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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Crick, Rex E. "The biogeographic nature of Paleozoic nautiloid cephalopods." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006353.

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The historical and prevailing view regarding the distribution of nautiloid cephalopods is one of cosmopolitanism. There are several objections to such a sweeping view of this major group of marine invertebrates, but only the most significant are addressed here. First, unlike endemism, there is no clear agreement on the meaning of the term cosmopolitanism as used in biogeography. It is thus extremely difficult to gain a historical perspective without access to original data. I have found the term used for as few as four occurrences on four modern landmasses without reference to the paleogeographic relationships of these landmasses. Second, while a few nautiloid groups did compile impressive dispersal statistics, the fossil record clearly reveals that such periods of dispersal were generally brief in geological terms and that the group or groups involved did not colonize all available landmasses. Third, nautiloids were incapable of developing cosmopolitan distributions unless climatic constraints were removed by changes in the global system or by positioning all landmasses within the sub-tropical to tropical latitudes. Since there is no convincing evidence that either event occurred during the 520 million years of nautiloid evolution, it is perhaps more appropriate to view the distribution of nautiloids in terms of the number of landmasses colonized relative to the number of landmasses available for colonization. For nautiloids, the number of landmasses available for colonization was always fewer than the number of landmasses comprising the global paleogeography during any one slice of geologic time. Nautiloid genera restricted to one landmass are considered endemic, a condition exhibited by 65% of the Ordovician and Silurian genera and 81% of the Devonian genera. The maximum number of landmasses colonized by any one nautiloid genus for any one particular period of time was four, two fewer than the six available landmasses.The basic biogeographic unit for nautiloid cephalopods is the genus. This is so because the dispersive potential of nautiloids was low when compared with true pelagic groups such as conodonts. Thus for nautiloid groups capable of dispersal among landmasses, the time needed to effect dispersal and insure permanence in the stratigraphic record was something greater than the longevity of the typical nautiloid species but less than the longevity of most genera. It seems reasonable that the best chance for the occurrence of cosmopolitan nautiloid genera would be at or near the zenith of those groups with attributes most suitable for dispersal. However, the fossil record for nautiloids shows that such periods rarely coincide with the peak intervals of total nautiloid diversity for the Lower and Middle Paleozoic (Arenig, Wenlock and Eifelian) occurring instead during succeeding intervals of time. Such events are generally confined to periods of modal diversity within each group. The lowest percentages of endemic genera and the intervals in which they occurred for the major nautiloid groups are: Ellesmerocerida (57%) and Endocerida (60%) for the Llanvirn, Actinocerida (36%) and Tarphycerida (45%) in the Llandeilo, Orthocerida (52%, 47%, 55%) and Oncocerida (66%, 66%, 75%) for the Caradoc, Ludlow, and Givetian, Discosorida (67%) in the Wenlock and Nautilida (62%) for the Givetian. While the low percentage of endemics for the Actinocerida and Tarphycerida translate into the highest percentages of genera found on more than three separate landmasses (20%), similar percentages of endemics for the Orthocerida do not. Nonendemic members of the Orthocerida are more common to two or three of the available landmasses with approximately 20% occurring in either of these configurations. The fossil record also shows that Devonian nautiloids were the most restricted with the majority occurring on no more than two landmasses.These and other criteria indicate that the distributions of nautiloid cephalopods do not conform to the general perception of cosmopolitanism. At the generic level the group is largely endemic with reasonably large numbers of genera occurring on two or three landmasses with no genus occurring on all available landmasses during a given interval of time. Because of the type and manner of biogeographic barriers imposed on nautiloids, their distributions or patterns tend to have well defined limits with considerable predictive powers.
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2

Frey, Robert C. "Paleoecology of a well-preserved nautiloid assemblage from a Late Ordovician shale unit, southwestern Ohio." Journal of Paleontology 63, no. 5 (September 1989): 604–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000041238.

