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1
J, Carré Françoise, ed. Nonstandard work: The nature and challenges of changing employment arrangements. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 2000.
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2
Shishkin, Andrey. Introduction to the axiomatic theory of elementary functions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1209581.
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Contains an exposition of the basic concepts and theorems of the axiomatic theory of the basic elementary functions of real and complex variables. The textbook is written on the basis of lectures given by the author for a number of years at the Armavir State Pedagogical University, at the Slavyansk-on-Kuban State Pedagogical Institute and at the branch of the Kuban State University in Slavyansk-on-Kuban. It is intended for students of natural-mathematical profiles of preparation of the direction "Pedagogical education". It can be used in the study of mathematical analysis, the theory of functions of a real variable, the theory of functions of a complex variable, etc.
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McCorkle, Constance M. A framework for analysis of gender and other socioeconomic variables in Ag&NRM. [East Lansing, Mich.]: Women in International Development, Michigan State University, 1994.
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P. D. T. A. Elliott. Arithmetic functions and integer products. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985.
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5
Babeshko, Lyudmila, and Irina Orlova. Econometrics and econometric modeling in Excel and R. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079837.
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The textbook includes topics of modern econometrics, often used in economic research. Some aspects of multiple regression models related to the problem of multicollinearity and models with a discrete dependent variable are considered, including methods for their estimation, analysis, and application. A significant place is given to the analysis of models of one-dimensional and multidimensional time series. Modern ideas about the deterministic and stochastic nature of the trend are considered. Methods of statistical identification of the trend type are studied. Attention is paid to the evaluation, analysis, and practical implementation of Box — Jenkins stationary time series models, as well as multidimensional time series models: vector autoregressive models and vector error correction models. It includes basic econometric models for panel data that have been widely used in recent decades, as well as formal tests for selecting models based on their hierarchical structure. Each section provides examples of evaluating, analyzing, and testing models in the R software environment. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is addressed to master's students studying in the Field of Economics, the curriculum of which includes the disciplines Econometrics (advanced course)", "Econometric modeling", "Econometric research", and graduate students."
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Mishenin, Sergey. Saving transportation resources: the experience of railway workers in Western Siberia 1965-1991. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082937.
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The monograph is devoted to the generalization of the factors of railway transportation in Western Siberia and their influence on the formation of the experience of saving transportation resources in 1965-1991. The basic factors are considered such as the natural conditions and the production apparatus of the region, the development of a program-oriented approach to the development of the territory and the formation of the material base of railway transport in its space. These components are considered as historical challenges for the design of labor initiatives "from below". These initiatives are classified into three groups: speeding up the turnover of wagons, using the locomotive fleet, and saving fuel, energy, and other" variable " resources of the railway transportation process. The issues are considered taking into account the trends of fading opportunities for the Soviet model of system-wide development. It will be of interest to all those who are concerned about the history of Russia, the organization of its transport security system.
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Collins, John. The Nature of Linguistic Variables. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.004.
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VanDeRiet, Shirley J. Food discards: Nature, reasons for discard, and relationship to household variables. 1985.
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Delsol, Laurent. Nonparametric Methods for α-Mixing Functional Random Variables. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.5.
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This article considers how functional kernel methods can be used to study α-mixing datasets. It first provides an overview of how prediction problems involving dependent functional datasets may arise from the study of time series, focusing on the standard discretized model and modelization that takes into account the functional nature of the evolution of the quantity to be studied over time. It then considers strong mixing conditions, with emphasis on the notion of α-mixing coefficients and α-mixing variables introduced by Rosenblatt (1956). It also describes some conditions for a Markov chain to be α-mixing; some useful tools that provide covariance inequalities, exponential inequalities, and Central Limit Theorem (CLT) for α-mixing sequences; the asymptotic properties of functional kernel estimators; the use of kernel smoothing methods with α-mixing datasets; and various functional kernel estimators corresponding to different prediction methods. Finally, the article highlights some interesting prospects for further research.
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Nonstandard work: The nature and challenges of changing employment arrangements. Champaign, Ill: Industrial Relations Research Association, 2000.
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11
Bhopal, Raj S. What is epidemiology? The nature, scope, variables, principal measures, and designs of a biological, clinical, social, and ecological science. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0001.
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Populations, as with individuals, have unique patterns of disease. The science of epidemiology, which straddles biology, clinical medicine, social sciences, and ecology, seeks to describe, understand, and utilize these patterns to improve population health. Epidemiology’s central paradigm is that analysis of population patterns of disease, particularly by linking these to exposure variables (risk factors), provides understanding of their causes. Epidemiology is useful in other ways, including preventing and controlling disease in populations and guiding health and health-care policy and planning. Epidemiology can help clinicians to manage the health care of individuals. Epidemiology has a large toolbox. At its core lies the measurement of the prevalence and incidence of risk factors and outcomes. These measurements are generated by study types (designs) that serve the various purposes of epidemiology. Of the many kinds of studies available, the most important are case series (register studies), cross-sectional, case–control, cohort, and intervention (trials) studies.
