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1
Semerikov, Serhiy, Nataliia Kiianovska, and Natalya Rashevska. "The early history of computer-assisted mathematics instruction for engineering students in the United States: 1965-1989." Educational Technology Quarterly 2021, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.55056/etq.18.
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The article discusses ICT development issues in teaching mathematics to engineering students in the United States. The nature of trends in the convergence of information systems in higher technical education and other tendencies in the United States are described in the article. The primary historical stages of computer-assisted mathematics training for engineering students in the United States are defined. The study of historical sources has allowed six stages to be recognized. The use of ICT for teaching mathematics is examined at each stage. It demonstrates the inconsistencies and key elements of using ICT to teach mathematics to engineering students. This article covers the first three stages (1965-1989) of computer-assisted mathematics training for engineering students in the United States.
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Long, S. R. Joey. "Mixed up in power politics and the Cold War: The Americans, the ICFTU and Singapore's labour movement, 1955–1960." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40, no. 2 (April 29, 2009): 323–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463409000174.
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The United States had a hand in shaping Singapore's labour developments between the period 1955 and 1960. Utilising materials from archives in Britain, the Netherlands and the United States, this study details the impetus for, the nature of, and the outcome of the US attempt to strengthen non-communist labour institutions in Singapore.
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French, Michael. "Structural Change and Competition in the United States Tire Industry, 1920–1937." Business History Review 60, no. 1 (1986): 28–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115922.
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In this case study, Dr. French examines the responses to overcapacity in a mass production industry and traces the development of oligopolistic competition. Previous studies have emphasized technology and the growth of “big business,” but here the author argues that the structure of the U.S. tire industry must be understood in terms of large, medium, and small firms. He finds, moreover, that the extent of competition and cooperation was significantly influenced by the nature of the tire market. Dr. French provides new evidence on the relationships between structural factors and the dynamics of business policy, and points to the need for a more comprehensive account of the evolution and nature of oligopolistic competition.
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Jiwandono, Haryo Pambuko, and Edeliya Relanika Purwandi. "Playful Curation: A Case Study of Doki-Doki Station Museum’s Role in Preserving Digital Game History in Indonesia." International Public History 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iph-2021-2024.
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Abstract Digital game preservation is a key element in framing the historical importance of digital game culture. Digital game preservation processes in the global north, particularly in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, is well documented because of a well-established game culture. By contrast, digital game preservation in the global south is not as well documented because of the peripheral nature of game culture in those societies. This article seeks to correct this imbalance by asserting the importance of digital game preservation in two ways. First, digital game culture is situated in local practices and culture while acknowledging its near-global presence. Second, we argue that digital games need to be understood as localized formative elements of culture. Our discussion focuses on the Doki-Doki Station Museum located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
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ChÁvez-GarcÍa, Miroslava. "The Interdisciplinary Project of Chicana History." Pacific Historical Review 82, no. 4 (November 2012): 542–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2013.82.4.542.
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Chicana history has come a long way since its inception in the 1960s and 1970s. While initially a neglected area of study limited to issues of labor and class, today scholars in history, literature, anthropology, and sociology, among others, study topics of gender, culture, and sexuality, as well as youth culture, reproductive rights, migration, and immigration. In the process, these scholars contribute to the collective project of Mexican and Mexican American women’s history in the United States, making it diverse in its analytical themes, methodologies, and sources. Indeed, Chicana history is not confined by disciplinary boundaries. Rather, its cross-disciplinary nature gives it life. This article charts that interdisciplinarity and demonstrates its significance in expanding and recasting Chicano history more broadly.
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HRYSHCHUK, Oksana V., Pavlo B. PYLYPYSHYN, Marta R. ROMANYNETS, and Khrystyna V. HORETSKA. "Formation of the Philosophy of Law of Ukraine and the USA under the Influence of Individualist Views: A Consideration through History Aspect." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 4 (June 15, 2020): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.4(50).11.
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The relevance of such a study is that when considering modern Ukraine there is an active interest of philosophers, scientists, lawyers in the study, definition and reconstruction of philosophical and legal studies of the legal system of Ukraine, due to the previous loss of uniqueness because of the totalitarian Soviet regime. The concept of individualism and its impact on the legal system plays an important role in many modern states, including the United States. Individualism, first of all, substantiates personal freedoms, emphasizes the value of an individual. This approach creates a human rights institution that is defined in each state and is protected from interference as a matter of priority. The aim is to study and reveal the concept and nature of the concept of individualism in the philosophy of law, determine its role in shaping the legal system of modern Ukraine and compare the impact of the concept of individualism on the legal system of Ukraine and the United States. This study used the dialectical method, historical and legal method, comparison, analysis and synthesis. The result of this article is a comparison that will allow to understand the influence of individualism on the formation of the system of Ukrainian social consciousness in contrast to the assertion of the consciousness of society under the influence of individualism in the United States.
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Nuti, Leopoldo. "The United States, Italy, and the Opening to the Left, 1953–1963." Journal of Cold War Studies 4, no. 3 (July 2002): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039702320201067.
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Drawing on newly declassified U.S. and Italian documentation, this article as-sesses U.S. policy toward Italy under the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations and uses this test case to draw some general conclusions about the nature of U.S. -Italian relations during the Cold War. The first part of the article focuses on issues that have been neglected or misinterpreted in the existing literature on the subject, and the second part presents some of the lessons that can be learned from the study of U.S. -Italian relations in the 1950s and 1960s. The aim is to cast broader light on the current debate about the role and influence of the United States in Western Europe after World War II.
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Dapaah, EdwardOpoku. "Ghanaian Sects in the United States of America and their Adherents within the Framework of Migration Challenges since the 1970s." African and Asian Studies 5, no. 2 (2006): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920906777906763.
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AbstractGhanaian culture revolves around religion hence it is not surprising that Ghanaians have established sects upon resettlement in the United States of America. However, the sects have changed the social organization of the adherents. Instead of mainstream institutions, adherents depend on the spiritual leaders of their sect in dealing with immigration, unemployment, illness and other social problems. The study contends that there are relevant characteristics of some Ghanaians that make it likely that they would be drawn to the sects. Some adherents are drawn to the sects as a result of profound post-migration insecurities including the threat of deportation and limited entitlements such as the denial of employment and educational rights. To such adherents the sects are an important avenue for resolving their post-migration insecurities. Results of this research also suggest that some Ghanaians are drawn to the sects by religious aspirations including the unique theology of the sect. Overall, the sects are not just a transfer of an important segment of indigenous life in Ghana to the United States of America, they also represent a miniature portrait of the changing nature of religion in the United States.
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Ramos, Donald. "Community, Control and Acculturation: A Case Study of Slavery in Eighteenth Century Brazil." Americas 42, no. 4 (April 1986): 419–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007059.
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Interest in the nature of Brazilian slavery has increased dramatically during the last ten years. In part this interest has been stimulated by the desire of North American social scientists to examine what was initially viewed to be the striking differences between patterns of race relations and slavery as they developed in the United States and Brazil. Among Brazilians the interest in slavery is older, beginning as an aspect of the larger evolution of cultural nationalism which sought to demonstrate the unique nature of the Brazilian solution to a multiracial society. Among both North American and Brazilian writers the initial tendency was to emphasize the more “humane” nature of slavery in Brazil. This was attributed to a number of factors of which the Portuguese concept of the slave as a human being based on cultural and religious traits was paramount. Increasingly this view has been subjected to intense criticism and recent works have focused on the harshness of Brazilian slavery and have sought to stress the similarities between the two systems.
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DeVault, Ileen A. "“Too Hard on the Women, Especially”: Striking Together for Women Workers' Issues." International Review of Social History 51, no. 3 (November 1, 2006): 441–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859006002550.
