Journal articles on the topic 'Naval Prison'
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1
Whitfield, Esther. "Guantánamo, Cuba: Poetry and Prison on Divided Ground." Comparative Literature 72, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8255339.
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Abstract Guantánamo as a site whose legal contortions and human rights abuses have global reach and urgency has long been the focus of the many scholars, lawyers, and activists who have fought to keep its detention centers in the public eye. And yet, alongside advocates who have insisted on the site’s urgent moral ties to the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and the international community broadly defined—and in defiance of both a US war on “terror” and a Cuban war on “imperialism”—there have persisted smaller-scale gestures aimed at situating the Guantánamo naval base as geographically continuous with, and affectively connected to, Cuba. This article reads the poetry of Mohammed el Gharani and Ibrahim al-Rubaish, former detainees included in Marc Falkoff’s collection Poems from Guantánamo: The Detainees Speak, and of José Ramón Sánchez, longtime resident of the Cuban city of Guantánamo, as a form of regional literature produced on contested ground. It proposes that, when read across the dividing line and between languages, poetry presents a more intimate and locally specific Guantánamo than the widely known version.
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Kohnen, David, and Roy Cash, Jr. "Blue Jacket Blues: Lost Recordings of Johnny Cash at the Naval War College – Live in ’75." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 33, no. 2 (November 7, 2023): 167–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.1127.
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Sailors far from home often identified with the lyrics of traditional sea shanties, which highlighted the isolation and hard work on an unforgiving sea. Following in this tradition, American sailors also gravitated to the punchy diddy bopper rhythms and bleak lyrical storyline of Cash’s rockabilly classic, “Folsom Prison Blues” Since he scored that first hit in 1955, Cash has cast a very long shadow on American popular culture. Given all that has been written and generally remembered about Cash, many surprises remain unexplored in the remarkable chronology of his life and rise in popular American music. One such example is the previously undocumented performance by the “Man in Black” on St. Patrick’s Day in 1975 at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Using recently rediscovered audio from the event, this article examines the concert, as well as the broader influence of Cash upon popular culture, the role of military service upon his work, his intimate connection with the Naval War College, and his broader impact on the United States military.
Les marins loin de chez eux s’identifiaient souvent aux paroles des chants de marins traditionnels qui traitaient de l’isolement et du travail acharné sur la mer impitoyable. Reprenant cette tradition, les marins américains étaient également attirés vers les rythmes percutants et le sombre récit du classique du rockabilly de Johnny Cash intitulé «Folsom Prison Blues.» Après avoir connu ce premier succès en 1955, Cash a marqué à tout jamais la culture populaire américaine. Malgré tout ce qui a été écrit et tout ce que nous retenons de Cash, bon nombre de sujets demeurent peu connus dans la chronologie remarquable de sa vie et son grand rôle dans la musique populaire américaine. On peut citer, à titre d’exemple, le spectacle non déjà documenté du chanteur connu sous le nom de « Man in Black » le jour de la St-Patrick en 1975 au Naval War College à Newport, au Rhode Island. À l’aide de l’enregistrement sonore du spectacle qu’on vient de redécouvrir, cet article étudie le spectacle ainsi que l’influence de Johnny Cash sur la culture populaire, le rôle du service militaire sur son œuvre, son lien intime avec le Naval War College et ses répercussions plus vastes sur l’armée américaine.
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Tofighian, Omid. "Carceral-border cinema." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 18 (December 1, 2019): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.18.14.
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The articles in this dossier critically discuss the film Chauka, Please Tell Us the Time (Behrouz Boochani and Arash Kamali Sarvestani, 2017) and reflect on its creation and response. The film is unique in many ways. It was shot clandestinely on a smartphone; shots were smuggled out of the Manus Island immigration detention centre (which has now been dismantled, but was located on the Lombrum Naval Base and officially called Manus Regional Processing Centre) to Lorengau, the main town on the island, then to Australia, and then sent to the codirector in the Netherlands. One of the filmmakers, Behrouz Boochani, was imprisoned at the time of filming and production, an imprisonment which continues at the time of writing; and the two codirectors have never met—the whole film project was conducted over WhatsApp voice messaging and never with conversations in real time due to poor reception in the prison.
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Kokab Jabeen. "PLIGHT OF FEMALE PRISONERS IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Postgraduate Medical Journal 33, no. 03 (November 5, 2022): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v33i03.511.
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The conditions faced by female delinquents and convicts in the criminal justice system of Pakistan are deeply dismaying. Prisons in Pakistan resonate the helplessness of women, who apart from being in emotional trauma, prior to conviction, are often subjected to coercion and torture after being incarcerated.
According to a survey of female prisoners conducted in 1998 in Punjab (both convicts and pre-trials), about 78 percent alleged ill treatment during police custody and about 72 percent alleged that they had been sexually assaulted by police officials1. In 2014, the Justice Project Pakistan initiative revealed compelling evidence of abuse against 134 female prisoners, of which 82 had to endure sexual abuse in Faisalabad prison1. Women, who face domestic violence or sexual abuse prior to conviction, are more susceptible to serious mental health problems like anxiety, depression and low self-esteem during the period of their imprisonment, which oftentimes leads to suicide attempts. Delay in conviction, sexual harassment, poor medical facilities, lack of ante-natal care, and deficiency of proper care facilities for their children, lack of psychological support are amongst the few problems2.
A major problem that prevails in the criminal justice system of Pakistan is that most women are detained before they are convicted of any felony or criminal offense. According to the committee, of the 1,121 women in prison as of mid-2020, 66 percent had not been convicted of any offense and were detained while awaiting conclusion of their trial by courts. More than 300 women were detained in facilities outside the districts where they lived, making family visits nearly impossible. These prisoners included 46 women over the age of 60 and 10 girls under the age of 183.
Sexual harassment is very common in various prisons of Pakistan; Women are more likely than men to be infected with HIV as well as STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis when they first enter prison4. One-fifth of respondents claimed to have had a STI within the previous six months, according to a survey of female prisoners in Pakistan, and only 18% reported receiving the necessary treatment for these infections. Slightly more than half of respondents were aware that STIs existed4.
The committee constituted by former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Imran Khan to probe the issues faced by female prisoners in 2020 found that 134 women had children with them in prison, some as old as 9 and 10, despite the legal limit of 5 years. At least 195 children were housed in prisons as of 20202.
Pregnancy and care of pregnant women prisoners is a very important issue that is in dire need of attention. Female prisoners in Pakistan are denied their fundamental pre-natal and post-natal rights, which make them prone to contract infections while also putting the health of their newborns in jeopardy. Nursing and expectant females in Pakistani prisons do not have access to adequate nutrition and their predicament is further exacerbated by the fact that only 24 female health workers are available to provide full-time care to women and girls in prisons across the country. Moreover, female prisoners often give birth in the unhygienic jail conditions, which escalate infant mortality rates in the prisons of Pakistan. Due to the dearth of adequate facilities and resources, prisons are not able to fulfill the sanitary and menstrual requirements of women prisoners. During the Covid-19 pandemic, there was no enforcement of stringent measures to ensure that Standard Operating Procedures were being implemented, putting the lives of aged women with suppressed immune systems at stake 4,5.
Compared to male prisoners, female prisoners have higher rates of hepatitis and tuberculosis (TB).Women in prison are more likely than men to have hepatitis C (HCV) infection, especially if they have a history of injecting drugs. Inmates who are female are more likely than male inmates to contract HCV. Similar to HIV, HCV is spread through blood-sharing activities like sharing injection supplies or through sexual contact6. Compared to men, women are much more likely to contract hepatitis C from sexual activity. Coughing or sneezing can spread TB, which spreads through the air. The greatest risk of infection exists for people who stay in the same residence as those who have active tuberculosis. People cannot contract tuberculosis by shaking hands, sitting on toilet seats, or sharing dishes and utensils with a patient. Numerous prisons have tuberculosis rates that are 10 to 100 times higher than those in the general population due to overcrowding and subpar nutrition7, 8.
Children whose mothers were incarcerated may have suffered the trauma and loss brought on by their mothers' incarceration as well as other issues, and they may also have some attention issues and developmental delays8.
In light of these deplorable conditions, the government of Pakistan needs to ensure gender-specific services for female prisoners in order to alleviate their plight and cope with their psychological, emotional and social needs. The prison environment does not always take into account the specific needs of women, such as accessibility to free personal sanitary products for menstruation such as sanitary pads and enabling female prisoners to dispose them of properly to maintain hygiene7,8.
Female prisoners, who suffer from psychological issues after incarceration should be given the right to seek counseling for their mental health problems from psychiatrists and psychologists, appointed by the state8.Furthermore, the government of Pakistan needs to make arrangements for keeping women in separate prison cells, based on the type of offense they have been convicted with to resolve the issue of overcrowding in jails.
There is an exigent need for the government to make genders sensitive training available in all Pakistani prisons. Like pregnant women, lactating mothers have certain health and nutritional requirements which need to be fulfilled. Meals of high nutritional value should be provided regularly and flexibly to breastfeeding mothers and their newborn babies.