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Ferraty, Frédéric, and Philippe Vieu. A Unifying Classification for Functional Regression Modeling. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.1.
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This article presents a unifying classification for functional regression modeling, and more specifically for modeling the link between two variables X and Y, when the explanatory variable (X) is of a functional nature. It first provides a background on the proposed classification of regression models, focusing on the regression problem and defining parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric models, and explains how semiparametric modeling can be interpreted in terms of dimension reduction. It then gives four examples of functional regression models, namely: functional linear regression model, additive functional regression model, smooth nonparametric functional model, and single functional index model. It also considers a number of new models, directly adapted to functional variables from the existing standard multivariate literature.
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NANDE-VÁZQUEZ, Edgard Alfredo, Teodoro REYES-FONG, and Omar Alejandro PÉREZ-CRUZ. The Generalized Least Squares Method (GMM) as a tool for causal analysis of spending, budget management and electoral results. ECORFAN, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/b.2021.8.1.130.
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In the different fields of science, many times, there is a need to estimate the associations between variables, as an approach to understanding the interaction of one as a function of the others. It is usually done by applying restrictive models, such as analysis of variance and linear regression. This type of analysis requires that the dependent variable be continuous, have a normal and constant distribution of the mean and variance. However, when the dependent variable is discrete or categorical, the linear model is not viable. Faced with this impediment, the theory of linear models arises and is expanded to broader categories, which have been called Generalized Linear Models. This category assumes that all distribution functions are exponential, in which the normal distribution is located. In this sense, in this research, Generalized Least Squares methods were applied in their various variants: of moments, ordinary and feasible. These models allow calculating the parameters of models in which the dependent variable has a Poisson or multinomial distribution. In such a way that the Generalized Least Squares serve as a tool to analyze the effect of the elections on public spending and its relationship with the electoral results, analyzing the variables of a budgetary nature, derived from the possibility that the government in power continues or is re-elected. For this, data related to the states and municipalities of México in the period 2007 to 2019 are used.
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Schiff, Brian. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199332182.003.0001.
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The introductory chapter to A New Narrative for Psychology, “What’s the Problem?,” frames the conceptual crisis in contemporary psychology. It argues that, in large measure, the discipline does not speak to the fundamental problems of human psychology concerning interpretation, experience, and meaning due to a pervasive belief that such questions cannot be researched “scientifically.” Instead, psychologists rely on a narrow definition of science that dictates the measurement and statistical analysis of psychological variables and avoids essential questions about human nature. It traces the historical origins and epistemological status of the psychological variable and introduces the profound implications that the decision to enforce methodological uniformity has had on the field.
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Schiff, Brian. Out of Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199332182.003.0002.
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Chapter 1, “Out of Context,” in A New Narrative for Psychology, argues that one of the main consequences of the overreliance on variable-centered methods is a misinterpretation of the nature of psychological processes. Although variable-centered research seems to argue that we can understand the process outside of the person and outside of the social world as an abstract entity, this is not really possible. Psychological processes are aspects of subjective experience that have meanings specific to a person who is situated in a definite time and space. The chapter reviews the debate on the stability of personality traits over time and argues that it makes no sense to ask if personality changes or stays the same. Personality doesn’t do anything, but variables are characterized as if they have a life of their own. Outside of the context of the person, one misunderstands what personality is and means.
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Variable Properties in Language: Their Nature and Acquisition. Georgetown University Press, 2019.
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Variable Properties in Language: Their Nature and Acquisition. Georgetown University Press, 2019.
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Galleries, Schwartz Graphic Arts, Detroit Institute of Arts, and Founders Society, eds. Once upon a matrix: The variable nature of prints. [Detroit]: Detroit Institute of Arts Founders Society, 1993.
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19
Wiggins, Benjamin. Calculating Race. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197504000.001.0001.
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Calculating Race: Racial Discrimination in Risk Assessment presents the historical relationship between statistical risk assessment and race in the United States. It illustrates how, through a reliance on the variable of race, actuarial science transformed the nature of racism and, in turn, helped usher racial disparities in wealth, incarceration, and housing from the nineteenth century into the twentieth. The monograph begins by investigating the development of statistical risk assessment explicitly based on race in the late-nineteenth-century life insurance industry. It then traces how such risk assessment migrated from industry to government, becoming a guiding force in parole decisions and in federal housing policy. Finally, it concludes with an analysis of “proxies” for race—statistical variables that correlate significantly with race—in order to demonstrate the persistent presence of race in risk assessment even after the anti-discrimination regulations won by the Civil Rights Movement. Offering readers a new perspective on the historical importance of actuarial science in structural racism, Calculating Race is a particularly timely contribution as Big Data and algorithmic decision-making increasingly pervade American life.
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Hamblin, Rebecca J., Jennifer Moonjung Park, Monica S. Wu, and Eric A. Storch. Variable Insight in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0013.
