Dissertations / Theses: 'Nature-based solution'

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Orta, Ortiz Maria Susana. "Scaling Nature-based Solutions in Urban Areas: Assessment Methods and Insights for Planning and Design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/355525.

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Nature-based solutions, through the protection, restoration, management, and creation of new and novel urban ecosystems and the provision of ecosystem services, constitute a promising option for pursuing urban sustainability. Despite the scientific evidence of numerous environmental, social, and economic benefits, pilot projects remain the dominant implementation mechanism of NbS in urban contexts. Considering this, the EU policy and scientific community promote scaling NbS, that is, their systematic integration in urban planning and other decision-making processes to impact more people over a longer time frame. This thesis addresses three main scaling mechanisms that can contribute to mainstream NbS in urban areas: the application of NbS in multiple contexts (scaling out), changes in planning regime (scaling up), and new thinking and values (scaling deep). The first part of the thesis assessed the three scaling mechanisms through a qualitative content analysis of policy and planning documents in a real-life Spanish multilevel planning and governance context. Several scaling patterns were identified, upon which planning characteristics that hinder signs of progress on the scaling out, scaling up, and scaling deep of NbS, as well as opportunities, emerged. The rest of the thesis focused on the key challenges of the scaling-out mechanism. The implementation of multiple NbS was simulated stepwise for the case study of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and curves of cumulative impacts were quantified in terms of ES supply and beneficiaries. The non-linear relationships between NbS implementation and impacts served to discuss critical issues for planning NbS scaling-out strategies. The last study of the thesis investigated the design of specific NbS at the local scale for urban stormwater management, considered a determinant issue for ensuring the adaptability and efficiency of scaled-out NbS. A review of the scientific literature identified a broad set of design variables, related impacts on runoff mitigation and stormwater treatment, and assessment indicators. By critically analyzing the relationship between design variables and impacts, the thesis drew some NbS design recommendations for practitioners. The thesis concluded by providing several insights for the NbS planning and design that can facilitate pursuing scaling goals in urban areas. Finally, further research opportunities emerged concerning assessment methods in various urban contexts and how actions across governance levels and sectors, the role of actors’ coalitions, and co-production/co-learning of knowledge can aid in supporting the flourishment of NbS in cities.

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GRASSO, DENIS. "Nature-Based-Solution e riduzione dei rischi idro-meteo climatici nei comparti industriali. Il caso applicativo della Regione Emilia-Romagna." Doctoral thesis, Università IUAV di Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11578/287383.

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La tesi si propone di indagare l’efficacia delle misure basate sulla natura (NBS) nel ridurre il livello di rischio a cui le imprese sono sempre più esposte in seguito all’aumento degli impatti meteo-climatici legati ai cambiamenti climatici e a definire uno schema concettuale per la valutazione del valore assicurativo delle soluzioni basate sulla natura (NBS) che consenta un allineamento teorico e pratico tra l’approccio territoriale della “pianificazione dell’adattamento” (CCA) e l’approccio di gestione del rischio di disastri (DRR). La possibilità di individuare e definire soluzioni efficaci alle due domande di ricerca è passata dalla definizione di una innovativa metodologia di analisi e valutazione di interventi NBS in grado di raccordare le metriche e i linguaggi della pianificazione urbanistica con quelle del mondo imprenditoriale e della finanza. Mediante l’utilizzo di un decision support system (DSS) selezionato tra decine di strumenti esistenti, si è modellizzata la capacità di tre misure NBS (Tetti verdi, aree verdi, superfici permeabili) nel ridurre i livelli di esposizione ai rischi climatici associati a due specifici eventi: le ondate di calore e le precipitazioni estreme. La metodologia di analisi elaborata è stata minuziosamente descritta al fine di metterne in evidenza punti di forza e di debolezza. Lo studio ha dimostrato in che misura e a quali condizioni gli interventi di tipo NBS sono efficaci nel ridurre i livelli di rischio a cui differenti tipologie di aziende e interi comparti industriali sono esposti e a cui saranno sempre più esposte nel medio (2030) e lungo termine (2050). Questa efficacia delle NBS nel ridurre i livelli di rischio è stata documentata in due differenti aree di studio, l’area industriale di Bomporto (Modena) e in quella del porto di Ravenna. Le evidenze pratiche ottenute mostrano come le misure NBS modellizzate sono in grado di esprimere la loro capacità di adattamento in due contesti profondamente diversi per profili di rischio e conformazione territoriale. Gli studi condotti hanno mostrato come la riduzione dei livelli di rischio e dei conseguenti danni conseguibili mediante la realizzazione di interventi NBS si attesta per l’area industriale di Bomporto al 32% nello scenario al 2030 e al 33% in quello al 2050 rispetto lo scenario del 2018. Per quanto riguarda l’area industriale di Ravenna invece, si attesta al 21% nello scenario al 2030 e al 25% in quello al 2050 rispetto allo scenario di riferimento (2018). Questo equivale ad una consistente riduzione dei livelli di rischio meteo climatici a cui le due aree di studio sono esposte, consentendo pertanto una forte riduzione della probabilità e della magnitudo degli eventi potenzialmente più gravi in termini di danni alle imprese. Si è infine mostrato come gli indici elaborati siano potenzialmente impiegabili in ambito assicurativo in diversi modi. Tale indice potrebbe essere collegato a prodotti assicurativi a mercato legati al tema delle catastrofi naturali con possibili sconti/sgravi nei premi per le imprese che documentano la realizzazione di interventi NBS. Si è inoltre evidenziato come un approccio di polo/area industriale consentirebbe di evitare fenomeni di selezione avversa o di discriminazione legati alla congiuntura economica delle aziende e a specifiche esposizioni al rischio meteo-climatico, permettendo di pianificare interventi multi impresa e di area vasta in cui il settore pubblico potrebbe avere un ruolo centrale come garante nelle situazioni più gravi.

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Babi, Almenar Javier. "Characterisation, biophysical modelling and monetary valuation of urban nature-based solutions as a support tool for urban planning and landscape design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/288810.

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The recognition of nature in the resolution of societal challenges has been growing in relevance. This recognition has been associated with the development of new concepts from science and policy such as natural capital, ecosystem services, green infrastructure, and more recently Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). NBS intends to address societal challenges in an effective and adaptive form providing economic, social, and environmental benefits. The overall aim of this PhD thesis is to develop an environmental and economic assessment of NBS for highly urbanised territories based on rationales and models underpinning ecosystem services, urban/landscape ecology, and life cycle thinking approaches. This combined evaluation approach would help to better understand if NBS are cost-effective or not. The aim is developed according to four specific objectives. The first objective corresponds to the characterisation of NBS in relation to urban contexts and the problematics that they can help to address or mitigate. To achieve this objective a critical review on the study of the relationship between NBS, ecosystem services (ES) and urban challenges (UC) was developed. As a main output, a graph of plausible cause-effect relationships between NBS, ES and UC is obtained. The graph represents a first step to support sustainable urban planning, moving from problems (i.e. urban challenges) to actions (i.e. NBS) to resolutions (i.e. ES). The second objective corresponds to the definition of an adequate set of biophysical and monetary assessment methods and indicators to evaluate the value of NBS in urbanised contexts. To achieve this objective, a review of existing methods on ecosystem services valuation, life cycle cost analysis and life-cycle assessment are developed. The review takes into account specific constraints such as easiness to use and availability of data. At the end, potential methods and indicators were selected, which will be later integrated in the combined assessment framework. The third objective corresponds to the design of a combined assessment framework integrating methods from life cycle assessment, landscape/urban ecology and ecosystem services that quantifies the environmental and economic value of NBS informing about the cost-effectiveness of its entire life cycle. To achieve this objective, a conceptual framework is developed. From it, a system dynamics model of ecosystem (dis)services is developed and coupled with a life cycle assessment method. The combined evaluation is tested with a relevant NBS type (i.e. urban forest) in a case study in the metropolitan area of Madrid. The fourth objective is the development of a decision support (DSS) tool that integrates the assessment framework as part of iterative design processes in urban planning and landscape design. The DSS intends to enhance the interrelation between science, policy and planning/design. To achieve this objective a user-friendly web-based prototype DSS on NBS, called NBenefit$®, is developed. The prototype DSS provides the user a simple form of quantifying the provision of multiple ES and costs over the entire life cycle (implementation, operational life, and end-of-life) of NBS. This thesis contributed to the characterisation of NBS and its environmental and economic assessment to inform urban planning and landscape design processes, allowing decisions that are more informed.
Il riconoscimento della natura nella risoluzione delle sfide sociali è diventato sempre più importante. Questo riconoscimento è stato associato allo sviluppo di nuovi concetti provenienti dalla scienza e dalla politica, come il capitale naturale, i servizi ecosistemici, le infrastrutture verdi e, più recentemente, le soluzioni basate sulla natura (NBS). NBS intende affrontare le sfide della società in una forma efficace e adattabile fornendo benefici economici, sociali e ambientali. Lo scopo di ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare una valutazione ambientale ed economica delle NBS per territori altamente urbanizzati basata su logiche e modelli che hanno alla base i servizi ecosistemici, l'ecologia urbana e paesaggistica e degli approcci di approcio life cycle. Questo quadro di valutazione combinato aiuterebbe a capire meglio se le NBS sono costo effetive e se contribuiscono a uno sviluppo resiliente e sostenibile. Questo scopo di ricerca è sviluppato secondo quattro obiettivi specifici. Il primo obiettivo corrisponde alla caratterizzazione delle NBS in relazione ai contesti urbani e alle problematiche che possono aiutare ad affrontare o mitigare. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stata sviluppata una revisione critica dell letteratura sullo studio della relazione tra NBS, servizi ecosistemici (ES) e sfide urbane (UC). Come risultato principale, si ottiene un grafico delle relazioni causa-effetto plausibili tra NBS, ES ed UC. Il grafico rappresenta un primo passo per supportare la pianificazione urbana sostenibile, passando dai problemi (es. UC) alle azioni (es. NBS) alle risoluzioni (es. ES). Il secondo obiettivo corrisponde alla definizione di un set di metodi e indicatori di valutazione biofisica e monetaria adeguate per valutare il valore della NBS in contesti urbanizzati. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, viene sviluppata una revisione dei metodi esistenti sulla valutazione dei servizi ecosistemici, l'analisi dei costi del ciclo di vita e la valutazione del ciclo di vita. La revisione tiene conto di vincoli specifici come la facilità d'uso e la disponibilità dei dati. Alla fine, sono stati selezionati potenziali metodi e indicatori, che saranno successivamente integrati nel quadro di valutazione combinato. Il terzo obiettivo corrisponde alla progettazione del quadro di valutazione combinato, integrando metodi di valutazione del ciclo di vita, ecologia paesaggistica / urbana e servizi ecosistemici che quantifica il valore ambientale ed economico della NBS informando sull'efficacia in termini di costi del suo intero ciclo di vita. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, prima viene sviluppato un quadro concettuale. Da esso, viene sviluppato un modello di dinamica di sistemi per calcolare i servizi (e disservici) ecosistemici, il quale è interrelazionato con un metodo di valutazione life cycle. Questa valutazione combinata viene testata con un tipo di NBS pertinente (foresta urbana) in un caso di studio nell'area metropolitana di Madrid. Il quarto obiettivo è lo sviluppo di uno strumento di supporto decisionale (DSS) che integri il quadro di valutazione come parte dei processi di progettazione iterativa nella pianificazione urbana e nella progettazione del paesaggio. Il DSS intende migliorare l'interrelazione tra scienza, politica e pianificazione / progettazione. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stato sviluppato Nbenefit$® un prototipo di DSS online per la valutazzione NBS di facile uso. Il prototipo DSS fornisce all'utente una forma semplice per quantificare multipli ES e costi (internalizatti o no) durante l'intero ciclo di vita (implementazione, vita operativa e fine vita) del NBS. In conclusione, questa tesi ha contribuito alla caratterizzazione di NBS e alla sua valutazione ambientale ed economica per informare i processi di pianificazione urbana e progettazione del paesaggio, consentendo decisioni più informate.

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BARAVIKOVA, ALIAKSANDRA. "Dealing with conceptual ambiguity on the ground: how practitioners in Europe operationalise the international policy rhetoric on urban climate adaptation." Doctoral thesis, Gran Sasso Science Institute, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12571/9962.

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In recent decades, adaptation to the impacts of climate change has become a key agenda for cities around the globe. A growing body of literature has already illustrated how cities are a key driver of climate change, its main victim and a promising site for action. Meanwhile, climate change has brought not only new responsibilities but also a new lexicon for urban practitioners. Concepts such as urban climate resilience and the idea of nature’s benefits for climate adaptation, embodied in the “green concepts” – nature-based solutions (NbS), ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) and blue-green infrastructure (BGI) – feature in the major global agreements. Still, they are often seen as vague, ambiguous, and therefore of limited practical value. Despite their prominence both in academia and policy discourses, their actual operationalisation and use on the ground remains understudied. This thesis aims to widen the existing scholarly knowledge by examining how urban climate resilience and ‘green concepts’ are used and operationalised at different levels of decision-making in the EU. Several bodies of literature contribute to the conceptual framework of the thesis: climate change adaptation in cities, scholarship specifically on these concepts, and studies on the role of framings and science-policy interface in environmental and climate governance. I use qualitative methods to analyse strategic policy papers and semi-structured interviews with city practitioners across Europe, plus a survey among European academics. The thesis is composed of three academic papers investigating the uptake of these concepts. Paper 1 compares the perceptions of conceptual tensions surrounding urban resilience among the EU academics and practitioners; Paper 2 looks at how urban resilience is operationalised in three science-policy projects financed by the EU; Paper 3 studies the uptake of NbS, BGI and EbA, which are seen as one of the key ways to enhance urban resilience, in urban green planning and management in four large Polish cities. This study provides a critical discussion of concepts’ operationalisation efforts and challenges and discusses the role of vagueness and uncertainty in their uptake. It contributes to the literature by expanding the geography of research beyond few ‘frontrunner’ cities as well as outlining some general tendencies in the European context.

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Maxter, Melissa. "Sustainable Urban Development : Development Option Using Nature-based Solutions." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33925.

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The paper evaluates nature-based solutions for a retrofitting proposal for the combined regeneration, climate adaptation, and green space management of the industrial area Gåsebäck in Helsingborg, Sweden. The objective of this study was to evaluate options for how Gåsebäck could be sustainably regenerated and developed, while providing additional security against future negative effects of climate change, through the implementation of nature-based solutions. The methods used were unstructured interviews, literature study, thematic data analysis, and scoping review. Some urban societal challenges the area is facing were identified as Urban regeneration, Climate adaptation, and Green space management. The suggested NBSs to address these challenges are phytoremediation, mycoremediation, street trees and bushes, green walls, green roofs, flower beds, permeable surfaces, roadside greenery, rain gardens, de-culvertation and pocket parks. Examples of how the identified nature-based solutions can be retrofitted to block Italien are installing green walls on the old fire station for noise and pollution abatement, biodiversity increase, climate regulation, and enhancement of green elements; green roofs on various buildings for e.g. water management, increased biodiversity and green elements; street trees and bushes along the streets Södergatan and Malmöleden/Gåsebäcksvägen for noise and pollution abatement, water management, biodiversity increase, and enhancement of green elements; site specific installation or pocket park with phyto- or mycoremediation; flower beds and roadside traffic to increase attractiveness; and rain gardens and permeable surfaces for water management.

20180620

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Douglas, Steven Murray, and u4093670@alumni anu edu au. "Is 'green' religion the solution to the ecological crisis? A case study of mainstream religion in Australia." The Australian National University. Fenner School of Environment and Society, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091111.144835.