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A diverse, well-preserved assemblage of nautiloid cephalopods was collected from the Treptoceras duseri shale, a 1.5-m-thick claystone within the Waynesville Formation (Late Ordovician, early Richmondian) exposed in southwest Ohio. The strata, the enclosed fauna, and its taphonomy indicate deposition in a low-energy, mud-bottom marine environment, in water depths of 20–25 m, below wave base but within the zone of storm-current reworking.Nautiloid specimens consist of complete conchs that have been replaced by calcite. Twelve species of nautiloids, belonging to eight genera, representative of four orders, have been collected from the shale in southwest Ohio. Longiconic orthocones are clearly the dominant nautiloid morphotype present, with the assemblage dominated by three species of the longiconic orthocerid Treptoceras and with fewer numbers of the endocerid Cameroceras and the slender orthocerid Isorthoceras?, the cyrtoconic oncocerids Oncoceras and Manitoulinoceras, and rare specimens of the orthocerid Gorbyoceras, the oncocerid Zittelloceras, and the ascocerid Schuchertoceras.Nautiloid taphonomy, the diversity of nautiloid taxa present, the lack of postmortem buoyancy in the shells of the more common taxa, the recurrent nature of this assemblage, and the restricted distribution of this Treptoceras–Cameroceras fauna to portions of eastern North America in the Late Ordovician suggest that this nautiloid assemblage represents an in-situ accumulation of nautiloids representative of a living assemblage. These nautiloids were important elements associated with benthic communities in these epeiric sea mud-bottom environments and not simply assemblages of drifted, necroplanktonic shells.
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3

Chirat, Régis, Denis Vaslet, and Yves-Michel Le Nindre. "Nautiloids of the Permian-Triassic Khuff Formation, central Saudi Arabia." GeoArabia 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia110181.

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ABSTRACT Nautiloids are described for the first time from the outcrops of the lower part of the Midhnab Member and the lower part of the Khartam Member of the Khuff Formation in central Saudi Arabia. The nautiloids from the lower Midhnab Member, including Tirolonautilus gr. hoernesi, were found at two localities, and are associated with conical shaped cephalopodes (bactritids), bivalves, brachiopods, foraminifers, algae and ostracods. The nautiloids were recovered from the most marine horizon of the Khuff Formation. The nautiloid fauna confirms the Late Permian (Changhsingian) age assigned to the Midhnab Member based on the foraminiferal assemblage. In the lower part of the Khartam Member, a single specimen of Tirolonautilus feltgeni n. sp. is described here. It occurs in association with other cephalopods (bactritids), bivalves, foraminifers, and ostracods. The specimen confirms the Late Permian age (late Changhsingian) assigned to the Lower Khartam Member based on foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages. This marine fauna is located within the latest Permian maximum flooding event of central Saudi Arabia. The Khuff Formation nautiloids are compared to other fauna in the Peri-Tethys, particularly the southern Alps, where similar forms are described. Their similarity confirms a Late Permian marine exchange between the Arabian platform and the Western Tethyan realm.
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4

Schweigert, Günter. "First records of Somalinautilus (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) from the Jurassic of Southern Germany – inferences for trans-provincial migrations." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 298, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0939.

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The Late Jurassic nautiloid Somalinautilus antiquus (Dacqué, 1910), previously only known by the holotype from Lower Kimmeridgian strata of Ethiopia, is reported from the Lower Kimmeridgian (Platynota Zone) of Southern Germany. This unexpected record largely expands the known geographic distribution of this species. Another species of Somalinautilus, S. clavifer Tintant , 1994, is recorded for the first time from the Middle Jurassic (Lower Bathonian, Zigzag Zone) of Southern Germany. A short stratigraphic and palaeogeographic review of Somalinautilus occurrences is provided. Faunal migrations of nautiloids over large distances were probably triggered by sea- level highstands and/or palaeocurrents.
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5

Rasmussen, Jan Audun, and Finn Surlyk. "Rare finds of the coiled cephalopod Discoceras from the Upper Ordovician of Bornholm, Denmark." Bulletin Volume 60 – 2012 60 (March 20, 2012): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2012-60-02.

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Coiled nautiloid cephalopods of the genus Discoceras are locally common in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Baltica, for example in the Oslo Graben, but are exceedingly rare in contemporaneous strata from the Danish island of Bornholm. The two new species of Discoceras described here, D. costatum n. sp. and D. vasegaardense n. sp., occur in shales of the Upper Ordovician Lindegård Formation. The nautiloids are preserved as external molds in laminated siliciclastic mudstones. The very rare occurrence of cephalopods, combined with the apparently endemic nature of the Discoceras fauna, may be explained by the location of Bornholm distally on the Baltoscandian shelf combined with the influence of relatively cold ocean currents from the adjacent Rheic Ocean.
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6

Mironenko, Aleksandr A. "Endocerids: suspension feeding nautiloids?" Historical Biology 32, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2018.1491565.

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7

Korn, Dieter, Luyi Miao, and Jürgen Bockwinkel. "The nautiloids from the Early Carboniferous Dalle à Merocanites of Timimoun, western Algeria." European Journal of Taxonomy 789 (January 28, 2022): 104–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.789.1635.