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Srour, Soha. "Should the U.S. Shut Down Gitmo?" American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i4.1597.
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This panel discussion, held on 27 June 2006 and sponsored by the Councilon American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), featured James Yee, a 1990 WestPoint graduate and Muslim chaplain assigned to Camp Delta (Guantanamo Bay) and attorney Gene Fidell of Feldesman, Tucker, Leifer, and Fidell, whohas worked on cases involving Guantanamo Bay inmates. The discussiontook place at the Rayburn House Office Building in Washington, DC.After making opening remarks on illegal immigrants and terrorism,Mohammad Nimer (research director, CAIR) introduced Chaplain Yee, whohad served at Camp Delta from November 2002 to September 2003. Whilethere, he experienced the detention center's living conditions and receivedawards and recognition for his service. On 10 September 2003, however, hewas arrested and accused of espionage, aiding the enemy, mutiny, and sedition.Eventually, he was locked up alongside enemy combatants YasserHamdy and Jose Padilla in a naval brig in South Carolina. Later, all chargeswere dropped, including unrelated charges regarding national security.Yee explained his role as advocating for the free exercise of worship. Headvised the camp commander on religious aspects of prison operations andlistened to prisoners’ complaints and concerns, including authorized andunescorted access to the cells. In addition, he observed detainee treatmentand made recommendations. He described two operations: detention operationsrun by military police or guards (e.g., providing them with clothes) andintelligence gathering, which included extracting information. Yee wasassigned to the former group, as the commanding general at the time, MajorGeneral Geoffrey Miller, considered it unethical for the chaplain to be presentduring intelligence gathering operations ...
6
Lee, Nam-myon. "A Study on Cho Han-young(曺漢英)'s Poetry in the 『Seolgyosuchangjip(雪窖酬唱集)』." Daedong Hanmun Association 77 (December 31, 2023): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21794/ddhm.2023.77.61.
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This paper was attempted to examine the poetry of Cho Han-young found in the collection Seolgyosuchangjip. In 1639, after the Manchu War of 1636(丙子胡亂), the Qing Dynasty requested the deployment of naval forces(水軍) from Joseon for their war against the Ming Dynasty. In response, Kim Sang-heon(金尙憲), Cho Han-young, and Chae Ihang(蔡以恒) submitted a petition opposing the dispatch of naval forces. As a result, the Qing Dynasty summoned these three men to Shenyang(瀋陽). During their confinement in Shenyang's prison, Cho Han-young and Kim Sang- heon spent their time composing poetry, the poems exchanged between them are compiled in the collection Seolgyosuchangjip. In this paper, Cho Han-young's poetry included in this book was divided into two aspects.
The first aspect is the portrayal of deep sorrow and lamentation in the foreign land. Cho Han-young employed a technique of contrasting the present with the past to reveal his discontent with life in confinement and his yearning for freedom. Through the metaphor of a bird, he lamented his own situation, and he frequently expressed nostalgia using the theme of dreams. Additionally, he incorporated regret and heartbreak into playful poetic expressions. These works indicate that Cho Han-young's eyes were often directed towards the south.
The second aspect is an expression of the anti-Qing consciousness. Cho Han-young depicted Shenyang and its surroundings as a dark and unstable space, and used negative expressions and a strong tone to reveal his resentment towards the Qing Dynasty. He also blamed himself for failing to become a warrior and revealed his great will to play an active part in the battlefield. Meanwhile, He also revealed a sense of anti-Qing consciousness through retrospection on historical figures. He recalled individuals who achieved victory in wars, those who punished the barbarians, and those who harbored a spirit of revenge. He also recited his desire for these characters to appear in the reality of Joseon. Works that manifest anti-Qing consciousness indicate that his eyes were oriented towards the north, including Shenyang.
Jo Han-young's poetry is significant in that it shows the conscious orientation of an anti-Qing writer who had to live in detention in Shenyang after the Manchu War of 1636.
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SEN, ATREYEE. "Torture and Laughter: Naxal insurgency, custodial violence, and inmate resistance in a women's correctional facility in 1970s Calcutta." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 3 (May 2018): 917–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000142.
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AbstractThis article explores the politics of surveillance, suppression, and resistance within a women's correctional facility in 1970s Calcutta, a city in eastern India. I highlight the excessively violent treatment of women political prisoners, who were captured and tortured for their active participation in a Maoist guerrilla (Naxal) movement. I argue that the state officials who formed the lowest rung of the government's machinery to supress the movement—the police, prison guards, and wardens—partially usurped these carceral worlds during conditions of social unrest to create small regimes of de facto sovereignty over prison publics. During that critical period in the history of political uprising in the region, the central government coercively implemented a series of ‘constitutional actions’ in the name of internal security threats and withdrew civil liberties from Indian citizens. Political opponents were captured and imprisoned, and prisons became a space for licensed excess. I show how women political prisoners cooperated and conspired with women convicts (the latter having nurtured their own coping skills and structures to deal with persecution and negligence while in the detention system) to develop multiple forms of resistance to the extra-legal use of authority in prison, especially in the context of a volatile socio-political environment in the city.
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Rigaud, Philippe. "Graffiti navals en prison : une thématique." Le Monde alpin et rhodanien. Revue régionale d’ethnologie 32, no. 1 (2004): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mar.2004.1841.
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SIMAS, Luciana. "Filhos da (in)justiça." Passagens: Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica 13, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 508–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15175/1984-2503-202113306.
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The following article presents statements by pregnant or breastfeeding women to have been through custody hearings and criminal proceedings while released on bail, illustrating institutional responses to prenatal, childbirth, and post-natal care outside the prison environment. The aim was to document the possibilities for and difficulties of applying release measures, according to the women’s own narratives of violence. The qualitative research is based on an analysis of content and is organized according to thematic modules with an exploration of the material collected in interviews and field data. Several obstacles faced in the empirical study have been highlighted, as have the experiences of the women inside and outside the prisons, in terms of the exercise of motherhood, life with the child, the lack of state assistance, and the consequences of the imprisonment. The report from mothers to have been released on bail or placed under house arrest due to pregnancy demonstrates adequate pre-natal care and the children’s healthy development, although difficulties were still experienced during childbirth. The adoption of measures to release the women allowed for better access to healthcare, in line with the human right to safe motherhood. The satisfaction of being able to care for their children and live alongside family stood out as a positive factor. Situations of institutional violence still persist, given the insufficiency or absence of state protection.
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Suadi, Suadi. "Edukasi Literasi Baca Al-Qur’an Terhadap Warga Binaan Lapas Kelas II B Panyabungan, Kabupaten Mandailing Natal." AKM: Aksi Kepada Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (July 2, 2022): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36908/akm.v3i1.427.
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Literacy on reading Al-Qur’an means individual’s ability to read well, to understand the meaning, to understand a myriad of virtues, to notice positive effect and be conscious on consequence from reading Al-Qur’an. Al-Qur’an becomes the holy and guiding book for muslims. The virtue of reading Al-Qur’an is not restrictedly on getting bounty, but it also affects to change an individual’s character positively. Reading Al-Qur’an is important for prison inmates at Lapas Class II B Panyabungan, Mandailing Natal, Sumatera Utara. The problem to be solved in this community service is how the virtue of reading Al—Qur’an can improve character, increase good awareness, relieve soul and change mindset positively on prison inmates at Lapas Class II B Panyabungan, Kabupaten Mandailing Natal. This program was conducted by using lecturing or sharing talk method and it was strengthened by question-answer session. The expected result is that prison inmates at Lapas Kelas II B Panyabungan can maximize time positively to read Al-Qur’an with the goal to be a better person.
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Oliveira, Laine Rocha, Cecília Simon da Silva, and Emanuel Vieira Pinto. "NURSE ASSISTANCE FOR WOMEN'S PRENATAL IN THE BRAZILIAN PRISON SYSTEM." Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): 2618–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51891/rease.v10i5.14049.
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O número de mulheres em encarceramento no Brasil aumentou exponencialmente nas últimas décadas, comitantemente às necessidades destas cidadãs no ambiente onde cumprem suas penas. Dentre essas precisões, citam-se questões que envolvem à saúde da mulher, especialmente, àquelas voltada à gravidez e ao período puerpério de mulheres no Sistema Prisional. Nesse cenário, o profissional enfermeiro assume papel importante no acompanhamento do pré-natal e a assistência continuada para essas gestantes. Visto isso, o presente estudo estabelece a seguinte problemática: Quais os desafios encontrados na assistência do profissional de enfermagem no caso de pré-natal às mulheres no período gravídico no sistema prisional brasileiro? Definiu-se como objetivo geral e norteador de investigação: Analisar as condições de assistência do enfermeiro no pré-natal de mulheres no Sistema Prisional Brasileiro. Os objetivos específicos pautados buscam contextualizar a assistência do pré-natal como direito para a saúde da mulher e da criança; compreender o contexto atual da população carcerária feminina e o direito à saúde; apresentar as condições de assistência do enfermeiro à gestante nas unidades prisionais brasileiras. Para tal, utilizou-se procedimentos metodológicos de revisão bibliográfica com abordagem qualitativa, envolvendo investigação nos bancos de dados do Google acadêmico, revistas, artigos científicos e sites somados ao amparo constitucional legal brasileiro às gestantes no âmbito do SUS. Os resultados evidenciaram que a assistência de enfermagem na realização do pré-natal a essas mulheres seja efetivo e seguro, demanda-se maior posicionamento do poder público viabilizando condições dignas para as carcerárias e de proteção aos profissionais da enfermagem, promovendo a promoção e prevenção de riscos materno fetal eminentes nas prisões durante a gestação.