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A significant and growing number of authors and commentators have proposed that ecologically enlightened (greened) religion is the solution or at least a major part of the solution to the global ecological crisis. These include Birch, 1965 p90; Brindle, 2000; Callicott, 1994; Gardner, 2002, 2003, 2006; Gore Jr., 1992; Gottlieb, 2006, 2007; Hallman, 2000; Hamilton, 2006b, a, 2007b; Hessel & Ruether, 2000b; Hitchcock, 1999; King, 2002; Lerner, 2006a; McDonagh, 1987; McFague, 2001; McKenzie, 2005; Nasr, 1996; Oelschlaeger, 1994; Palmer, 1992; Randers, 1972; Tucker & Grim, 2000; and White Jr., 1967. Proponents offer a variety of reasons for this view, including that the majority of the worlds and many nations people identify themselves as religious, and that there is a large amount of land and infrastructure controlled by religious organisations worldwide. However, the most important reason is that religion is said to have one or more exceptional qualities that can drive and sustain dramatic personal and societal change. The underlying or sometimes overt suggestion is that as the ecological crisis is ultimately a moral crisis, religion is best placed to address the problem at its root. ¶ Proponents of the above views are often religious, though there are many who are not. Many proponents are from the USA and write in the context of the powerful role of religion in that country. Others write in a global context. Very few write from or about the Australian context where the role of religion in society is variously argued to be virtually non-existent, soon to be non-existent, or conversely, profound but covert. ¶ This thesis tests the proposition that religion is the solution to the ecological crisis. It does this using a case study of mainstream religion in Australia, represented by the Catholic, Anglican, and Uniting Churches. The Churches ecological policies and practices are analysed to determine the extent to which these denominations are fulfilling, or might be able to fulfil, the proposition. The primary research method is an Internet-based search for policy and praxis material. The methodology is Critical Human Ecology. ¶ The research finds that: the greening of these denominations is evident; it is a recent phenomenon in the older Churches; there is a growing wealth of environmentalist sentiment and ecological policy being produced; but little institutional praxis has occurred. Despite the often-strong rhetoric, there is no evidence to suggest that ecological concerns, even linked to broader social concerns (termed ecojustice) are core business for the Churches as institutions. Conventional institutional and anthropocentric welfare concerns remain dominant. ¶ Overall, the three Churches struggle with organisational, demographic, and cultural problems that impede their ability to convert their official ecological concerns into institutional praxis. Despite these problems, there are some outstanding examples of ecological policy and praxis in institutional and non-institutional forms that at least match those seen in mainstream secular society. ¶ I conclude that in Australia, mainstream religion is a limited part of the solution to the ecological crisis. It is not the solution to the crisis, at least not in its present institutional form. Institutional Christianity is in decline in Australia and is being replaced by non-institutional Christianity, other religions and non-religious spiritualities (Tacey, 2000, 2003; Bouma, 2006; Tacey, 2007). The ecological crisis is a moral crisis, but in Australia, morality is increasingly outside the domain of institutional religion. The growth of the non-institutional religious and the spiritual but not religious demographic may, if ecologically informed, offer more of a contribution to addressing the ecological crisis in future. This may occur in combination with some of the more progressive movements seen at the periphery of institutional Christianity such as the eco-ministry of Rev. Dr. Jason John in Adelaide, and the Creation Spirituality taught, advocated and practiced by the Mercy Sisters Earth Link project in Queensland.

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Tiberg, Linnéa. "Addera mervärde till plan- och byggprocessen med Nature-based solutions." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45524.

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With a growing density in the cities, we are building more and more compact with fewer space for green areas. At the same time, the biodiversity has been going through extensive changes due to humans’ impact on the planet. Nature-based solutions (NbS) is one of the important tools to cope with climate change and other important challenges of the community. The aim of this study is to create a deeper understanding of what possibilities and limitations there is for Nature-based solution for the Swedish circumstances. This is a qualitative study based upon a literature study and interviews, that unravels what NbS implies, what the project process looks like and how it overlaps with the plan and building law in Sweden. The study shows how to implement NbS to the plan and building process, there are many possibilities to implement but few means to control the outcome through the process. Today the sustainability work is mostly built on minimum requirements, society impacts and on good will. To better implement NbS the study shows that though the environmental impact assessment the work is the most equivalent compared to NbS project process and also has the authority to regulate different protection measures.

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STURLA, SUSANNA. "Città e ambiente, opportunità e limiti delle Nature Based Solutions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1263388.

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STURLA, SUSANNA. "Città e ambiente, opportunità e limiti delle Nature Based Solutions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1263428.

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STURLA, SUSANNA. "Città e ambiente, opportunità e limiti delle Nature Based Solutions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1263408.

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Thorslund, Josefin. "Hydrological spreading of metal pollution and wetlands as nature-based solutions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-147613.

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The quality of the Earth’s water resources have deteriorated due to human impacts. A key scientific challenge is to understand, quantify and predict the water-borne spreading of pollutants at relevant scales for freshwater management and water quality restoration programs. However, understanding the natural processes controlling large-scale hydrological transport of pollutants may be masked by river regulation schemes (in the form of dams and reservoirs), which are common in many large rivers. The main objective of this thesis is to increase the current knowledge regarding large-scale spreading of metals in hydrological systems. This objective is addressed through studying net impacts of mining (a main contributor to global metal pollution) on the spreading of metals in water systems and through investigating the mitigation opportunities of wetlands across the landscape. The main study region of this thesis is the Lake Baikal basin of Russia and Mongolia, which includes the large unregulated Selenga River and its delta-wetland areas. In addition, a set of global wetland sites are also studied. A multi-method approach is used in the four studies of this thesis. The methods include field-measurements, data synthesis, metal mass flow and water flow-path quantifications, as well as geochemical modelling. Results show that mining in the upstream part of the Lake Baikal basin is a significant contributor to riverine mass flows of several metals. The mass flows increased by an order of magnitude over the mining site. The observed speciation between dissolved (more bioavailable) and suspended (less bioavailable) phases could be well predicted for some metals (Fe, V, Pb and Zn) using a geochemical equilibrium model. However, the model failed to reproduce the speciation of other metals (Cr, Cu, Mn and Mo). In these cases, non-equilibrium processes may need to be considered, and adsorption databases may need to be developed, in order to make dependable predictions. Results also suggest that the concentration of dissolved organic carbon, which exhibits seasonal variability and long-term increasing trends due to climate change effects in the Arctic, can have a large impact on metal pollution transport. Further, observations showed that individual wetlands of the Selenga River delta locally retained between 77-99 % of incoming metal loads. However, a systematic analysis of current knowledge showed that large-scale net effects can differ considerably from the functions observed at individual wetlands on smaller scales. Along large-scale flow-paths, through which wetlands are connected with each other as well as with the larger landscape, key processes which can considerably contribute to such scale differences in function may occur. A survey of the current wetland research showed that relatively few studies have considered the larger scales at which key pollutant pressures and water quality changes take place. This thesis highlights the need for more research on large-scale wetland systems, which can aid in evaluating net pollution effects at landscape scales. This in turn can facilitate evaluations of how and when wetland systems may function as large-scale nature-based solutions.
Kvaliteten på jordens vattenresurser har försämrats på grund av mänsklig påverkan. En viktig vetenskaplig utmaning är att förstå, kvantifiera och förutsäga den vattenburna spridningen av föroreningar, på skalor som är relevanta för vattenresursförvaltning och åtgärdsprogram. De underliggande, naturliga processer som styr storskalig hydrologisk föroreningstransport kan dock maskeras av att de flesta stora floders flöden är reglerade med hjälp av dammar och reservoarer. Målet med den här avhandlingen är att öka kunskapen kring hydrologisk storskalig spridning av metaller. Detta görs genom att studera nettoeffekter av gruvverksamhet (en viktig källa till globala metallföroreningar) på metallers spridning i vattensystemet, samt att undersöka våtmarkers möjligheter att rena förorenade flöden i landskapet. Avhandlingens huvudstudieområde är Bajkalsjön och dess tillrinningsområde (i Ryssland och Mongoliet), vilket inkluderar den oreglerade Selengafloden och dess delta-våtmarksområden. Även en grupp av globala våtmarksområden har studerats. Flera metoder användes i de fyra studierna som ingår i denna avhandling, inklusive fältmätningar, datasyntes, massflödes- och flödesvägskvantifieringar, och geokemisk modellering. Resultaten visar att gruvdrift i uppströms-delar av Bajkalsjöns tillrinningsområde bidrar betydligt till förhöjda halter av flera metaller i flodsystemen. Massflödenena ökade en storleksordning över gruvområdet. Den observerade metall-specieringen mellan lösta (mer biotillgängliga) och partikulära (mindre biotillgängliga) faser kunde modelleras väl för vissa metaller (Fe, V, Pb och Zn) med en geokemisk jämviktsmodell. Modellen lyckades dock inte reproducera specieringen av andra metaller (Cr, Cu, Mn och Mo). I dessa fall kan icke-jämviktsprocesser behöva beaktas, och adsorptions-databaser kan behöva utvecklas för att förbättra prediktionerna. Resultaten visar också att koncentrationen av upplöst organiskt kol, som uppvisar stora årstidsvariationer samt långsiktigt ökande trender på grund av klimatpåverkan i Arktis, kan ha stor inverkan på metallföroreningars transport. Observationer visade att enskilda våtmarker i Selengafloden lokalt kunde minska inkommande massflöden av metaller med 77 till 99 %. En systematisk genomgång av aktuellt kunskapsläge visade dock att storskaliga nettoeffekter kan skilja sig mycket från de funktioner som observeras vid enskilda våtmarker på mindre skalor. Längs storskaliga flödesvägar, genom vilka flera våtmarker är kopplade till varandra och till det större landskapet, kan viktiga processer ske, vilket avsevärt kan bidra till sådana skal-skillnader i funktion. En genomgång av aktuell våtmarksforskning visade att relativt få studier beaktade dessa större skalor där föroreningsspridning och vattenkvalitetsförändringar sker. Denna avhandling belyser behovet av ökat forskningsfokus på storskaliga våtmarkssystem. Detta kan hjälpa till att förstå föroreningars nettoeffekter på landskapsskalor, vilket underlättar vid bedömning av hur och när våtmarkssystem fungerar som storskaliga, så kallade naturbaserade lösningar.

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LUCCHITTA, BENEDETTA. "INTEGRATION OF NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS IN URBAN AREAS: EXPLORING EMERGING APPROACHES." Doctoral thesis, Università IUAV di Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11578/319196.

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Nature-based Solutions (NBS) have assumed an increasingly important role in urban planning. Given their relevant potential in enhancing natural capital at different scales and in providing several Ecosystem Services (ES), they are particularly relevant for climate adaptation and mitigation. By definition, they are multifunctional, as they are assumed to provide at the same time multiple benefits on environmental, social, and economic domains. Despite the increasing fame of NBS, cities are still facing some difficulties in the identification of policies for the implementation of such solutions. Since cities include a complex set of stakeholders, it is necessary to identify flexible schemes that allow engaging them in light of their social, economic, and cultural diversity. Another relevant challenge consists in the assessment and economic valuation of the benefits generated by NBS at the urban scale. An overall and integrated assessment of all the impacts generated by NBS is necessary to fully compute the benefits related to the environmental, economic, and above all social dimensions. The NBS impact assessment is a prerequisite for the definition of policies capable of implementing NBS at the urban scale. This research seeks to analyze and assess methodologies and policy instruments to foster the NBS implementation and management at the urban scale. Such a task requires integrating knowledge from different disciplines (urban planning, natural sciences, economic and social sciences) to include all the elements and the scales involved in NBS planning. The aim is to identify the main drivers for the implementation of NBS, taking into consideration how these infrastructures impact on the social and public value of ES in cities. For this purpose, the thesis investigates i) the assessment methodologies to measure the impacts generated by ES provided by NBS; ii) the approaches to valuate these impacts considering the social, economic, and environmental dimensions and, iii) the instruments that can be adopted to foster the implementation of NBS with a particular focus on Payment for Ecosystem Services schemes (PES).

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Longato, Davide. "Methods and Tools for Mainstreaming Nature-based Solutions in Urban Planning." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/350225.

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This thesis addresses three interlinked aspects that are relevant for mainstreaming Nature-based Solutions in urban planning. The first aspect concerns the integration and use of ecosystem service knowledge in spatial planning. A literature review aimed at analysing practical applications of ecosystem services in real-life planning processes and instruments reveals both the outcomes generated and the procedures adopted to integrate them, as well as the main advantages, constraints, enabling factors, and open issues associated with ecosystem service knowledge integration in spatial planning processes and instruments. The second aspect is related to the use of spatial assessments of ecosystem service demand to support an effective planning of Nature-based Solutions at the city scale. An approach is developed to allocate and prioritize Nature-based Solutions in cities in order to deliver ecosystem services for addressing the existing urban challenges while maximising the benefits for residents. The approach is tested in the case study area of Valletta (Malta), identifying the potential sites for the implementation of eleven types of Nature-based Solutions, assessing the demand for five priority ecosystem services, and identifying what type(s) of Nature-based Solutions, among the eleven proposed, should be implemented in each potential site, as well as the sites that should be prioritized first. The third aspect involves the promotion of the implementation of Nature-based Solutions in urban plans through the use of suitable policy instruments. A matrix that links the suitable instruments identified to different typologies of Nature-based Solutions reveals the range of instruments that can be deployed to promote the implementation of each type of Nature-based Solution. The matrix is then applied to analyse which instruments are currently deployed and which are not in the two urban plans covering the case study area of Valletta, hence the missing opportunities that could be further exploited.

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Kato, Huerta Jarumi. "Concepts and methods for integrating environmental justice and Nature-based solutions in cities." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/350201.

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Over the past decades, the environmental justice movement has developed growing concerns about the unequal distribution of environmental harms and the uneven access to environmental amenities. The movement rapidly became an academic field that has criticised diverse urban sustainability strategies for failing to address environmental justice issues in its three dimensions: recognition, procedure and distribution. Hence, this thesis aims to explore how this concept could be integrated into the planning of Nature-based solutions in cities through advancing conceptual and methodological contributions. Through an extensive revision of academic literature, several setbacks in the inclusion of environmental justice for urban Nature-based solutions are addressed. This information helped operationalise a distributive environmental justice index that could identify intra-urban injustices related to existing and compounding issues such as the overburdening of environmental risk for socially disadvantaged communities and a lack of access to multifunctional green space benefits. Once these injustices are identified, alternative scenarios for implementing Nature-based solutions are assessed by considering relevant urban planning and policy goals. The last part of this thesis focuses on the level of integration of environmental justice in the context of climate change adaptation and mitigation. An extensive review of Urban Climate Action Plans in Latin America reveals that environmental justice concerns are rarely translated into concrete climate actions. Moreover, the transformative potential of Nature-based solutions for ameliorating environmental justice conditions in cities is not fully explored. With these results, potential opportunities and recommendations that could enable environmental justice are discussed, especially highlighting that the integration of diverse social perspectives and realities is integral to the process of giving rise to just and sustainable urban futures.