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This essay draws upon a larger study of over forty strikes which involved both male and female strikers in the United States between the years 1887 and 1903. Here the focus of analysis is on those strikes which began with demands raised by women workers. The essay examines the nature of women workers' demands, the ways in which cooperation with male co-workers altered those demands, and the affect that formal union involvement had on women strikers and their strike demands. Because the original set of case studies examines strikes across the United States, the strikes explored here also highlight a variety of geographic locations. The insights gained suggest future paths for research on the distinction between women's and men's strike demands.
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Mabry, Donald J. "The Rise and Fall of Ace Records: A Case Study in the Independent Record Business." Business History Review 64, no. 3 (1990): 411–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115735.
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The record industry in the United States was controlled until the 1950s by a half dozen major companies, which produced music directed primarily toward the white middle class. The following article uses the history of Ace Records, a small, regional, independent company, to examine the nature of the record industry in the 1950s and 1960s. The article explains the shifts in demography and technology that made possible the growth of the independents, as well as the obstacles and events that made their demise more likely. It also traces the changes that such companies, by recording and promoting rhythm and blues and early rock ‘n’ roll, introduced to the cultural mainstream.
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Niemiller, Matthew L., Kurt Helf, and Rickard S. Toomey. "Mammoth Cave: A Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in the United States." Diversity 13, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080373.
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The Mammoth Cave System in the Interior Low Plateau karst region in central Kentucky, USA is a global hotspot of cave-limited biodiversity, particularly terrestrial species. We searched the literature, museum accessions, and database records to compile an updated list of troglobiotic and stygobiotic species for the Mammoth Cave System and compare our list with previously published checklists. Our list of cave-limited fauna totals 49 species, with 32 troglobionts and 17 stygobionts. Seven species are endemic to the Mammoth Cave System and other small caves in Mammoth Cave National Park. The Mammoth Cave System is the type locality for 33 cave-limited species. The exceptional diversity at Mammoth Cave is likely related to several factors, such as the high dispersal potential of cave fauna associated with expansive karst exposures, high surface productivity, and a long history of exploration and study. Nearly 80% of the cave-limited fauna is of conservation concern, many of which are at an elevated risk of extinction because of small ranges, few occurrences, and several potential threats.
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Kravel-Tovi, Michal. "The Specter of Dwindling Numbers: Population Quantity and Jewish Biopolitics in the United States." Comparative Studies in Society and History 62, no. 1 (January 2020): 35–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417519000409.
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AbstractOver the last three decades, the organized American-Jewish community has preoccupied itself with sociodemographic concerns regarding maintenance of a viable Jewish life in the United States. In this article, I study a key dimension of this preoccupation with population trends: the quantity of the Jewish population, that is, the number of Jews. I show the centrality of this dimension in shaping a cluster of anxious discourses and interventionist engagements directed toward stemming numerical decline. Analyzing this policy world in terms of a “Jewish biopolitics,” I assess how the voluntary nature of American Jewry has shaped a distinct biopolitical field, reliant on “making Jews” by both biological and cultural reproduction, enmeshing dimensions of quantity and quality. Juxtaposing this Jewish biopolitical engagement with the one exercised by the Israeli state, I flesh out broader considerations and contributions, and introduce the exploratory concept of “minority community biopolitics.” The article is grounded in an anthropological study of policy, including fieldwork, interviews, and a review of the flurry of archival and public materials related to the topic.
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Klonsky, E. D. "Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 9 (January 5, 2011): 1981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002497.
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BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has received increased attention in the mental health literature and has been proposed as a diagnostic entity for DSM-5. However, data on NSSI in the United States adult population are lacking.MethodThe prevalence and nature of NSSI were examined in a random-digit dialing sample of 439 adults in the United States. Participants were recruited during July and August of 2008.ResultsLifetime prevalence of NSSI was 5.9%, including 2.7% who had self-injured five or more times. The 12-month prevalence was 0.9%. Methods of NSSI reported included cutting/carving, burning, biting, scraping/scratching skin, hitting, interfering with wound healing and skin picking. Half of self-injurers reported multiple methods. The average age of onset was 16 years (median 14 years). Instances of NSSI infrequently co-occurred with suicidal thoughts and with use of alcohol or drugs and rarely required medical treatment. Most injurers reported that NSSI functioned to alleviate negative emotions. Fewer reported that they self-injured to punish themselves, to communicate with others/get attention or to escape a situation or responsibility. NSSI was associated with younger age, being unmarried and a history of mental health treatment, but not with gender, ethnicity, educational history or household income.ConclusionsResults are largely consistent with previous research in adolescent and young adult samples. Study limitations notwithstanding, this study provides the most definitive and detailed information to date regarding the prevalence and characteristics of NSSI in US adults. In the future, it will be important for large-scale epidemiological studies of psychopathology to include questions about NSSI.
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Sandford, Iain. "Determining the Existence of Countervailable Subsidies in the Context of the Canada-United States Softwood Lumber Dispute: 1982–2005." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 43 (2006): 297–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006900580000878x.
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SummaryThis article examines the history of countervailing duty determinations with respect to softwood lumber between 1982 and 2005. The piece is divided into two main areas of analysis. First, the article chronicles and reviews certain key determinations made throughout the history of softwood lumber countervailing duty proceedings. It examines, in particular, certain recurring themes as well as issues that shed light on some of the interesting jurisprudential questions that arise out of the case study. Second, having completed this review, the note turns to distill some lessons from the experience to date. These lessons focus on the light shed by the lengthy history of the softwood lumber dispute upon the nature of subsidies disciplines in international trade. They also focus on what the softwood lumber dispute reveals about the relationship between different judicial actors at the international level. The article closes with some reflections on the limits of international dispute settlement tools in highly contentious and politicized cases.
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Anggriawan, Rizaldy, Andi Agus Salim, Yordan Gunawan, and Mohammad Hazyar Arumbinang. "Passenger Name Record Data Protection under European Union and United States Agreement: Security over Privacy?" Hasanuddin Law Review 8, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v8i2.2844.
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Privacy should become a key component in the IT system. It is not something to be considered at last but from the very early stages. Almost no nation has a greater sense of personal data security which could be equivalent to the European level. Since 9/11, the United States has declared to utilize PNR as a method for combating terrorism by associating PNR data with criminal records. Nevertheless, in fact, the majority of data found in the PNR is immense and most of this data is of a confidential nature. The paper used doctrinal legal research methodology utilizing the case and comparative law approach. It elaborates particular cases in relation to data protection issues. It also explores the differences between EU and US law which hinder the idea of data protection in particular on PNR. The study revealed that security is one of the most critical issues which hinder the agreement between the EU and the US on PNR data protection. As the EU promotes the highest standard to the data protection referring to the European community history and GDPR provisions, while the US places national security as a main priority beyond the privacy issues.
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Jones, Geoffrey. "Control, Performance, and Knowledge Transfers in Large Multinationals: Unilever in the United States, 1945–1980." Business History Review 76, no. 3 (2002): 435–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4127795.
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This article considers key issues relating to the organization and performance of large multinational firms in the post-Second World War period. Although foreign direct investment is defined by ownership and control, in practice the nature of that “control” is far from straightforward. The issue of control is examined, as is the related question of the “stickiness” of knowledge within large international firms. The discussion draws on a case study of the Anglo-Dutch consumer goods manufacturer Unilever, which has been one of the largest direct investors in the United States in the twentieth century. After 1945 Unilever's once successful business in the United States began to decline, yet the parent company maintained an arms-length relationship with its U.S. affiliates, refusing to intervene in their management. Although Unilever “owned” large U.S. businesses, the question of whether it “controlled” them was more debatable.
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Shepard, Jeffrey. "Incubation Process Case Study." Management and Organizational Studies 5, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/mos.v5n3p43.