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Bessen, Richard A., Scott Martinka, Jessica Kelly, and Daniel Gonzalez. "Role of the Lymphoreticular System in Prion Neuroinvasion from the Oral and Nasal Mucosa." Journal of Virology 83, no. 13 (April 15, 2009): 6435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00018-09.
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ABSTRACT Prion neuroinvasion from peripheral tissues involves agent replication in the lymphoreticular system (LRS) prior to entry into the nervous system. This study investigated the role of the LRS in prion neuroinvasion from the oral and nasal mucosa in wild-type and immunodeficient mice and in hamsters infected with the HY and DY strains of the transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent. Following inoculation at neural sites, all hosts were susceptible to prion disease and had evidence of prion infection in the brain, but infection of the LRS was found only in scrapie-infected wild-type mice and HY TME-infected hamsters. In the LRS replication-deficient models, prion neuroinvasion was not observed following intraperitoneal or oral inoculation. However, immunodeficient mice, which have impaired follicular dendritic cells, were susceptible to scrapie following intratongue and intranasal inoculation despite the absence of PrPSc in the tongue or the nasal cavity. For DY TME, hamsters were susceptible following intratongue but not intranasal inoculation and PrPSc was limited to nerve fibers of the tongue. These findings indicate that neuroinvasion from the tongue and nasal cavity can be independent of LRS infection but neuroinvasion was partially dependent on the strain of the prion agent and/or the host species. The paucity of PrPSc deposition in the oral and nasal mucosa from LRS replication-deficient hosts following neuroinvasion from these tissues suggests an infection of nerve fibers that is below the threshold of PrPSc detection and/or the transport of the prion agent along cranial nerves without agent replication.
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Pahrudin Arrozi, Aslina, Daijiro Yanagisawa, Tomoko Kato, Hiroyasu Akatsu, Yoshio Hashizume, Daita Kaneda, and Ikuo Tooyama. "Nasal Extracts from Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Induce Tau Aggregates in a Cellular Model of Tau Propagation." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports 5, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/adr-210298.
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Background: Emerging evidence indicates that the misfolded tau protein can propagate aggregates between cells in a prion-like manner. This prion activity has been typically studied in brain extracts of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but not in the olfactory region that can be a potential biomarker in AD. Objective: To investigate the prion seeding activity of tau in nasal mucosa tissues using a cell culture model of tau propagation. Methods: Brain and nasal mucosa homogenates were added to HEK293T cells expressing three repeat or four-repeat domains of tau with the L266V, V337M (3RD*VM) and P301L and V377M mutations (4RD*LM) fused to the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) respectively. We also measured the level of phosphorylated tau (p-tau), total tau (t-tau), and p-tau/t-tau ratio and performed correlation analysis between tau prion activity and the level of tau. Results: We found that brain and nasal tissue homogenates from patients with AD significantly induced tau aggregation in HEK293T cells either expressing tau 3RD*VM-EGFP or 4RD*LM-EGFP compared with control brain and nasal tissue homogenates. The levels of p-tau and p-tau/t-tau ratio were significantly increased in the brain of patients with AD; however, no significant difference was found in nasal tissue compared with their respective control tissue homogenates. Conclusion: These results suggest that the nasal tissues contain tau seeds, similar to the brain, albeit without changes in the levels of p-tau and t-tau. Therefore, a cellular bioassay using nasal tissues would have great potential as an AD biomarker because of the usefulness of nasal tissue biopsy.
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Corona, Cristiano, Chiara Porcario, Francesca Martucci, Barbara Iulini, Barbara Manea, Marina Gallo, Claudia Palmitessa, et al. "Olfactory System Involvement in Natural Scrapie Disease." Journal of Virology 83, no. 8 (January 21, 2009): 3657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01966-08.
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ABSTRACT The olfactory system (OS) is involved in many infectious and neurodegenerative diseases, both human and animal, and it has recently been investigated in regard to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Previous assessments of nasal mucosa infection by prions following intracerebral challenge suggested a potential centrifugal spread along the olfactory nerve fibers of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc). Whether the nasal cavity may be a route for centripetal prion infection to the brain has also been experimentally studied. With the present study, we wanted to determine whether prion deposition in the OS occurs also under field conditions and what type of anatomical localization PrPSc might display there. We report here on detection by different techniques of PrPSc in the nasal mucosa and in the OS-related brain areas of sheep affected by natural scrapie. PrPSc was detected in the perineurium of the olfactory nerve bundles in the medial nasal concha and in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. Olfactory receptor neurons did not show PrPSc immunostaining. PrPSc deposition was found in the brain areas of olfactory fiber projection, chiefly in the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex. The prevalent PrPSc deposition patterns were subependymal, perivascular, and submeningeal. This finding, together with the discovery of an intense PrPSc immunostaining in the meningeal layer of the olfactory nerve perineurium, at the border with the subdural space extension surrounding the nerve rootlets, strongly suggests a probable role of cerebrospinal fluid in conveying prion infectivity to the nasal submucosa.
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Navarro Martínez, Juan Pedro. "Representaciones del pecado nefando en el sistema penitencial: jerarquías, violencia y dinámica procesal en la causa contra Tio Pancho (1748)." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 11 (June 22, 2022): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.18.
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En 1748, la Sala de Vizcaya inició un proceso contra Francisco Guerrero, un joven marinero malagueño que portaba un arma blanca. Su proceso judicial revela que el acusado había sido preso por un corso inglés, hecho prisionero en Irlanda, y que tenía pendiente un juicio por reiterado abuso del “pecado nefando” con otros prisioneros. La causa contra Guerrero invita a reconocer la problemática competencia jurisdiccional de los presos, comparar diferencias y similitudes entre el sistema penitencial español y británico, al tiempo que se pretende comprender las dinámicas de comportamiento jerárquico-sexual del universo carcelario. Palabras Claves: Pecado nefando, Prisión, Jerarquías sexuales, Justicia ordinariaTopónimos: Portugalete y KinsalePeriodo: Siglo XVIII ABSTRACT:In 1749, the Court of Vizcaya initiated a process against Francisco Guerrero, a young sailor from Malaga who carried a knife. His judicial process reveals that the accused had been captured by an English Corsair and imprisoned in Ireland. He was also awaiting trial for repeated abuse of "nefarious sin" with other prisoners. The case against Guerrero invites us to acknowledge the problem of jurisdictional competence in relation to prisoners and compare differences and similarities between the Spanish and British penitential systems, while trying to understand the dynamics of hierarchical-sexual behaviour in the prison environment. Key Words: Nefarious Sin, Prison, Sexual Hierarchies, Ordinary JusticePlace names: Portugalete and KinsalePeriod: 18th Century REFERENCIASArmada Naval (1793), Ordenanzas Generales de la Armada Naval. Madrid, Joaquín Ibarra. Tomo II.Berco, C. (2007), Sexual Hierarchies, Public Status. Men, Sodomy, and Society in Spain’s Golden Age, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.Berní y Català, J. 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Kincaid, Anthony E., and Jason C. Bartz. "The Nasal Cavity Is a Route for Prion Infection in Hamsters." Journal of Virology 81, no. 9 (February 14, 2007): 4482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02649-06.
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ABSTRACT Animals that naturally acquire the prion diseases have a well-developed olfactory sense that they utilize for a variety of basic behaviors. To assess the potential for the nasal cavity to serve as a point of entry for prion diseases, a small amount of prion-infected brain homogenate was placed inferior to the nostrils of hamsters, where it was immediately sniffed into the nasal cavity. Hamsters extranasally inoculated with the HY strain of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent had an incubation period that was not significantly different from per os inoculation of the same dose of the HY TME agent. However, the efficiency of the nasal route of inoculation was determined to be 10 to 100 times greater based on endpoint dilution analysis. Immunohistochemistry on tissues from hamsters killed at 2-week intervals after inoculation was used to identify the disease-associated form of the prion protein (PrPd) to determine the route of prion neuroinvasion. Nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and submandibular lymph nodes initially accumulated PrPd as early as 4 weeks postinfection. PrPd was first identified in cervical lymph nodes at 8 weeks, in the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches at 14 weeks, and in the tongue 20 weeks after inoculation. Surprisingly, there was no evidence of PrPd in olfactory epithelium or olfactory nerve fascicles at any time after inoculation. Therefore, the HY TME agent did not enter the central nervous system via the olfactory nerve; instead, PrPd accumulated in elements of the cranial lymphoreticular system prior to neuroinvasion.