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Early Carboniferous coiled nautiloids from North Africa are virtually unknown. An assemblage of nine species, all from the family Trigonoceratidae, from the Dalle à Merocanites (Tournaisian-Viséan boundary interval) of Timimoun in western Algeria is described, being the most diverse Carboniferous nautiloid assemblage known from North Africa but much less diverse than the time-equivalent assemblages from Belgium and Ireland. The assemblage consists of the species Maccoyoceras pentagonum sp. nov., Lispoceras orbis sp. nov., Thrincoceras devolvere sp. nov., Rineceras multituberculatum sp. nov., Rineceras rectangulatum sp. nov., Vestinautilus padus sp. nov., Vestinautilus concinnus sp. nov., Planetoceras destrictum sp. nov. and Planetoceras transforme sp. nov. A morphometric analysis of Maccoyoceras pentagonum sp. nov. and Lispoceras orbis sp. nov. shows that the intraspecific variation in these species is within rather narrow limits.
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8

Edgecombe, Gregory D. "The first report of a macroloxoceratine cephalopod from the North American Mississippian." Journal of Paleontology 62, no. 2 (March 1988): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002233600002998x.

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The pseudorthoceratid subfamily Macroloxoceratinae Flower, 1957, comprises a rare group of nautiloid cephalopods homeomorphic with the Actinoceratida in the development of a siphonal canal system. With the exception of Macroloxoceras Flower, 1957, from the Upper Devonian of Colorado and New Mexico, this subfamily has previously been reported only from the Mississippian of Europe. A specimen described herein from the late Viséan–?early Namurian Kennetcook Limestone of the Windsor Group of Nova Scotia, assigned to Campyloceras cf. C. unguis (Phillips, 1836), extends the range of the Macroloxoceratinae into the North American Mississippian. This discovery further provides new data on the complex siphonal morphology of this poorly known group of nautiloids, and supplements the recent documentation of the pseudorthoceratids in the Windsor Group cephalopod fauna (Edgecombe, 1987).
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9

Holland, Charles Hepworth, and Paul Copper. "Ordovician and Silurian nautiloid cephalopods from Anticosti Island: traject across the Ordovician–Silurian (O–S) mass extinction boundary." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 9 (September 2008): 1015–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e08-048.

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Well-preserved shells of Ashgill (Katian–Hirnantian) and Llandovery nautiloids from Anticosti Island include the type species of 10 genera. From a diversity high of some 40 described nektic and nektobenthic species during the deeper water, distal shelf facies of the Vaureal Formation (late Katian, Richmondian), the succeeding Hirnantian shows a decline to ca. 19 species in the shallower water Ellis Bay Formation. A number of Katian species possessed very large orthoconchs (>1 m in length), but Hirnantian species were less than half that size. The initial earliest Silurian (Rhuddanian, Becscie Formation) recovery nautiloid fauna is impoverished, with low diversity (one sp.?), and generally dwarfed, to shells with diameters of <1 cm. Nautiloid diversity expanded and progressed to some 22 species in the late Aeronian through Telychian Jupiter and Chicotte formations, with an apparent peak in the Goéland Member of the Jupiter Formation. Three new species, Actinoceras lesperancei , Eridites barnesi , and Diestoceras macgilvrayoceras , are described. The distribution of shells within the succession defines the fauna’s stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic significance, with a changing mix of Baltic and Laurentian taxa.
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10

Fang, Xiang, Tingen Chen, Clive Burrett, Yongsheng Wang, Yonggui Qu, Chunzi Zheng, Yunbai Zhang, Yuandong Zhang, and Wenjie Li. "Middle Ordovician actinocerid nautiloids (Cephalopoda) from Xainza County, Tibet, western China, and their paleogeographic implications." Journal of Paleontology 92, no. 3 (March 14, 2018): 398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2017.152.

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AbstractActinocerid nautiloids from the Lhasai Formation in the Xainza region are studied systematically for the first time. The nautiloids are identified as Middle Ordovician in age based on stratigraphic correlations with those from North China, Sibumasu, North Australia (northern Gondwana), and North America (Laurentia). A cluster analysis shows strong affinities between the actinocerid nautiloids of the Lhasa Terrane and those of the Himalaya, North China, and Sibumasu terranes. Our results support Middle Ordovician paleogeographic reconstructions that place North China rather than South China much closer to Australia. Nine species assigned to six genera of Meitanoceratidae, Wutinoceratidae, Armenoceratidae, Ormoceratidae, and Discoactinoceratidae are described in detail:Pomphoceras nyalamense(Chen, 1975),Pomphoceras yaliense(Chen, 1975),Wutinocerascf.W.foerstei(Endo, 1930),Mesowutinoceras giganteumChen in Chen and Zou, 1984,Armenoceras tani(Grabau, 1922),Armenoceras teichertiEndo, 1932,Armenoceras xizangensenew species,Deiroceras globosomZou and Shen in Chen and Zou, 1984, andDiscoactinocerascf.D.multiplexumKobayashi, 1927.UUID:http://zoobank.org/ba851fea-e107-4754-a0f4-a70744e325ab
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11