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Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often have good insight into the irrational nature of their obsessions and the excessive character of their compulsions, but insight exists along a continuum and is markedly poor in some patients. This chapter reviews the assessment and phenomenological correlates of variable insight in OCD in both pediatric and adult populations. It reviews the definition of insight and its relationship to the evolution of diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as the major assessment tools used to measure and quantify insight for clinical and research purposes. The relationships between insight and clinical characteristics of OCD, including symptom severity, comorbidity, and treatment response are reviewed, followed by a review of neurobiological correlates of insight and the relationship between poor insight and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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Karakoç, Ekrem. Cross-National Test of the Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826927.003.0003.
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The previous chapter posed the primary research question and offered a new theory that encompassed two interrelated arguments. This chapter produces three hypotheses derived from the new theory offered in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 tests these arguments in a large-N study using multivariate statistical analysis. The first section discusses the operationalization of our main dependent and independent variables. It will also briefly outline a set of control variables and what the literature predicts regarding their effect on spending and inequality. These factors range from economic factors (globalization, inflation, female labor participation, economic development), political factors (partisanship, electoral systems, election cycle), and demographic factors. To correct for problems associated with the nature of panel data models, such as endogeneity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation, it uses the Arellano-Bond estimation, which uses the Generalized Method of Moments. The rest of the chapter presents the results and offers its interpretation and conclusion.
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Martin, Colin. Wreck-Site Formation Processes. Edited by Ben Ford, Donny L. Hamilton, and Alexis Catsambis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.013.0002.
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The environmental settings within which shipwrecks occur are matters of chance rather than of choice. It is primarily the wreck and not its physical context that is of consequence to nautical archaeologists. No two wreck-site formations are the same, since the complex and interacting variables that constitute the environmental setting, the nature of the ship, and the circumstances of its loss combine to create a set of attributes unique to each site. The dynamic phase, which begins with the event of shipwreck, is characterized by the wreck's status as an environmental anomaly. It is unstable, lacks integration with its surroundings, and is prone to further disintegration and dispersal by external influences. The chemical and physical properties of water cause reactions with the metals. Understanding these natural processes in the context of the distinctively anthropogenic inputs, this article characterizes archaeology as an essential prerequisite to the interpretation of any shipwreck.
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Kulak, Dariusz. Wieloaspektowa metoda oceny stanu gleb leśnych po przeprowadzeniu procesów pozyskania drewna. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-28-1.
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Presented reasearch aimed to develop and analyse the suitability of the CART models for prediction of the extent and probability of occurrence of damage to outer soil layers caused by timber harvesting performed under varied conditions. Having employed these models, the author identified certain methods of logging works and conditions, under which they should be performed to minimise the risk of damaging forest soils. The analyses presented in this work covered the condition of soils upon completion of logging works, which was investigated in 48 stands located in central and south-eastern Poland. In the stands selected for these studies a few felling treatments were carried out, including early thinning, late thinning and final felling. Logging works were performed with use of the most popular technologies in Poland. Trees were cut down with chainsaws and timber was extracted by means of various skidding methods: with horses, semi-suspended skidding with the use of cable yarding systems, farm tractors equipped with cable winches or tractors of a skidder type, and forwarding employing farm tractors with trailers loaded mechanically by cranes or manually. The analyses also included mechanised forest operation with the use of a harvester and a forwarder. The information about the extent of damage to soil, in a form of wheel-ruts and furrows, gathered in the course of soil condition inventory served for construction of regression tree models using the CART method (Classification and Regression Trees), based on which the area, depth and the volume of soil damage under analysis, wheel-ruts and furrows, were determined, and the total degree of all soil disturbances was assessed. The CART classification trees were used for modelling the probability of occurrence of wheel-ruts and furrows, or any other type of soil damage. Qualitative independent variables assumed by the author for developing the models included several characteristics describing the conditions under which the logging works were performed, mensuration data of the stands and the treatments conducted there. These characteristics covered in particular: the season of the year when logging works were performed, the system of timber harvesting employed, the manner of timber skidding, the means engaged in the process of timber harvesting and skidding, habitat type, crown closure, and cutting category. Moreover, the author took into consideration an impact of the quantitative independent variables on the extent and probability of occurrence of soil disturbance. These variables included the following: the measuring row number specifying a distance between the particular soil damage and communication tracks, the age of a stand, the soil moisture content, the intensity of a particular cutting treatment expressed by units of harvested timber volume per one hectare of the stand, and the mean angle of terrain inclination. The CART models developed in these studies not only allowed the author to identify the conditions, under which the soil damage of a given degree is most likely to emerge, or determine the probability of its occurrence, but also, thanks to a graphical presentation of the nature and strength of relationships between the variables employed in the model construction, they facilitated a recognition of rules and relationships between these variables and the area, depth, volume and probability of occurrence of forest soil damage of a particular type. Moreover, the CART trees served for developing the so-called decision-making rules, which are especially useful in organising logging works. These rules allow the organisers of timber harvest to plan the management-related actions and operations with the use of available technical means and under conditions enabling their execution in such manner as to minimise the harm to forest soils. Furthermore, employing the CART trees for modelling soil disturbance made it possible to evaluate particular independent variables in terms of their impact on the values of dependent variables describing the recorded disturbance to outer soil layers. Thanks to this the author was able to identify, amongst the variables used in modelling the properties of soil damage, these particular ones that had the greatest impact on values of these properties, and determine the strength of this impact. Detailed results depended on the form of soil disturbance and the particular characteristics subject to analysis, however the variables with the strongest influence on the extent and probability of occurrence of soil damage, under the conditions encountered in the investigated stands, enclosed the following: the season of the year when logging works were performed, the volume-based cutting intensity of the felling treatments conducted, technical means used for completion of logging works, the soil moisture content during timber harvest, the manner of timber skidding, dragged, semi-suspended or forwarding, and finally a distance between the soil damage and transportation ducts. The CART models proved to be very useful in designing timber harvesting technologies that could minimise the risk of forest soil damage in terms of both, the extent of factual disturbance and the probability of its occurrence. Another valuable advantage of this kind of modelling is an opportunity to evaluate an impact of particular variables on the extent and probability of occurrence of damage to outer soil layers. This allows the investigator to identify, amongst all of the variables describing timber harvesting processes, those crucial ones, from which any optimisation process should start, in order to minimise the negative impact of forest management practices on soil condition.
