Journal articles: 'Naturalistic testing'

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Gliner, Jeffrey A. "Reviewing Qualitative Research: Proposed Criteria for Fairness and Rigor." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 14, no. 2 (April 1994): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929401400202.

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The introduction of qualitative naturalistic research—qualitative research within the paradigm of naturalistic inquiry—into a scholarly tradition that historically has been positivistic has caused concern and controversy among both naturalists and logical positivists in the social sciences. The purpose of this article is to attempt to establish legitimate and fair criteria for the publication of qualitative naturalistic research in occupational therapy. Traditional criteria from the paradigm of logical positivism emphasizing internal validity and external validity are reviewed, and parallel criteria for qualitative naturalistic research, such as credibility and transferability, are examined. Methods such as triangulation, negative case analysis, and testing for rival hypotheses appear to show promise as criteria of fairness and rigor for publication of qualitative naturalistic research in occupational therapy.

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Wright, Daniel B. "Hypothesis testing in experimental and naturalistic memory research." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 2 (June 1996): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00042382.

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AbstractKoriat & Goldsmith's distinction between the correspondence and storehouse metaphors is valuable for both memory theory and methodology. It is questionable, however, whether this distinction underlies the heated debate about so called “everyday memory” research. The distinction between experimental and naturalistic methodologies better characterizes this debate. I compare these distinctions and discuss how the methodological distinction, between experimental and naturalistic designs, could give rise to different theoretical approaches.

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Shankar, Venky, Paul P. Jovanis, Jonathan Aguero-Valverde, and Frank Gross. "Analysis of Naturalistic Driving Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2061, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2061-01.

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Recently completed naturalistic (i.e., unobtrusive) driving studies provide safety researchers with an unprecedented opportunity to study and analyze the occurrence of crashes and a range of near-crash events. Rather than focus on the details of the events immediately before the crash, this study seeks to identify methodological paradigms that can be used to answer questions long of interest to safety researchers. In particular, an attempt is made to shed some light on the four important components of methodological paradigms for naturalistic driving analysis: surrogates, evaluative aspects related to model structures, interpretation of driving context, and assessment of risk and associated sampling issues. The methodological paradigms are founded on a formal definition of the attributes of a valid crash surrogate that can be used in model formulation and testing. After a brief summary of the type of data collected in the studies, an overall framework for the analysis and a range of specific models to test hypotheses of interest are presented. A summary is given of how the systematic analyses with statistical models can extend safety knowledge beyond an assessment of “causes” of individual crashes.

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Tiede, Gabrielle, and Katherine M. Walton. "Meta-analysis of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 23, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 2080–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319836371.

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Naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention is an emerging class of interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder. The present article is a meta-analysis of outcomes of group-design studies ( n = 27) testing interventions using naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention strategies. Small, significant positive effects of naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention were found for expressive language ( g = 0.32), reduction in symptoms of autism spectrum disorder ( g = −0.38), and play skills ( g = 0.23). Larger effects were found for social engagement ( g = 0.65) and overall cognitive development ( g = 0.48). A marginal effect was found for joint attention ( g = 0.14) and receptive language ( g = 0.28). For joint attention, improvement was moderated by hours of professional involvement. Evidence of publication and reporting bias was present for language outcomes. This meta-analysis grows the evidence base for naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions, particularly in the key areas of social engagement and cognition.

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Ortega-Tudela, Juana M., María-Teresa Lechuga, Miriam Bermúdez-Sierra, and Carlos J. Gómez-Ariza. "Testing the Effectiveness of Retrieval-Based Learning in Naturalistic School Settings." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 215824402110615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061569.

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While the learning benefits of retrieval activities have been clearly demonstrated in laboratory settings, evidence on their usefulness in naturalistic school settings is still scant. The goal of the present studies was to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of retrieval-based learning in children (fourth and sixth grades) when school teachers themselves design and implement retrieval activities relating to genuine curriculum contents. Three studies were conducted in a public elementary school with fourth and sixth graders and their teachers. Two of the studies involved mathematics and one dealt with social sciences. Teachers used learning activities that required students to recall part of previously taught concepts, while different concepts in the same unit were worked through with those learning activities that were normally used by each teacher. Two out of three studies revealed that, relative to business-as-usual learning activities, performing retrieval activities during classes led to better performance in the assessments at the end of the lessons. Overall, our finding provides preliminary evidence that retrieval activities can enhance learning in elementary school children when they are devised by teachers in the exercise of their professional duties. These results have important practical implications and suggest that, if teachers are aware of the value of retrieval activities in fostering meaningful learning, these activities could be successfully embedded in their daily duties even when considering the constraints imposed by school reality.