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Figueiredo, Catarina da Silva. "Desenvolvimento de tapetes de vegetação com espécies autóctones com potencial para instalação de coberturas verdes." Master's thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21514.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
O crescente interesse da comunidade urbana pela natureza e pelas vantagens que dela advêm tem incentivado a procura por soluções alternativas, que permitam a obtenção de espaços verdes e a rentabilização de espaço. Neste âmbito, o interesse nas coberturas verdes tem vindo a aumentar, conduzindo a uma maior investigação, especificamente no que se refere a métodos de instalação e à seleção de espécies a utilizar. Especialmente em condições Mediterrânicas, as adversidades do clima impõem limitações, principalmente em relação às necessidades hídricas das plantas. Este estudo procurou encontrar soluções que permitam facilitar a instalação e reduzir os custos da cobertura verde, tirando partido da biodiversidade e dos métodos que melhor se adaptam ao clima de Portugal, em particular da zona de Lisboa. Assim, o objetivo é estudar a capacidade de criar em viveiro tapetes de vegetação com plantas autóctones, para posteriormente serem transferidos para coberturas. Os tapetes pré-cultivados apresentam a vantagem de reduzir a evaporação do substrato, atuando como barreira física, e as plantas autóctones são mais aptas a subsistir em condições de disponibilidade hídrica reduzida. Selecionaram-se espécies resilientes, características da zona da Estremadura e que se encontram em habitats com fatores limitantes, seja o solo, os nutrientes ou disponibilidade de água. As espécies foram semeadas em tapetes de fibra de coco e desenvolvidas em viveiro. Posteriormente foram transferidas para um dispositivo experimental que simula as condições de uma cobertura verde do tipo extensivo (tabuleiros experimentais na cobertura do Herbário Prof. João e Carvalho Vasconcelos, no Instituto Superior de Agronomia, em Lisboa). Os resultados confirmaram que as plantas autóctones são passíveis de se desenvolverem em tapetes, em condições de viveiro, conseguindo germinar, aderir aos tapetes e desenvolver floração e sementes, mostrando capacidade para serem transferidas para cobertura. O estudo, estabelece uma metodologia para a produção deste tipo de tapetes pré-cultivados, abordando também as dificuldades encontradas e faz algumas sugestões para tornar estas metodologias mais eficientes
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Gómez, Martín Eulalia [Verfasser]. "Thinking in Systems, Thinking in Nature: Evaluating the long-term performance of Nature Based Solutions / Eulalia Gómez Martín." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1234658364/34.

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Pinheiro, Ricardo Rosa de Bray. "Plano estratégico para a requalificação dos Olivais-Sul utilizando as Nature-based solutions." Master's thesis, ISA, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15858.

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Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
Com a migração de população para as áreas urbanas que se avizinha nos próximos anos, as formas de planeamento que tenham em conta uma existência equilibrada entre o Homem e os ecossistemas são cada vez mais importantes. Os conceitos aplicados na construção das cidades são gradualmente mais focados na sustentabilidade da paisagem. Procura-se estudar o desenvolvimento histórico da urbanização dos Olivais-Sul, compreendendo a sua evolução ao longo do tempo, bem como os principais fatores e elementos da construção desta paisagem. Parte desta investigação é feita sobre a presença destes elementos no espaço urbano bem como o seu papel no funcionamento urbano. O estudo apura se os Olivais-Sul com uma grande presença de espaços verdes desenhados no modernismo são verdadeiramente sustentáveis, identifica os tipos de problemas existentes e os métodos de requalificação disponíveis. O conceito das nature-based solutions é abordado para aplicar mais tarde num plano que requalifique os Olivais tornando-o uma paisagem mais sustentável. Investigou-se sobre a consistência do conceito um ponto preponderante por ser novo, para tal a documentação científica existente sobre o tema foi estudada e foram analisados os prós e contras do conceito. Referem-se também vários casos estudo para perceber as áreas de aplicabilidade do tema e analisar a resolução desafios que muitas recorrem a soluções bastante flexíveis e cuja finalidade trabalha vários tópicos. A base teórica e histórica estudada nos primeiros capítulos é utilizada para aplicar no desenvolvimento do plano estratégico de requalificação dos Olivais-Sul cuja finalidade é adaptar esta paisagem às alterações climáticas, contribuindo ecologicamente para uma paisagem resiliente e sustentável, contudo existe também a componente cultural dos Olivais em que se observa a ausência da utilização do espaço público e a escassa integração de património de estruturas históricas importante, como as Quintas, que pretende-se reintegrar no espaço público
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Nordin, von Platen Hanna, and Matilda Gustafsson. "Nature-based Solutions for Flood Risk Reduction, Contamination Control and Climate Change Adaption." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235943.

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Heavy precipitation events are expected to increase in the future, due to climate change. This predicted change will increase the risk of flooding, especially in urban areas. To mitigate these challenges and support a sustainable urban development, Nature-based solutions (NBS) can be used as a flood risk reduction measure. The NBS wetlands and constructed wetlands, composed of ponds, canals and ditches, are commonly used solutions which are multifunctional and primarily provides flood regulatory services, water quality improvements and increased biodiversity. To reach the full potential of NBS, the location and design is crucial. At present planning practise, a user friendly and time efficient tool to investigate suitable locations within a catchment is missing, where the concept of connectivity has arisen as a useful approach. In this study, the NBS concept and the potential of wetlands for flood risk mitigation have been investigated. In addition, the connectivity of two study case catchments has been analysed by using the Connectivity Index (IC index) by Cavalli et al. (2013). The aim has been to evaluate whether the IC index can be used to find suitable locations for NBS. Further, the study seeks to investigate how the IC index can be integrated into NBS planning practice in order to create useful information for the decisionmaking process. To validate the IC index result, a comparison has been performed with earlier flood events, two hydrological models, Multi criteria decision analysis and spatiotemporal soil parameters. From the obtained result and analysis, preliminary solutions have been proposed for two case studies in Sweden and Portugal. The result shows that IC index is promising as an, early stage, first assessment tool in NBS planning practice which can be used in order to allocate areas suitable for NBS. To find the most beneficial location and the site-specific design, a deeper investigation of the site-specific conditions is required. Moreover, a successful implementation is dependent on a close collaboration between different stakeholders and expertise. Finally, this study shows that realizing the potential of NBS wetlands is essential to create sustainable urban development and liveable and attractive cities.

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Rasmusson, Fredrika, and Toini Estreen. "Governance of Nature-based Solutions for stormwater management in Stockholm : A Social-Ecological-Technical Systems Perspective." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298728.

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Increased urbanisation and climate change are negatively affecting the water cycle and are increasing floods and creating concerns for the built environment and human wellbeing. This has created a need to research sustainable water management in cities. Nature-based solutions (NBS) can offer more sustainable ways of water management, but conventional systems are still favoured in governance. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to identify opportunities and challenges of implementing NBS at Årstafältet in Stockholm and the related governance processes from a Socio-Ecological-Technical system perspective in order to bring a holistic view on sustainable urban stormwater management. The methods used in triangulation for this case study are interviews, a site visit, and desktop study of associated planning documents. The collected data is analysed with an analytical framework that investigates the Social-Ecological-Technical System (SETS) dimensions, in relation to governance. The results show that the implementation of NBS at Årstafältet has been largely successful, due to contextual factors, as well as an adaptive and reflexive governance approach. However, identified system dynamics, interrelations and tensions have shown that there is room for improvements. By increasing transdisciplinarity in early stages of the process to overcome rigid governance structures and techno-centricity. The application of the SETS framework has proved to be successful in identifying dynamics, interrelations, and tensions but there are issues related to uncertainties in how to categorise system components. Nevertheless, the SETS perspective has been useful for identifying challenges and opportunities related to governance and planning processes of implementing NBS.

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Mosuela, Kristine Angela. "A Parameterized Approach to Estimating Wave Attenuation from Living Shorelines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104636.

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Living shorelines and other nature-based solutions have become more widely accepted as a cost-effective, multi-functional, and sustainable approach to coastal resilience. However, in spite of growing stakeholder support, a planning-level understanding of the hydrodynamic impact of living shorelines is not well-developed. Not only do these features vary in size, shape, and structural characteristics, but the wave environment in which they exist can be quiescent or extreme. The work presented in this paper explores the hydrodynamic effects of living shoreline features in such a way that can be generalized across a range of varying physical environments. In a series of Simulation WAves Nearshore (SWAN) simulations, we investigate the effect of wave period, wave height, bed slope, living shoreline feature length in the cross-shore direction, and feature friction coefficient on wave attenuation. Results showed that higher wave period, higher wave height, milder slopes, longer feature lengths, and higher feature roughness largely correlated with higher wave attenuation. However, only on mild slopes did additional feature lengths result in appreciable additional attenuation. Characteristic lengths were thus computed to better illustrate the cost-effectiveness of additional feature lengths given a particular wave environment. These characteristic lengths provide one way to evaluate the hydraulic efficacy of proposed living shoreline projects. In this way, regardless of the particularities of individual project sites, we aim to help planners screen potential living shoreline projects before pursuing more detailed, costly analyses.
Master of Science
Living shorelines and other nature-based solutions have become more widely accepted as a cost-effective, multi-functional, and sustainable approach to coastal resilience. However, in spite of growing stakeholder support, a planning-level understanding of the hydrodynamic impact of living shorelines is not well-developed. Not only do these features vary in size, shape, and structural characteristics, but the wave environment in which they exist can be quiescent or extreme. The work presented in this paper explores the hydrodynamic effects of living shoreline features in such a way that can be generalized across a range of varying physical environments. In a series of Simulation WAves Nearshore (SWAN) simulations, we investigate the effect of wave period, wave height, bed slope, living shoreline feature length in the cross-shore direction, and feature friction coefficient on wave attenuation. Results showed that higher wave period, higher wave height, milder slopes, longer feature lengths, and higher feature roughness largely correlated with higher wave attenuation. However, only on mild slopes did additional feature lengths result in appreciable additional attenuation. Characteristic lengths were thus computed to better illustrate the cost-effectiveness of additional feature lengths given a particular wave environment. These characteristic lengths provide one way to evaluate the hydraulic efficacy of proposed living shoreline projects. In this way, regardless of the particularities of individual project sites, we aim to help planners screen potential living shoreline projects before pursuing more detailed, costly analyses.

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Baier, Camilla. "Integration of ecosystem-based adaptation measures in urban planning : Insights from Copenhagen and Malmö." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284343.

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A key challenge for sustainable urban development is to deal with the effects of climate change. To approach this issue, ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), i.e. the use of ecosystem services for climate adaptation, has been promoted by both scholars and practitioners. In this context, the thesis addresses two research questions: how EbA is included in strategic climate adaptation planning and how EbA is implemented in practice. To tackle these topics, the study uses a multiple case study design, where the process from strategic planning to its implementation is investigated in two Northern European cities: Copenhagen and Malmö. To collect in-depth data, qualitative methods were used: a document analysis and semi-structured interviews with planning officials were conducted. The findings of the study show that there is a high degree of awareness of the different EbA measures, their potential role to address climate change effects and their co-benefits in climate adaptation plans. However, the practical implementation of the plans was executed only at a project-based scale to address some climate change impacts rather than holistically and on a regional level. The main EbA measure that was used was the expansion and transformation of public green space. The thesis concludes that a more comprehensive approach concerning the use of EbA is needed and further mainstreaming is highly required.
En viktig utmaning för hållbar stadsutveckling är att adressera effekterna av de stundande klimatförändringar. För att ta sig an denna fråga har användningen av ekosystembaserad anpassning (EbA), dvs. användningen av ekosystemtjänster för klimatanpassning, främjats av både forskare och utövare. I detta sammanhang behandlar studien två forskningsfrågor: hur EbA ingår i strategisk klimatanpassningsplanering och hur EbA implementeras i praktiken. Studien innehåller en fallstudie- design, där processen från strategisk planering till dess genomförande undersöks i två nordeuropeiska städer: Köpenhamn och Malmö. För att samla in data användes två kvalitativa metoder: en dokumentanalys och semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstepersoner på kommuner. Resultaten från studien visar att det finns en hög grad av medvetenhet om de olika EbA åtgärderna, deras potentiella roll för att hantera klimatförändringseffekter och deras synergier i klimatanpassningsplaner. Det praktiska genomförandet av planerna utfördes endast i en projektbaserad skala för att ta med vissa klimatförändringseffekter snarare än på ett holistiskt vis och på en större regional nivå. Den viktigaste EbA åtgärden som användes var utbyggnaden eller omvandlingen av de offentliga grönytorna. Sammanfattningsvis har studien visat på att det finns behov av ett mer heltäckande tillvägagångssätt och ytterligare integrering beträffande användandet av EbA krävs.

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Nikolakopoulou, Myrto-Georgia. "The functional role of emergent macrophytes in nature-based solutions (NBS) aiming to mitigate nutrient loading in freshwater ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672904.

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Freshwater degradation has been largely attributed to excess nutrient concentrations of anthropogenic origin. Freshwater degradation in combination with water scarcity are the reason of severe stress on water resources globally. As one third of the world’s population does not have access to clean drinking water, nutrient pollution is imperative to be addressed. Nature-based solutions (NBS) is a recent concept to address several societal challenges, using techniques inspired by nature, or by nature itself, while preserving ecosystem sustainability. Water security is among the essential societal challenges that NBS can address, with nutrient pollution of freshwater systems being one of its primary aspects. While NBS projects aiming to address nutrient loading in freshwater systems, conspicuously include emergent macrophytes in their design, there is a lack in mechanistic understanding of how these aquatic plants enhance water treatment performance. In the present doctoral thesis, we focused on bridging this knowledge gap by investigating the plants’ physical, chemical and biological influence on the subsurface aquatic environment and the implications for nutrient mitigation. Specifically, we examined subsurface solute transport and nutrient retention under the presence of three emergent macrophyte species; Iris pseudacorus L., Phragmites australis L., and Scirpus lacustris L., while we also explored the influence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) quality on nitrogen cycling. To this aim, we performed a series of three studies in a setup of 12 artificial flumes, where we used traditional methods of stream ecology (i.e. pulse additions of conservative and reactive tracers) to characterize subsurface solute transport and to estimate nutrient spiraling metrics. Likewise, we experimentally modified DOC lability in the flumes, and we characterized root system architecture of the used emergent macrophytes. Regarding the physical effect of macrophytes, our results showed that macrophytes root architecture can substantially influence subsurface solute transport. Specifically, a dense root system of fine roots results in increased hydraulic retention, while an architecture of thicker roots leads to inverse results, facilitating infiltration. Further, we found that the chemical and biological influence of emergent macrophytes on the subsurface aquatic environment is species specific, and depends on physiological differences between the species, and on the plants’ capacity to create long residence times in the subsurface. Additionally, the presence of emergent macrophytes was found to facilitate N removal, while the availability of a labile C source mostly increased microbial respiration, rather than denitrification. Finally, in the general discussion of the thesis, we discuss the above results and further synthesized them with information from the literature, within the context of NBS. Overall, the present doctoral thesis elucidates some unclear aspects of the functional role of emergent macrophytes in NBS aiming nutrient mitigation, highlight the importance of suitable macrophyte species selection in NBS systems to optimize treatment performance, and provides valuable guidelines to NBS practitioners for successful macrophyte species identification.
La degradació dels ecosistemes aquàtics s’ha atribuït, en gran mesura, a l’excés de concentracions de nutrients d’origen antropogènic. Aquesta degradació, combinada amb l’escassetat d’aigua, és la principal causa de l’alarmant problemàtica dels recursos hídrics a nivell global. Donat que un terç de la població mundial no té accés a aigua potable, es fa imprescindible abordar la problemàtica de la contaminació per nutrients. El concepte de solució basada en la natura (SBN) ha aparegut recentment per designar aquelles tècniques inspirades en la natura que aborden diversos reptes socials tot preservant la sostenibilitat dels ecosistemes. La seguretat de poder disposar d'aigua es troba entre els desafiaments socials més importants que avui dia afronten les SBNs, essent la contaminació per nutrients en ecosistemes aquàtics un dels seus principals objectius. Si bé els SBN destinats a abordar la problemàtica de la càrrega de nutrients en sistemes aquàtics incorporen macròfits emergents en el seu disseny de forma rutinària, hi ha una manca de coneixement dels mecanismes que expliquen com aquestes plantes aquàtiques milloren el tractament de les aigües. En aquesta tesi doctoral, ens hem proposat reduir aquesta mancança del coneixement investigant com els trets físics, químics i biològics de les plantes influeixen en el medi aquàtic subsuperficial i com afecten la mitigació de nutrients. Concretament, hem examinat el transport de soluts a la subsuperficie i la retenció de nutrients sota la presència de tres espècies de macròfits emergents; Iris pseudacorus L., Phragmites australis L. i Scirpus lacustris L.. Addicionalment, hem explorat la influència de la qualitat del carboni orgànic dissolt en el cicle del nitrogen. Per portar a terme aquest objectiu, es van realitzar una sèrie de tres treballs dissenyats amb una mateixa configuració de 12 canals artificials experimentals, i on es van aplicar mètodes tradicionals de l’ecologia fluvial (és a dir, addicions sobtades de traçadors conservatius i d’elements reactius) per poder caracteritzar el transport subsuperficial de soluts i estimar les mètriques de l’espiral de nutrients. Igualment, es va modificar experimentalment el grau de labilitat del carboni en el sistema de canals, i es va caracteritzar l'arquitectura del sistema radicular d’aquests tres macròfits emergents. Quant a l’efecte físic dels macròfits, els resultats demostren que l’arquitectura radicular dels macròfits influeix substancialment en el transport subsuperficial dels soluts. Concretament, un sistema dens d’arrels fines dóna lloc a una major retenció hidràulica, mentre que una arquitectura d’arrels més gruixudes condueix a resultats inversos, donat que faciliten la infiltració a nivell intersticial. A més, hem constatat que la influència química i biològica dels macròfits emergents en el medi subsuperficial aquàtic és específica de cada espècie, i depèn de les diferències fisiològiques entre elles, i de la capacitat de les plantes per crear major temps de residència en el medi intersticial. Addicionalment, hem provat que la presència de macròfits emergents facilita l’eliminació de nitrogen, mentre que la disponibilitat d’una font de carboni làbil fa augmentar la respiració aeròbica microbiana en lloc de la desnitrificació. Finalment, a la discussió general de la tesi, es discuteixen els resultats obtinguts i es sintetitzen dins del context de les SBN amb informació extreta de la bibliografia. En general, la present tesi doctoral posa de manifest aspectes poc coneguts sobre el paper funcional dels macròfits emergents quant a la reducció de nutrients en les SBNs. També posa en relleu la importància de fer una selecció adequada d’espècies de macròfits per a sistemes on s’apliquen SBN a fi d’optimitzar el tractament d’aigües; i proporciona valuoses pautes per a professionals que apliquen SBNs per tal d’identificar les espècies de macròfits més apropiades per la reducció de nutrients.