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Nadkarni, Vidya, and J. Michael Williams. International Relations and Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.408.
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Both the political science fields of International Relations (IR) and Comparative Politics (CP) developed around a scholarly concern with the nature of the state. IR focused on the nature, sources, and dynamics of inter-state interaction, while CP delved into the structure, functioning, and development of the state itself. The natural synergies between these two lines of scholarly inquiry found expression in the works of classical and neo-classical realists, liberals, and Marxists, all of whom, to varying degrees and in varied ways, recognized that the line dividing domestic and international politics was not hermetically sealed. As processes of economic globalization, on the one hand, and the globalization of the state system, on the other, have expanded the realm of political and economic interaction, the need for greater cross-fertilization between IR and CP has become even more evident. The global expansion of the interstate system has incorporated non-European societies into world politics and increased the salience of cultural and religious variables. These dynamics suggest that a study of cultures, religions, and histories, which shape the world views of states and peoples, is therefore necessary before assessments can be made about how individual states may respond to varied global pressures in their domestic and foreign policy choices.
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Foster, Russell, and Leon Kreitzman. Circadian Rhythms: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198717683.001.0001.
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The Earth’s daily rotation affects almost every living creature. From dawn through to dusk, there are changes in light, temperature, humidity, and rainfall. However, these changes are regular, rhythmic, and therefore predictable. Thus, the near 24-hour circadian rhythm is innate: a genetically programmed clock. Circadian Rhythms: A Very Short Introduction explains how organisms can ‘know’ the time and reveals what we now understand of the nature and operation of chronobiological processes. Covering variables such as light, the metabolism, human health, and the seasons, it illustrates how jet lag and shift work can impact on human well-being, and considers circadian rhythms alongside a wide range of disorders, from schizophrenia to obesity.
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Osei, Robert Darko, Charles Ackah, George Domfe, and Michael Danquah. Political Settlements and Structural Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the extent to which political settlements interacting with the rents space affect the nature of the deals space and consequently help explain economic growth in Ghana. The discussions are centred around four break points and therefore five growth episodes for Ghana: pre-1966, 1966–74, 1974–83, 1983–2001, and 2001–14. First, there are signs that the post-2001 period has been more ordered and open than the first twenty-five years after independence. Second, the political settlement has also changed somewhat over the years, from a dominant to a more competitive type. However, it is argued that political patronage remains rife. Third, the chapter finds that the interplay of political settlements and rent space has been important in shaping the nature of the deals space in Ghana. Finally, it highlights two types of positive and negative feedback loop relating to these variables over the years.
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Epperly, Brad. The Political Foundations of Judicial Independence in Dictatorship and Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845027.001.0001.
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This book argues that explaining judicial independence—considered the fundamental question of comparative law and politics—requires a perspective that spans the democracy/autocracy divide. Rather than seeking separate explanations in each regime context, in The Political Foundations of Judicial Independence in Dictatorship and Democracy, Brad Epperly argues that political competition is a salient factor in determining levels of de facto judicial independence across regime type, and indeed of greater import in autocracies. This is because a full “insurance” account of independence requires looking not only at the likelihood those in power might lose elections but also the variable risks associated with such an outcome, risks that are far higher for autocrats. First demonstrating that courts can and do provide insurance to former leaders, he then shows via exhaustive cross-national analyses that competition’s effects are far higher in autocratic regimes, providing the first evidence for the causal nature of the relationship. Epperly argues that these findings differ from existing case study research because in democratic regimes, a lack of political competition means incumbents target the de jure independence of courts. This argument is developed via in-depth case study of the Hungarian Constitutional Court after the country’s 2010 “constitutional revolution,” and then tested globally. Blending formal theory, observational and instrumental variables models, and elite interviews of leading Hungarian legal scholars and judges, Epperly offers a new framework for understanding judicial independence that integrates explanations of both de jure and de facto independence in both democratic and autocratic regimes.