Donovan, Stephen K., and Steven Baker. "Fossils explained 44: Post-Palaeozoic nautiloids." Geology Today 19, no. 5 (September 2003): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2451.2003.00405.x.

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12

KRÖGER, B., and R. H. MAPES. "LOWER CARBONIFEROUS (CHESTERIAN) EMBRYONIC ORTHOCERATID NAUTILOIDS." Journal of Paleontology 78, no. 3 (May 2004): 560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0560:lcceon>2.0.co;2.

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13

KRÖGER, BJÖRN, and ED LANDING. "Onset of the Ordovician cephalopod radiation – evidence from the Rochdale Formation (middle Early Ordovician, Stairsian) in eastern New York." Geological Magazine 145, no. 4 (May 9, 2008): 490–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808004585.

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AbstractThe Rochdale Formation of eastern New York (= Fort Ann and lower Bascom formations, designations abandoned) is now recognized to record the earliest stages of the Great Ordovician Radiation of cephalopods. The earliest Bassleroceratidae, Tarphyceratidae and endoceridans on the east Laurentian shallow carbonate platform occur in the upper, thrombolite-bearing member of the Rochdale. This fauna demonstrates that the earliest radiation of Ordovician nautiloids took place in the late Tremadocian and is best recorded in tropical platform facies. Revision of this cephalopod fauna based on approximately 190 specimens collected along a 200 km, N–S belt in easternmost New York has provided new information on inter- and intraspecific variation of earlier described species. The ellesmerocerid Vassaroceras and the endocerids Mcqueenoceras and Paraendoceras are emended. New taxa include Bassleroceras champlainense sp. nov. and B. triangulum sp. nov., Mccluskiceras comstockense gen. et sp. nov., Exoclitendoceras rochdalense gen. et sp. nov. and Paraendoceras depressum sp. nov. A rank abundance plot of 146 specimens from a locality in the Lake Champlain lowlands provides information on the community structure of a nautiloid fauna in which the longiconic cyrtoconic Bassleroceras is shown to dominate strongly. The nautiloid community structure of the Rochdale Formation is similar to that of the underlying Tribes Hill Formation (late early Tremadocian) with respect to the depositional setting, diversity and evenness but displays a remarkably increased taxonomic distinctness.
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14

Galácz, András. "First record of Paleocene nautiloids from Cuba." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 62, no. 3-4 (December 1988): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02989496.

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15

Korn, Dieter, Abbas Ghaderi, Nahideh Ghanizadeh Tabrizi, and Jana Gliwa. "The morphospace of Late Permian coiled nautiloids." Lethaia 53, no. 2 (April 2020): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/let.12348.

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16

Stridsberg, Sven. "Internal shell destruction in some Silurian nautiloids." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 64, no. 3-4 (December 1990): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02985715.

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17

Arai, Kazato, and Ryoji Wani. "Variable growth modes in Late Cretaceous ammonoids: implications for diverse early life histories." Journal of Paleontology 86, no. 2 (March 2012): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11-068.1.

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Examination of ontogenetic changes in the septal angle of Late Cretaceous ammonoids (ten species representing seven superfamilies and four suborders) reveals four patterns: 1) a single abrupt change in septal angle; 2) two abrupt changes in septal angle; 3) cyclic fluctuations in septal angle throughout ontogeny; and 4) an almost constant septal angle throughout ontogeny. These various septal-angle patterns in Late Cretaceous ammonoids are in contrast with modern and fossil nautiloids, which have the common pattern displaying a single abrupt change in septal angles. Although the abrupt change of septal angles in nautiloids corresponds with the hatching event from the egg, change of septal angles in the examined ammonoids is hypothesized to correspond not to hatching but to the change from a planktic to a nektobenthic habit demarcated by the post-embryonic stage. Therefore, the variable patterns of septal angles within ammonoids suggest a diverse set of early life histories.
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18

Wyse Jackson, Patrick N., Marcus M. Key, and Stephen P. Coakley. "Epizoozoan Trepostome Bryozoans on Nautiloids from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch Region, U.S.A.: An Assessment of Growth, form, and Water Flow Dynamics." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 3 (May 2014): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-138.