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Magnusson, Julia. "Adaptive Forest Policy : The Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction through Nature-Based Solutions in Swedish and Scottish Forest Policy." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443541.

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Climate change may cause significant changes to our relationship with nature, triggering large impacts on ecosystems and the societies dependent on their ecosystem services. Forests are seen as a mitigating solution for their abilities to store carbon, provide forest products, enhance biodiversity along with other forest ecosystem services (FES). Forest’s natural systems have shown resilience against climate-induced disasters and have been acknowledged as an important tool to mitigate climate change. However, to ensure the continued supply of these services requires adaptable management of forest ecosystems through policy. This study aims to analyse how Swedish and Scottish public FES-related policy integrates the adaptive and mitigating methods used in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Nature-based Solutions (NBS). The method of this analysis relied on three theoretical approaches; Policy integration, Environmental policy integration and Frames to see how the concepts and methods of NBS and DRR are implemented within Swedish and Scottish forest policy. The results showed that the main message from both Swedish and Scottish public FES-related policy is that humans are dependent on FES, therefore the protection of forest land and species cannot be under-prioritised. Both countries’ goals focus on becoming climate neutral by 2045 with an increased (Scotland) or sustained (Sweden) bioeconomy to be achieved alongside carbon sequestration, increased biodiversity, and diversified usage of forests. Both countries recognise and use ecosystem services as a NBS to mitigate climate change and reduce disaster risk. The increase of biodiversity through afforestation, green infrastructure, and conservation as a method to create resilience is a common method of NBS within the policy documents, and its ability to prevent risks along several areal and hierarchical scales show methods of DRR. However, vague goals on the strategy to achieve this are seen within both countries’ policy which question their determination and ability to succeed. Their difference in forest ownership structure and history diverges their application of community engagement in FES management. It is now essential that both Sweden and Scotland implement a sustainable balance between their national strategy objectives for the sake of the environment and use the considerable political traction by methods of NBS and DRR to reach resilient forest ecosystems. Future research could further assess the results and consequences of the policy strategies to see if they have achieved inclusive, integrated forest resilience through adaptive policy.

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Castellar, da Cunha Joana Amèrica. "WETWALL : an innovative design concept for the treatment of urban wastewaters." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671070.

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The development of society has led to a global concern regarding the improvement of resources performance, especially water. The design of nature-based solutions (NBS) for the treatment and reuse of wastewaters, in accordance with circular economy principles (reuse, recycling and reducing) can be a key factor regarding the preservation of natural capital and climate change mitigation. Therefore, WETWALL design concept aims to integrate NBS, such as constructed wetlands (CWs) and living walls (LWs) as an innovative urban wastewater treatment which also can foment others ecosystem services, such as air quality and heat control. These technologies are based on the replication of natural processes and has been used all over the world successfully as wastewater treatments (CWs) and to improve air quality and thermal insulation (LWs). Unlike to CWs, which the implementation demands large area, the LWs structure can be used in blank spaces of facades in urban and rural environments and can undertake the function of wastewater treatment. The performance of LWs have been over studied which regards to thermal and energy performance. Thus, the thesis presents the development of the WETWALL design concept and novelties, mainly regarding its potential for urban wastewaters treatment. Indeed, the modular Hybrid flow is presented and circular economy principles are considered during the design process, mainly by selecting by-products as filter medias. The filter media selected, cork and CAAC, were studied separately, regarding their ability at enhancing the removal process in NBS, in order to further optimize the design at pilot and real scale. Moreover, the construction and implementation of the WETWALL prototype is presented. Preliminary results regarding the validation of the innovative hybrid flow are discussed. The WETWALL design has great potential to climate change mitigation and adaptation though the establishment of resilient and self-sustaining technological development to treat wastewater in cities where vertical spaces are exponentially growing. However, further research at pilot and real scale are recommended.
El desarrollo de la sociedad ha llevado a una preocupación mundial con respecto a la mejora del rendimiento de los recursos, especialmente el agua. El diseño de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SBN) para el tratamiento y la reutilización de aguas residuales, de acuerdo con los principios de la economía circular (reutilización, reciclaje y reducción) puede ser un factor clave con respecto a la preservación del capital natural y la mitigación del cambio climático. Por lo tanto, el concepto de diseño de WETWALL tiene como objetivo integrar SBN, como los humedales construidos (HC) y las paredes vivas (PV) como un innovador tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas que también puede fomentar otros servicios del ecosistema, como la calidad del aire y el control del calor. Estas tecnologías se basan en la replicación de procesos naturales y se han utilizado con éxito en todo el mundo como tratamientos de aguas residuales (HC) y para mejorar la calidad del aire y el aislamiento térmico (PV). A diferencia de los HC, que la implementación exige un área grande, la estructura de los PV puede usarse en espacios libres de fachadas en entornos urbanos y rurales para la función de tratamiento de aguas residuales. El rendimiento de las PV se ha estudiado en exceso en lo que respecta al rendimiento térmico y energético. Por lo tanto, la tesis presenta el desarrollo del concepto de diseño WETWALL y sus novedades, principalmente en relación con su potencial para el tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas. De hecho, se presenta el flujo híbrido modular y se consideran los principios de economía circular durante el proceso de diseño, principalmente seleccionando subproductos como medios de filtro. Los medios de filtro seleccionados, el corcho y el CAAC, se estudiaron por separado, con respecto a su capacidad para mejorar el proceso de eliminación de contaminantes (nitrogenio, fósforo), a fin de en el futuro optimizar el diseño (escala piloto y real). Además, se presenta la construcción e implementación del prototipo WETWALL. Se discuten los resultados preliminares con respecto a la validación del flujo híbrido innovador. El diseño de WETWALL tiene un gran potencial para la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático a través del establecimiento de un desarrollo tecnológico resistente y autosustentable para tratar las aguas residuales en ciudades donde los espacios verticales crecen exponencialmente. Sin embargo, se recomiendan investigaciones adicionales a escala piloto y real

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25

RISTORINI, Martina. "Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) removal by deposition on leaves: analytical evaluation and applications to biomonitoring and to nature-based solutions (NbS)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11695/114988.

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Il presente progetto di dottorato è focalizzato sulla rimozione di particolato atmosferico (PM) mediante deposizione su lamine fogliari. Le principali tecniche sperimentali per la valutazione del PM depositato su foglia sono state testate e validate (Capitolo 2). L’efficienza della microanalisi mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione accoppiata a rilevatore a raggi X (SEM/EDX) è stata testata, dimostrando la sua efficacia per una caratterizzazione chimica e fisica del PM depositato quanto più completa possibile. La procedura gravimetrica del Vacuum Filtration (VF), basata sul lavaggio delle foglie e la successiva filtrazione delle soluzioni, è stata anch’essa testata a questo scopo. Infine, la tecnica di frazionamento chimico, basata sulla caratterizzazione chimica delle soluzioni di lavaggio e dei filtri, è risultata efficiente per ottenere informazioni sulla frazione solubile e insolubile del PM depositato. I risultati ottenuti tramite le tre tecniche sono stati poi confrontati, per dimostrare la loro efficacia e per evidenziare le loro limitazioni (Capitolo 3). Le potenzialità della caratterizzazione del PM depositato su foglia ai fini del biomonitoraggio sono state esplorate in due diversi contesti urbani (Capitolo 4). Nelle città di Terni e Torino, la deposizione fogliare di componenti elementari del PM, noti come traccianti di sorgente, è stata confrontata con le loro concentrazioni atmosferiche, per la valutazione dell’impatto di specifiche sorgenti emissive. Nel Capitolo 5, l'efficienza delle foglie nella rimozione del PM atmosferico è stata descritta in relazione al concetto di Nature-based solution (NbS). Il PM rimosso da tre NbS realizzate nell’ambito del progetto H2020 "proGIreg" è stato valutato mediante SEM/EDX. Le NbS studiate sono state realizzate in aree post-industriali di Torino (Italia), Dortmund (Germania) e Ningbo (Cina). Nel caso specifico della NbS di Dortmund (DE), i risultati sperimentali sono stati inoltre confrontati con quelli ottenuti tramite l’applicazione del modello i-Tree Eco. Nel Capitolo 6, sono state presentate nuove tecniche per il monitoraggio e l’analisi ad alta risoluzione spaziale del PM atmosferico. Campionatori attivi di PM10 a basso costo, gli High Spatial Resolution Samplers (HSRS, Fai Instruments, Italia) sono stati utilizzati in una densa rete di monitoraggio a Terni, per la valutazione e mappatura della distribuzione spaziale dei principali componenti del PM10. Viene inoltre riportata l'applicazione di saggi acellulari di potenziale ossidativo (OP), per valutare il ruolo di specifiche sorgenti nell'indurre stress ossidativo. L'efficienza di licheni è inoltre testata per la valutazione della distribuzione spaziale di inquinanti organici persistenti (POP). Infine, il modello Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) è applicato ai dati chimici ottenuti da filtri campionati prima, durante e dopo il lockdown Covid-19, per valutare i profili emissivi delle fonti e il loro contributo alla massa del PM10 in condizioni estremamente particolari. I risultati presentati forniscono risultati innovativi sulla valutazione della deposizione fogliare del PM e sulle sue principali applicazioni. Il frazionamento chimico applicato al PM depositato su foglia è risultato essere efficace per ottenere informazioni dettagliate sulle frazioni solubili e insolubili del PM e per aumentare la selettività di componenti specifici come traccianti di sorgente. Il confronto con le concentrazioni atmosferiche ha inoltre dimostrato l'affidabilità delle foglie come campionatori di PM. Infine, la microanalisi fogliare tramite SEM/EDX ha dimostrato la sua efficacia nella valutazione dell'affinità specie-specifica e dell'efficienza di NbS nei confronti della rimozione di PM tramite deposizione fogliare.
This PhD research project investigates the removal mechanism of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) by deposition on tree leaves. The most used experimental techniques for the evaluation of leaf deposited PM are reviewed (Chapter 2). Leaf microanalysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersed X-ray (SEM/EDX) is tested and validated. The proposed procedure allows the chemical and physical characterization of leaf deposited PM. Vacuum filtration (VF) gravimetric procedure, based on leaves washing and subsequent filtration of washing solutions, is also tested to this aim. A chemical fractionation procedure, based on the characterization of both leaf washing solutions and membrane filters is validated, thus achieving information on the water-soluble and insoluble fraction of leaf deposited PM. Results obtained from the three approaches are compared, to prove their efficiency and to highlight their limitations (Chapter 3). The potentialities of the characterization of leaf deposited PM for biomonitoring and source apportionment purposes have been explored in connection within two urban contexts (Chapter 4). In Terni, leaf deposition of PM elemental components, known as specific source tracers, is compared to their atmospheric concentrations. In Turin, the PM leaf deposition data obtained by SEM/EDX, from two NbSs, are integrated with the atmospheric concentrations of PM and its elemental components as retrieved by the analysis of the sampled membrane filters (Chapter 5), to evaluate the impact of specific emission sources. In Chapter 5, new insights on the tree leaf efficiency for the removal of atmospheric PM are provided, in connection with the concept of NbS. The PM removed by three NbSs realized within the context of the European project H2020 “proGIreg” has been assessed by SEM/EDX microanalysis. The studied NbSs have been realized in post-industrialized areas of Turin (Italy), Dortmund (Germany) and Ningbo (China). In the specific case of a renatured landfill in Dortmund (DE), SEM/EDX experimental results are also compared with those obtained by the i-Tree Eco model. In Chapter 6, the application of new techniques for the spatially-resolved analysis of atmospheric PM is described. Low-cost active PM10 samplers, the High Spatial Resolution Samplers (HSRS, Fai Instruments, Italy) are employed in a dense network in Terni, for the evaluation and mapping of the spatial distribution of PM10 main elements. The application of oxidative potential (OP) acellular assays is also reported, to evaluate the role of sources in inducing oxidative stress. The efficiency of lichen transplants is tested for the evaluation of the spatial distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Then, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model is applied to chemical data retrieved from PM10 filters sampled before, during and after the Covid-19 lockdown, to evaluate chemical profiles of sources and their contribution to PM10 mass during these peculiar periods. The results presented in this PhD thesis provide new insights on the evaluation of PM leaf deposition and its main applications. The new chemical fractionation results effective for obtaining detailed information on water-soluble and insoluble PM fraction and for increasing the selectivity of specific components as source tracers. The comparison with their atmospheric concentrations proved the reliability of leaves as low-cost PM samplers which can be deployed for the identification of emission sources and the evaluation of their impact. Finally, SEM/EDX leaf microanalysis proved its efficiency for evaluating the species-specific affinity and the efficiency of NbS implemented in urban areas.

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Babi, Almenar Javier. "Characterisation, biophysical modelling and monetary valuation of urban nature-based solutions as a support tool for urban planning and landscape design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/288810.