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The purpose of this case study is to create a profile of business incubators by exploring various aspects concerned with their operations. While tracing the history, development and current practices of business incubators, the aspects explored include the identification of: the nature of clients served, incubator mission, incubator staffing/personnel, incubator management, incubator resources, and incubator facilities/technology. The main motivation behind this case study is to compile an exhaustive profile of business incubators into one paper.This case study mainly utilized secondary research. By using questionnaires, a survey conducted among managers of selected business incubators in the United States was done. The exploratory nature of this study prompted the use of open ended questions.Findings concerning incubator mission are that current incubators mainly provide professional services of increased complexity as opposed to earlier incubators. Regarding personnel, modern incubators have formal organization structures characterized by the aspect of co-learning. While earlier incubators primarily offered cheap rental space, modern incubators share resources via a complex network of virtual connectivity. On technology, sophisticated technological communication interfaces such as the internet are vital, previous incubators relied on outdated technology. Concerning management, modern incubators require highly adaptive managers capable of addressing specific needs due to the constantly changing business environment. Other findings include the fact that clients are predominantly small business owners and students. Further, managers mainly provide direct services to clients such as mentoring, coaching, and training.
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Dorn, Charles. "«A New Global Ethic»: A History of the United Nations International Environmental Education Program, 1975-1995." Foro de Educación 18, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.808.
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In 1975, the United Nations, under the auspices of its Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Environment Program (UNEP), established the International Environmental Education Program (IEEP). For two decades, IEEP aimed to accomplish goals ascribed to it by UNESCO member states and fostered communication across the international community through Connect, the UNESCO-UNEP environmental education newsletter. After reviewing UNESCO’s early involvement with the environment, this study examines IEEP’s development, beginning with its conceptual grounding in the 1968 UNESCO Biosphere Conference. It examines the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, moves on to the UNESCO-UNEP 1975 Belgrade Workshop, and continues with the world’s first intergovernmental conference dedicated to environmental education held in Tbilisi in 1977. The paper then uses Connect to trace changes in the form and content of environmental education. Across two decades, environmental education shifted from providing instruction about nature protection and natural resource conservation to fostering an environmental ethic through a problems-based, interdisciplinary study of the ecology of the total environment to adopting the concept of sustainable development. IEEP ultimately met with mixed success. Yet it was the primary United Nations program assigned the task of creating and implementing environmental education globally and thus offers a particularly useful lens through which to analyze changes in the international community’s understanding of the concept of the environment over time.
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Fan, Xiao, and Peng Liu. "Exploring Indigenous education leadership research in Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand." International Journal of Comparative Education and Development 22, no. 4 (September 9, 2020): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijced-02-2020-0007.
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PurposeThis literature systematically reviews articles published in “core” international journals on the topic of Indigenous education leadership over the period from 2000 to 2018 in four English-speaking countries, covering Canada, America, Australia and New Zealand, in which all of them have long colonial history and Indigenous population. These reviews provide insights into the nature of this emergent literature and generate many implications that required for further research in Indigenous education leadership.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, a vote counting method was employed and a clearly delimited body of research on Indigenous education leadership was also identified. The vote counting method can enlarge the perspectives on the noticeable heterogeneity of Indigenous education leadership within the four English-speaking countries. This is the basic constitutive element for the development of a comparative literature in Indigenous education leadership. Moreover, this method can clearly calculate the annual number of articles about Indigenous education leadership, and the various methods used in the publications of Indigenous education leadership can be figured out as well, which helps to find out the different patterns of changes on Indigenous education leadership.FindingsThis study identifies the patterns of Indigenous educational leadership research across four English-speaking countries, which will contribute to the development of research in this regard.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies about Indigenous educational leadership in the world. It will not only contribute to education practice but also leadership theory development.
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Романовская, Марина, and Marina Romanovskaya. "CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR HOMEOWNERS’ ASSOCIATION FRAUD IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 3, no. 4 (August 23, 2017): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_598063fb89c313.52285660.
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Relatively new type of business activity on apartment house management, which carry out the managing organizations, is on the hard way of development in present time. Numerous violations and crimes in this sphere are becoming more intellectual in nature. In some foreign countries the Association of homeowners (condominiums) is an analogue of our homeowners associations and the Institute of management of apartment houses has a long history. The author carried out the analysis of the main types of fraud in the apartment house management in the United States of America. Such acts include embezzlement (theft) of funds, violation of business law, falsification of the elections to the Board of the Association of owners of property, kickbacks in contracting, fictitious contracts. The main attention was focused on the specifics of the criminal-legal regulation of liability for fraudulent acts in the management of condominiums on the example of the criminal law of the State of California and certain judicial decisions.
In particular, the influence of Anglo-Saxon legal system has found the expression in the fact that the criteria for recognition of the person guilty of embezzlement (embezzlement) of funds of owners of property determined by case law, not criminal law.
The author has studied the positive experience of the counteraction of irregularities in the activities of the apartment house management by establishing the criminal prohibitions of the concealment or distortion of information on the financial status of the managing organization or condominium.
Study of the foreign experience of the classification of crime, counteraction of financial violations in the sphere of apartment building management and reparations for victims of financial crimes will be useful for the scientific understanding of the problem of combating crimes in the sphere of apartment house management in our country.
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Mijangos González, Javier. "La doctrina de la Drittwirkung der Grundrechte en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 20 (July 1, 2007): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.20.2007.6772.
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Through a study of the jurisprudence of the region over the last twenty years, it becomes possible to see that the CIDH has constructed an entire theory about the applicability of fundamental rights in relations between individuals in Latin America. Through this theory it has addressed the most important social problems in contemporary Latin American history, thus contributing to the transition to democracy for many countries in the region. The study will analyze the stages that the jurisprudence of the CIDH has passed through and which have led to the current criteria that this organization uses. The first stage consists of a series of rulings whose common denominator is the analysis of the obligation of respect and vigilance for fundamental rights by the states listed in article 1.1 of the American Convention on Human Rights. This principle, which is ever-present in its jurisprudence, brings the Inter-American Court to approaches that are similar to those proposed by the United States doctrine of state action, as it makes use of a good number of rulings made by the Supreme Court of the United States between 1960 and 1980. In the second stage, the importance originally placed on determining the characteristics of the agent who committed the violation of fundamental rights is replaced by a series of approaches in which the nature of the actual violation itself becomes the focus. In this phase, the Inter-American Court establishes the idea that the fundamental rights listed in the Convention are erga omnes obligations that are imposed not only in relation to the power of the State but also with respect to the actions of third-party individuals. Finally, the third stage in the evolution of the court’s jurisprudence is represented by the most pertinent case in this matter: Opinión Consultiva 18/03, requested by the United Mexican States regarding the legal status of immigrants. This resolution, which has established a trend up until today, definitively establishes the direct effectiveness of the fundamental rights in relations between individuals.
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Sargent, Sarah. "“Fractured Resemblances”: Contested Multinational Heritage and Soft Power." International Journal of Cultural Property 27, no. 1 (February 2020): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739120000041.
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Abstract:Intangible cultural heritage elements are shared across state borders. In many instances, states join in multinational nominations to inscribe the heritage element in a way that reflects this reality. But, at times, states are unwilling or unable to cooperate in a mutual nomination that reflects the shared nature of the heritage element. The consequence of this is that heritage elements can then be nominated by individual states without any reflection of the multinational or cross-border nature of the element; thus leaving the heritage elements shorn of this aspect of their nature. The current international heritage legal regime, through the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, does not adequately acknowledge or address this problem. This article, through a case study of the successful nomination by Azerbaijan of the horseback game of chovqan, examines the causes and consequences of these “fractured resemblances.” It analyzes the links between cultural heritage, conflict, and the use of heritage as a form of soft power. It focuses on the use of single-state inscription as a soft-power means of obtaining international prestige and support and the resultant effects on shared cultural heritage elements. From this, suggestions for changes to international heritage laws for the inscription of cultural heritage are suggested to accommodate the reality of the connection between cultural heritage, conflict, and power and to avoid the occurrence of “fractured resemblances” of heritage shared across state lines.