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Pereira, Larissa Silva, Adailda Silva dos Santos Santana, and Janize Silva Maia. "A maternidade no sistema prisional brasileiro." Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem 10, no. 29 (March 31, 2020): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2358-3088.2020.10.29.189-198.
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Compreender como se dá a maternidade no sistema prisional brasileiro. Revisão integrativa nas bases de dados PUBMED, LILACS e SCIELO, a partir da questão norteadora “como se dá à maternidade no sistema prisional brasileiro?”, resultando em 8 referências selecionadas, categorizadas por semelhança. Mulheres privadas de liberdade têm direito à saúde em ambientes apropriados, devendo ser transferidas para uma unidade que possua estrutura adequada para o acompanhamento gestacional. O nascimento da criança deve ocorrer em unidade hospitalar da secretaria da administração penitenciária e, posteriormente em locais para o acolhimento adequado do bebê, no entanto, a ausência de acomodação e alimentação necessárias, o ambiente insalubre e a superlotação das celas podem prejudicar o processo gravídico puerperal, quando necessidades especiais de saúde são ignoradas. Os programas gestacionais cobertos pelo SUS, não possuem grande relevância dentro das prisões brasileiras prejudicando a integralidade e, sobretudo, a equidade do binômio.Descritores: Aleitamento Materno, Cuidado Pré-natal, Prisões. The maternity in the brazilian prison systemAbstract: To understand how motherhood occurs in the Brazilian prison system. Integrative review in the PUBMED, LILACS and SCIELO databases, based on the guiding question “How does motherhood occur in the Brazilian prison system?”, resulting in 8 selected versions, categorized by similarity. Women deprived of their liberty have the right to health in appropriate environments and should be transferred to a unit that has adequate structure for gestational follow-up. The birth of the child should occur in the hospital unit of the penitentiary administration department and, subsequently, in places for the proper reception of the baby, however, loss of food, unhealthy environment and overcrowding of cells may impair the puerperal pregnancy process when special health needs are ignored. The managed programs covered by SUS do not have great relevance within the Brazilian prisons harming the completeness and, especially, the equity of the binomial.Descriptors: Breast Feeding, Prenatal Care, Prisons. Maternidad en el sistema de prisiones brasileñasResumen: Comprender cómo se produce la maternidad en el sistema penitenciario brasileño. Revisión integradora en las bases de datos PUBMED, LILACS y SCIELO, basada en la pregunta guía "¿Cómo es la maternidad en el sistema penitenciario brasileño?", Que da como resultado 8 referencias seleccionadas, clasificadas por similitud. Las mujeres privadas de libertad tienen derecho a la salud en entornos apropiados y deben ser transferidas a una unidad que tenga una estructura adecuada para el seguimiento gestacional. El nacimiento del niño debe ocurrir en una unidad hospitalaria de la secretaría de administración penitenciaria y, posteriormente, en lugares para la recepción adecuada del bebé, sin embargo, la falta de alojamiento y alimentación necesarios, el entorno poco saludable y el hacinamiento de las células pueden afectar el proceso de embarazo puerperal, cuando se ignoran las necesidades especiales de salud. Los programas gestacionales cubiertos por el SUS no tienen gran relevancia dentro de las cárceles brasileñas, perjudicando la integridad y, sobre todo, la equidad del binomio.Descriptores: Lactancia Materna, Atención Prenatal, Prisiones.
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DeJoia, Crista, Brian Moreaux, Kimberly O'Connell, and Richard A. Bessen. "Prion Infection of Oral and Nasal Mucosa." Journal of Virology 80, no. 9 (May 1, 2006): 4546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.9.4546-4556.2006.
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ABSTRACT Centrifugal spread of the prion agent to peripheral tissues is postulated to occur by axonal transport along nerve fibers. This study investigated the distribution of the pathological isoform of the protein (PrPSc) in the tongues and nasal cavities of hamsters following intracerebral inoculation of the HY strain of the transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent. We report that PrPSc deposition was found in the lamina propria, taste buds, and stratified squamous epithelium of fungiform papillae in the tongue, as well as in skeletal muscle cells. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, PrPSc was localized to nerve fibers in each of these structures in the tongue, neuroepithelial taste cells of the taste bud, and, possibly, epithelial cells. This PrPSc distribution was consistent with a spread of HY TME agent along both somatosensory and gustatory cranial nerves to the tongue and suggests subsequent synaptic spread to taste cells and epithelial cells via peripheral synapses. In the nasal cavity, PrPSc accumulation was found in the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelium, where its location was consistent with a distribution in cell bodies and apical dendrites of the sensory neurons. Prion spread to these sites is consistent with transport via the olfactory nerve fibers that descend from the olfactory bulb. Our data suggest that epithelial cells, neuroepithelial taste cells, or olfactory sensory neurons at chemosensory mucosal surfaces, which undergo normal turnover, infected with the prion agent could be shed and play a role in the horizontal transmission of animal prion diseases.
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Kincaid, A. E., J. I. Ayers, and J. C. Bartz. "Specificity, Size, and Frequency of Spaces That Characterize the Mechanism of Bulk Transepithelial Transport of Prions in the Nasal Cavities of Hamsters and Mice." Journal of Virology 90, no. 18 (July 6, 2016): 8293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01103-16.
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ABSTRACTInhalation of infected brain homogenate results in transepithelial transport of prions across the nasal mucosa of hamsters, some of which occurs rapidly in relatively large amounts between cells (A. E. Kincaid, K. F. Hudson, M. W. Richey, and J. C. Bartz, J. Virol 86:12731–12740, 2012, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01930-12). Bulk transepithelial transport in the nasal cavity has not been studied to date. In the present study, we characterized the frequency, size, and specificity of the intercellular spaces that mediate the bulk transport of inhaled prions between cells of mice or hamsters following extranasal inoculation with mock-infected brain homogenate, different strains of prion-infected brain homogenate, or brain homogenate mixed with India ink. Infected or mock-infected inoculum was identified within lymphatic vessels of the lamina propria and in spaces of >5 μm between a small number of cells of the nasal mucosa in >90% of animals from 5 to 60 min after inhalation. The width of the spaces between cells, the amount of the inoculum within the lumen of lymphatic vessels, and the timing of the transport indicate that this type of transport was taking place through preexisting spaces in the nasal cavity that were orders of magnitude wider than what is normally reported for paracellular transport. The indiscriminate rapid bulk transport of brain homogenate in the nasal cavity results in immediate entry into nasal cavity lymphatics following inhalation. This novel mechanism may underlie the recent report of the early detection of prions in blood following inhalation and has implications for horizontal prion transmission.IMPORTANCEThe results of these studies demonstrate that the nasal mucosa of mice and hamsters is not an absolute anatomical barrier to inhaled prion-infected or uninfected brain homogenate. Relatively large amounts of infected and uninfected brain homogenate rapidly cross the nasal mucosa and enter the lumen of lymphatic vessels following inhalation. These bulk transepithelial transport events were relatively rare but present in >90% of animals 5 to 60 min following inhalation. This novel mechanism of bulk transepithelial transport was seen in experimental and control hamsters and mice, indicating that it was not species specific or in response to prion exposure. The indiscriminate bulk intercellular transport of inhaled pathogens across the nasal mucosa followed by entry into the lymphatic system may be a mechanism that underlies the entry and spread of other toxins and pathogens in olfactory system-driven animals.
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Kincaid, Anthony E. "The Role of the Nasal Cavity in the Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases." Viruses 13, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112287.
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Prion diseases, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a class of fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the entry and spread of infectious prion proteins (PrPSc) in the central nervous system (CNS). These diseases are endemic to certain mammalian animal species that use their sense of smell for a variety of purposes and therefore expose their nasal cavity (NC) to PrPSc in the environment. Prion diseases that affect humans are either inherited due to a mutation of the gene that encodes the prion protein, acquired by exposure to contaminated tissues or medical devices, or develop without a known cause (referred to as sporadic). The purpose of this review is to identify components of the NC that are involved in prion transport and to summarize the evidence that the NC serves as a route of entry (centripetal spread) and/or a source of shedding (centrifugal spread) of PrPSc, and thus plays a role in the pathogenesis of the TSEs.
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Stott, Katharine Elizabeth, Tulio De Oliveira, and Richard John Lessells. "Combined antiretroviral and antituberculosis drug resistance following incarceration." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 14, no. 3 (September 17, 2013): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v14i3.67.
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We describe a case of HIV/tuberculosis (TB) co-infection from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, characterised by drug resistance in both pathogens. The development of drug resistance was linked temporally to two periods of incarceration. This highlights the urgent need for improved integration of HIV/TB control strategies within prison health systems and within the broader public health framework.