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The recognition of nature in the resolution of societal challenges has been growing in relevance. This recognition has been associated with the development of new concepts from science and policy such as natural capital, ecosystem services, green infrastructure, and more recently Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). NBS intends to address societal challenges in an effective and adaptive form providing economic, social, and environmental benefits. The overall aim of this PhD thesis is to develop an environmental and economic assessment of NBS for highly urbanised territories based on rationales and models underpinning ecosystem services, urban/landscape ecology, and life cycle thinking approaches. This combined evaluation approach would help to better understand if NBS are cost-effective or not. The aim is developed according to four specific objectives. The first objective corresponds to the characterisation of NBS in relation to urban contexts and the problematics that they can help to address or mitigate. To achieve this objective a critical review on the study of the relationship between NBS, ecosystem services (ES) and urban challenges (UC) was developed. As a main output, a graph of plausible cause-effect relationships between NBS, ES and UC is obtained. The graph represents a first step to support sustainable urban planning, moving from problems (i.e. urban challenges) to actions (i.e. NBS) to resolutions (i.e. ES). The second objective corresponds to the definition of an adequate set of biophysical and monetary assessment methods and indicators to evaluate the value of NBS in urbanised contexts. To achieve this objective, a review of existing methods on ecosystem services valuation, life cycle cost analysis and life-cycle assessment are developed. The review takes into account specific constraints such as easiness to use and availability of data. At the end, potential methods and indicators were selected, which will be later integrated in the combined assessment framework. The third objective corresponds to the design of a combined assessment framework integrating methods from life cycle assessment, landscape/urban ecology and ecosystem services that quantifies the environmental and economic value of NBS informing about the cost-effectiveness of its entire life cycle. To achieve this objective, a conceptual framework is developed. From it, a system dynamics model of ecosystem (dis)services is developed and coupled with a life cycle assessment method. The combined evaluation is tested with a relevant NBS type (i.e. urban forest) in a case study in the metropolitan area of Madrid. The fourth objective is the development of a decision support (DSS) tool that integrates the assessment framework as part of iterative design processes in urban planning and landscape design. The DSS intends to enhance the interrelation between science, policy and planning/design. To achieve this objective a user-friendly web-based prototype DSS on NBS, called NBenefit$®, is developed. The prototype DSS provides the user a simple form of quantifying the provision of multiple ES and costs over the entire life cycle (implementation, operational life, and end-of-life) of NBS. This thesis contributed to the characterisation of NBS and its environmental and economic assessment to inform urban planning and landscape design processes, allowing decisions that are more informed.
Il riconoscimento della natura nella risoluzione delle sfide sociali è diventato sempre più importante. Questo riconoscimento è stato associato allo sviluppo di nuovi concetti provenienti dalla scienza e dalla politica, come il capitale naturale, i servizi ecosistemici, le infrastrutture verdi e, più recentemente, le soluzioni basate sulla natura (NBS). NBS intende affrontare le sfide della società in una forma efficace e adattabile fornendo benefici economici, sociali e ambientali. Lo scopo di ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare una valutazione ambientale ed economica delle NBS per territori altamente urbanizzati basata su logiche e modelli che hanno alla base i servizi ecosistemici, l'ecologia urbana e paesaggistica e degli approcci di approcio life cycle. Questo quadro di valutazione combinato aiuterebbe a capire meglio se le NBS sono costo effetive e se contribuiscono a uno sviluppo resiliente e sostenibile. Questo scopo di ricerca è sviluppato secondo quattro obiettivi specifici. Il primo obiettivo corrisponde alla caratterizzazione delle NBS in relazione ai contesti urbani e alle problematiche che possono aiutare ad affrontare o mitigare. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stata sviluppata una revisione critica dell letteratura sullo studio della relazione tra NBS, servizi ecosistemici (ES) e sfide urbane (UC). Come risultato principale, si ottiene un grafico delle relazioni causa-effetto plausibili tra NBS, ES ed UC. Il grafico rappresenta un primo passo per supportare la pianificazione urbana sostenibile, passando dai problemi (es. UC) alle azioni (es. NBS) alle risoluzioni (es. ES). Il secondo obiettivo corrisponde alla definizione di un set di metodi e indicatori di valutazione biofisica e monetaria adeguate per valutare il valore della NBS in contesti urbanizzati. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, viene sviluppata una revisione dei metodi esistenti sulla valutazione dei servizi ecosistemici, l'analisi dei costi del ciclo di vita e la valutazione del ciclo di vita. La revisione tiene conto di vincoli specifici come la facilità d'uso e la disponibilità dei dati. Alla fine, sono stati selezionati potenziali metodi e indicatori, che saranno successivamente integrati nel quadro di valutazione combinato. Il terzo obiettivo corrisponde alla progettazione del quadro di valutazione combinato, integrando metodi di valutazione del ciclo di vita, ecologia paesaggistica / urbana e servizi ecosistemici che quantifica il valore ambientale ed economico della NBS informando sull'efficacia in termini di costi del suo intero ciclo di vita. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, prima viene sviluppato un quadro concettuale. Da esso, viene sviluppato un modello di dinamica di sistemi per calcolare i servizi (e disservici) ecosistemici, il quale è interrelazionato con un metodo di valutazione life cycle. Questa valutazione combinata viene testata con un tipo di NBS pertinente (foresta urbana) in un caso di studio nell'area metropolitana di Madrid. Il quarto obiettivo è lo sviluppo di uno strumento di supporto decisionale (DSS) che integri il quadro di valutazione come parte dei processi di progettazione iterativa nella pianificazione urbana e nella progettazione del paesaggio. Il DSS intende migliorare l'interrelazione tra scienza, politica e pianificazione / progettazione. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stato sviluppato Nbenefit$® un prototipo di DSS online per la valutazzione NBS di facile uso. Il prototipo DSS fornisce all'utente una forma semplice per quantificare multipli ES e costi (internalizatti o no) durante l'intero ciclo di vita (implementazione, vita operativa e fine vita) del NBS. In conclusione, questa tesi ha contribuito alla caratterizzazione di NBS e alla sua valutazione ambientale ed economica per informare i processi di pianificazione urbana e progettazione del paesaggio, consentendo decisioni più informate.

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Holthaus, Annika. "The edible city: A concept for the sustainable and resilient city during the COVID-19 pandemic? : A case study of Andernach and Todmorden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-193843.

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The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerability of cities and set a new focus on planning sustainable and resilient cities. This thesis aims to assess the edible city, where edible plants are grown in public spaces, in terms of sustainability and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluate its contribution to urban sustainability and resilience. Further, it explores the implications for planning an edible city. As part of this case study, 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted in two edible cities: Edible City Andernach, Germany and Incredible Edible Todmorden, England. The results of this study demonstrate that both edible cities contribute to sustainability, but each is skewed towards one sustainability dimension. Concerning resilience, the study illustrates that both cases are able to withstand the pandemic impacts and adapt particularly in their focus sustainability dimension. However, general resilience is negatively impacted by a stance of waiting-it-out. For planning an edible city, a combination of a top-down and bottom-up approach is recommended. In conclusion, this thesis shows that the edible city contributes to urban sustainability and resilience through the continuing provision of ecosystem services and co-benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Lilja, Ellen. "The role of nature-based solutions for ecological urban planning in the sustainable city : How is the Green Space Factor system presented in urban planning strategies?" Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43614.

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The thesis covers the role of the Green Space Factor (GSF) system as a nature-based solution for ecological urban planning in the sustainable city. One main focus for sustainable urban development is the aspect of constructing green spaces and green buildings in order to improve land-use efficiencies and thus minimize negative environmental impacts. Hence, in this study research is made through conducting a qualitative municipal document analysis on how the GSF system is portrayed and implemented in urban planning strategies based on the municipalities of Malmö and Gothenburg. To limit the study, two urban areas are selected for further investigation, the Western harbour in Malmö City and the Freeport in Gothenburg City. The documents included in the study are based on three categories of developing the chosen urban areas: visions, area programs and detailed plans. From the document analysis, several categories or themes were extracted consisting of future goals and vision, actors and trademarks, visionary sustainability, climate change adaptation strategies, sustainable urban development models, green infrastructure, and lastly strategies and design principles of the Western harbour and the Freeport. The results are analysed through the theory of neoliberalised urban climate change adaptation strategies and green fix as crisis management. In order to include the local context of sustainable urban development, environmental policy localization is also included in the analysis of the results. The results from the analysis of the empirical material show that the municipalities of Malmö and Gothenburg have implemented the GSF planning system into the local context of their visions, area programs and detailed plans of both the Western harbour and the Freeport. The GSF system is included in both urban planning strategies through indirect terminologies connected to general sustainable development, such as climate change adaptation, green infrastructure and design principles showcasing the desired sustainability strategies. However, the results present the risk of market-based sustainability trademarking. The study concludes on the mark that it is important for the cities to on one hand implement the GSF system into the overall policies design, and on another hand face sustainable urban development at a variety of spatial scales in order to meet the external requirements originating in the localization of environmental policies.

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Mseleku, Erasmus. "Guidelines for Integrated Flood Control Design in the Informal Settlements of Cape Town Municipality : A case study of Kosovo Informal Settlement in Philippi District." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298784.

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Flooding over the last few years has become the most frequent and devastating of the natural disasters. This has accounted for approximately half of the death-rate and a third of economic losses as a result of weather-related events. Though these flooding events affect many cities across the globe, it is often the less fortunate who are disproportionately impacted by such events. There are many factors as to why this is the unfortunate case, with a high number of the underprivileged urban population finding themselves living in informal settlements. These settlements are often developed on environmentally-fragile land on steep sites or floodplains and lack the adequate waste and drainage systems that control the flow of water, further aggravating the flood risk within these areas. These uneven hardships are no different to Cape Town metropolitan region. Flooding has become an annual recurrence for the city during the wet winter months between May and September, with the informal settlements in the Cape Flats low-lying area bearing the brunt of this impact. The research therefore aims to explore how integrated flood control design within urban development can contribute to creating social and environmental sustainable interventions for flood resilience in informal settlements within the Cape Town municipality. One of the most important findings was the strong relation between waste as one of the largest contributors to the flooding events in these settlements, which became a key driver for investigation within the research. Kosovo informal settlement is one of the hardest hit communities during Cape Town’s high rainfall winter seasons and will used as the case study area for the research. The objective of the study is to investigate the existing condition and the involved stakeholders to develop well thought design strategies and toolbox for the municipality, planners, and residents. The design strategies and toolbox provides mechanisms to rethink flood prevention measures by shifting from creating barriers [interrupt], to mechanisms that engage with floodwater [interact] within a case study area. This research has attempted to position the community at the centre. Community participation and collaboration with key stakeholders will allow the residents to contribute with their local knowledge, experience and voices, sharing their views on the design solutions that are required to be integrated into their spaces.

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Weng, Wei. "Aerial river management for future water in the context of land use change in Amazonia." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21097.

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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Aerial Rivers („luftgetragenen Flüssen“), den bevorzugten Wegen des Flusses von Feuchte in der Atmosphäre. Ziel ist es, die Voraussetzung für deren Integration in aktuelle Paradigmen der Wasserwirtschaft zu schaffen. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit stehen Amazonien und die angrenzenden Gebiete, also Regionen der Erde, in denen sich derzeit der Landnutzungswandel mit am schnellsten vollzieht. Aus theoretischer Sicht wird das Wissen über die Verbindung zwischen Aerial Rivers und Oberflächenflüssen erweitert. Mit Hilfe eines Algorithmus zur Verfolgung des atmosphärischen Feuchtigkeitstransports werden die Auswirkungen von entferntem Landnutzungswandel in Windrichtung auf die Niederschlagsmenge einer Zielregion quantifiziert. Die räumliche Heterogenität des Einflusses der gesamten Quellevapotranspirationsfläche (precipitationsehed) auf die/den empfangene/n Niederschlagsmenge/Oberflächenabfluss der Zielregion wird untersucht und führt zur Identifizierung der „Most Influential Precipitationshed“ (MIP), der für Managementzwecke relevantesten Teilfläche. Ein Aerial River-Managementbeispiel für Santa Cruz (Bolivien) zeigt, dass die strategische Wiederaufforstung im MIP sowohl die Niederschlagsmenge als auch den empfangenen Oberflächenabfluss erhöht und 22%-59% des zukünftigen Wasserbedarfszuwachses einer schnell wachsenden Stadt decken kann. Weiterhin werden sozio-technische Regime entlang von Aerial Rivers, die zu Extremereignissen wie Megadürren beitragen können, mit Hilfe der sozialwissenschaftlichen Methode der Multi-Level-Perspektive (MLP) untersucht. Ursachen wie Bodenpolitik und Marktinterventionen in Brasilien und Bolivien steuern weit entfernte kolumbianische Energieregime und deren Wandel. Aerial Rivers sind also zentral für zukünftiges Gewässermangement einschließlich Wasserkraft; ihr Management erfordert jedoch eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung der gesellschaftlichen Schnittstellen über administrative Grenzen und Sektoren hinweg.
Aerial rivers are the preferential pathways of moisture flows in the atmosphere. They connect the atmosphere, the water system, and the land system. This thesis aims to provide knowledge for integration of aerial rivers into management of these systems. It focuses on Amazonia and adjacent areas, which collectively experience some of the most rapid land use change on the planet. This thesis further develops three key aspects (theoretical, technical, and societal) of knowledge concerning aerial rivers. From a theoretical aspect, it advances the knowledge of connection between aerial rivers and surface rivers. Using a moisture tracking algorithm, the impact from upwind land use change via aerial rivers on target regions’ runoff reception is quantified. Spatial heterogeneity in the influence of the precipitationshed on runoff reception of the target region is found, implying a need to determine the most influential precipitationshed (MIP) for management purposes. From a technical aspect, the work demonstrates an aerial river management example for a rapidly growing city. It is shown that strategic reforestation in the MIP can increase both rainfall and runoff reception and secure 22%-59% of a rapidly growing city’s future water needs. Finally, the work explores the societal aspect of aerial river management. Socio-technical regimes along aerial rivers contributing to extreme events of mega-drought were traced through the social scientific method of multi-level perspective. It reveals that the source regimes such as land policy and market interventions in Brazil and Bolivia govern remote Colombian energy regimes and their transitions through aerial rivers. These findings show that aerial rivers are relevant and viable options for the development of future water resources - including hydropower - but their management will require a holistic consideration of the various societal interfaces as they cross jurisdictional boundaries and sectors.

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Salinas, Zapata Cristian C. "Seagrass soils as paleoenvironmental tools and biogeochemical sinks for management." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2542.

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Coastal vegetation plays an essential role in regulating climate change and water quality, especially seagrass meadows that cover up to 1.6 million km2 worldwide and have been identified as globally significant filters and sinks of biogeochemical elements, including organic carbon (Corg) and nitrogen (N). Over the past century, the accelerating intensity and duration of natural and anthropogenic disturbances have caused severe regime shifts in estuarine and other coastal ecosystem dynamics, causing seagrass losses and affecting their valuable ecosystem services. Although knowledge of long-term seagrass ecosystem dynamics is scarce, including baseline conditions prior to major disturbances, the limited available information has been crucial to assess the human and natural impacts on coastal ecosystems. For example, it has provided answers to key questions related to seagrass ecology, climate change and management, including the estimation of the ecological significance and the monetary value of the biogeochemical sinks associated with seagrass ecosystems. This thesis aims to use seagrasses biogeochemical sinks as archives to reconstruct and understand : 1) baseline conditions in Australian estuaries, and spatial variability in environmental change, including perturbations that triggered the loss of seagrass meadows; 2) the significance of seagrasses in global biogeochemical cycles, as well as the processes that support their potential to store carbon and nitrogen; and 3) the losses of biogeochemical sinks as a consequence of seagrass meadow losses through human-induced impacts and extreme weather events. In this thesis, seagrass sedimentary archives encompassing the last few centuries have been studied to decipher centennial-scale environmental change in temperate estuaries, and the impacts of marine heatwaves and eutrophication on the Corg and N biogeochemical sinks associated to seagrass ecosystems. In the first data chapter of this thesis, the impact of land-use change on the ecological dynamics of temperate estuaries in Australia is reconstructed based on the analysis of multiple proxies in seagrass sedimentary archives encompassing the last 500 years. This palaeoecological study revealed the effect of land-use change following European settlement in the 1800s in Australia on the ecological condition of the estuaries, highlighting the deterioration of seagrass meadows following increased coastal development and agriculture activity after World War II. The second data chapter examined the effect of seagrass loss due to eutrophication on seagrass soil Corg stocks and fluxes, and provides pioneering estimates of CO2 emissions following disturbance of seagrass ecosystems that can be used to support the development of seagrass blue carbon projects (conservation and restoration) to mitigate climate change. The results showed that seagrass loss alone does not necessarily drive erosion of soil Corg, but when combined with sufficient hydrodynamic energy at the sediment surface ( > 0.20 m/s in this case), significant losses occurred (88–95% of soil Corg stocks). The study provided first-order estimates of potential CO2 emissions from eutrophication-induced seagrass loss since the 1950s in Australia, with 161,150 hectares of seagrass habitat loss that likely resulted in the release of 11–21 Tg CO2 (equivalent to a 2% increase in annual CO2 emissions from land-use change). These data will be crucial to inform the implementation of seagrass blue carbon into the Australian climate change mitigation policy. The third data chapter assessed soil N stocks and accumulation rates in Australian seagrass meadows, and provides pioneering estimates of soil N depletion following disturbance of seagrass meadows due to eutrophication and marine heatwaves, and identified the main drivers and potential ecological consequences of those losses. The results showed that Australian seagrasses capture 216–910 Gg N yr-1, equivalent to 96–105% of N runoff from Australian catchments. On the other hand, Australian-wide seagrass losses since the 1950s likely resulted in the loss of 435-720 Gg N from their soils, which likely enhanced eutrophication processes and resulted in adverse ecological consequences. This thesis provides novel and key information on the role of seagrasses as biogeochemical sinks and sources. This information can inform management practices of estuarine and other coastal ecosystems and highlights the value of seagrass sedimentary archives for determining baseline cycles and to reconstruct the time-course of ecological change in response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. This thesis also highlights the need to conserve and restore seagrass meadows due to their value as natural archives and biogeochemical sinks, demonstrating their potential as a Natural-based Solution for contributing to climate change mitigation.