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Lancaster, Carol, and Nicolas van de Walle, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Politics of Development. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.001.0001.
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This book brings together essays that tackle the political aspects of development. It offers various explanations for variations in the pace and pattern of economic development across both time and space, focusing on a particular variable or set of variables such as civil conflict, natural resources, and regime type. The book traces the trajectory of scholarship in the field of political development, beginning with the rise of what became known as “modernization theory” in the 1960s. It also examines how development intersects with ethnicity, democracy, and taxation; the synergies and disconnects among religion, politics, and economic development; the politics of the so-called resource curse; and the impact of foreign aid on democratization in developing countries. Furthermore, the book looks at the experiences of countries and regions such as Africa, India, Latin America, South Korea, China, and East Asia.
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Quilca, Jannina, and Edgar Callohuanca. Crecimiento económico y distribución del ingreso en el Perú. Instituto Universitario de Innovación Ciencia y Tecnología Inudi Perú, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35622/inudi.b.004.
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Desde la recuperación económica en la década de los 90 la economía peruana presenta una situación favorable en cuanto a crecimiento económico; sin embargo, la desigualdad de ingresos en el país se mantiene casi constante. Bajo este contexto la presente investigación tiene como propósito estudiar la existencia de una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el crecimiento económico y la distribución del ingreso en Perú en el periodo 1990-2014, siendo importante por su contribución a brindar una mejor visión para el desarrollo de la política económica en cuanto a la disminución de la desigualdad; y preparación de medidas correctivas de corto o largo plazo. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se recopilaron datos estadísticos y se construyó un modelo econométrico de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios, tomando como variable dependiente el logaritmo natural del PIB per cápita, para explicar el crecimiento y como variable independiente a la medida del nivel de desigualdad determinada por el Coeficiente de Gini, así como variables control utilizadas para dar consistencia al modelo. Los resultados sugieren la existencia de una relación cuadrática entre crecimiento económico y desigualdad de los ingresos, explican además que la economía peruana se encuentra en una primera etapa de la relación de U invertida, entre crecimiento y desigualdad, planteada en la literatura económica.
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Cooper, M. Lynne, Emmanuel Kuntsche, Ash Levitt, Lindsay L. Barber, and Scott Wolf. Motivational Models of Substance Use. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.017.
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This chapter uses Cox and Klinger’s motivational model of alcohol use as a framework for reviewing research on motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. Results of this review provide strong support for key premises underpinning this model in the alcohol literature, including that people drink alcohol to manage internal feeling states and to obtain valued social outcomes. Importantly, these motives may provide a final common pathway to alcohol use through which the influences of more distal variables are mediated. The research literature on motives for marijuana use revealed important similarities in the nature of motives underlying use and in the unique patterns of use and use-related consequences associated with specific motives. Research on tobacco use motives showed few similarities, with tobacco use being more habitual, automatic, and largely motivated by withdrawal cues, at least among more experienced and dependent users.
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Melina, Giovanni, and Rafael Portillo. Economic Fluctuations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0004.
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The chapter compares business cycle fluctuations in sub-Saharan African countries to the rest of the world. Its main results are: (i) African economies stand out by their macroeconomic volatility, which is reflected in the volatility of output and other macro variables; (ii) inflation and output tend to be negatively correlated in SSA countries; (iii) unlike advanced economies and emerging markets (EMs), trade balances and current accounts are acyclical in SSA; (iv) the volatility of consumption and investment relative to GDP is larger than in other countries; (v) the cyclicality of consumption and investment is smaller than in advanced economies and EMs; (vi) there is little comovement between consumption and investment; and (vii) consumption and investment are strongly positively correlated with imports. The chapter provides a tentative interpretation in terms of the main shocks hitting these economies and the nature of the mechanisms amplifying or dampening these shocks.
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Scharf, Miri, and Shmuel Shulman. Closeness, Distance, and Rapprochement in Sibling Relationships. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.28.
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The chapter discusses the nature of sibling relationships during emerging adulthood and the interplay between developmental processes and sibling relationships. Past unresolved conflicts and continuous rivalry might lead to conflictual and alienated relationships. However, greater maturity and separate residence might induce a kind of rapprochement. Emerging adults’ acknowledgment of their need to maintain family bonds, combined with greater emotional and cognitive maturity, might enable them to reconstruct their siblinghood. Family structure, history, personality, and culture contribute to the intensity and quality of sibling relationships. Considering the challenges young people face in the current societal context, siblings are among the closet kin to whom one can turn in stressful conditions. The authors present narratives of emerging adults demonstrating possible factors that influence the sibling bond, the possible influence of culture and more distal variables (sibling relationships of the respondents’ parents), and suggestions for future research and implications for practice.