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Bettinger, Pete, Krista Merry, and Jonathan Stober. "A Hierarchical Binary Process Model to Assess Deviation from Desired Ecological Condition across a Broad Forested Landscape in Alabama." Land 11, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11060775.
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This work describes the development and analysis of a spatially explicit environmental model to estimate the current, ecological, condition class of a managed forest landscape in the southern United States. The model could be extendable to other similar temperate forest landscapes, yet is characterized as a problem-specific, hierarchical, binary process model given the explicit relationships it recognizes between the management of southern United States pine-dominated natural forests and historical ecological conditions. The model is theoretical, based on informed proposals of the landscape processes that influence the ecological condition, and their relationship to perceived ecological condition. The modeling effort is based on spatial data that describe the historical forest community classes, forest plan provisions, fire history, silvicultural treatments, and current vegetation conditions, and six potential ecological condition classes (ECC) are assigned to lands. A case study was provided involving a large national forest, and validation of the outcomes of the modelling effort suggested that the overall accuracy when predicting the exact ecological condition class was about 46%, while the overall accuracy ±1 class was about 81%. For large, heterogeneous forest areas, issues remain in estimating the input variables relatively accurately, particularly the pine basal area.
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Hankins, Barry. "Southern Baptists and Northern Evangelicals: Cultural Factors and the Nature of Religious Alliances." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 7, no. 2 (1997): 271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.1997.7.2.03a00050.
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At times in history, groups of people with very different ideologies have allied with one another because of a common threat. The most striking example of this was the World War II alliance of the United States and the Soviet Union. In a religious matter, Baptists and other free-church evangelicals in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries joined with deists like Thomas Jefferson to combat the threat to religious liberty posed by the establishment of religion. At other times, groups with similar ideas have been unable to come together because they did not share similar attitudes toward or positions within their cultures. This essay is concerned with the latter phenomenon and uses Southern Baptists and northern evangelicals as a case study. The historical relationship of these two groups illustrates something profound about the very nature of religious alliances; specifically, it illustrates how cultural factors and intuitive notions of uneasiness about theological security determine whether or not religious groups with great theological similarities can find common ground.
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Baltazar, Isabel. "The European Union is at a crossroads." Debater a Europa, no. 25 (December 28, 2021): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_25_1.
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This study presents the history of European unity in the contemporary period and how the European federation project was being presented for the constitution of the United States of Europe. Then the way to a European Union with one voice, in the history of European integration, in a sovereignty shared by the States, not always uniting all the members, in the same integration, posing the question of a Europe at different speeds. At European crossroads, it is not always possible to reach an understanding among all nations, on how to achieve this European Union. It is here that the question arises of a Europe at various speeds, in which some states agree to further deepen, and others, or due to the lack of possibility of convergence, for economic reasons, as in the case of the Euro, are left out of certain integration policies. However, what we want to reflect on is that the process of European construction maintains its unity around its fundamental values, although policies can adjust to concrete situations, which do not invalidate their essential nature, ends and objectives, or that is, despite these different “speeds”, depending on the situation and the will of the states, the project itself always maintains the European Union as a whole.
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Woods, Kimberly, Jillian L. Wendt, Amy Barrios, and Rebecca Lunde. "An Examination of the Relationship between Generation, Gender, Subject Area, and Technology Efficacy among Secondary Teachers in the United States." International Journal of Technology in Education 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijte.126.
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The current study uses a correlation design and multiple linear regression to determine whether generation, gender, and subject area predict teachers’ technology efficacy as measured by the Technology Proficiency Self-Assessment for 21st Century Leaning (TPSA C-21). An online survey was provided to all participants. The survey consisted of demographic questions and a technology self-efficacy instrument. Results demonstrate that gender and generation are statistically significant predictors of technology efficacy, namely on the Total, WWW, Integrated Applications, and Emerging Technologies Skills subscales of the TPSA C-21. The subject area variable, however, did not demonstrate a statistically significant ability to predict teacher technology efficacy scores on any subscale of the TPSA C-21. The findings of the current study add to the existing body of literature by enhancing understanding of the teachers’ perceptions of technology efficacy in one geographic location in the US. These findings are timely, especially given the largely technology dependent nature of education—whether in physical classrooms or in virtual settings and the increasing necessity of using technological tools in education settings. Implications are discussed, including suggestions for future research.
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North, Diane M. T. "California and the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic." California History 97, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.3.3.
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The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic remains the deadliest influenza pandemic in recorded history. It started in the midst of World War I and killed an estimated 50–100 million people worldwide, many from complications of pneumonia. Approximately 500 million, or one-third of the world's population, became infected. In the United States, an estimated 850,000 died. The exceptionally contagious, unknown strain of influenza virus spread rapidly and attacked all ages, but it especially targeted young adults (ages twenty to forty-four). This essay examines the evolution of four waves of the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, emphasizes the role of the U.S. Navy and sea travel as the initial transmitters of the virus in the United States, and focuses on California communities and military installations as a case study in the response to the crisis. Although the world war, limited medical science, and the unknown nature of the virus made it extremely difficult to fight the disease, the responses of national, state, and community leaders to the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic can provide useful lessons in 2020, as the onslaught of COVID-19 forces people worldwide to confront a terrible illness and death.
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Matta, Raúl. "Heritage Foodways as Matrix for Cultural Resurgence: Evidence from Rural Peru." International Journal of Cultural Property 26, no. 1 (February 2019): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073911900002x.
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Abstract:This article explores critical directions in the study of cultural heritage and, in particular, food heritage research. Its goal is to deliver insight into local perspectives produced outside mainstream heritage organizations. Strategies implemented jointly by peasant farmers of rural Peru and non-governmental organizations committed to promoting cultural resurgence show how food discloses the symbiotic relation between nature and culture in these indigenous worlds, and allows for claims grounded in social, political, and economic imaginaries. The initiatives described in this article develop within transnational networks of partners and interlocutors but outside of universalist pretensions. They constitute food heritage that differs from that of global cultural actors such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the United Nations by addressing only the needs of local communities and not complying with mechanisms that bring prestige and revenues to states and powerful cultural entrepreneurs. Globally nurtured, but locally implemented, these locally based initiatives seek out and take advantage of opportunities in strategic, proactive fashions.
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Gruzdev, Vladimir Sergeevich. "Genesis, nature, and specificity of application of realistic approach in the history of American legal thought." Юридические исследования, no. 2 (February 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2021.2.35019.
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The subject of the study is the American legal thought of the period of its establishment and theoretical conceptualization, which was closely related to such characteristic as the realistic approach towards law that stood apart in the sociological and realistic directions. The attempts of interpreting the views of this regional intellectual group of legal experts as the classical version of legal realism are subjected to critical reevaluation. For assessing the specificity and content of the direction of legal thought referred to as “American legal realism”, the author explores the philosophical-methodological grounds of the cognition of law and interpretation of its concepts in the context of the aforementioned trend, separate substantial aspects of the genesis of realistic approach towards legal problematic in the history of American legal thought, as well as specificity of such characteristics of the court function as “judicial legislation” in through the prism of “legal realism”. The novelty of this research consists in detailed clarification of certain essential aspects of the genesis and evolution of American legal thought. Emphasis is placed on the poorly studied aspects of the criticism of legal realism in American literature. The latter is used rarely or fragmentally in the Russian research dedicated to the application of realistic approach towards law in the United States, including correlations with some European direction of “realistic” jurisprudence. Examination of philosophical-methodological framework of American legal realism allows revealing significant inaccuracies and distortions in classification of this trend as realistic, which in fact is rather of nominalistic nature. Realistic in relation to this trend of American legal thought is applicable only to separate characteristics of the sociological study of justice.