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Young-Jahangeer, Miranda. "Bringing in to play: Investigating the appropriation of Prison Theatre in Westville Female Prison, KwaZulu-Natal (2000–2004)." South African Theatre Journal 19, no. 1 (January 2005): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10137548.2005.9687807.
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Bessen, Richard A., Harold Shearin, Scott Martinka, Ryan Boharski, Diana Lowe, Jason M. Wilham, Byron Caughey, and James A. Wiley. "Prion Shedding from Olfactory Neurons into Nasal Secretions." PLoS Pathogens 6, no. 4 (April 15, 2010): e1000837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000837.
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Smith, Murray, Eugene Wong, Navid Ahmadi, and Narinder Pal Singh. "A nose out of joint: first reported case of prison-acquired marijuana-based rhinolith." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 10 (October 2019): e231989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231989.
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Rhinoliths are calcareous concretions of the nasal cavity formed around a nidus that may be endogenous (eg, dislodged tooth) or an exogenous foreign body (eg, plastic bead inserted by a child). Rhinoliths are often found incidentally on endoscopy or imaging to assess for other pathologies. The incidence is estimated to be 1 in 10 000 of all otolaryngology outpatient presentations, but this is likely to be an underestimate due to the often asymptomatic nature of this condition. We describe the unique case of a rhinolith that developed from a marijuana-filled balloon that the patient attempted to smuggle into a correctional facility. After inserting the package into his nostril, the patient then mistakenly believed it had been accidentally swallowed. Despite experiencing persistent symptoms of nasal obstruction and recurrent sinonasal infections, the marijuana package was only discovered 18 years after insertion following imaging for an unrelated indication
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Aouadi, Leila. "The Politics of Location and Sexuality in Leila Ahmed’s and Nawal El Saadawi’s Life Narratives." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 16, no. 1 (September 25, 2014): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ipcj-2014-0003.
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This article explores Leila Ahmed’s A Border Passage, and Nawal El Saadawi’s Memoirs from the Women’s Prison, A Daughter of Isis, and Walking Through Fire. It contrasts their works and argues that location and genderawareness play an important role in the writing of autobiographies. The focus is on showing how El Saadawi’s positioning as a feminist activist in Egypt and Ahmed’s location in the USA determine the texts’ themes and shape the construction of the autobiographical “I.”
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Peté, Stephen Allister. "A Disgrace to the Master Race: Colonial Discourse Surrounding the Incarceration of "European" Prisoners within the Colony of Natal towards the End of the Nineteenth and Beginning of the Twentieth Centuries." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 20 (January 19, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a3011.
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The discourse surrounding the punishment of offenders within a society reveals much about the particular ideological underpinnings of power within that society. Penal discourse within colonial societies is particularly interesting, in that it traces the specific contours of the racist ideologies which characterise those societies. This article is focused upon penal discourse within the Colony of Natal towards the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. Within the colony at this time, the race of an offender was becoming increasingly important in determining the type of punishment, treatment and training considered appropriate for that offender. This article is focused - in particular - upon the discourse surrounding the punishment of ‘European’ offenders in colonial Natal. It is submitted that the punishment of these offenders raised all sorts of ideological problems for the colonists, since the offenders in question were members of the white 'master race'. The following central themes within the colonial penal discourse of the time are discussed: first, the role that 'shame' and 'degradation' were considered to play in the punishment of white - but not black - prisoners; second, the perceived need to train white - but not black - prisoners in skilled work, to enable white prisoners to find employment upon leaving prison; and, third, the perceived need to keep white - but not black - prisoners out of the public gaze, in particular avoiding situations in which white prisoners could be seen being punished alongside black prisoners and subject to the control of black prison guards. Examining the precise contours of the penal ideology which underpinned the punishment of offenders in colonial Natal, may be useful in understanding certain of the foundations of racist penal thinking during subsequent periods of South African history, including the notorious apartheid era.
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Alves, Kelle Karolina Ariane Ferreira, Lívia Menezes Borralho, Ítalo de Macedo Bernardino, and Tânia Maria Ribeiro Monteiro de Figueiredo. "Análise temporal da incidência da tuberculose na população privada de liberdade." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 9, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v9i6.4907.
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Objetivo: verificar o comportamento da incidência da tuberculose na população privada de liberdade e estimando sua tendência. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal com análise de tendência da incidência da tuberculose na população privada de liberdade. Utilizou-se de dados secundários provenientes do Sistema de Informações e Agravos de Notificação. A população foi composta por todas as notificações de Tuberculose da população privada de liberdade de unidades masculinas e femininas no período de 2007 a 2016. Na análise de tendência temporal foi realizada através da criação de modelos de regressão polinomial e testados os modelos linear; quadrático; exponencial. Resultados: A tendência da incidência na população privada de liberdade geral e no sexo masculino foi considerada estável, ambas com (p=0,180), e no sexo feminino decrescente (p= 0,040). Conclusão: É necessário avanços na condução do controle da tuberculose nas unidades prisionais.
Descritores: Tuberculose; Epidemiologia; Prisioneiros; Incidência; Saúde Pública.
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Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Boletim epidemiológico. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2018;49(8).
Alinaghi SAS, Farhoudi B, Najafi Z, Jafari S. Comparing Tuberculosis incidence in a prison with the society, Tehran, Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2018;E60247:1-3.
Sacramento DS, Gonçalves MJF. Situação da tuberculose em pessoas privadas de liberdade no período de 2007 a 2012 . J Nurs UFPE on line. 2017;11(1):140-51.
Valença MS, Possuelo LG, Cezar-Vaz MR, Silva PE. Tuberculose em presídios brasileiros: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(7):2147-60.
Sánchez A, Larouzé B. Tuberculosis control in prisons, from research to action: the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, experience. Cien Saude Colet. 2016;21(7):2071-80.
Martins ELC, Martins LG, Silveira AM, Melo EM. The contradictory right to health of people deprived of liberty: the case of a prison in Minas Gerais , Brazil. Saúde soc. 2014;23(4):1222-34.
Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Brasil livre da tuberculose. Plano nacional pelo fim da tuberculose como problema de saúde pública [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2017 [citado 2018 mar 8]. 52 p. Disponível em: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0CE2wqdEaR-eVc5V3cyMVFPcTA/view.
Macedo LR, Maciel ELN, Struchiner CJ. Tuberculose na população privada de liberdade do Brasil, 2007-2013*. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2017;26(4):783-94.
Silva PF, Moura GS, Caldas AJM. Fatores associados ao abandono do tratamento da tuberculose pulmonar no Maranhão, Brasil, no período de 2001 a 2010. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014;30(8):1745-54.
Montgomery DC, Jennings CL, Kulahci M. Introductionto Time Series Analysis and Forecasting. 2th ed. Hoken, NJ: John Wiley&Sons; 2015.
Cavalcante GMS, de Macedo Bernardino Í, da Nóbrega LM, Ferreira RC, Ferreira E Ferreira E, d'Avila S. Temporal trends in physical violence, gender differences and spatial vulnerability of the location of victim's residences. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2018;25:49-56.
Alves JP, Brazil JM, Nery AA, Vilela ABA, Filho IEM. Perfil Epidemiológico de pessoas privadas de liberdade. Rev enferm UFPE on line. 2017;11(supl.10):4036-44.
Lambert LA, Armstrong LR, Lobato MN, Ho C, France AM, Haddad MB. Tuberculosis in Jails and Prisons: United States. AJPH Res. 2016;106(12):2231-37.
Orlando S, Triulzi I, Ciccacci F, Palla I, Palombi L, Marazzi MC et al. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in HIV+ patients in Mozambique: A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening protocols based on four symptom screening, smear microscopy, urine LAM test and Xpert MTB/RIF. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):1-16.
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da Silva RD, de Luna FDT, de Araújo AJ, Camêlo ELS, Bertolozzi MR, Hino P, Lacerda SNB, Fook SML, de Figueiredo TMRM. Patients' perception regarding the influence of individual and social vulnerabilities on the adherence to tuberculosis treatment: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):725.
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Benmechri, S., C. Dekeyser, and S. Lipski. "Biotherapies in management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps." Revue Medicale de Bruxelles 44, no. 3 (2023): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30637/2023.22-066.
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Reddy, Vikas D., Almutasem Hamed, Neesha Settipalle, Suraj Jande, Sabih Rahman, Marie E. Szabella, and Jack Boghossian. "Real-time Quaking-induced Conversion Assay for the Diagnosis of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Living Patient." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 12 (January 2019): 117863371987479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178633719874797.