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Douglas, Steven Murray. "Is 'green' religion the solution to the ecological crisis? A case study of mainstream religion in Australia." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49314.

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A significant and growing number of authors and commentators have proposed that ecologically enlightened (‘greened’) religion is the solution or at least a major part of the solution to the global ecological crisis. These include Birch, 1965 p90; ... . Proponents offer a variety of reasons for this view, including that the majority of the world’s and many nations’ people identify themselves as religious, and that there is a large amount of land and infrastructure controlled by religious organisations worldwide. However, the most important reason is that ‘religion’ is said to have one or more exceptional qualities that can drive and sustain dramatic personal and societal change. The underlying or sometimes overt suggestion is that as the ecological crisis is ultimately a moral crisis, religion is best placed to address the problem at its root. ¶ ... ¶ This thesis tests the proposition that religion is the solution to the ecological crisis. It does this using a case study of mainstream religion in Australia, represented by the Catholic, Anglican, and Uniting Churches. The Churches’ ecological policies and practices are analysed to determine the extent to which these denominations are fulfilling, or might be able to fulfil, the proposition. The primary research method is an Internet-based search for policy and praxis material. The methodology is Critical Human Ecology. ¶ ...

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Marques, Vanessa Alexandre. "Verdes que articulam a cidade. Colina verde a Nascente da Alta universitária: requalificar para integrar." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/87901.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Sensível à realidade presente no quadro físico e social das áreas urbanas mais antigas das cidades portuguesas, degradadas e debilitadas, esta dissertação apresenta o ensaio de uma estratégia para as promover e integrar no desenvolvimento urbano. Nesta estratégia, os espaços verdes são entendidos como uma infraestrutura de qualificação das urbes, não apenas pelos seus benefícios ambientais, mas também pelos seus efeitos multiplicadores na melhoria da qualidade de vida e nos estímulos socioeconómicos que podem promover, tendo como base o conceito das nature-based solutions.Assim, esta dissertação parte de um entendimento amplo da reabilitação urbana, procurando definir respostas para a multiplicidade de desafios que se colocam para controlar as fragilidades daquelas áreas. O caso de estudo é Coimbra, mais concretamente a sua área central mais antiga composta pela Alta, Baixa e as áreas confinantes ao longo das cumeadas da Avenida Dias da Silva e Rua António José de Almeida. A estratégia aqui desenvolvida, incide na "cicatriz" deixada pela muralha medieval que inclui áreas desqualificadas e de acesso difícil, mas que encerram igualmente um grande potencial para promover a reabilitação da área central de Coimbra e, assim, promover a sua coesão.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sensitive to the present reality in the physical and social frameworks of the oldest urban areas of Portuguese cities, degraded and weakened, this dissertation presents the essay of a strategy to promote and integrate them in urban development. In this strategy, green spaces are understood as a qualification infrastructure for cities, not only for their environmental benefits, but also for their multiplier effects in improving the quality of life and in the socio-economic stimuli that they can promote based on the Nature-Based Solutions.Thus, this dissertation starts from a broad understanding of urban rehabilitation, trying to define answers to the multiplicity of challenges that are posed to control the weaknesses of those areas. The case study is Coimbra, more specifically its oldest central area composed of Alta, Baixa and the confining areas along the slopes of Dias da Silva Avenue and António José de Almeida Street. The strategy developed focuses on the "scar" left by the medieval wall that includes disqualified areas and difficult access, but which also have great potential to promote the rehabilitation of the central area of Coimbra and thus promote its cohesion.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Augusto, Bruno Miguel Rocha. "Direct and indirect impacts of nature-based solutions on urban heating." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/24860.

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Cities are growing and becoming more densely populated. This results in changes in land use, where there is an increase in impermeable surfaces and a substantial loss of green spaces. These changes in the urban environment alter the ecology of the cities, which can cause effects such as urban heat islands and overall urban heating. While nature-based solutions (NBS) are considered sustainable, cost-effective and multi-purpose solutions to address these problems, NBS may also lead to urban compaction and increase in population density. The main objective of this study is to provide an assessment of the direct (short term) and indirect (medium to long term) impacts of nature-based solutions on urban heating and urban sprawl, having as a case study the city of Eindhoven (The Netherlands). The aim is to provide public planners, decision makers and stakeholders with a tool to help predict the effects of the applications of naturebased solutions. For this purpose, an integrated modelling approach composed of WRF-SUEWS (with a resolution of 1-km) and SULD was used to determine the urban cooling effect (direct impacts) and the urban compaction effect (indirect impacts), respectively. Results show that nature-based solutions have a cooling effect in the short term, due to an increase in green/blue spaces, and an urban compaction effect in the medium to long term, due to attraction of residents from peripheral areas to attractive green/blue spaces. The latter reduces the direct urban cooling effect, though still results in an overall positive balance. This study provides evidence that nature-based solutions can be used to reduce the effects of urban heating and urban sprawl, depending on the type and size of the nature-based solution. Also, it reinforces the idea that an integrated modelling approach allows to better understand the short to long term effects of NBS and can be used as tool for public planners and decision makers.
O crescimento das cidades e o aumento da sua densidade populacional têm como consequência alterações no uso do solo, com um aumento das superfícies impermeáveis e uma perda substancial de espaços verdes. Estas alterações no ambiente urbano alteram a ecologia das cidades, causando efeitos como ilhas de calor urbano e um aumento generalizado do calor urbano. As soluções baseadas na natureza (NBS) são consideradas sustentáveis, custo-eficazes e multifuncionais para resolver estes problemas, no entanto, as NBS podem também levar a uma compactação urbana e aumento da densidade populacional. O objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar os impactos diretos (a curto prazo) e indiretos (médio a longo prazo) das soluções baseadas na natureza no calor urbano e na expansão urbana, tendo como caso de estudo a cidade de Eindhoven (Holanda). Pretende-se providenciar aos planeadores públicos, decisores e stakeholders uma ferramenta para ajudar a prever os efeitos das aplicações das NBS. Para isso, foi usada para uma abordagem de modelação integrada baseada no sistema WRF-SUEWS (com uma resolução de 1-km) e no modelo SULD para determinar o efeito de arrefecimento urbano (impactos diretos) e o efeito de compactação urbana (impactos indiretos), respetivamente. Os resultados mostram que as NBS têm um efeito de arrefecimento a curto prazo, devido ao aumento de espaços verdes/azuis, e um efeito de compactação urbana a médio a longo prazo, devido à atração dos residentes de áreas periféricas para os espaços verdes/azuis. O efeito de compactação urbana reduz o efeito de arrefecimento direto, no entanto o balanço total é positivo. Este estudo evidencia que as soluções baseadas na natureza podem ser usadas para reduzir os efeitos do calor urbano e expansão urbana, dependendo do tipo e tamanho das NBS. Também vem reforçar a ideia de que uma abordagem de modelação integrada permite uma melhor compreensão dos efeitos a curto e longo prazo das NBS e pode ser usada como uma ferramenta para os planeadores públicos e decisores.
This thesis was developed in the context of the UNaLab project (https://www.unalab.eu/), undertaken by a consortium led by VTT and in which the UA is consortium partner as well as work package leader (Monitoring and impact assessment). The UNaLab project has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 730052, Topic: SCC-2-2016-2017: Smart Cities and Communities Nature based solutions.
Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente

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Silva, Maria Salomé Costa. "Multiple impacts, costs and (co-) benefits from nature-based solutions for urban climate change adaptation." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/29464.

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The on-going and fast-urban development brought along changes in land-use patterns having resulted in a major conversion of natural landscapes into urban ones and a subsequent impermeabilization of surfaces. This came with problems of different dimensions which are expected to be exacerbated by climate change: increased flood risk, “urban heat islands”, increased air pollution and reduced quality of life. Current ‘hard’ engineering solutions to adapt to urban challenges usually require landscape changes, maintenance and depreciate over time. Nature-based solutions came as efficient and eco-friendlier solutions that besides adding value to urban landscape aesthetics can help mitigate and adapt cities to climate-change and urbanization challenges. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the multiple impacts, costs and benefits of NBS implementation, with a specific focus on flood damage and sprawl, gentrification and real estate valuation. To this end, two models of the Systemic Decision Support Tool (SDST) are used to assess the impacts of NBS on flood risk (using InfoWORKS) and sprawl, gentrification and real estate valuation (using SULD). A case study is provided for the city of Eindhoven in the Netherlands. Results show that the implementation of nature-based solutions leads to an increase in real estate values (+6.1 M€/yr) due to upgraded aesthetics and has an impact on flood damages acting on flood mitigation and reducing damage costs (-27.4 k€/yr). Besides its main functions, NBS also show an effect on population distribution patterns – favouring urban densification over urban sprawl processes.
O desenvolvimento urbano contínuo e rápido trouxe mudanças nos padrões de uso do solo, tendo ocorrido uma grande conversão da paisagem natural em urbana e uma impermeabilização dessas superfícies. Isso trouxe problemas de diferentes níveis que se tornaram exacerbados com as mudanças climáticas: aumento do risco de inundações, "ilhas urbanas de calor", aumento da concentração de poluentes atmosféricos e declínio da qualidade de vida. As soluções atuais para a adaptação aos desafios urbanos geralmente exigem mudanças na paisagem, manutenção e desvalorizam ao longo do tempo. As soluções baseadas na natureza (SBN) vieram como soluções eficientes e amigas do ambiente que, além de agregar valor à estética da paisagem urbana, podem ajudar a mitigar e adaptar as cidades aos desafios das mudanças climáticas e da urbanização. O objetivo desta tese é avaliar os múltiplos impactos, custos e benefícios da implementação das SBN, com um foco específico nos danos causados pelas inundações, expansão e gentrificação urbana e valorização do mercado imobiliário. Para este fim, dois modelos da Systemic Decision Support Tool (SDST) são usados para avaliar os impactos da SBN sobre o risco de inundação (usando o InfoWorks) e sobre o mercado imobiliário (usando o SULD). Um caso de estudo é fornecido para a cidade de Eindhoven, na Holanda. Os resultados mostram que a implementação de soluções baseadas na natureza conduz a um aumento do valor imobiliário (+6,1 M€/ano) devido à melhoria da estética do meio urbano e tem também um impacto nos danos causados pelas inundações, atuando na mitigação das inundações e reduzindo os custos dos danos (-27,4k€/ano).Para além das suas principais funções, as SBN mostram também um efeito nos padrões de distribuição da população, favorecendo a densificação urbana em detrimento dos processos de expansão urbana.
Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente

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36

Lopez, Maciel Max Alberto. "Assessment of factors influencing the adoption and diffusion of nature-based solutions in urban areas." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/26125.

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In cities around the world, there is a general tendency to increase their size in the coming decades, which leads to an increase not only in population but also in the generation of urban environmental impacts, as well as the probability of becoming vulnerable areas due to the effects of climate change. In this sense, it is essential to increase their resilience, which will permit them to face the effects of climate change. A strategy that allows taking common measures of adaptation and mitigation approaches is the implementation of Nature-based Solutions. However, its level of success as a policy implemented in urban communities depends on a series of factors related to their level and time of adoption. This study proposes a methodology for evaluating these factors, through the creation of a participatory workshop and the potential use of a tool, initially developed for the agricultural sector, known as ADOPT, which could be used to evaluate the level of adoption and rate of diffusion of Nature-based Solutions. In order to test the adaptation of this tool, it was used for the case study of the city of Eindhoven in the Netherlands, which is one of the frontrunner cities of the UNaLab project, sponsored by the European Commission, which gathers evidence of the level of effectiveness, implementation and replication of Nature-based Solutions in urban areas. For the case of Eindhoven, it was explicitly measured the level of adoption and rate of diffusion of green roofs with the participation of stakeholders from the academic and local government sectors. Giving as a result, scenarios of adoption of 12% and 49% respectively finding that a diverse participation of different stakeholders influences the perception of the potential adoption of this innovation in comparison with an individual answer.
Nas cidades por todo o mundo, há uma tendência geral de aumentar o seu tamanho nas próximas décadas, o que leva a um aumento não só da população, mas também no aparecimento de impactos ambientais urbanos, bem como a probabilidade de se tornarem áreas vulneráveis devido ao efeito do clima. Nesse sentido, é essencial aumentar a sua resiliência, o que lhes permitirá enfrentar os efeitos da mudança do clima. Uma estratégia que permitirá uma adaptação e mitigação é a implementação de soluções baseadas na natureza. No entanto, o seu nível de sucesso como política implementada em comunidades urbanas depende de uma série de fatores relacionados com o seu nível e tempo de adoção. O presente estudo propõe uma metodologia para avaliar esses fatores, através da criação de um workshop participativo e do uso potencial de uma ferramenta, inicialmente desenvolvida para o setor agrícola, conhecida como ADOPT, que pode ser usada para avaliar o nível de adoção e taxa de difusão de soluções baseadas na natureza. Para testar a adaptação desta ferramenta, do governo local, foi usado para o caso de estudo da cidade de Eindhoven, na Holanda, que é uma das principais cidades do projeto UNaLab, patrocinado pela Comissão Europeia, que reúne evidências do nível de eficácia, implementação e replicação de soluções baseadas na natureza em áreas urbanas. Para o caso de Eindhoven, foi medido explicitamente o nível de adoção e taxa de difusão de telhados verdes com a participação de partes interessadas dos setores académico e do governo local. Dando como resultado, cenários de adoção de 12% e 49%, respetivamente, constatando que uma participação diversificada de diferentes partes interessadas influência a percepção da adoção potencial dessa inovação em comparação com uma resposta individual.
Mestrado em Estudos Ambientais

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37

Bodilis, Carole Simone Juliette. "Integration and visualisation of urban sprawl and urban heating indicators from complex data in a context of nature-based solutions." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/24917.