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Spatiopora Ulrich, 1882 is a trepostome bryozoan that is found encrusting living orthoconic nautiloids in the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of North America, as do several other bryozoans. These epizoozoan bryozoans are characterized by possessing thin unilaminate zoaria with rows of elongate maculae, which may be monticulate and aligned coaxially to the host growth axis. These develop a distinctive linear shape in response to growing on a conical host, rather than as a response to channelized water flow along the host. Monticules increase in size and spacing adorally until a maximum inter-macular area is reached that results in a decline in surface water flow efficiency, and a new monticular line is inserted. Orthocones normally swam forward at lower velocities that enabled lophophore eversion and feeding, which would have been impossible at the higher speeds reached when the host jetted backwards during escape. Monticules reduced drag and turbulence acting on the orthocones which allowed for more efficient venting of bryozoan macular excurrents. Characteristic elliptical monticule growth continued even after death of the motile host. A Trypanites-bryozoan-orthoconic nautiloid association shows a complex biological and taphonomic relationship between these organisms.
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19

Pohle, Alexander, Christian Klug, Ursula Toom, and Björn Kröger. "Conch structures, soft-tissue imprints and taphonomy of the Middle Ordovician cephalopod Tragoceras falcatum from Estonia." Fossil Imprint 75, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2019-0006.

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Abstract Tragoceras falcatum (Schlotheim, 1820) is a common, loosely coiled estonioceratid (Tarphycerida, Cephalopoda) occurring in the Kunda Regional Stage (early Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician) of Estonia. Although the species is quite well-known, we document some features for the first time. For example, one specimen from the Harku quarry (Estonia) with a phosphatized replacement shell exhibits growth halts (megastriae) on the body chamber. As they are not preserved in smaller specimens, we suggest that these megastriae formed at the approach of maturity, possibly also reflecting sexual dimorphism and cycles of reproduction (iteroparity?). Additionally, the specimen shows minute soft-tissue imprints (drag bands and pseudosutures). These imprints are comparable to patterns in other cephalopods such as ammonoids, bactritids and other nautiloids, but have not yet been reported from Palaeozoic nautiloids. However, they might have been misinterpreted as oncomyarian muscle attachment scars previously. Lastly, we discuss the taphonomy of the specimen, which was encrusted by multiple bryozoan colonies post-mortem. Furthermore, it shows questionable traces of bioerosion.
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20

Manda, Štěpán, and Vojtěch Turek. "Minute Silurian Oncocerid Nautiloids with Unusual Colour Patterns." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54, no. 3 (September 2009): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2008.0062.

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21

Halder, Kalyan. "Cenozoic fossil nautiloids (Cephalopoda) from Kutch, western India." Palaeoworld 21, no. 2 (June 2012): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2012.05.004.

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22

Barroso-Barcenilla, Fernando, María José Comas-Rengifo, Luís Vítor Duarte, Antonio Goy, and Gemma Martínez. "A new genus of nautiloid in the Toarcian of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.5.391.

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Abstract Historically, most of the nautiloids arisen during the Early Jurassic have been assigned initially to the genus NautilusLinnaeus, 1758, and subsequently to CenocerasHyatt, 1884. At present, a tendency to rehabilitate other genera or to describe new ones predominates among the few authors who try to classify and to group these problematic cephalopods. In the present work, the new genus Ligeiceras has been described for remarkably small and involute nautiloids with notably retrogressive suture lines. It has a smooth or slightly ornamented external surface, limited to thin tenuous, ventraly retroverse and distant growth lines and longitudinal and transversal striae. This group, seemingly, appeared after the biotic crisis of the end of the Tenuicostatum/Polymorphum Zone, evolved during the radiation of the Early Toarcian Serpentinum/Levisoni Zone and the Late Toarcian, and survived at least until the Aalenian. New specimens from the Iberian peninsula (Basque-Cantabrian and Iberian basins, Spain; and Lusitanian basin, Portugal), belonging to the taxa Nautilus fournetiDumortier, 1874 (selected as type species), Nautilus inornatusd’Orbigny, 1843, Nautilus anomphalusPia, 1914, Nautilus jurensisQuenstedt, 1846-49, and, with doubts, Cenoceras globulusRulleau, 2008, have been collected, described and assigned to this systematic group. Although some of these species have already been cited in the literature, Ligeiceras fourneti, Ligeiceras jurensis and Ligeiceras? globulus have never been previously clearly described or illustrated, and their stratigraphic distribution has not been determined accurately for the Iberian peninsula, as has been done here for these taxa and for Ligeiceras inornatus and Ligeiceras anomphalus. Therefore, the present work on the new genus Ligeiceras constitutes a notable advance in the knowledge of these nautiloids, and seems to confirm that the dwarfism could have been a relatively generalized tendency in the Upper Toarcian of southwestern Europe, possibly due to palaeoenvironmental causes.
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23

Korn, Dieter, Lucyna Leda, Franziska Heuer, Hemen Moradi Salimi, Elham Farshid, Amir Akbari, Martin Schobben, et al. "Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian–Triassic boundary section." Fossil Record 24, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-171-2021.