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Razo, Armando. Integration of Contextual Data. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.20.
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This chapter discusses a conceptual framework that clarifies the nature and importance of context in social scientific research. It first explains how context fits into survey analysis, then addresses major problems that hamper use and collection of contextual data: vague or incomplete conceptual definitions of “context” and lack of methodological guidance to collect and analyze contextual data. It suggests that systematic research and cumulative knowledge on contextual effects are constrained by two factors: the lack of standardized contextual variables across surveys and sporadic empirical inquiries. Finally, it outlines directions for future research with an eye toward advancing contextual data collection and analysis as well as ascertaining the impact of context on public opinion and political behavior. It presents statistical approaches to provide a blueprint for explicit measurements and analysis of contextual data and considers the need to modify conventional sampling techniques to capture relevant contextual variability.
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Kugel, Uri, Catherine Hausman, Laurie Black, and Bruce Bongar. Psychology of Physical Bravery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.36.
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Research indicates that the presence of physical courage or bravery is linked to increased resilience, decreased PTSD-related symptomatology, and greater feelings of personal competence. Seligman identifies courage as a factor of strength in his positive psychology model, and courage is widely identified as a healing component in clinical psychology. Recent data collected from the Physical Courage Survey (PCS), analyzing acts of physical courage, demographic variables, and personality characteristics indicate that bravery and courage are probably impacted by both nature and nurture. More specifically, individuals who performed acts of heroism and bravery are more likely to be self-confident, be an older child, have a tendency to take risk and seek sensation, be less cautious, be resilient, have a greater sense of humor, be a leader, have a deep sense of empathy for others, and attribute their success on the battlefield to training and modeling of others.
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Truswell, Robert, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Event Structure. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685318.001.0001.
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This volume offers an introduction to current research in event structure, the study of the role of events in grammar. This area of study breaks down into several interrelated questions: How do we perceive events? How do events as objects of perception relate to linguistic event descriptions? What structural distinctions can we make among events, and how are these distinctions reflected grammatically? How do events relate to their participants? To what extent does syntax constrain the grammar of event descriptions? The handbook reflects the growth of this field, from three foundational hypotheses: that action sentences are predicates of event variables (Davidson), that verb meanings can be divided into a small number of aspectual classes (Vendler), and that verb meanings can be partly decomposed into a small set of recurring primitives (Lakoff, McCawley). Part I considers the implications of the Davidsonian event variable for aspects of natural language metaphysics; Part II considers the relationship of event structure to morphosyntax; Part III focuses on crosslinguistic variation in event descriptions; and Part IV covers less narrowly grammatical aspects of event structure.
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See, Sam. Queer Natures, Queer Mythologies. Edited by Christopher Looby and Michael North. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823286980.001.0001.
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This book collects the scholarly work that Sam See had completed as of his death in 2013. It includes essays that have been previously published in leading journals as well as materials that remained unpublished. Its parts represent the two book projects that See hoped to complete: Queer Natures: Feeling Degenerate in Literary Modernism and Queer Mythologies: Community and Memory in Modern Literature. The first reinterprets the key term nature, central to so many discussions of literature and sexuality. For See, nature is no longer an unchanging substrate or a philosophical given. Relying on a thorough reading of Darwin, See argues instead that nature is constantly and aimlessly variable. Since it makes room for the aesthetic, by way of what Darwin called sexual selection, nature is also affected by feeling. On these grounds, See argues that nature itself might be considered queer. The second project proposes that, understood as queer in this way, nature might be made the foundational myth for the building of queer communities. See looks at the ways in which queer community has been imagined in literary works from a wide range of authors, and he analyzes the role that literature has played in providing significant aesthetic versions of that community. Locating the various failures of these myths is a way, he hopes, of approaching another, more successful communal story. In addition to his reading of Darwin, See provides new interpretations of modern writers including Langston Hughes, Virginia Woolf, Oscar Wilde, Hart Crane, and T. S. Eliot.
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Scarani, Valerio. Bell Nonlocality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788416.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Nonlocality was discovered by John Bell in 1964, in the context of the debates about quantum theory, but is a phenomenon that can be studied in its own right. Its observation proves that measurements are not revealing pre-determined values, falsifying the idea of “local hidden variables” suggested by Einstein and others. One is then forced to make some radical choice: either nature is intrinsically statistical and individual events are unspeakable, or our familiar space-time cannot be the setting for the whole of physics. As phenomena, nonlocality and its consequences will have to be predicted by any future theory, and may possibly play the role of foundational principles in these developments. But nonlocality has found a role in applied physics too: it can be used for “device-independent” certification of the correct functioning of random number generators and other devices. After a self-contained introduction to the topic, this monograph on nonlocality presents the main tools and results following a logical, rather than a chronological, order.