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Cities are facing an increasing number of challenges as a result of rapid global urbanization, challenges that become even more critical in the face of population growth and climate change. Two major ones include urban sprawl and urban heating, namely the un-controlled low density, leapfrog and scattered development at the urban fringe and the higher temperatures in urban areas than in the rural surroundings. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), solutions inspired or supported by nature, offer an innovative way to deal with these challenges and mitigate their harmful consequences. Indeed, NBS provide aesthetic services and attract residents while, at the same time, providing regulating and recreational services. Nevertheless, there is a need to show the effectiveness of NBS through evidence-based approaches and relevant indicators. The objective of this study is to provide policy-relevant visualisations of urban sprawl and urban heating indicators to provide information, communication and analysis support for decision-making around NBS establishment, taking the city of Eindhoven in the Netherlands as a case study. To this end, relevant indicators are selected from the literature and according to data available from the two disciplinary models used to assess urban sprawl (SULD) and urban heating (WRF-SUEWS) and, in turn, a user interface (UI) is developed to visualise these indicators in a user-friendly and understandable way. The UI is developed following a designimplementation- evaluation cycle, as it was tested and evaluated three times by pilot end-users as well as actual stakeholders in Eindhoven. Results show that complex model results rendered in a simple way at different scales (plot, neighbourhood and city) provide relevant information on the multiple impacts of NBS for stakeholders as well as the first step towards the apprehension of the interrelated impacts of NBS in cities. These results serve, in addition, as inputs for the development of the Systemic Decision Support Tool (SDST) of the UNaLab project (funded under the European Union Horizon 2020)
A crescente urbanização global gera inúmeros desafios às cidades, especialmente devido aos cenários de crescimento populacional e alterações climáticas. O aquecimento global e o fenómeno de urban sprawl constituem dois dos maiores desafios, nomeadamente através de uma expansão descontrolada e fragmentada na periferia urbana e em contextos rurais assim como o aumento de temperatura nas zonas urbanas. Soluções Baseadas na Natureza (SBN) apresentam-se como alternativas inovadoras que são inspiradas ou suportadas pela natureza, sendo capazes de lidar com os desafios e mitigar consequências negativas. De facto, as SBN podem ser consideradas amenidades ambientais que atraem a população para viver perto destes espaços, para além de providenciarem espaços com potencial efeito amenizante e recreativo. No entanto, existe ainda uma necessidade de comprovar a eficiência das SBS através de abordagens integradas, nomeadamente através de indicadores. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em fornecer evidências sobre indicadores de aquecimento urbano e urban sprawl de forma a suportar o processo de tomada de decisão relativamente à implementação, comunicação e avaliação de SBN. Com este fim, a cidade de Eindhoven, na Holanda, é utilizada como caso de estudo. Assim sendo, indicadores existentes na literatura considerados relevantes foram selecionados e dois modelos foram utilizados para avaliar fenómenos de aquecimento urbano e de urban sprawl (WRFSUEWS e SULD), para posterior desenvolvimento de uma interface de utilizador destinada à visualização dos indicadores. Esta interface foi desenvolvida segundo um ciclo de design-implementation-evaluation, que foi testado três vezes por utilizadores piloto e partes-interessadas em Eindhoven. Os resultados mostram que o modelo utilizado reúne e fornece informação fundamental para a discussão de futuros impactos de SBN
Mestrado em Estudos Ambientais

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38

Escobar, prieto Juan david. "Environmental origin and compartmentalization of bacterial communities associated with Avicennia marina mangroves on the Red Sea coast." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/670221.

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Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems widespread in tropical and subtropical coastlines, with a coverage of 75% of the world’s tropical shorelines. Mangrove plants developed specific physiological and morphological adaptation to thrive in such unique environments. Together with plant adaptations, mangroves develop a tight partnership with microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, that form the so-called mangrove-microbiome. Plant-associated microorganisms are generally recruited by the root system (root tissues and rhizosphere) and the colonization process starts with the release of root-related exudates detected by the surrounding edaphic microorganisms that are attracted in the rhizosphere zone. Then, root surface selects those microorganisms that can enter the tissues as endophytes. The microorganisms recruited belowground can migrate through the plant tissues by using the plant vessels and may colonize the aboveground compartments of the plant. Here, I aimed to evaluate the environmental origin and compartmentalization of the mangrove microbiome. To do this, I sampled bulk sediments, sea water, and mangrove plant compartments (root rhizosphere and endosphere, pneumatophores, shoot, leaves, flowers and propagules) of 20 gray mangrove trees (Avicennia marina L.) across two sites on the Red Sea coast of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia. By high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, I showed that the bacterial assembly in A. marina plant compartments follows a clear niche partition process in which bacterial communities are actively recruited from the surrounding ecosystem (sediment and sea water) by the root system, and further distributed across the different plant organ and compartments. Moreover, the composition of microbiome detected had many similitudes with others previously described around the world, suggesting that certain bacteria represent a mangrove “core microbiome”. The conservation of microbiome composition, mainly driven by environmental and host selection, that beneficial bacteria provide to the plant and contribute to its growth and fitness by several mechanisms. Thus, the characterization and identification of mangrove microbiome can meliorate our knowledge regarding plant–microbe interactions, as well as put the bases for the development of Nature-based Solution (NBS) to enhance reforestation and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems

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White, Marta Irene de los Rios. "Mapping the life cycle co-creation process of nature based solutions for urban climate change adaptation." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/24891.

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Climate change has impacts on urban regions and human populations as well as consequences for urban ecosystems, biodiversity and the environmental services they provide to these populations. Developing urban and peri-urban ecosystem services with a nature-based and participatory approach, can help achieve more resilient and sustainable environments for cities and urban regions. Co-creation is increasingly recognized as the way forward to deal with such environmental issues, though associated methods and tools have been developed, described and published for specific stages of the co-creation process. It is argued that the co-creation process comprises various interlinked stages, corresponding stakeholders and subsequent tools/methods that need to be mapped and integrated across all stages of a co-creation life cycle. A Life Cycle Co-Creation Process (LCCCP) for Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) was developed during this JEMES – CiSu Thesis. Using continuous improvement cycles, such as the PDCA (Plan, Do, Check and Act) cycle (KaizenTM), DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve and Control) cycle (Six Sigma) and, the Design Thinking methodology, the stages and sub-stages, involved stakeholders and used engagement methods in the LCCCP were identified, defined and mapped. For the stakeholders, the internal and external actors of an Urban Living Lab (ULL) were adapted to the stages and sub-stages of the LCCCP; for the engagement methods, the goals of stakeholder engagement (Mease, Erickson and Hicks, 2018) were used as a guide to select some examples of tools that could be used. The developed LCCCP comprises five stages, i.e. co-explore, co-design, co-experiment, co-implement and co-manage, creating a unique path that can be followed by practitioners for NBS co-creation
O aquecimento global gera impactos nas regiões urbanas e na população humana, assim como acarreta consequências para os ecossistemas urbanos, biodiversidade e serviços ambientais fornecidos a essas mesmas populações. Ao desenvolver serviços ecossistémicos urbanos e peri-urbanos com base na natureza e com uma abordagem participativa poder-se-á criar cidades e regiões urbanas mais resilientes e sustentáveis. Assim sendo, de uma forma crescente, a co-criação tem vindo a ser reconhecida como uma forma de lidar com tais problemas ambientais, ainda que métodos e ferramentas tenham sido desenvolvidos, descritos e publicados para fases específicas do processo de co-criação. Argumenta-se que o processo de co-criação é composto por diversas fases interligadas, seus atores sociais e métodos/ferramentas que necessitam de ser mapeados e integrados em todas as etapas do ciclo de co-criação. O ciclo de vida do processo de co-criação (Life Cycle Co-Creation Process – LCCCP) para soluções baseadas na natureza (Nature Based Solutions – NBS) foi desenvolvido na presente dissertação, pertencente ao programa JEMES – CiSu. Através da utilização de ciclos contínuos de melhoria, como ciclo PDCA (Planear, Fazer, Verificar e Agir; KaizenTM), ciclo DMAIC (Definir, Medir, Analisar, Melhorar e Controlar; Six Sigma) e a metodologia de Design Thinking, as etapas e sub-etapas que envolvem as partes interessadas e os métodos de participação dos utilizadores no LCCCP foram identificados, definidos e mapeados. Relativamente às partes envolvidas, os atores internos e externos do Urban Living Lab (ULL) foram adaptados às etapas e sub-etapas do LCCCP; para os métodos de participação, os objetivos do envolvimento das partes envolvidas (Mease, Erickson and Hicks, 2018) foram usados como guias para selecionar alguns exemplos de ferramentas que podem ser aplicadas. O LCCCP desenvolvido nesta investigação inclui cinco fases, nomedamente co-exploração, co-produção, co-experimentação, co-implementação e co-gestão (co-exploration, co-design, co-experiment, co-implement and co-manage), criando assim um modelo único de co-criação NBS com potencial de replicação
Mestrado em Estudos Ambientais

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40

Bianco, Francesco. "Coastal Resilience Potential as a Coefficient of the Coastal Erosion Risk Assessment, and the Management of Risk Areas via Nature-Based Solutions." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1235255.

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Climate change has now become a global problem since the level of awareness of civil society has grown. Even non-professionals have understood that this phenomenon is strongly influenced by human activities and by local or specific dynamics, which exacerbate its effects, especially in the case of coastal environment conservation. Coastal erosion is a natural process that is exacerbated by climate change and is considered a natural hazard since it threatens the safety of humans and their properties. As with other natural hazards, such as fire and hydraulic, the risk of coastal erosion is mainly driven by urban spreading and inadequate land management. There are numerous proposals in the scientific literature based on good practices, guidelines and studies on the assessment and management of coastal erosion to solve the problem. However, coasts around the world are still experiencing significant imbalances, and future forecasts on this issue are even more pessimistic. On a technical level, numerous solutions have been tested in recent decades. Unfortunately, these alternatives have been fundamentally oriented towards the construction of hard coastal engineering structures, which instead of solving the problem, on many occasions have created new phenomena of instability such as the generation of coastal narrowing and the translation of erosive phenomena along the coast. Solutions were proposed and tested considerably, during the last century; almost everywhere they comprised hard structures of coastal engineering that instead of solving the problem, created new instabilities, such as coastal squeezing and erosive shifting. These consequences, and the trends observable on the world's shores, have required the conversion of coastal engineering into a more sustainable discipline that strongly supports natural resilience. More generally, resilience represents the ability of natural systems, such as a coast, a community or an individual, to cope and respond to a traumatic event by drawing on their own resources. As for the loss of the beaches, this intrinsic character must allow the system to use the sedimentary stock, to rebalance the dynamics and feedbacks coming from each of its physical and biological components. This would allow the beach to "jump back" and reach the morpho-dynamic equilibrium it had in the phase preceding the erosive trauma. This work proposes an integrated method for calculating the resilience potential that can address both the assessment and management phases of coastal erosion risk. The proposed evaluation methodology comprises the use of innovative technologies, such as geographic information systems (GIS) for the mapping and spatial analysis of morphological trends, integrated in the analysis of economic and social dynamics. Such matrices differ greatly due to their different nature but must be considered as the product of vulnerability and exposure in risk assessment. Adopting an approach oriented to the use of multi-parametric indices, the resilience potential was calculated and integrated into the vulnerability assessment. This is essential as from a regulatory point of view areas exposed to natural hazards must be transformed into low risk levels to improve their natural stability before their use. In this regard, the coastal strip of the Municipality of San Vincenzo (Livorno, Italy) has been mapped and its potential use and regulation have been evaluated independently of purely economic or political approaches. However, this still represents a great challenge as the economy plays a strong role in valuation formulas, as well as management plans, which for these reasons are rarely decisive. The study was tested within the Interreg MAREGOT Project, of which the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence is a partner. Initially a morphodynamic evaluation of the studied site was carried out, followed by the drafting of a morpho-sedimentological map. These activities were carried out at the Laboratory of Applied Geomorphology of the Center for Geotechnology (CGT) of the University of Siena. Subsequently, the morphological trends and the economic parameters examined were converted into diagnostic indicators of territorial change, at the Department of Civil Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Cartagena (Spain). The results highlight that an assessment of the resilience potential is not only necessary to address the effects of climate change, but it is mandatory to plan corrective actions that quantify the real capacity of coastal areas to cope with extreme events. Furthermore, in anthropized coastal environments the high density of concessions for recreational activities, the high price ranges of services, and the construction of buildings on the coastal area imply significant limitations that can be related to both social and morphological risks. The most important ones concern free access, the exercise of the right to swim, as well as the provision of a right of possession of the built works to the concessionaires, and subsequently the duty to protect them (by the administrations) through rigid works in emergency conditions. climatic. As already mentioned, these works are generally to be considered as the last alternative, as they can give rise to phenomena of contraction of the coastal strip at a local level, and sometimes cause the loss of some habitats. The European Commission's EU market regulation rules have sometimes highlighted the existence of shortcomings in the management of state-owned concessions in the maritime field. Indeed, in Italy they are generally automatically renewed to concessionaires for indefinite periods, without considering its implications on sedimentary dynamics of the coast. As already mentioned, this has influenced coastal engineering and urban planning on the territory of the entire Italian state. Hence, the Nature Based Solution tested in this study consists of a method that includes the potential for resilience in the management of areas subject to coastal erosion. This phenomenon is analyzed in terms of socio-morphological vulnerability on a local scale (beach), since it represents the administrative dimension within which this procedure is most applicable, and in which the concept of risk is linked to the loss of sedimentary stock. The approach adopted is oriented to the use of multi-parametric spatial indices through GIS tools, and shows the applicability of the method that allows to identify areas with different potential for relative resilience. Furthermore, it allows to generate territorial management strategies on a local scale consistent with the existence of morphological and social vulnerabilities.

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Barrera, David Lameiras. "NBS for climate change adaptation: the Roadmap potential to enable cooperative institutions for managing urban green commons." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/26126.

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According to the European Commission’s working definition of Nature Based Solutions (NBS), these are diverse solutions inspired and supported by nature, delivering co-benefits in the triple bottom line. Properly implemented, NBS work as systemic approach to deliver urban ecosystem services (UES) through Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI). To test the effectiveness of NBS in urban climate resilience strategies and to mainstream them towards a 2050 scenario, the H2020 UNaLab project provides cities across the world with know-how, tools, technical assistance and network support. To address the challenge’s complexity, UNaLab calls for the participation of diverse stakeholders in prospective planning exercises following the UNaLab Roadmapping Methodology (URM). The URM has theoretical potential to create Cooperative Institutions to govern the common-wealth based on the co-produced ES at UGI, becoming Urban Green Commons (UGC). The present research studies this potential in practice; assessing whether it enables stakeholder cooperation beyond the planning stage, thus, providing an alternative approach to producing the urban space. Surveys and interviews with URM practitioners allowed to assess the implementation of the URM and its potential for cooperative engagement. Results from two case studies show that there are no particular features of the first stage of the methodology that sustains the claims for such potential. However, it also pointed at the importance of soft-skills for facilitation to enable stakeholder participation and visual media to support sense-making, and areas of opportunity such as a methodical approach to address biases in stakeholder selection and allowing participants to influence the URM activities to locally-attune them, as relevant to realise the methodology’s potential to enable the collective action to use the NBS approach as a frame to turn the UGI into UGC.
De acordo com a definição de trabalho da Comissão Europeia de Soluções Baseadas na Natureza (SBN), estas são diversas soluções inspiradas e apoiadas pela natureza, proporcionando co-benefícios sociais, ambientais e económicos. Corretamente implementado, as NBS funcionam como uma abordagem sistémica para fornecer serviços ecossistémicos urbanos (SEU) através da Infraestrutura Verde Urbana (IVU). Para testar a eficácia do NBS em estratégias de resiliência climática urbana e integrá-las a um cenário de 2050, o projeto H2020 UNaLab oferece às cidades em todo o mundo know-how, ferramentas, assistência técnica e suporte de rede. Para abordar a complexidade do desafio, o UNaLab apela à participação de diversas partes interessadas em exercícios de planeamento prospectivo, seguindo a metodologia Roadmapping de UnaLab (MRU). O URM tem potencial teórico para criar Instituições Cooperativas para governar a riqueza comum baseada nos SEU co-produzidos na IVU, em espaços verdes comuns (EVC). A presente pesquisa estuda esse potencial na prática. Pretende avaliar se permite a cooperação das partes interessadas além do estágio de planeamento, proporcionando, assim, uma abordagem alternativa para a produção do espaço urbano. Pesquisas e entrevistas com profissionais da MRU permitiram avaliar a implementação da MRU e seu potencial para o envolvimento cooperativo. Os resultados dos dois estudos de caso mostram que não existem características específicas decorrentes da primeira etapa da MRU que sustentem as reivindicações por tal potencial. Entretanto, os resultados mostram também a importância das soft-skills como potenciadoras da participação das partes interessadas e a media visual para apoiar a construção de sentido. Existem áreas de oportunidade no processo, como uma abordagem metódica na seleção de stakeholders e permitir que os participantes influenciem as atividades da URM de modo a harmonizá-las localmente. Estas recomendações são relevantes para realizar o potencial da MRU e permitir que a ação coletiva use as SBN como para transformar a IVU em EVC.
Mestrado em Estudos Ambientais

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Custódio, Marco Freire. "Integration of halophytes production to promote coastal aquaculture eco-intensification." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/29912.