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Abstract. Permian–Triassic boundary sections at Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran) are investigated with respect to their lithological succession, biostratigraphy (particularly conodonts, nautiloids and ammonoids) as well as chemostratigraphy (carbon isotopes). The rock successions consist of the Late Permian Hambast Formation, the youngest Permian Baghuk Member (new name for the “Boundary Clay”) and the Early Triassic Claraia beds. Correlation of the data allows the establishment of a high-resolution stratigraphy based on conodonts with seven Changhsingian zones. Abundant ammonoids enable the separation of ammonoid assemblages with the successive Wuchiapingian genera Prototoceras, Pseudotoceras and Vedioceras, as well as the Changhsingian genera Shevyrevites, Paratirolites, Alibashites, Abichites and Arasella. Griesbachian and Dienerian ammonoids are usually poorly preserved. Nautiloids occur predominantly in the Wuchiapingian part of the section with two successive assemblages dominated by the Liroceratidae and Tainoceratidae, respectively. Numerous Early Triassic strata contain microbialites of various outer morphology and microstructure. The carbon isotope curve (δ13Ccarb) shows a continuous late Changhsingian negative excursion continuing across the Baghuk Member with the lightest values at the base of the Triassic.
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24

Davis, Richard Arnold, and Donald E. Troike. "Repository for the Welch Collection of Silurian cephalopods described by August F. Foerste." Journal of Paleontology 64, no. 6 (November 1990): 1041–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000019879.

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Among the multitude of Silurian nautiloids described by August F. Foerste over a long and illustrious career were specimens identified by him as being in the Welch Collection of Wilmington College, Wilmington, Ohio. These were figured and discussed in a series of papers published over a several-year period (Foerste 1928b, 1930a, 1930b, 1934).
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25

Bardhan, Subhendu, and Kalyan Halder. "Sudden origin of ribbing in JurassicParacenoceras(Nautiloidea) and its bearing on the evolution of ribbing in post‐Triassic Nautiloids." Historical Biology 14, no. 3 (January 2000): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10292380009380564.

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26

Leonova, T. B., and A. Yu Shchedukhin. "Asselian-Sakmarian Nautiloids of the Shakh-Tau Reef (Bashkortostan)." Paleontological Journal 54, no. 10 (December 2020): 1113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030120100044.

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27

Shchedukhin, A. Yu, and T. B. Leonova. "Late Artinskian Nautiloids of the Shakh-Tau Reef (Bashkortostan)." Paleontological Journal 54, no. 10 (December 2020): 1135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003103012010007x.

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28

Korn, Dieter, and Jürgen Bockwinkel. "Early Carboniferous nautiloids from the Central Sahara, southern Algeria." European Journal of Taxonomy 831 (July 20, 2022): 67–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.831.1871.

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Coiled nautiloids of the Tournaisian and early to middle Viséan (Early Carboniferous) have so far only become known from a few regions. Here we describe material from five localities in southern Algeria; these belong to four stratigraphic horizons (two horizons in the late Tournaisian, one horizon near the Tournaisian–Viséan boundary, one horizon in the early to middle Viséan). From these, the new genera Stroborineceras gen. nov. and Trilobitoceras gen. nov. and the following new species are described: Rineceras tenerum sp. nov., Stroborineceras insalahensis gen. et sp. nov., Stroborineceras felis gen. et sp. nov., Stroboceras mane sp. nov., Stroboceras ancilis sp. nov., Vestinautilus angulatus sp. nov., Vestinautilus papilio sp. nov., Vestinautilus inflexus sp. nov., Vestinautilus bicristatus sp. nov., Trilobitoceras peculiaris gen. et sp. nov., Aphelaeceras azzelmattiense sp. nov., Maccoyoceras saharensis sp. nov., Maccoyoceras habadraense sp. nov. and Maccoyoceras concavum sp. nov.
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29

MAPES, ROYAL H., and GREGORY A. MCCOMAS. "Septal implosion in Late Carboniferous coiled nautiloids from Ohio." Lethaia 43, no. 4 (October 26, 2010): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00213.x.