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Montgomery, Jr, Erwin B. Deep Brain Stimulation Programming. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This second edition of the book continues the basic premise that a thorough knowledge of the mechanisms by which neurons respond to electrical stimulation, how to control the stimulation and the regional anatomy allows the Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) programmer to effectively and efficiently help patients reach optimal control of their disorder. There are a great many variables that influence the patient’s response to DBS, such as the exact nature of the patient’s individual symptoms and disabilities and the variability of the surgical placement of stimulating leads. The complexity has expanded because rapid increases in technology, both current and anticipated. The book makes no assumptions as to the prior knowledge or expertise. As the brain fundamentally is an electrical device, the book begins explaining the relevant electronics, building a nearly intuitive knowledge of how electrons are affected by electrical and magnetic forces and how the actions of the programmer controls electrical charges that ultimately activate neurons, which themselves are electrical devices.
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Hankin, David, Michael S. Mohr, and Kenneth B. Newman. Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
We present a rigorous but understandable introduction to the field of sampling theory for ecologists and natural resource scientists. Sampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The inferences fall into two broad categories: (a) estimation of simple descriptive population parameters, such as means, totals, or proportions, for variables of interest, and (b) estimation of uncertainty associated with estimated parameter values. Although the targets of estimation are few and simple, estimates of means, totals, or proportions see important and often controversial uses in management of natural resources and in fundamental ecological research, but few ecologists or natural resource scientists have formal training in sampling theory. We emphasize the classical design-based approach to sampling in which variable values associated with units are regarded as fixed and uncertainty of estimation arises via various randomization strategies that may be used to select samples. In addition to covering standard topics such as simple random, systematic, cluster, unequal probability (stressing the generality of Horvitz–Thompson estimation), multi-stage, and multi-phase sampling, we also consider adaptive sampling, spatially balanced sampling, and sampling through time, three areas of special importance for ecologists and natural resource scientists. The text is directed to undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and practicing professionals. Problems emphasize application of the theory and R programming in ecological and natural resource settings.
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Guder, Walter G., Hermann Wisser, Bernd Zawta, and Sheshadri Narayanan. Diagnostic Samples : from the Patient to the Laboratory: The Impact of Preanalytical Variables on the Quality of Laboratory Results. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2014.
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Diagnostic Samples From The Patient To The Laboratory The Impact Of Preanalytical Variables On The Quality Of Laboratory Results. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2009.
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Guder, Walter G., Hermann Wisser, Bernd Zawta, and Sheshadri Narayanan. Diagnostic Samples : from the Patient to the Laboratory: The Impact of Preanalytical Variables on the Quality of Laboratory Results. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2014.
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P. D. T. A. Elliott. Arithmetic Functions and Integer Products. Springer New York, 2011.
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Batterman, Robert W. A Middle Way. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568613.001.0001.
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This book focuses on a method for exploring, explaining, and understanding the behavior of large many-body systems. It describes an approach to non-equilibrium behavior that focuses on structures (represented by correlation functions) that characterize mesoscale properties of the systems. In other words, rather than a fully bottom-up approach, starting with the components at the atomic or molecular scale, the “hydrodynamic approach” aims to describe and account for continuum behaviors by largely ignoring details at the “fundamental” level. This methodological approach has its origins in Einstein’s work on Brownian motion. He gave what may be the first instance of “upscaling” to determine an effective (continuum) value for a material parameter—the viscosity. His method is of a kind with much work in the science of materials. This connection and the wide-ranging interdisciplinary nature of these methods are stressed. Einstein also provided the first expression of a fundamental theorem of statistical mechanics called the Fluctuation-Dissipation theorem. This theorem provides the primary justification for the hydrodynamic, mesoscale methodology. Philosophical consequences include an argument to the effect that mesoscale parameters can be the natural variables for characterizing many-body systems. Further, the book offers a new argument for why continuum theories (fluid mechanics and equations for the bending of beams) are still justified despite completely ignoring the fact that fluids and materials have lower scale structure. The book argues for a middle way between continuum theories and atomic theories. A proper understanding of those connections can be had when mesoscales are taken seriously.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Navigating research methods: basic concepts in biostatistics and epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides an overview of the basic concepts in biostatistics and epidemiology. Section 1: Basic concepts in biostatistics The concepts in biostatistics include: 1. descriptive statistical methods (which comprise of frequency distribution, distribution shapes, and measures of central tendency and dispersion); and 2. inferential statistics which is applied to make inferences about a population from the sample data. Non-probability and probability sampling methods are outlined. This section provides simple explanation of the complex concepts of significance tests and confidence intervals and their corresponding interpretation. Correlation and regression methods used to describe the association between two quantitative variables are also explained. This section also provides an overview of when to use which statistical test given the type of data and the nature of the research question. Section 2: Basic concepts in epidemiology This section begins with the definitions of normality. Next, the interpretation of diagnostic tests and clinical prediction are explained and the definitions of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value are provided. The relationship between these four constructs is discussed. The application of this concepts in the treatment and prevention is discussed.
