Vladimir Slednev, and Vladislav Shurupov. "Stationary Gas Dynamics and Heat Transfer of Turbulent Flows in Straight Pipes at Different Turbulence Intensity." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 2, 2022): 7250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197250.

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The gas-dynamic and heat-exchange behaviours of air flows in gas-dynamic systems have a significant impact on the efficiency and environmental performance of most technical equipment (heat engines, power plants, heat exchangers, etc.). Therefore, it is a relevant task to obtain reliable experimental data and physical laws on the influence of cross-sectional shape and initial turbulence intensity on gas dynamics and the level of heat transfer. In this study, data were experimentally obtained on the instantaneous values of the local velocity and local heat transfer coefficients of stationary air flows in straight pipes with circular, square, and triangular cross-sections at different initial values of the turbulence intensity. The measurements were carried out with a constant temperature hot-wire anemometer, thermocouples, and pressure sensors. Based on the research results, data on the turbulence intensity and averaged local heat transfer along the length of pipes with different cross-sections were summarised. It has been established that turbulence intensity in a square pipe is up to 40% higher than in a round channel; in a triangular channel, on the contrary, it is up to 28% lower. After the air flow’s initial turbulence, the relaxation of the flow in square and triangular pipes occurs faster than in a round channel. It is found that the initial intensity of turbulence leads to an increase in the averaged local heat transfer, which is typical of all investigated pipe configurations and initial conditions.

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Ding, Wen Jie. "Practice and Analysis of Life Measuring Device for Motor Valve." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 1972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.1972.

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Motor valve leakage is not easy to detect during using, so it must carry out quality inspection before assembly into gas meter. The quality appraisement of valve mainly relies on switch times before leakage, and pressure difference measurement is better method for leakage judgment. The static pressure leak detection method, reference gas chamber and control program of solenoid valve are key technologies in pressure difference measurement and life measurement. The new type device is designed with hardware and software, such as gas path and pipes, sensor, the solenoid valves of dynamic structure static switching unit, controller, gas pressure regulation system, automatic detection and valve switching process control program etc. Based on support of hardware and software, dynamic flow pipe is separated to static segments which are reference gas chamber and measuring air chambers; and the signal of chambers pressure difference and switch times without leakage are the output result. Switching frequency ratio of solenoid valves to motor valve is 1:5 or 1:10; lower ratio can prolong the service life of solenoid valves.

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Sun, Zhiqiang, Shuai Shao, and Hui Gong. "Gas–liquid Flow Pattern Recognition Based on Wavelet Packet Energy Entropy of Vortex-induced Pressure Fluctuation." Measurement Science Review 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2013-0016.

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Here we report a novel flow-pattern map to distinguish the gas-liquid flow patterns in horizontal pipes at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. The map is constructed using the coordinate system of wavelet packet energy entropy versus total mass flow rate. The wavelet packet energy entropy is obtained from the coefficients of vortex-induced pressure fluctuation decomposed by the wavelet packet transform. A triangular bluff body perpendicular to the flow direction is employed to generate the pressure fluctuation. Experimental tests confirm the suitability of the wavelet packet energy entropy as an ideal indicator of the gas-liquid flow patterns. The overall identification rate of the map is 92.86%, which can satisfy most engineering applications. This method provides a simple, practical, and robust solution to the problem of gas-liquid flow pattern recognition.

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Oyedokun, O. I., S. A. Oke, and D. E. Ighravwe. "A mathematical model for leak location and leak area determination in pipeline networks." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 44 (2013): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1344133o.

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Prompt leak location and leak area determination in oil and gas pipeline installations is an indispensable approach to controlling petroleum products wastages in pipes. However, there is an evident lack of literature information on this subject. In this paper, we modelled leak location detection and leak area determination in pipes by applying two methodologies and gave an illustrative example using simulated data with the aid of Matlab. A comparison of these two approaches resulted in an error of 6.24%, suggesting that the closer the leak is to the measurement station, the lower will be the time interval between two successive waves that will pass through the leak and get to the measurement station. The relationship between the pipe area and coefficient of reflection is parabolic. This contribution is valuable to pipeline engineers in the economic control of leaks.

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Nikolaeva, Maria A., Elena V. Danzanova, and Nikolai P. Starostin. "Influence of temperature and time modes of polymer pipes welding at low temperatures on the structure and properties of materials of compounds. Part I. Calculation of the heat process." Yugra State University Bulletin 18, no. 4 (January 14, 2023): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18822/byusu20220459-67.

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Subject of research: thermal process of welding PE100 saddle branches to polyethylene pipes of existing gas pipelines at low temperatures. Purpose of research: development of an effective method for welding saddle branches to polyethylene pipes of gas pipelines at ambient temperatures up to minus 50 C based on thermal process control by introducing preheating into the technological process with subsequent cooling to equalize the temperature and cool the joint under a layer of thermal insulation material of calculated thickness. Methods and objects of research: in the first part of the work, the object of study is the non-stationary thermal process of welding. The mathematical model of the thermal process takes into account the heat of the phase transformation of polyethylene in the temperature range, the dependence of thermophysical characteristics on temperature and the degree of crystallinity of the material. Main results of research: calculations have determined the welding parameters of the saddle branch, which ensure the flow of the thermal process according to the regularity inherent in welding under conditions of permissible ambient temperature. It is expected that the control of the thermal process will make it possible to obtain a structure of the welded joint material that ensures the strength of the seam corresponding to the strength of the seam obtained by welding under conditions of acceptable temperatures.