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Raman, Hari S., David D. Limbrick, Wilson Z. Ray, Dean W. Coble, Sophie Church, Ralph G. Dacey, and Gregory J. Zipfel. "Prevalence, management, and outcome of problem residents among neurosurgical training programs in the United States." Journal of Neurosurgery 130, no. 1 (February 2018): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.8.jns171719.
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OBJECTIVEThe challenging nature of neurosurgical residency necessitates that appropriate measures are taken by training programs to ensure that residents are properly progressing through their education. Residents who display a pattern of performance deficiencies must be identified and promptly addressed by faculty and program directors to ensure that resident training and patient care are not affected. While studies have been conducted to characterize these so-called “problem residents” in other specialties, no current data regarding the prevalence and management of such residents in neurosurgery exist. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and the outcome of problem residents in US neurosurgical residency programs and identify predictive risk factors that portend a resident’s departure from the program.METHODSAn anonymous nationwide survey was sent to all 108 neurosurgical training programs in the US to assess a 20-year history of overall attrition as well as the management course of problem residents, including the specific deficiencies of the resident, management strategies used by faculty, and the eventual outcome of each resident’s training.RESULTSResponses were received from 36 centers covering a total of 1573 residents, with the programs providing a mean 17.4 years’ worth of data (95% CI 15.3–19.4 years). The mean prevalence of problem residents among training programs was 18.1% (95% CI 14.7%–21.6%). The most common deficiencies recognized by program directors were poor communication skills (59.9%), inefficiency in tasks (40.1%), and poor fund of medical knowledge (39.1%). The most common forms of program intervention were additional meetings to provide detailed feedback (93.9%), verbal warnings (78.7%), and formal written remediation plans (61.4%). Of the identified problem residents whose training status is known, 50% graduated or are on track to graduate, while the remaining 50% ultimately left their residency program for other endeavors. Of the 97 residents who departed their programs, 65% left voluntarily (most commonly for another specialty), and 35% were terminated (often ultimately training in another neurosurgery program). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, the following 3 factors were independently associated with departure of a problem resident from their residency program: dishonesty (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.67–6.253), poor fund of medical knowledge (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.47–4.40), and poor technical skill (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.37–4.12).CONCLUSIONSThe authors’ findings represent the first study to characterize the nature of problem residents within neurosurgery. Identification of predictive risk factors, such as dishonesty, poor medical knowledge, and/or technical skill, may enable program directors to preemptively act and address such deficiencies in residents before departure from the program occurs. As half of the problem residents departed their programs, there remains an unmet need for further research regarding effective remediation strategies.
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Gorban, Vladimir Sergeevich, and Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev. "The Nature and Main Activities of the American Bar Association." Юридические исследования, no. 12 (December 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2022.12.39414.
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The subject of the study is the problems of the participation of public organizations in ensuring and improving the legal regulation of public relations, as well as the coordination of professional activities of lawyers, analyzed by the example of the functioning of the American Bar Association. The article examines and highlights the issues of the history of the formation of the legal profession and legal education in the United States, the formation of a professional association of lawyers in this country, its status and main activities. Previously, the issues of the organization and activities of the American Bar Association have not been studied in Russian legal science, although the results of such a study can serve as a comparative study of Russian and foreign experience on essential aspects of the functioning of professional associations of lawyers in Russia. The scientific novelty of the study is to highlight the nature and functions of the American Bar Association, which fills a significant gap in the study of foreign experience of professional associations of lawyers. The results obtained are based on original sources, acts and materials published directly by the American Bar Association, as well as commentatory literature. The features of the formation of the legal profession in the USA, the role and place of the association of lawyers, the nature of program documents and contradictory aspects of the implementation of the goals and objectives of this professional association in its practice are demonstrated, including conclusions about the importance of a number of targets that are implemented in the main modules of the activities of this public professional association.
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MacCurtain, Margaret, and Mary O’Dowd. "An agenda for women’s history in Ireland, 1500–1900: Part I: 1500–1800." Irish Historical Studies 28, no. 109 (May 1992): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400018551.
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In the last twenty years women’s history has emerged as a major field of scholarly inquiry. An extensive literature has accumulated on the history of women in western Europe and North America, and the contribution which women have made to many different aspects of western society has been rediscovered. New areas of study have been developed as the gender differences in men’s and women’s lives have been recognised and researched. The expanding secondary literature has also led to a lively debate about the purpose, methodology and theory of women’s history. A central focus of discussion has been the relationship between women’s history and mainstream history. Initially research on the history of women tended to work within the parameters of traditional history: to be fitted into its ‘empty spaces’. But dissatisfaction with the male-centred and patriarchal nature of the predominant historical discourse has led women historians to seek out new methodologies and to argue that consideration of history from the perspective of women, as well as of men, is a major challenge to the whole nature of historical inquiry. As Gerda Lerner, a pioneer of women’s history in the United States, put it, women’s history challenges the traditional assumption that man is the measure of all that is significant, and that the activities pursued by men are by definition significant, while those pursued by women are subordinate in importance. It challenges the notion that civilization is that which men have created, defended, and advanced while women had babies and serviced families and to which they, occasionally and in a marginal way, ‘contributed’.
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Tatyana, Zvereva. "Francois Mitterrand as an Outstanding French Politician of the 20th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021281-8.
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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the life and professional path of the outstanding French politician of the twentieth century, the creator of the Socialist Party F. Mitterrand. Special attention is paid to the study of France's domestic and foreign policy after his election as president in 1981. The specifics of his approach to international affairs were expressed in a combination of messianism and pragmatism. In relations with the United States, France adhered to the principle of “friend, ally, but not vassal”. In general, it is concluded that F. Mitterrand’s life and professional path reflects both the inner wealth and the complex and extremely contradictory nature of the French political tradition.
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Raikova, Vera A. "The Moscow Embassy of George Kennan and American Diplomacy in the Cold War." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 515–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.212.
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This paper studies the operations of the Embassy of the United States of America in Moscow headed by G. F. Kennan (May — September 1952) in the context of Cold War diplomatic history. Based on an analysis of documents located in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, this study focuses on such key international issues as peaceful settlement of the Korean war, resolution of the German issue, and the signing of a treaty protecting fur seals in the Pacific basin. This article highlights the role of the American Embassy in Moscow, and of Ambassador Kennan in particular, in the discussion of these issues, and the nature of the embassy staff members’ interactions with Soviet authorities. The archival materials concerning the Soviet-American relations in 1952 provide clear evidence that the diplomatic corps faced severe difficulties under the conditions of military and political confrontation of the Cold War. The paper also elucidates the reasons for declaring Kennan persona non grata. Finally, the author considers the influence of the Moscow ambassadorship on Kennan’s perception of communism and the Soviet social system. He became convinced not only of the Soviet political system’s bureaucratic inertia and clumsiness, its excessive centralization, and its total focus on Stalin’s personality, but also of the extreme straightforwardness and uncompromising nature of American foreign policy towards the Soviet Union.
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Schwehn, Mark. "A “Dying Light” or a Newborn Enlightenment: Religion and Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century." History of Education Quarterly 45, no. 3 (2005): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00048.x.