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Alconada Magliano, Margarita María, Jorge Washington Lanfranco, and Andrea Pellegrini. Suelo en el paisaje. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/65742.
Full textAbstract:
El suelo se vincula con otros elementos del paisaje natural, vegetación, geomorfología y sistemas de flujo de agua subterránea, así como con el hombre, La sostenibilidad de las prácticas de manejo y su contribución al desarrollo de una región depende de que estas sean implementadas conforme al paisaje local y regional. Desde la edafología se estudia el perfil edáfico y los factores formadores que le dieron origen tras una descripción morfológica y analítica de dicho perfil. Esto en general se realiza hasta un máximo de 1,5-2,0 m de profundidad, y no siempre estos son cabalmente comprendidos al omitir las vinculaciones con otros elementos del paisaje especialmente el agua subterránea. Esto conduce con frecuencia a que no puedan preverse los cambios posibles frente a otros escenarios. El presente libro pretende dar el marco conceptual y aplicado de los criterios que permiten definir la Fertilidad del suelo local en lo regional. Se busca que las caracterizaciones químicas, físico-químicas, físicas y biológicas del suelo, sean interpretadas de una manera integral donde el valor absoluto de una variable puede resultar relativo al considerar el resto de variables y principalmente el origen de su ocurrencia cuando la misma se constituye en limitante. Esto posibilita prever cambios frente a escenarios naturales o antrópicos, y analizar la factibilidad de una práctica de manejo en la resolución de limitantes productivas o de uso.
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Guder, Walter G., Hermann Wisser, Bernd Zawta, and Sheshadri Narayanan. Diagnostic Samples : from the Patient to the Laboratory: The Impact of Preanalytical Variables on the Quality of Laboratory Results. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2014.
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Vincent, Nicole A., Thomas Nadelhoffer, and Allan McCay, eds. Neurointerventions and the Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651145.001.0001.
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This volume makes a contribution to the field of neurolaw by investigating issues raised by the development, use, and regulation of neurointerventions. The broad range of topics covered in these chapters reflects neurolaw’s growing social import, and its rapid expansion as an academic field of inquiry. Some authors investigate the criminal justice system’s use of neurointerventions to make accused defendants fit for trial, to help reform convicted offenders, or to make condemned inmates sane enough for execution, while others interrogate the use, regulation, and social impact of cognitive enhancement medications and devices. Issues raised by neurointervention-based gay conversion “therapy”, the efficacy and safety of specific neurointervention methods, the legitimacy of their use and regulation, and their implications for authenticity, identity, and responsibility are among the other topics investigated. The focus on neurointerventions also highlights tacit assumptions about human nature that have important implications for jurisprudence. For all we know, at present such things as people’s capacity to feel pain, their sexuality, and the dictates of their conscience, are unalterable. But neurointerventions could hypothetically turn such constants into variables. The increasing malleability of human nature means that analytic jurisprudential claims (true in virtue of meanings of jurisprudential concepts) must be distinguished from synthetic jurisprudential claims (contingent on what humans are actually like). Looking at the law through the lens of neurointerventions thus also highlights the growing need for a new distinction—between analytic jurisprudence and synthetic jurisprudence—to tackle issues that increasingly malleable humans will face when they encounter novel opportunities and challenges.
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Adams, Karen Ruth. The Causes of War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.323.
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The scientific study of war is a pressing concern for international politics. Given the destructive nature of war, ordinary citizens and policy makers alike are eager to anticipate if not outright avoid outbreaks of violence. Understanding the causes of war can be a complex process. Scholars of international relations must first define war, and then establish a universe of actors or conflicts in which both war and peace are possible. Next, they must collect data on the incidence of war in the entire universe of cases over a particular period of time, a random sample of relevant cases, a number of representative cases, or a set of cases relevant to independent variables in the theories they are testing. Finally, scholars must use this data to construct quantitative and qualitative tests of hypotheses about why actors fight instead of resolving their differences in other ways and, in particular, why actors initiate wars by launching the first attack. Instead of taking the inductive approach of inventorying the causes of particular wars and then attempting to find general rules, it is necessary for scholars to approach the problem deductively, developing theories about the environment in which states operate, deriving hypotheses about the incidence of war and attack, and using quantitative and qualitative methods to test these hypotheses.
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Bucher, Taina. Neither Black nor Box. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190493028.003.0003.
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If algorithms are multiple and variable in nature, how can they be known? The chapter draws on the concept of the black box as a heuristic device to discuss the nature of algorithms in contemporary media platforms, and how we might attend to and study algorithms, despite, or even because of, their seemingly inaccessible or secretive nature. Framing algorithms as eventful, understood as constituents that co-become, the author suggests, somewhat paradoxically, that algorithms are not always important. Rather, their agency emerges as important only in particular settings or constellations. The chapter argues that by shifting attention away from asking what and where agency is, to when it is mobilized and on whose behalf, we may begin to interrogate the black box not as an ontological or epistemological claim but, ultimately, a political one as well.