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As atividades aquícolas são uma parte integrante dos ecossistemas onde ocorrem, tendo um impacto inevitável no funcionamento dos mesmos. Certos modos de produção podem ter um impacto positivo acrescido na capacidade dos ecossistemas em providenciar serviços de regulação e manutenção, para além dos serviços mais óbvios de aprovisionamento de biomassa vegetal e animal. É o caso da Aquacultura Multi-Trófica Integrada (IMTA, do inglês Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture), uma estrutura de produção aquícola mais sustentável que pode ser definida como a produção otimizada de organismos aquáticos de dois ou mais grupos funcionais (com funções ecossistémicas complementares), ligados troficamente através de fluxos de energia e de nutrientes. Um desses grupos funcionais, que produzem serviços chave de fitoremediação, são as plantas halófitas. Capazes de suportar salinidades elevadas, as halófitas podem ser facilmente integradas em sistemas de IMTA em águas salinas como espécies extrativas com valor económico, podendo ser usada para a nutrição humana. A presente tese tem como objetivo principal testar a eficiência da halófita Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen na remoção de nutrientes (DIN e DIP, respetivamente do inglês dissolved inorganic nitrogen e dissolved inorganic phosphorus) presentes em soluções hidropónicas que simulam condições reais de efluentes de aquacultura, para avaliar a sua aptidão como espécie extrativa para a IMTA costeira. A produtividade e o potencial de valorização da planta são também demonstrados. O primeiro passo foi perceber o estado-da-arte relativamente ao uso de halófitas na remediação de efluentes aquícolas através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. De seguida foram executados dois ensaios de crescimento em sistema hidropónico para perceber a capacidade extrativa e a produtividade do H. portulacoides. O primeiro ensaio consistiu num estudo exploratório da resposta da planta sob diferentes concentrações de DIN e DIP representativas de efluentes de aquacultura semiintensiva, intensiva e super-intensiva. O segundo ensaio foi desenhado de forma a providenciar dados adicionais sobre a influência da densidade de plantação e da iluminação no crescimento e na eficiência de remediação da planta. A partir da biomassa produzida foram analisados e caracterizados o perfil nutricional e o lipidoma da biomassa edível. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um inquérito estruturado a uma amostra de consumidores portugueses para avaliar as suas preferências e disponibilidade-a-pagar por halófitas embaladas e prontas a consumir e determinar potencias segmentos de consumidores destes novos produtos. Por fim, uma segunda revisão da literatura é apresentada onde se discute a utilidade de avaliar e valorar os serviços dos ecossistemas no contexto da aquacultura de modo a capturar o valor multidimensional de certos tipos de produção e promover práticas sustentáveis como o IMTA. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as halófitas são plantas ainda subvalorizadas com imenso potencial no contexto da indústria alimentar no general, e da aquacultura em particular. No caso específico do H. portulacoides, as condições para a sua produção em hidroponia foram exploradas e, em condições nutricionais nãolimitantes, as unidades hidropónicas apresentaram uma produtividade de 54 – 73 g m-2 day-1, e eficiências de extração até 70% do DIN e 50% do DIP. A densidade de plantação pode ser ajustada de modo a aumentar a produtividade e capacidade extrativa das unidades hidropónicas. Além disso, o perfil nutricional das folhas é análogo ao de outras halófitas comestíveis e vegetais verdes e apresentou um perfil mineral baixo em sódio, apresentando-se como um pontencial substituto do sal. A análise do lipidoma polar permitiu identificar 175 espécies presentes no extrato lipídico das folhas. O questionário aos consumidores demonstrou que a disponibilidade média a pagar por uma embalagem de 50 g de Salicórnia pronta-a-consumir é de 2,10 €. O género feminino e o ‘consumidor aventureiro’ (baseado no instrumento de segmentação Food Related-Lifestyle) são dois segmentos de consumidores chave para os vegetais salgados. No geral, o H. portulacoides apresenta um bom desempenho de crescimento e extração de DIN e DIP em condições hidropónicas salinas (salinidade 20) e, portanto, é considerada uma espécie extrativa adequada para a IMTA costeira e apresenta elevado potencial para valoração económica. O conhecimento científico obtido fornece um ponto de partida sólido para o cultivo e ampliação da produção hidropónica de H. portulacoides.
Aquaculture activities are connected to some degree with the ecosystems on which they occur and from which they depend to operate, having an inevitable impact on their functioning. Certain modes of aquaculture production can have a positive impact on the capacity of ecosystems to deliver regulation and maintenance ecosystem services, besides the obvious provisioning services of biomass from aquatic plants and animals. This is certainly the case of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), a sustainable aquatic production framework, which can be defined as the enhanced production of aquatic organisms of two or more functional groups (with complementary ecosystem functions), that are trophically connected by demonstrated nutrient flows. One of these functional groups, with key ecosystem services of phytoremediation for IMTA, is halophyte plants. Capable of withstanding high salinities, halophytes can be easily integrated into saltwater based IMTA as extractive species and be developed into new valuable and nutritious crops with multiple uses in different industries. The main objective of this thesis was to test the capacity of the halophyte Halimione portulacoides to extract dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorous (DIP) from saline hydroponic solutions that mimic the conditions of real aquaculture effluents, to evaluate its suitability as an extractive species for coastal IMTA. The productivity and the valorization potential of the plant were also evaluated. The first step was to understand the state-of-the-art regarding the use of halophytes to remediate aquaculture effluents through a systematic review of the literature. Afterward, two hydroponic grow-out studies were designed and performed to understand the extractive capacity and production of H. portulacoides. The first trial was an exploratory study on the performance of this plant under different levels of DIN and DIP concentrations, mimicking those of semi-intensive, intensive, and super-intensive aquaculture effluents. The second trial was designed to further understand the influence of hydroponic production variables (plant density and artificial illumination) in the performance of H. portulacoides under non-limited nutrient conditions. From the biomass produced, further analyses were performed to characterize the leaves’ nutritional profile and lipidomic profile. Additionally, a structured survey was performed to a sample of Portuguese consumers to assess their preferences and willingnessto- pay for fresh-cut halophyte products and provide insight into potential consumer segments for these new products. At last, a second literature review was performed to understand the value of employing the ecosystem services framework to capture the multidimensional value of certain modes of aquaculture to foster more sustainable practices such as IMTA. The present work revealed that halophytes are undervalued crops with tremendous potential in the context of food production in general, and sustainable aquaculture in particular. In the specific case of H. portulacoides, the subject of this research, the conditions for its hydroponic production were explored. Under non-limited DIN and DIP conditions, hydroponic units displayed good productivity, varying between 54 – 73 g m-2 day-1, and extraction efficiencies up to 70% DIN and 50% DIP. Moreover, plant density can be optimized to improve the productivity and extractive capacity of hydroponic units. The nutritional profile of leaves is comparable to that of other edible halophytes and leafy greens and presents a low-sodium profile. A lipidomic analysis identified 175 polar lipid species present in the lipidic extract of the leaves. A survey of Portuguese consumers showed that average willingness-to-pay for a 50 g fresh-cut Salicornia package is 2.10 €. Female consumers and the ‘adventurous consumer’ (based on the Food-Related Lifestyle scale) are two major consumer segments for salty vegetables. Overall, the results obtained indicate that H. portulacoides performs well under saline hydroponic conditions, with efficient DIN and DIP extraction and high biomass production and is, therefore, a suitable extractive species for coastal IMTA and other hydroponic applications, with a high potential for economic valorization. The scientific knowledge obtained provides a solid starting point for H. portulacoides hydroponic production and scale-up towards commercial production.
Programa Doutoral em Ciência, Tecnologia e Gestão do Mar

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Malaguerra, Rita Isabel Pedro. "Conforto térmico exterior em zonas urbanas: contributos de levantamentos expeditos na pré-avaliação de ações." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/94325.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
As alterações climáticas e os seus consequentes efeitos na sociedade, em particular nas zonas urbanas, são uma realidade cada vez mais presente e inevitável. Com base nesta premissa, a presente dissertação visa contribuir para a avaliação do conforto térmico e aferir o risco de heat stress a partir da identificação de um conjunto de parâmetros (individuais, ambientais e gerais), de metodologias e de soluções a aplicar numa área específica: o Campus Universitário Polo II, da Universidade de Coimbra. Começou-se por realizar uma revisão bibliográfica para situar e compreender os efeitos das alterações climáticas. Em seguida, procedeu-se à recolha de dados sobre parâmetros ambientais em 6 Zonas de duas ruas na área de estudo, em dois períodos do dia (13h-14h e das 19h-20h). Posteriormente, procedeu-se a uma análise de sensibilidade por forma a aferir quais dos parâmetros ambientais recolhidos mais influenciam o cálculo do índice PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature). Seguidamente, procedeu-se à seleção de dois dias (um para cada período de medição), para cada uma das 6 Zonas. Depois de selecionados, os dados correspondentes a cada dia foram inseridos no software RayMan Pro, para determinar valores para o índice PET, que permitem avaliar o nível de perceção térmica e o nível de stress físico. Em seguida, os resultados obtidos foram partilhados através da aplicação Climate Scan. Por fim, propuseram-se soluções baseadas na natureza, com recurso ao software SketchUp Pro, de modo a contribuir para a adaptação relativa do ambiente construído, para mitigar o risco de heat stress e melhorar o conforto térmico. Os principais resultados desta dissertação determinaram os parâmetros ambientais que mais influenciaram o cálculo do índice PET neste estudo: a temperatura do ar, a velocidade do vento, a temperatura de superfície e a radiação solar. E concluiu-se que existe risco de heat stress nas 6 Zonas em estudo.
Climate change and its consequent effects on society, particularly in urban areas, are an increasingly present and inevitable reality. Based on this premise, the aim of this dissertation is to contribute to the assessment of thermal comfort and to measure the risk of heat stress, based on the identification of a set of parameters (individual, environmental and general), methodologies and solutions to be applied in a specific area: The University Campus Polo II at University of Coimbra.A literature review was conducted to locate and understand the effects of climate change. Then, data on environmental parameters were collected in 6 Zones of two streets in the study area, in two periods of the day (1:00 pm to 2:00 pm and 7:00 pm to 8:00 pm). Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess which of the collected environmental parameters most influence the calculation of the PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) index. In order to compute this index, two days (one for each measurement period) were selected for each of the 6 Zones. Once selected, the data corresponding to each day were entered into the RayMan Pro software, to determine values for the PET index, which allow to assess the level of thermal perception and the level of physical stress. Then, the results obtained were shared through the Climate Scan application. Finally, nature-based solutions were proposed, using SketchUp Pro software, to contribute to the relative adaptation of the built environment, to mitigate the risk of heat stress and improve thermal comfort.The main results of this dissertation determined the environmental parameters that most influenced the calculation of the PET index in this study: air temperature, wind speed, surface temperature and solar radiation. And it concludes that there is a risk of heat stress in the 6 Zones under study.

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Adão, Clara Portugal Betencourt. "Análise custo-benefício do corredor verde de Monsanto num contexto de alterações climáticas." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/23744.

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A emergência climática aliada às consequências dos processos globais de urbanização do passado recente está na origem de uma série de desafios sociais, ambientais e económicos, em particular nas cidades. Os corredores verdes urbanos, reconhecidos como uma solução de base natural, são infraestruturas verdes que através dos serviços de ecossistema que fornecem, contribuem para atenuar algumas destas problemáticas. Frequentemente não lhes é conferida a devida importância por parte da sociedade em geral, pois o seu valor em termos monetários não é conhecido. Esta tese de mestrado incide sobre um dos corredores verdes da cidade de Lisboa e tem como principais objetivos: determinar o Valor Económico Total do Corredor Verde de Monsanto, calculando a partir do mesmo o retorno do investimento desta infraestrutura verde; e ainda averiguar se este corredor desempenha um papel relevante ao nível da adaptação e mitigação às alterações climáticas por parte da cidade de Lisboa. Foram recolhidos dados relativos ao Corredor Verde de Monsanto, tendo sido realizado o tratamento de alguns deles em ArcGis. Posteriormente, foi calculado o valor monetário associado ao corredor através da ferramenta “Green Infrastructure Valuation Toolkit”. Os resultados obtidos apontam para um retorno do investimento de 38,3M€, tendo-se verificado que os serviços de ecossistema que mais contribuem para o Valor Económico Total apurado – 46,7M€ - são de cariz cultural. Os serviços de regulação apresentaram um valor monetário menos significativo – 27,4K€ - o que sugere um fraco contributo do mesmo para a adaptação e mitigação às alterações climáticas por parte da cidade de Lisboa.
The climate emergency combined with the consequences of global urbanization processes of the recent past has originated multiple social, environmental and economic challenges, particularly in cities. Urban green corridors, recognized as a Nature-Based Solution, are green infrastructures that, through the ecosystem services they provide, contribute to alleviate some of these problems. Frequently, society in general do not recognize their importance because their value in monetary terms is unknown. This master's thesis focuses on one of Lisbon’s Green Corridors and intends to: determine the Total Economic Value of Monsanto’s Green Corridor, which is used to calculate the return on investment of this green infrastructure; and to investigate if this green corridor plays a relevant role in terms of adaptation and mitigation to climate change by the city of Lisbon. Data related to Monsanto’s Green Corridor was collected and processed, in some cases through ArcGis. It was then used the tool “Green Infrastructure Valuation Toolkit” to calculate the monetary value of the green corridor. The results obtained suggests a return on investment of about 38.3M€, and that the cultural ecosystem services are the ones that contribute the most to the Total Economic Value calculated – 46.7M€. The monetary value determined in this investigation for the regulatory ecosystem services provided by Monsanto’s Green Corridor was not significant – 27,4K€ - which suggests its weak contribution to the adaptation and mitigation of climate change by the city of Lisbon.

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Fernandes, Ana Marta Rodrigues da Graça. "Impactos económicos e sociais das soluções de base natural no ciclo urbano da água." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/23058.

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Esta investigação consiste num trabalho de pesquisa, tratamento de dados e análise no sentido de procurar entender quais são atualmente os impactos ao nível económico e social associados à implementação de soluções de base natural no ciclo urbano da água. Neste sentido foi analisada a literatura que cobre não só as soluções de base natural (infraestruturas verdes) mas também as infraestruturas cinzentas, pois estas têm um papel importante no tratamento e na distribuição da água. Posteriormente foram aplicadas metodologias diferentes para estudar cada uma das vertentes sendo que o estudo dos impactos económicos foi aplicado ao Município de Lisboa e o estudo dos impactos sociais foi aplicado ao território nacional. Globalmente os resultados obtidos indicam que as soluções de base natural no ciclo urbano da água promovem o crescimento da economia e o desenvolvimento de novos negócios e postos de trabalho. Socialmente, segundo a análise dos resultados obtidos na investigação, este tipo de soluções promovem a prática de exercício ao ar livre e são também uma forma de proporcionar um maior contacto com a natureza e a melhoria da qualidade de vida nas cidades.
This investigation consists of research, data processing and analysis in order to try to understand what are the impacts at economic and social levels associated with the implementation of natural-based solutions in the urban water cycle. In this sense, the literature covers not only natural-based solutions (green infrastructures) but also grey infrastructures, as these play an important role in water treatment and distribution. In this sense, different methodologies were applied to study each of the aspects, being that the study of economic impacts was applied to the Municipality of Lisbon and the study of social impacts was applied to the national territory. Overall, the results obtained indicate that natural-based solutions in the urban water cycle can promote economic growth and the development of new businesses and jobs. Socially, according to the analysis of the results obtained in the presente investigation, this type of solutions promote the practice of outdoor exercise and are also a way of providing greater contact with nature and improving the quality of life in cities.

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