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the most common prion disease in humans with an incidence of one case per million inhabitants worldwide. The sporadic form of CJD (sCJD) is spontaneous and accounts for 85% of cases. Its symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, ataxic gait, personality changes, myoclonus, coma, and eventually death. The challenging diagnosis is currently made by a combination of clinical criteria and supporting tests such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies. These modalities can be falsely positive or negative in some cases. Therefore, true confirmation usually requires a postmortem brain biopsy. We present a case of a 58-year-old woman who was diagnosed with sporadic form CJD by the novel Real-time Quaking-induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) assay. It is based on an ultrasensitive detection of the pathogenic prion protein in the CSF that directly detects a prion protein rather than a surrogate marker of neurodegeneration such as 14-3-3 or tau protein. The RT-QuIC assay has emerged as the most sensitive and specific CSF study to accurately diagnose sCJD in a living patient, without the need for invasive brain biopsy. The emergence of the nasal brushing RT-QuIC assay may further revolutionize the future of combating prion diseases.
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Perrott, Matthew R., Christina J. Sigurdson, Gary L. Mason, and Edward A. Hoover. "Mucosal transmission and pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease in ferrets." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.046110-0.
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids is almost certainly transmitted by mucosal contact with the causative prion, whether by direct (animal-to-animal) or indirect (environmental) means. Yet the sites and mechanisms of prion entry remain to be further understood. This study sought to extend this understanding by demonstrating that ferrets exposed to CWD via several mucosal routes developed infection, CWD prion protein (PrPCWD) amplification in lymphoid tissues, neural invasion and florid transmissible spongiform encephalopathy lesions resembling those in native cervid hosts. The ferrets developed extensive PrPCWD accumulation in the nervous system, retina and olfactory epithelium, with lesser deposition in tongue, muscle, salivary gland and the vomeronasal organ. PrPCWD accumulation in mucosal sites, including upper respiratory tract epithelium, olfactory epithelium and intestinal Peyer’s patches, make the shedding of prions by infected ferrets plausible. It was also observed that regionally targeted exposure of the nasopharyngeal mucosa resulted in an increased attack rate when compared with oral exposure. The latter finding suggests that nasal exposure enhances permissiveness to CWD infection. The ferret model has further potential for investigation of portals for initiation of CWD infection.
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Brown, Paul, and Michael Farrell. "A Practical Approach to Avoiding Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) from Invasive Instruments." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 36, no. 7 (April 8, 2015): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.53.
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Potential Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease instrument-contamination events continue to occur, causing widespread hospital and patient concern. We propose the use of a combination of diagnostic tests (ie, spinal fluid for 14-3-3 protein or nasal brushing for misfolded prion protein) and instrument handling procedures (ie, using a regional set of dedicated instruments), which if applied to all patients admitted with symptoms of either dementia or cerebellar disease, should eliminate the risk of iatrogenic instrument infection.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(7):844–848
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Fiume, Giovanna. "Soundless Screams: Graffiti and Drawings in the Prisons of the Holy Office in Palermo." Journal of Early Modern History 21, no. 3 (June 6, 2017): 188–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342544.
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The discovery of graffiti in the early years of the twentieth century by the folklorist Giuseppe Pitré left by prisoners of the tribunal of the Spanish Inquisition in Palermo has been followed by more extensive investigations in recent years. These images and words have added a concrete and particular dimension to Sicily’s position at the crossroads of the Mediterranean. As well as images of saints and naval battles are to be found inscriptions not only in Italian, Sicilian and Latin but also in English and Hebrew. This article cross references this visual and textual evidence with the relevant archives of the tribunal in order to provide a powerful microhistory of suffering and resilience in this most inhospitable of environments. The result adds a new dimension to our understanding of the prison’s organization, judicial proceedings and the impact of the inquisition on the lives and consciences of those people from all over Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, who found themselves unwilling denizens of what must have been perhaps the most international community of prisoners in the early modern Christian world.
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Sifunda, Sibusiso, Priscilla Reddy, Ronald L. Braithwaite, Torrance Stephens, Robert A. C. Ruiter, and Bart van den Borne. "Psychosocial determinants of risky sexual behaviour amongst South African male prison inmates in KwaZulu‐Natal and Mpumalanga Provinces." International Journal of Prisoner Health 8, no. 3/4 (October 12, 2012): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17449201211285021.
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Andrade, Anny Beatriz Costa Antony de, and Maria Jacirema Ferreira Gonçalves. "Maternidade em regime prisional: desfechos maternos e neonatais." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2018): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i6a234396p1763-1771-2018.
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RESUMO Objetivo: descrever os desfechos, identificados na literatura, da gestação, parto e puerpério em mulheres privadas de liberdade. Método: revisão integrativa de artigos científicos publicados entre 2007 a 2017, nas bases de dados Medline, Web of Science, LILACS e biblioteca virtual SciELO, utilizou-se os seguintes descritores: “Prisão” (“Gravidez” OR “Parto” OR “Período pós-parto”), realizou-se a leitura crítica dos resumos e textos completos na análise dos dados, ao final selecionou-se 12 artigos. Resultados: o acompanhamento pré-natal efetivo é realidade apenas em países desenvolvidos; a falha na comunicação entre o sistema prisional e familiares de gestantes e puérperas, o uso de algemas durante o trabalho de parto e parto, são fragilidades na assistência à esta parcela populacional. Destacam-se: mais incidência de partos vaginais, o desenvolvimento de complicações como a hipertensão e infecção puerperal, dificuldades para o estabelecimento do vínculo mãe-bebê, principalmente na amamentação. Conclusão: os desfechos descritos mostram as fragilidades que permeiam a assistência à esta parcela populacional. Os resultados reafirmam a necessidade de melhorias na assistência e subsidiam o desenvolvimento de pesquisas interessadas em explorar as relações entre o regime prisional e o ciclo gravídico-puerperal. Descritores: Saúde Pública; Enfermagem Obstétrica; Prisão; Gravidez; Parto; Período Pós-Parto.ABSTRACTObjective: to describe the outcomes identified in the literature on pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium in women deprived of their liberty. Method: integrative review of scientific articles published from 2007 to 2017, in the databases Medline, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO virtual library, using the following descriptors: “Prison” (“Pregnancy” OR “Parturition” OR “Postpartum Period”), critically reading the abstracts and full texts in data analysis, selecting 12 articles. Results: the effective pre-natal follow-up is reality only in developed countries; the communication failure between the prison system and family of pregnant and puerperal women and the use of handcuffs during labor and childbirth are weaknesses in the assistance to this population share. Main characteristics: more incidence of vaginal deliveries, development of complications such as hypertension and puerperal infection, difficulties establishing the link between mother and baby, mainly in breastfeeding. Conclusion: the described outcomes show the weaknesses that permeate the care to this population. The results reaffirm the need for improvements in care and subsidize the development of researches interested in exploring the relationships between prison regime and pregnancy-puerperal cycle. Descriptors: Public Health; Obstetric Nursing; Prison; Pregnancy; Parturition; Postpartum Period.RESUMEN Objetivo: describir los resultados identificados en la literatura, el embarazo, el parto y el puerperio en mujeres privadas de libertad. Método: revisión integrativa de artículos científicos publicados entre 2007 y 2017, las bases de datos Medline, Web of Science, LILACS y SciELO biblioteca virtual, utilizándose los siguientes descriptores: “Cárcel” (“Embarazo” OR “Parto” OR “Período Posparto”), realizándose la lectura crítica de los resúmenes y los textos completos en el análisis de datos, seleccionándose 12 artículos. Resultados: el seguimiento prenatal efectivo es realidad sólo en los países desarrollados; la falla de comunicación entre el sistema penitenciario y la familia de mujeres embarazadas y puérperas, el uso de esposas durante el trabajo de parto y el parto, son las deficiencias en la asistencia a esta población. Características destacadas: mayor incidencia de partos vaginales, el desarrollo de las complicaciones como la hipertensión y la infección puerperal, dificultades para el establecimiento del vínculo entre la madre y el bebé, principalmente durante la lactancia. Conclusión: los resultados muestran las debilidades que impregnan la cuota de asistencia a esta población. Los resultados reafirman la necesidad de mejoras en la atención y subvencionar el desarrollo de investigaciones interesadas en explorar las relaciones entre el régimen penitenciario y el ciclo embarazo-puerperal. Descriptores: Salud Publica; Enfermería obstétrica; Prisiones; Embarazo; Parto; Período Posparto.
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Matos, Khesia Kelly Cardoso, Susanne Pinheiro Costa e. Silva, and Juciara Karla de Souza Lima. "Representações de mulheres encarceradas sobre gestar na prisão." Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 12, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 3069. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i11a235006p3069-3077-2018.