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30

Wang, Yanna, Xingran Wang, Junkui Li, Xin Tong, Guiqi Bi, and Ying Han. "The complete mitochondrial genome of Nautilus pompilius (Nautiloids: Nautilidae)." Conservation Genetics Resources 10, no. 3 (August 18, 2017): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-017-0843-9.

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31

Stait, Bryan, Barry D. Webby, and Ian G. Percival. "Late Ordovician nautiloids from central New South Wales, Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 9, no. 2 (January 1985): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518508618962.

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32

Hewitt, Roger A., and Gerd E. G. Westermann. "Post-mortem behaviour of Early Paleozoic nautiloids and paleobathymetry." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 70, no. 3-4 (November 1996): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02988081.

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33

Mutvei, Harry. "Restudy of some plectronocerid nautiloids (Cephalopoda) from the late Cambrian of China; discussion on nautiloid evolution and origin of the siphuncle." GFF 142, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2020.1739742.

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34

Wani, Ryoji, and Krishnan Ayyasami. "Ontogenetic change and intra-specific variation of shell morphology in the Cretaceous nautiloid (Cephalopoda, Mollusca) Eutrephoceras clementinum (d'Orbigny, 1840) from the Ariyalur area, southern India." Journal of Paleontology 83, no. 3 (May 2009): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/08-119.1.

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Morphometric analyses of shell morphology in the Cretaceous nautiloid Eutrephoceras clementinum (d'Orbigny, 1840) (Cephalopoda, Mollusca) from the Ariyalur area, southern India, reveal ontogenetic change from hatching to maturity as well as intra-specific variation in shell morphology. the shell breadth has a negative allometric relationship with shell diameter and with whorl height, and the umbilicus diameter has a positive allometric relationship with shell diameter. This shows that shell shape became relatively thinner with less variation, and the umbilicus diameter became relatively broader with growth. the siphuncle position moves from a dorso-central to ventro-central position with growth. A constriction was recognized on the early whorl at 20 mm in shell diameter, and the interval angles of succeeding septa were changed at the 8th septum, indicating that they hatched at this stage. the bending of umbilical walls of apertures toward the center of coiling suggests that E. clementinum attained maturity at about 115 mm in shell diameter. the comparison of the shell morphology of E. clementinum with that of E. bouchardianum (d'Orbigny, 1840) reported in the literature clarifies their difference in whorl shape and umbilical size, especially in the adult stage. This kind of morphometric study of nautiloids is essential for elucidating their adaptive designs for environment and mode of life, functional shell morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny, and evolution.
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35

Alexander, Richard R. "Resistance to and repair of shell breakage induced by durophages in Late Ordovician brachiopods." Journal of Paleontology 60, no. 2 (March 1986): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000021806.

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Repaired shell breakage in Late Ordovician brachiopods from the Cincinnatian Series in the tri-state area of Indiana-Kentucky-Ohio may be described in increasing order of severity as scalloped, divoted, cleft and embayed. Concavo-convex brachiopod taxa display disproportionately higher frequencies of shell repair assigned to each category, whereas inflated, biconvex, plicate, sulcate taxa display disproportionately lower frequencies of shell repair. Certain plicate biconvex taxa lack examples of cleft and embayed valves. Plano-convex and dorsi-biconvex, costate taxa showed intermediate frequencies of shell repair, but lack representatives of embayed valves. Selective pressure for evolution of morphologic characters resistant to shell breakage may have favored phyletic trends of increasing size, geniculation and progressive development of a commissural ridge around the lophophore platform of the interior of the concave brachial valve of Leptaena and Rafinesquina. Size-frequency distributions for repaired and undamaged valves provide equivocal evidence of a size refuge from predator-induced shell breakage in Rafinesquina. Among the contemporaneous, potentially durophagous predators, nautiloids probably inflicted the sublethal injuries sustained by the brachiopods. The incriminating evidence includes a fragment of a crushing element imbedded in a valve of Rafinesquina that bears a very striking resemblance to calcified rhyncholites of Mesozoic to Recent nautiloids.
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36

Prinoth, Herwig, and Renato Posenato. "Late Permian Nautiloids from the Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites (Italy)." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 282, no. 1-6 (December 10, 2007): 135–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/282/2007/135.

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37

Histon, Kathleen, and George D. Sevastopulo. "Carboniferous nautiloids and the bathymetry of Waulsortian limestones in Ireland." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 104, no. 2 (January 1993): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(08)80016-8.