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Ribeiro, Joseph X. F., Ruiquan Liao, Aliyu M. Aliyu, Salem K. B. Ahmed, Yahaya D. Baba, Almabrok A. Almabrok, Archibong Archibong-Eso, and Zilong Liu. "A Two-Fluid Model for High-Viscosity Upward Annular Flow in Vertical Pipes." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123485.

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Proper selection and application of interfacial friction factor correlations has a significant impact on prediction of key flow characteristics in gas–liquid two-phase flows. In this study, experimental investigation of gas–liquid flow in a vertical pipeline with internal diameter of 0.060 m is presented. Air and oil (with viscosities ranging from 100–200 mPa s) were used as gas and liquid phases, respectively. Superficial velocities of air ranging from 22.37 to 59.06 m/s and oil ranging from 0.05 to 0.16 m/s were used as a test matrix during the experimental campaign. The influence of estimates obtained from nine interfacial friction factor models on the accuracy of predicting pressure gradient, film thickness and gas void fraction was investigated by utilising a two-fluid model. Results obtained indicate that at liquid viscosity of 100 mPa s, the interfacial friction factor correlation proposed by Belt et al. (2009) performed best for pressure gradient prediction while the Moeck (1970) correlation provided the best prediction of pressure gradient at the liquid viscosity of 200 mPa s. In general, these results indicate that the two-fluid model can accurately predict the flow characteristics for liquid viscosities used in this study when appropriate interfacial friction factor correlations are implemented.

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Ali, Yadgar A. "The Geopolitical Impact of Kurdistan Region Natural Gas A Research About Geopolitics." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v4n2y2021.pp144-153.

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The current study aims at investigating the importance of the geopolitics of natural gas of Kurdistan Region and its role of political relations with neighboring and international countries, especially Turkey and Russia. This is because natural gas is one of the natural resources which is important for human needs nationally and internationally. Recently, natural gas has become one of the most important products for many countries due to effortless extraction and cost effective in production. Therefore, Turkey and Russia have always wanted to control the oil and gas transportation pipes and make Kurdistan as the center of oil and gas. The findings of the study reveal that the natural gas reservation of the Kurdistan Region is estimated 5.7 trillion which makes Kurdistan Region to be the 9th in the world with the amount of 2.9%. the research also finds that the vast majority of the gas reservation is located in Garmyan and Slemani areas.

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Guo, Hao, Hyeon-Jung Kim, and Sang-Young Kim. "Research on Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis Using a Rotating Magnetic Field." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010086.

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In this paper, the effect of rotating magnetic fields on hydrogen generation from water electrolysis is analyzed, aiming to provide a research reference for hydrogen production and improving hydrogen production efficiency. The electrolytic environment is formed by alkaline solutions and special electrolytic cells. The two electrolytic cells are connected to each other in the form of several pipes. The ring magnets are used to surround the pipes and rotate the magnets so that the pipes move relative to the magnets within the ring magnetic field area. Experimentally, the electrolysis reaction of an alkaline solution was studied by using a rotating magnetic field, and the effect of magnetic field rotation speed on the electrolysis reaction was analyzed using detected voltage data. The experimental phenomenon showed that the faster the rotation speed of the rotating magnetic field, the faster the production speed of hydrogen gas.

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Alkhalifeh, Khaldoun, Hatem Rmili, Bandar Hakim, Nebras Sobahi, and Youssef AL-Turki. "Design of Microwave Antenna Array for Imaging of Multiphase Flows in Polypropylene Pipes." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (May 24, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6636885.

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The oil and gas industry requires accurate sensors to control fluid flow in pipelines during the production process from horizontal and near horizontal wells. The extracted crude oil is usually a multiphase mixture of oil, water, and gas, and the accurate measurement of the ratio of each multiphase within the pipeline is an important parameter to manage wells efficiently by maximizing the hydrocarbons that can be extracted. Various methods have been developed for determining the phase ratio including mechanical, optical, X-ray or gamma ray, ultrasound, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and rarely microwave techniques. However, these methods do not permit the knowledge of the real-time evolution of the phase ratio and are less precise. Here, we propose and develop by simulation two microwave systems, in horizontal and vertical polarizations, to choose the optimal configuration for crude pipeline imaging applications. First, the pipeline containing crude oil was modeled and its thermal and dielectric properties are proposed. Then, the antennas array performances were optimized and assembled to the pipeline. Different numbers of antenna elements were successfully investigated using CST simulation in both vertical and horizontal polarizations to find the optimal number of antenna elements for the pipeline applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Navigation control in gas pipes'

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