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RESUMOObjetivo: compreender as representações sociais de gestantes e puérperas encarceradas sobre o gestar enquanto vivendo em Colônias Penais. Método: trata-se de estudo qualitativo, embasado no referencial teórico-metodológico das Representações Sociais, com 19 mulheres encarceradas em Colônias Penais. Utilizaram-se, como instrumentos de coleta de dados, um formulário e entrevistas grupais em que se analisaram os dados pelos softwares SPSS e Iramuteq. Resultados: marcaram-se as representações da gestação durante o encarceramento pela ausência de serviços e infraestrutura, com pré-natal falho e dificuldades para a realização de exames, além da dicotomia entre querer estar com o filho, mas ter que criá-lo em tal ambiente. Caracteriza-se gestar na prisão pela não aceitação, gerando-se atitudes de negação, embora o afeto pelo filho acompanhe as presidiárias e acalente essa realidade. Conclusão: evidenciou-se a necessidade de repensar o atendimento de saúde na prisão contribuindo-se para a efetivação de políticas públicas e garantindo-se os direitos daqueles que se encontram atrás das grades, especialmente mulheres e crianças. Descritores: Representações Sociais; Gravidez; Prisões; Afeto; Carência Psicossocial; Família.ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the social representations of pregnant and puerperal women imprisoned about gestating while living in Colonial Penins. Method: this is a qualitative study, based on the theoretical and methodological reference of the Social Representations, with 19 women incarcerated in Colonial Penins. As a data collection instrument, a form and group interviews were used in which the data was analyzed by SPSS and Iramuteq software. Results: pregnancy representations were made during incarceration due to lack of services and infrastructure, with prenatal failure and difficulties to perform exams, besides the dichotomy between wanting to be with the child, but having to create it in such a way environment. It is characterized to gestate in the prison by the non acceptance, generating attitudes of negation, although the affection by the son accompanies the inmates and cherishes this reality. Conclusion: the need to rethink health care in prison was evidenced, contributing to the implementation of public policies and guaranteeing the rights of those behind bars, especially women and children. Descriptors: Social Representations; Pregnancy; Prisons; Affection; Psychosocial Deprivation; Family. RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender las representaciones sociales de gestantes y puérperas encarceladas sobre el gestar mientras vivía en Colonias Penales. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, basado en el referencial teórico-metodológico de las Representaciones Sociales, con 19 mujeres encarceladas en Colonias Penales. Se utilizaron, como instrumentos de recolección de datos, un formulario y entrevistas grupales en que se analizaron los datos por los softwares SPSS e Iramuteq. Resultados: se marcaron las representaciones de la gestación durante el encarcelamiento por la ausencia de servicios e infraestructura, con prenatal fallido y dificultades para la realización de exámenes, además de la dicotomía entre querer estar con el hijo, pero tener que crearlo en tal medio ambiente. Se caracteriza por gestar en la cárcel por la no aceptación, generándose actitudes de negación, aunque el afecto por el hijo acompaña a las presidiarias y acalenta esa realidad. Conclusión: se evidenció la necesidad de repensar la atención de salud en la cárcel contribuyéndose a la efectivación de políticas públicas y garantizándose los derechos de aquellos que se encuentran detrás de las rejas, especialmente mujeres y niños. Descriptores: Representación Sociales; Embarazo; Prisiones; Afecto; Carencia Psicosocial; Familia.
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Elder, Alan M., Davin M. Henderson, Amy V. Nalls, Edward A. Hoover, Anthony E. Kincaid, Jason C. Bartz, and Candace K. Mathiason. "Immediate and Ongoing Detection of Prions in the Blood of Hamsters and Deer following Oral, Nasal, or Blood Inoculations." Journal of Virology 89, no. 14 (April 29, 2015): 7421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00760-15.
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Infectious prions traverse epithelial barriers to gain access to the circulatory system, yet the temporal parameters of transepithelial transport and persistence in the blood over time remain unknown. We used whole-blood real-time quaking-induced conversion (wbRT-QuIC) to analyze whole blood collected from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)-inoculated deer and hamsters throughout the incubation period for the presence of common prion protein-conversion competent amyloid (PrPC-CCA). We observed PrPC-CCA in the blood of TSE-inoculated hosts throughout the disease course from minutes postexposure to terminal disease.
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Metrick, Michael A., Natalia do Carmo Ferreira, Eri Saijo, Andrew G. Hughson, Allison Kraus, Christina Orrú, Michael W. Miller, et al. "Million-fold sensitivity enhancement in proteopathic seed amplification assays for biospecimens by Hofmeister ion comparisons." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 46 (October 22, 2019): 23029–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909322116.
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Recent work with prion diseases and synucleinopathies indicates that accurate diagnostic methods for protein-folding diseases can be based on the ultrasensitive, amplified measurement of pathological aggregates in biospecimens. A better understanding of the physicochemical factors that control the seeded polymerization of such aggregates, and their amplification in vitro, should allow improvements in existing assay platforms, as well as the development of new assays for other proteopathic aggregates. Here, we systematically investigated the effects of the ionic environment on the polymerization of tau, α-synuclein, and the prion protein (PrP) induced by aggregates in biospecimens. We screened salts of the Hofmeister series, a relative ordering of strongly and weakly hydrated salts that tend to precipitate or solubilize proteins. We found that sensitivities of tau-based assays for Alzheimer’s seeds and PrP-based assays for prions were best in weakly hydrated anions. In contrast, we saw an inverse trend with different tau-based assays, improving detection sensitivity for progressive supranuclear palsy seeds by ≈106. Hofmeister analysis also improved detection of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease prions in human nasal brushings and chronic wasting disease prions in deer-ear homogenates. Our results demonstrate strong and divergent influences of ionic environments on the amplification and detection of proteopathic seeds as biomarkers for protein-folding diseases.
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Stephens, T., R. Conerly, R. L. Braithwaite, S. Sifunda, N. Ogbuawa, S. Bhengu, and P. Reddy. "HIV/AIDS, STIs and condom use beliefs among male prison inmates in two South African provinces: Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal." Global Public Health 4, no. 5 (September 2009): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441690802574706.
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Mallucci, G. R., S. Ratté, E. A. Asante, J. Linehan, I. Gowland, J. G. R. Jefferys, and J. Collinge. "Post-natal knockout of prion protein alters hippocampal CA1 properties, but does not result in neurodegeneration." EMBO Journal 21, no. 3 (February 1, 2002): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/21.3.202.
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Guduric, Snezana, and Dragoljub Petrovic. "Prilog proucavanju fonetske prirode glasova u srpskom jeziku - lateralni glasovi." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 63 (2007): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0763011g.
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(francuski) Ce texte porte sur la nature des sons lat?raux en langue serbe sur leurs points convergents et divergents, et en particulier sur leur distribution. En d?pit de leur mode de prononciation presque identique (passage lat?ral de l?air des deux cote de l?obstacle fait dans le r?sonateur buccal), les deux sons montrent des diff?rences importantes concernant tout autre caract?ristique. Le son dit palatal, par son image acoustique ressemble plus au son transitoire [j] ou au son nasal [n] qu?a sa paire lat?rale. C?est peut-?tre la raison pour laquelle on le substitue souvent par le [j] dans certains dialectes serbes. De m?me, nous montrons que la nature du [l] dit syllabique diff?re de celle de la sonante non-syllabique, tout en consid?rant les deux sons phonologiquement identiques.
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Singh, Pankhuri, and Dr Syed Wahaj Mohsin. "Imprisoned Womanhood in Nawal El Saadawi's Woman at Point Zero and Tehmina Durrani's Blasphemy: A Comparative Study." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 9 (September 26, 2020): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i9.10761.
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The prism of female writing has expanded itself in the current scenario. Contemporary writers have broken all the shackles of the feudal society and have come forward to make people aware of the ubiquitous and distressing condition of women. The unapologetic and unabashedly realistic portrayal of women bound in the shackles of caste and gender in Tehmina Durrani’s Blasphemy and Nawal El Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero brings to surface some of the major issues concerning women’s plight. The issues of captivity, matrimony, violence, subjugation and sexism are delineated with prowess. Blasphemy and Woman at Point Zero through the narratives of their protagonists Heer and Firdaus disclose religious and patriarchal norms as a tool to subjugate and oppress women in an orthodox society. Tehmina Durrani’s Blasphemy depicts how distorted Islamic family code of conduct is thrust upon women compelling them to cohere to fundamental values of wedlock, motherhood, servitude and domesticity. Heer becomes a prisoner in her own haveli after her marriage to Pir Sain. Whereas Nawal El Saadawi in Woman at Point Zero portrays the captive life of Firdaus who is a female prisoner, waiting for her execution. The female characters demonstrate how the social, cultural and political structures are responsible for their captivity, degradation and violation.
The present paper attempts to critically study and draw comparison between the two female protagonists. Heer and Firdaus turn captives in the haveli and prison respectively, but eventually they rip off the fake mask of the society which claims to protect women behind the veil of hypocrisy, strangulating even their basic right to be treated as a human.
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Kasman, Kasman, and Aulia Rahman. "PENDAMPINGAN PRAKTEK KEAGAMAAN FARDHU KIFAYAH PADA WARGA BINAAN LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN KELAS II B PANYABUNGAN." E-Amal: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47492/eamal.v3i1.2399.