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During the 1980s, when I first began to study the nature and the history of higher education in the United States, I relied quite heavily upon Laurence R. Veysey's The Emergence of the American University, Given my own particular interests, as much personal as they were professional, in the relationship between religion and higher learning, I found myself constantly returning to Veysey in preference to other syntheses for a densely textured, lucidly written, always thoughtful account of the change from a largely Christian network of mid-nineteenth century colleges to a system of higher education dominated by the secular research university. Veysey's account has by now been largely superseded, especially after the 1980s, in part by histories that, unlike Veysey's, maintain close attention to religion, both during the period that he focused upon and beyond it up to at least the period during which he wrote his book (the 1960s). Even so, both in its details and in its overall design, The Emergence of the American University has proven to be remarkably durable, some of it quite prescient, and I believe that it can still be profitably used to consider what positive role, if any, religion might play in strengthening the character of higher education in the United States today.
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Morris MacLean, Lauren. "Empire of the Young: The Legacies of State Agricultural Policy on Local Capitalism and Social Support Networks in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire." Comparative Studies in Society and History 46, no. 3 (July 2004): 469–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417504000246.
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While most American academics and policymakers are familiar with the problems facing the growing elderly population in the United States, many are surprised to learn of the troubles confronting the aged in Africa. In stark contrast to the mythic image of the tightly-knit extended family, where grandparents are lovingly cared for as a respected and integral part of the family unit, is the unforgiving reality of hunger, ill health, and loneliness that is the daily existence for many elderly Africans. It is critical that the problems of the aged in Africa and other parts of the developing world be examined, but we must recognize that these problems do not signify a simple convergence toward a common social ill across the globe. Rather, the nature of inter-generational solidarity varies, sometimes dramatically, over time and across contexts. This study employs a comparative analysis to reveal important differences in the nature of inter-generational solidarity over time between two similar sub-regions in neighboring Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire in West Africa, and asks what explains those differences.
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Roman, Lara, Indigo Catton, Eric Greenfield, Hamil Pearsall, Theodore Eisenman, and Jason Henning. "Linking Urban Tree Cover Change and Local History in a Post-Industrial City." Land 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040403.
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Municipal leaders are pursuing ambitious goals to increase urban tree canopy (UTC), but there is little understanding of the pace and socioecological drivers of UTC change. We analyzed land cover change in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (United States) from 1970–2010 to examine the impacts of post-industrial processes on UTC. We interpreted land cover classes using aerial imagery and assessed historical context using archival newspapers, agency reports, and local historical scholarship. There was a citywide UTC increase of +4.3 percentage points. Substantial UTC gains occurred in protected open spaces related to both purposeful planting and unintentional forest emergence due to lack of maintenance, with the latter phenomenon well-documented in other cities located in forested biomes. Compared to developed lands, UTC was more persistent in protected open spaces. Some neighborhoods experienced substantial UTC gains, including quasi-suburban areas and depopulated low-income communities; the latter also experienced decreasing building cover. We identified key processes that drove UTC increases, and which imposed legacies on current UTC patterns: urban renewal, urban greening initiatives, quasi-suburban developments, and (dis)investments in parks. Our study demonstrates the socioecological dynamism of intra-city land cover changes at multi-decadal time scales and the crucial role of local historical context in the interpretation of UTC change.
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Comer, Patrick J., Jon C. Hak, Daryn Dockter, and Jim Smith. "Integration of vegetation classification with land cover mapping: lessons from regional mapping efforts in the Americas." Vegetation Classification and Survey 3 (February 15, 2022): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs.67537.
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Aims: Natural resource management and biodiversity conservation rely on inventories of vegetation that span multiple management or political jurisdictions. However, while remote sensing data and analytical tools have enabled production of maps at increasing spatial resolution and reliability, there are limited examples where national or continental-scaled maps are produced to represent vegetation at high thematic detail. We illustrate two examples that have bridged the gap between traditional land cover mapping and modern vegetation classification. Study area: Our two case studies include national (USA) and continental (North and South America) vegetation and land cover mapping. These studies span conditions from subpolar to tropical latitudes of the Americas. Methods: Both case studies used a supervised modeling approach with the International Vegetation Classification (IVC) to produce maps that provide for greater thematic detail. Georeferenced locations for these vegetation types are used by machine learning algorithms to train a predictive model and generate a distribution map. Results: The USALANDFIRE (Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Project) case study illustrates how a history of vegetation-based classification and availability of key inputs can come together to generate standard map products covering more than 9.8 million km2 that are unsurpassed anywhere in the world in terms of spatial and thematic resolution. That being said, it also remains clear that mapping at the thematic resolution of the IVC Group and finer resolution require very large and spatially balanced inputs of georeferenced samples. Even with extensive prior data collection efforts, these remain a key limitation. The NatureServe effort for the Americas - encompassing 22% of the global land surface - demonstrates methods and outputs suitable for worldwide application at continental scales. Conclusions: Continued collection of input data used in the case studies could enable mapping at these spatial and thematic resolutions around the globe. Abbreviations: CART = Classification and Regression Tree; CONUS = Conterminous United States; DSWE = Dynamic Surface Water Extent; EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency; FGDC = Federal Geographic Data Committee; IVC = International Vegetation Classification; LANDFIRE = Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Project; LFRDB = LANDFIRE Reference Database; LiDAR = Light Detection and Ranging; NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NLCD = National Land Cover Database; USNVC = United States National Vegetation Classification; USA = United States of America; WWF = World Wildlife Fund or Worldwide Fund for Nature.
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Garthoff, Raymond L. "Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 6, no. 2 (April 2004): 21–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039704773254759.
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Foreign intelligence played a number of important roles in the Cold War, but this topic has not received the scholarly attention it deserves. This survey article provides a broad overview of some of the new literature and documentation pertaining to Cold War era intelligence, as well as the key dimensions of the topic. Despite the continued obstacles posed by secrecy and the mixed reliability of sources, the publication of numerous memoirs and the release of a huge volume of fresh archival material in the post— Cold War era have opened new opportunities to study the role of intelligence in Cold War history. Scholars should explore not only the “micro level” of the problem (the impact of intelligence on specific events) but also the “macro level,” looking at the many ways that the Cold War as a whole (its origins, its course, and its outcome) was influenced, perhaps even shaped, by the intelligence agencies of the United States, the Soviet Union, and other key countries. It is also crucial to examine the unintended consequences of intelligence activities. Some interesting examples of “blowback” (effects that boomerang against the country that initiated them) have recently come to light from intelligence operations that the United States undertook against the Soviet Union. Only by understanding the complex nature of the role of intelligence during the Cold War will we be able to come to grips with the historiographic challenge that the topic poses.
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Lähteenmäki, Mika. "Contextualising Baxtin’s Linguistic Ideas." Historiographia Linguistica 39, no. 2-3 (November 23, 2012): 305–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.2-3.06lah.
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Summary This article discusses the origins and formation of the notion of ‘metalinguistics’ in Mixail Mixajlovič Baxtin’s (1895–1975) writings. It is argued that the discussion of metalinguistics and the division of labour within the study of language in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s may have exerted a more profound influence on the formation of Baxtin’s linguistic views than was previously thought. The article investigates the nature and extent of this interaction and shows that there are interesting parallels between Baxtin’s conception of metalinguistics and the metalinguistics writings of George L. Trager (1906–1992). This suggests that, apart from any purely terminological influence, the way in which Baxtin defined the scope of his metalinguistics as a specific discipline separate from linguistics may have been inspired by the writings of the American structuralists.
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Veselov, V. A. "A Long Shadow of World War II: Development of the National Security Concept in the United States." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 85–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-85-130.