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38

MUTVEI, HARRY, YUN-BAI ZHANG, and ELENA DUNCA. "LATE CAMBRIAN PLECTRONOCERID NAUTILOIDS AND THEIR ROLE IN CEPHALOPOD EVOLUTION." Palaeontology 50, no. 6 (November 2007): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00708.x.

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39

Wilmsen, Markus, and Mohamed Fouad Aly. "Late Campanian nautiloids from Deir Abu Said, north-western Jordan." Cretaceous Research 102 (October 2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.009.

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40

Aly, Mohamed F., and Sherief A. Sadek. "New findings of Eocene nautiloids from north Western Desert, Egypt." Journal of African Earth Sciences 159 (November 2019): 103580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103580.

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41

Turek, Vojtech. "Systematic position and variability of the Devonian nautiloids Hercoceras and Ptenoceras." Bulletin of Geosciences 82, no. 1 (March 30, 2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.2007.01.1.

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42

Kröger, Björn. "Comments on Ebel’s benthic-crawler hypothesis for ammonoids and extinct nautiloids." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 75, no. 1 (August 2001): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03022602.

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43

KRÖGER, B., and R. H. MAPES. "REVISION OF SOME COMMON CARBONIFEROUS GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN ORTHOCERID NAUTILOIDS." Journal of Paleontology 79, no. 5 (September 2005): 1002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1002:rosccg]2.0.co;2.

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44

Bujtor, László, Hans-Jürgen Gawlick, Ákos Miklósy, Richárd Albrecht, Alex Kovács, Bertalan Makó, Dávid Maróti, and Sigrid Missioni. "Az első kréta időszaki nautilida-előfordulás (Eutrephoceras ex gr. boissieri) a Mecsekből." Földtani Közlöny 149, no. 1 (April 14, 2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23928/foldt.kozl.2019.149.1.19.

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Fieldwork around the lime-kilns at Zengővárkony (southern Hungary, eastern Mecsek Mts.) has led to the discovery of previously unknown beds of the Hidasivölgy Marl Formation. Based on bio- and lithostratigraphic considerations, here a Valanginian (Hauterivian?) age is assumed. This recently discovered section consists of thin-bedded, greybrownish turbiditic marls and limestones laid down in rhythmic alterations. Excavations of the marl beds have yielded a poorly-preserved, but rich cephalopod fauna. Furthermore, Eutrephoceras ex gr. boissieri has been identified here, and this is the first record of Cretaceous nautiloids from the Mecsek Mountains.
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45

Copper, Paul, and Hou Hong-Fei. "The Early Devonian atrypoid brachiopod Tibetatrypa n. gen. from Xizang (Tibet, China)." Journal of Paleontology 60, no. 2 (March 1986): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000021818.

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Early Devonian (Pragian-Emsian) rocks in the Xainza region of central Xizang (Tibet) yield a shallow-marine, carbonate-platform fauna of corals, brachiopods, dacryoconarids, nautiloids and conodonts, among which Tibetatrypa n. gen. is locally a prominent constituent. The fauna broadly resembles that of western Europe, the Altai-Sayan region, the Urals and western Qinlin province of China, but differs from the South China faunas. Tibetatrypa, related to the Silurian genus Nalivkinia, is the youngest and largest member of the subfamily Clintonellinae, and is the first Devonian brachiopod described from Tibet.
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46

Barroso-Barcenilla, Fernando, María José Comas-Rengifo, Luís Vítor Duarte, Antonio Goy, and Gemma Martínez. "New data on the Toarcian nautiloids in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 306, no. 1-6 (August 18, 2016): 51–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/306/2016/51.

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47

Frye, Mark W. "Upper Ordovician (Harjuan) oncoceratid nautiloids from the Boda Limestone, Siljan District, Sweden." Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 109, no. 1 (March 5, 1987): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035898709454748.

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48

KRÖGER, BJÖRN, and HARRY MUTVEI. "NAUTILOIDS WITH MULTIPLE PAIRED MUSCLE SCARS FROM LOWER-MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN OF BALTOSCANDIA." Palaeontology 48, no. 4 (July 2005): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00478.x.

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49

Brand, Uwe. "Biogeochemistry of nautiloids and paleoenvironmental aspects of buckhorn seawater (Pennsylvanian), Southern Oklahoma." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 61 (January 1987): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(87)90053-8.

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50

Dzik, Jerzy. "Population variability of paleozoic nautiloids: a reply to Turek & Marek (1986)." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 61, no. 3-4 (December 1987): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02985905.

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