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Correctional Institutions are government institutions that carry out coaching programs for convicts based on the Correctional System. The Correctional System focuses on care, coaching, education and guidance for correctional inmates with the aim of restoring the basic unity of relationships between individual inmates and society. The education that prison inmates receive is not in the form of cruelty or slavery so that in the future they will not repeat their crimes, for example, but rather in the development of competence, talent and potential in every inmate. The existence of the Class II B Penitentiary in Panyabungan, Mandailing Natal district, is a place for fostering and developing competence, especially in terms of knowledge and religious practices of the inmates. The method that the author uses in this service is the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) method. This method utilizes assets and potentials around the environment and is controlled by the local community. The mentoring technique that will be carried out in this service is strengthening competence, namely regarding the practice of fardhu kifayah. This activity is important to know and provide religious education for prisoners, especially fardhu kifayah religious practices
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Rahmadini, Ayu, and Muhammad Yusuf. "Taḥlīlu Istiqbāli al Adabi Naḥwa Riwāyatin; Imra’atun ‘Inda Nuqṭati al Ṣifri li Nawāli al Sa’dāwi (Dirāsatun Taḥlīliyyatun fī Manẓuri al Adabi)." Al-Uslub: Journal of Arabic Linguistic and Literature 5, no. 02 (July 2, 2021): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/al-uslub.v5i02.109.
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This study aims to describe the intrinsic elements consisting of Themes, Characters and Characterizations, Setting, Plot, and Language in the novel Imra'ah 'Inda Nuqthah As-Shifr by Nawal As-Sa'dawi through the reader's reception and to find out the criticisms and their values in the novel. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using a content analysis approach. The research target is limited to 15 students of Arabic Language and Literature at the State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi for the 2020/2021 Academic Year. The results of this study are as follows: Analysis of the intrinsic elements through the reader's responses there is a theme in this novel is gender injustice. The plot contained in the novel is the Backward plot because the story that is told is an incident in the past. There is one main character and ten side characters. The setting of the place in the story is in the prison of Qonathir and Egypt. The language used in this novel is a language that is quite difficult for readers to understand. This intrinsic element analysis also includes responses to the novel as well as the values contained in the novel, both moral values and educational values
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Andréoletti, Olivier, Caroline Lacroux, Armelle Chabert, Laurent Monnereau, Guillaume Tabouret, Frédéric Lantier, Patricia Berthon, et al. "PrPSc accumulation in placentas of ewes exposed to natural scrapie: influence of foetal PrP genotype and effect on ewe-to-lamb transmission." Journal of General Virology 83, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 2607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-10-2607.
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Placentas from scrapie-affected ewes are known to be infectious. Nevertheless, placenta infectivity in such ewes is not systematic. Maternal transmission to lambs is highly suspected but contamination of the foetus in utero has not been demonstrated. Using ewes from a naturally scrapie-infected flock, it was demonstrated that abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) accumulation in the placenta (i) is controlled by polymorphisms at codons 136, 154 and 171 of the foetal PrP gene and (ii) is restricted mainly to placentome foetal trophoblastic cells. In order to go deeper into the role of the placenta in scrapie transmission, the pattern of PrPSc dissemination was established in susceptible lambs (genotype VRQ/VRQ) sampled from 140 days post-insemination to the age of 4 months from either VRQ/VRQ ewes with PrPSc-positive placentas or ARR/VRQ ewes with PrPSc-negative placentas. In both VRQ/VRQ lamb groups, PrPSc spatial and temporal accumulation patterns were similar, suggesting post-natal rather than in utero contamination.
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Harris, Rachel. "China's New Voices: Popular Music, Ethnicity, Gender, and Politics, 1978–1997. By Nimrod Baranovitch. [Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2003. xiv+332 pp. £16.95; $24.95. ISBN 0-520-23450-2.]." China Quarterly 178 (June 2004): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004270291.
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An enjoyable overview of the world of pop, rock and politics in Beijing, accessible for students of Chinese culture and popular music studies. This is an area that has been exceptionally well covered in the literature, and Baranovitch's claim to originality lies mainly in his focus on ethnicity and gender. The overview of the development of pop from 1978–97 does a useful job of drawing together the various strands, though most of this is very familiar from the writings of Geremie Barmé, Andrew Jones et al. We begin with the introduction of Gangtai (Hong Kong and Taiwan pop) to the mainland, led by Deng Lijun whose ‘coquettish nasal slides,’ Baranovitch rightly suggests, were more truly subversive in China in 1978 than any of the subsequent rock and punk styles. Baranovitch chronicles the rise of the xibeifeng, the Shaanbei folk-infused rock style, linking it into the xungun roots movement and Tiananmen. An interesting section on qiuge or ‘prison songs,’ popular in 1988, explores somewhat less well-known territory. We follow the rise of the commercial, the karaoke craze and Mao fever, and the co-option of at least some of the rebellious rockers by the state. Baranovitch enthusiastically reveals the significance of music in the political arena, and its ability to prefigure, even shape the political.
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Peté, Stephen Allister. "Like a bad penny: The problem of chronic overcrowding in the prisons of colonial Natal: 1845 to 1910 (Part 1)." Fundamina 21, no. 1 (2015): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-7870/2015/v21n1a6.
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Peté, Stephen Allister. "Like a bad penny: The problem of chronic overcrowding in the prisons of colonial Natal: 1845 to 1910 (Part 2)." Fundamina 21, no. 2 (2015): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-7870/2015/v21n2a8.
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STANLEY, ELIZABETH. "Prison Diary: one hundred and thirteen days 1976 by FATIMA MEER Cape Town: Kwela Books, 2001. Pp. 212. £12.95 (pbk.). Inside Apartheid's Prison: notes and letters of struggle by RAYMOND SUTTNER Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2001. Pp. 203. £12.95 (pbk.)." Journal of Modern African Studies 41, no. 2 (May 20, 2003): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x03284275.
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Shubin, Vladimir G. "South Africa: Hard Times." Asia and Africa Today, no. 12 (2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750023559-6.
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The article examines the development of events in South Africa in the period after President Cyril Ramaphosa came to power in February 2018. It shows that in the first years of his rule the president who put forward the slogan “New Dawn” was popular, which was reflected in the results of the parliamentary elections in 2019. However, gradually the situation in the country deteriorated. Several waves of the Covid-19 pandemic have become a heavy blow to the economy of South Africa. Initially, the decisive steps taken by the President were welcomed, despite their rigidity. However, the continuing worsening of the economic situation, delays in mass vaccination, and especially the disclosure of corruption related to the purchase of personal protective equipment, have changed the people’s mood. The next ordeal for South Africa was the riots in July 2021, the trigger for which was the arrest of ex-President Jacob Zuma whom the Constitutional Court of South Africa sentenced to 15 months in prison for “contempt of court”. At least 350 people died during them, and the total losses of the country’s economy are estimated at 50 bln rands. For a long time, it was believed that Ramaphosa would have no competitors in the elections for the post of president of the ruling party at its upcoming conference from December 16 to 20, 2022, but as his popularity fell, they began to manifest one after another: Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma who lost to Ramaphosa the election with a small margin of votes in 2017 and Lindiwe Sisulu, both ministers, as well as Zweli Mkize, nominated by the ANC provincial organisation in KwaZulu-Natal. Moreover, Ramaphosa’s chances of being re-elected as ANC president decreased sharply when an investigation began into the theft of a large amount of dollars that was illegally stored on his farm.
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Harahap, Rabiyatul Adawiyah. "An Analysis About Drugs Dealers." Jurnal El-Thawalib 2, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/el-thawalib.v2i5.4408.
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This research was motivated by two accused drugs dealers who came from Mandailing Natal who were caught by members of the Padangsidimpuan City Police on January 8, 2020 in Field I Tor Simarsayang with evidence of narcotics class I, type of marijuana weighing 250 kilograms and was sentenced by a judge with sanctions sentence of 20 years in prison. The purpose of this study is to determine the application of the panel of judges regarding material law in the decision, to determine the judge's considerations in imposing the penalty. and to find out how the perspective of Islamic criminal law is related to the decision No.177/Pid.Sus/2020/Pn/Psp. The research used in this research is field research which is qualitative in nature, namely research conducted by collecting primary and secondary data. Research data that becomes primary data is data obtained directly from research subjects, namely the results of interviews with the Padangsidimpuan City District Court judges and the defendants in in social institution of Padangsidimpuan. While the secondary legal materials for researchers were obtained from laws and regulations, books, articles, expert opinions, and other sources deemed relevant and related to this research. The data collection technique is done by interview, and documentation. The data is processed by identification, clarification and analysis techniques to obtain final conclusions. The results of this study are the application of material law in No.177/Pid.Sus/2020/Pn/Psp is involvement as a narcotics courier, conspiracy in narcotics couriers and evidence. As well as the consideration of the panel of judges in decision No.177/Pid.Sus/2020/Pn/Psp in imposing a 20-year sentence, there are two considerations, namely juridical considerations and non-juridical considerations, in which the juridical considerations consist of the demands of the public prosecutor, a memorandum of defense for the defendant, statements the defendant, the statements of the witnesses, and mitigating and aggravating and non-juridical matters are sociological aspects. So that in imposing a sentence, the judges really consider the sanctions that will be decided based on the facts in the trial.