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In recent years, the history of World War II has transformed into a battlefield in its own right in the ‘war of memory’. Besides the clear fact that the current attempts to revise the results of this war reflect the contemporary international tensions, yet another factor should be noted. The ‘shadow’ of the Second World War appears to be very long. It manifests itself not only in the contemporary system of international relations, but also in the fact that we still view the world around through the prism of concepts that appeared during the state of war and still bear its mark. Particularly, the concept of national security. This paper examines the emergence and development of this concept in the United States. The author notes that although the concept of national security existed throughout the 20th century, before World War II it was identified primarily with the defense of the state. The paper examines how lessons of the Second World War led to a rethinking of this concept, and how approaches to national security evolved during the war and immediately after it. Special attention is given to discussions that preceded the adoption of the National Security Act of 1947, as well as to its initial results. The author demonstrates that the national security concept was based on a fundamental recognition of the existence of a special state between peace and war. For successful functioning within this state, the government needs to rely on a wide range of tools of both economic and military-political and ideological nature. Based on the lessons from the war, national security was viewed as an ‘overarching structure’, aimed not only at integrating various components of the state’s policy, but also at eliminating any contradictions that may arise between them. On the other hand, the author emphasizes that from the very beginning the national security concept had a pronounced proactive, offensive and expansionist character. Being considered as an antipode to the concept of collective security, this concept reflected the will of the US elites not only to get integrated in the existing system of international relations, but to create a new one, which would be based on the American values and would ensure the stable functioning of the US economy. The author concludes that it is precisely the multidimensionality of the national security concept caused by the multidimensional nature of the challenges of World War II that explains its continued relevance for the study of world politics.
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Li, Zhengpeng, Hua Shi, James E. Vogelmann, Todd J. Hawbaker, and Birgit Peterson. "Assessment of Fire Fuel Load Dynamics in Shrubland Ecosystems in the Western United States Using MODIS Products." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12121911.
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Assessing fire behavior in shrubland/grassland ecosystems of the western United States has proven especially problematic, in part due to the complex nature of the vegetation and its relationships with prior fire history events. Our goals in this study were (1) to determine if we can effectively leverage the high temporal resolution capabilities of current remote sensing systems such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to improve upon shrub and grassland mapping and (2) to determine if these improvements alter and improve fire behavior model results in these grass- and shrub-dominated systems. The study focused on the shrublands and grasslands of the Owyhee Basin, which is located primarily in southern Idaho. Shrubland and grassland fuel load dynamics were characterized using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Net Primary Production (NPP) datasets (both derived from MODIS). NDVI shrub and grassland values were converted to biomass, and custom fire behavior fuel models were then developed to evaluate the impacts of surface fuel changes on fire behaviors. Results from the study include the following: (1) high intra- and interannual spectral variability characterized these shrubland/grassland ecosystems, and this spectral variability was highly correlated with climate variables, most notably precipitation; (2) fire activity had a higher likelihood of occurring in areas where the NDVI (and biomass) differential between spring and summer values was especially high; (3) the annual fuel loads estimated from MODIS NPP showed that live herbaceous fuel loads were closely correlated with annual precipitation; (4) estimated fuel load accumulation was higher on shrublands than grasslands with the same vegetation productivity; (5) the total fuel load on shrublands was impacted by shrubland age, and live woody fuel load was over 66% of the total fuel load; and (6) comparisons of simulated fire behavior and spread between dynamic and static fuel loads, the latter estimates being obtained from the operational and nationwide LANDFIRE program, showed clear differences in fire indices and fire burn areas between the dynamic fuel loads and the static fuel loads. Current standard fuel models appear to have bias in underestimating the fire spread and total burnable area.
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Hall-Lew, Lauren, and Rebecca L. Starr. "Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area." English Today 26, no. 3 (August 24, 2010): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078410000155.
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The concept of immigrant generation is complex. Americans use the ordinal designations first-, second-, third-, even ‘1.5’-generation to refer to individuals' varying relationship to their family's moment of immigration. But these terms are much more fluid in practice than the rigidity of the numbers implies, and the nature of that fluidity is changing over time. Furthermore, different waves of immigration mean different experiences of generation identity; a first-generation immigrant in the 1880s entered an American community that was drastically different than the one a first-generation immigrant enters today.One example of these shifts in the meaning of immigrant generation is among Asian Americans across the country, particularly those in California. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between language and immigrant generation with respect to Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California, the region of the United States with the longest history of Chinese immigration and settlement. We focus in particular on the pronunciation of English, drawing on data collected in the Bay Area from 2008–2009 to argue that Chinese cultural and linguistic practices are gaining currency in the wider community. Our discussion looks at the experiences of third and higher immigrant generations, especially as they interact with more recent waves of immigrants, and the resulting dominance of Chinese and other Asian identities across the Bay Area. The layered and rapidly shifting Chinese American experience suggests potential future directions for the study of other immigrant communities in the United States.
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Güneş, Serkan, and Merve Yavuz. "The impact of creative industries in the process of development after trauma." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 19, 2016): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v2i1.925.
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In history of states and societies, there are milestones that fundamentally alters their future. Whereas victories, innovations and scientific advances lead to prosperity and happiness in society, factors like epidemics, natural disasters, moral corruption or wars which will be focused on study cause grief, turmoil, and collapse. The major transformative events of the 21st century for societies were The World War 1, particularly The World War 2. The remainder of them are millions of deaths of people, irreversible destruction against nature, famine, hunger and misery. After Second World War, two great powers United States and Soviet Russia shaped the world policy by creating a bipolar world. The world was divided into a US-led Western Bloc and a Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. It is called Cold War Era which will last until 1990s. War unsettled the balances, radically changed the peoples’ social, economic and political lives. The new nation-states emerged, empires and countries collapsed. After that, states developed various economic recovery strategies. Little government achieved development by adapting changing conditions in this process and survived. Throughout history, economic growth models are constantly changed depending on evolving conditions. When it comes to 20st century, along with globalization, concepts such as innovation, creativity, knowledge-intensive sectors revealed. Industries in which individual creativity and talent became an economic value and created employment and prosperity defined as creative industries. In the study, the impact of the creative industries in the process of development after trauma will be examined. It will be discussed that the economic development model can be created for today’s countries which are still under the sway of trauma and become more and more dependent. To do this, economic development of West German will be compared in the historical process.Keywords: Product design, Creative Industries, Knowledge Economy, Economic Development, Innovation, Technology.
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Becker, Mary, and Noreen Tuross. "Novel Approaches for Assessing the Preservation of Historic Silks: A Case Study of the First Ladies' Gowns." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 1 (January 1992): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400043256.
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Friable natural products are often used in articles of personal adornment, and the perishable nature of these materials presents a unique challenge to museums. At the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, a collection of gowns worn by the First Ladies of the United States is a popular display of historical and sentimental import. Opened to the public on February 1, 1914, fifteen gowns were displayed as part of a “Period Costumes“ exhibit in the U.S. National Museum (now known as the Arts and Industries Building). Within just a few years, the exhibit was recognized as “one of the most interesting and popular in the Museum.” A First Ladies' Hall was created in the mid-1950s to exhibit the gown collection in period room settings. This design theme continued when the Hall moved to the Museum of American History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History) in 1964. The First Ladies' Hall was closed for renovation in 1987, allowing the curatorial staff to reassess the collection's use and conservators to perform long overdue examinations and treatments. Reinstallation of the exhibit is scheduled for spring 1992.The First Ladies' conservation project includes a history of each gown's use and exhibition as related to its physical condition and also includes stabilization treatments to meet the demands of future display. The current conservation project provided an unusual opportunity for extensive research into fabric deterioration of a popular and important collection. The goals of the research are twofold: first, to determine each object's state of preservation by studying the effectivenss of several analytical approaches with minimal destructive sampling and, second, to begin investigating the mechanisms involved in the degradation of silk, the material predominant in this collection.
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Ustiashvili,, Samin. "Iran-US relations; The Middle East issues." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 10 (October 21, 2021): 780–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i10.sh02.
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Iran-US relations have historically been of particular importance to both sides. The ups and downs of this relationship and its causes and factors have always been considered by international relations researchers and thinkers, including the two countries' experts. This article aims to examine Israel's role in perpetuating the strained relations between Iran and the United States. The continuing turmoil and the severance of official relations between Iran and the United States, given the historical background of relations between the two countries, the existence of shared regional interests, along with the opportunities to repair and improve relations, raises the question of international relations researchers why relations between the two countries are still strained as Iran enters the fourth decade of its revolution. What are the leading causes and factors of the continuation of the strained relations between the two countries? In response to various hypotheses, the author cites a drastic change in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards Israel - compared to the pre-revolutionary period - the main factor in the continuation of hostility between the two countries and Iran's opposition to Israel. Therefore, considering the opposition to the Middle East peace process as the main factor of the current situation, it has tried to confirm the mentioned hypothesis by presenting evidence and analyzing documents. This article has been written with a genealogical (historical-analytical) approach and has a review nature. To attain the specifications of this research, a descriptive methodology will be used. The advantages presented by this method include enabling the collection of a significant amount of data at once. The scientific findings of this study indicate the undeniable effect of the Israeli variable on Iran-US relations.
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Oficialdegui, Francisco J., Marta I. Sánchez, Christophe Lejeusne, Nic Pacini, and Miguel Clavero. "Brought more than twice: the complex introduction history of the red swamp crayfish into Europe." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 421 (December 10, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2019044.
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One of the biggest challenges in understanding and managing biological invasions is the identification of the routes of introduction. This information is often incomplete because of unnoticed, unreported and, sometimes, illegal translocations. Reports on the introduction of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) into Europe describe that it was introduced for the first time to southern Spain (1973 and 1974) from Louisiana; from there, it rapidly spread throughout several European countries. While other importation events and pathways of introduction have been suggested in the literature, there is no evidence that these led to wild populations in Europe. Our present study suggests two additional introduction routes into Europe from non-European areas where the red swamp crayfish had previously been reported. By using mtDNA, we found a shared haplotype between the Lake Naivasha in Kenya and Western Europe, as well as another between either western United States or Asia, and Malta. These findings support historical reports found in the literature for the former case and also point towards pet trade as driver of new introductions for the latter, thus highlighting the complex introduction history of the red swamp crayfish populations in Europe.
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Lenihan, Daniel J., Ravi Potluri, Hitesh Bhandari, Sandip Ranjan, and Clara Chen. "Evaluation of Cardiovascular Comorbidities Among Patients with Multiple Myeloma in the United States." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4794.4794.
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Abstract Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is typically diagnosed in older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of 69 years and the majority diagnosed between ages 65 and 74 years. It might be expected that cardiovascular disease (CVD) would be common in this patient population but currently there is little data about CVD in this population. CVD events may be consequences of age-related comorbidities, CVD itself, or anti-MM treatment received. Anthracycline chemotherapy, certain proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs have been reported to increase the risk of CVD complications. Objective: To determine the prevalence of CVD comorbidities among MM patients in the period prior to receiving anti-MM treatment as observed in a US claims database, in order to understand the magnitude of these risks in a 'real-world' practice setting. Methods: Patients with a diagnosis ICD-9 code for MM were identified in MarketScan Commercial and Medicare claims databases from 7/1/2012 to 9/30/2014. The index date was the first claim of an anti-MM drug in this period, which was preceded by a 6-month baseline period with continuous medical and prescription drug coverage and no claims for another anti-MM drug. CVD comorbidities included cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac failure, stroke, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, venous thromboembolism (VTE), angina, coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI). Descriptive statistics were used to measure and report demographics and patient characteristics. Prevalence of CVD in MM patients was adjusted for the age and sex profile of the general US population and compared with prevalence reported in the literature for the US population. Patients were also divided into subgroups according to the anti-MM regimen received, and the prevalence of CVD by subgroup was assessed. Results: 4,635 patients met the study eligibility criteria (median age 64 years, 57% male, 42% with Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥2). Of these, 28%, 21%, 32% and 18% were in the North Central, Northeast, South and West regions, respectively. During the baseline period, CVD was present in 66% (n=3,048) of patients with MM. Relative to the general US adult population, annual standardized prevalence rates in this MM population were 22.0, 12.0, 2.8, 2.1 and 1.1 times higher for arrhythmia, VTE, cardiac failure, coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension, respectively, while being 82%, 73% and 32% lower for angina, stroke and MI, respectively. It is possible that patients with a history of these acute CVD events were less likely to receive an anti-MM drug (Table). Further, the prevalence of baseline CVD events in patients receiving carfilzomib was 34%, 52%, 43%, 30% and 47% lower for arrhythmia, cardiac failure, ischemic heart disease, hypertension and coronary atherosclerosis, respectively, than in those not receiving carfilzomib. Conclusion: Compared with the general US adult population, patients with MM appear to have a higher prevalence of CVD comorbidities relevant to anti-MM treatment. The lower rates of baseline CVD events suggests clinicians may avoid using carfilzomib in MM patients who are at risk of CVD. Given the chronic nature of MM and the need for long-term care, CVD comorbidities should be ascertained and taken into consideration when selecting appropriate treatment to manage the clinical and economic burden associated with such conditions. Table Table. Disclosures Lenihan: BMS, Roche, Amgen (Consultancy); Takeda (Research Funding): Consultancy, Research Funding. Potluri:Janssen Research & Development, LLC: Other: Contracted to perform research; SmartAnalyst, Inc.: Employment. Bhandari:SmartAnalyst India Pvt. Ltd.: Employment. Ranjan:SmartAnalyst India Pvt. Ltd.: Employment. Chen:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Employment.
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Latypova, Nataliya. "Discussion on the Causes of the American Civil War (1861–1865): Periodization of Historiography." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2022): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.1.
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Introduction. The Civil War in the United States (1861–1865) has been of considerable interest to historians, lawyers, economists, and political scientists for more than 150 years. The internal political struggle that broke out in the middle of the 19th century between the two regions of the young democratic state seems to be a valuable object of research. However, scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the “inevitable conflict”, their transformation and rebirth depending on the historical period and the political situation are of even greater interest. This article attempts to summarize the main trends in the historiography of the causes of the Civil War in the United States, mainly in foreign historiography. Methods of research and materials. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods. The historical-legal, comparative method, as well as sociological, concrete-historical and systemic methods are used. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of mainly foreign historians, lawyers, political scientists and state historians. Analysis. Without denying the centrality of slavery among the causes of the Civil War, researchers identify religious, economic, political and social factors as the key determinants of the separatist movement in the South. A special place in American studies is occupied by the consideration of the role of African Americans in inciting conflict, the personality factor of A. Lincoln, as well as the influence of the abolitionist movement and journalists on the growing confrontation between the North and the South. At the same time, all directions, one way or another, boil down to the fact that it was slavery that was the fundamental cause of the Civil War. The peculiarities of the formation of each of the scientific directions were determined by the socio-economic and political conditions that took place in a particular historical period. Results. The periodization of scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the Civil War in the United States in the historical and legal literature can be carried out by dividing the research into three main periods: the “confrontational” (second half of the 19th century); the “socio-economic” (beginning – middle of the 20th century); the “industrial” (middle of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century). In the period from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, there is an obvious consensus on the central role of slavery among the determinants of war, but approaches to this problem in recent years have been characterized by interdisciplinarity, complexity, taking into account completely different sides of the conflict. Each of these areas has contributed to the formation of a holistic view of the causes of the Civil War, allowing us to realize the complex, multifaceted nature of the causes of the conflict and to reject two-dimensional approaches to their understanding. Key words: American Civil War, causes of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the United States, the Missouri Compromise, abolitionists, history of the USA.