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Lit, L., D. Boehm, S. Marzke, J. Schweitzer, and A. M. Oberbauer. "Certification testing as an acute naturalistic stressor for disaster dog handlers." Stress 13, no. 5 (July 28, 2010): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10253891003667896.

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Schaefer, S. Y., and C. R. Hengge. "Testing the concurrent validity of a naturalistic upper extremity reaching task." Experimental Brain Research 234, no. 1 (October 5, 2015): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4454-y.

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Sharma, Yash. "Automatic Sentiment Detection in Naturalistic Audio." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34983.

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This paper proposed another Audio notion investigation utilizing programmed discourse acknowledgment is an arising research territory where assessment or opinion showed by a speaker is identified from regular sound. It is moderately under-investigated when contrasted with text-based notion identification. Separating speaker estimation from common sound sources is a difficult issue. Nonexclusive techniques for feeling extraction by and large use records from a discourse acknowledgment framework, and interaction the record utilizing text-based estimation classifiers. In this examination, we show that this standard framework is imperfect for sound assessment extraction. Then again, new engineering utilizing watchword spotting (UWS) is proposed for assumption discovery. In the new engineering, a book-based assessment classifier is used to naturally decide the most helpful and discriminative feeling bearing watchword terms, which are then utilized as a term list for UWS. To get a minimal yet discriminative assumption term list, iterative element enhancement for most maximum entropy estimation model is proposed to diminish model intricacy while keeping up powerful grouping precision. The proposed arrangement is assessed on sound acquired from recordings in youtube.com and UT-Opinion corpus. Our exploratory outcomes show that the proposed UWS based framework fundamentally outflanks the conventional engineering in distinguishing assumption for testing reasonable undertakings.

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Juusola, Mikko, and Gonzalo G. de Polavieja. "The Rate of Information Transfer of Naturalistic Stimulation by Graded Potentials." Journal of General Physiology 122, no. 2 (July 14, 2003): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308824.

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We present a method to measure the rate of information transfer for any continuous signals of finite duration without assumptions. After testing the method with simulated responses, we measure the encoding performance of Calliphora photoreceptors. We find that especially for naturalistic stimulation the responses are nonlinear and noise is nonadditive, and show that adaptation mechanisms affect signal and noise differentially depending on the time scale, structure, and speed of the stimulus. Different signaling strategies for short- and long-term and dim and bright light are found for this graded system when stimulated with naturalistic light changes.

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Moore, Ronald A., Michael L. Quinn, and Jeffrey G. Morrison. "A Tactical Decision Support System Based on Naturalistic Cognitive Processes." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 17 (October 1996): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001707.

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An advanced decision support system has been developed to facilitate Navy tactical decision making, particularly in stressful and high workload environments. The system is unique in that it builds upon cognitive theories and adopts user-centered design and testing approaches. The theoretical basis and operational rationale behind each of the modules of this composite display system are discussed.

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Lloyd, E. Paige, Ryan J. Walker, Molly A. Metz, and Amanda B. Diekman. "Comparing Review Strategies in the Classroom." Teaching of Psychology 45, no. 2 (March 11, 2018): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098628318762871.

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Although previous research has demonstrated that guided testing (i.e., self-testing) and question generation effectively increase retention compared to control methods, no work has simultaneously implemented both strategies in the classroom. In a semester-long study designed to maximize experimental control in a naturalistic setting, we adapted both review strategies for an introduction-level psychology course. We found that guided testing produced better student performance on exams than generating one’s own practice questions. Additionally, students evaluated guided testing more positively than question generation. These findings build upon previous guided testing and question generation work by showing that, in the context of an introductory classroom, guided testing is more effective and efficient than generating questions.

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Brown, Rupert, Pam Maras, Barbara Masser, James Vivian, and Miles Hewstone. "Life on the Ocean Wave: Testing Some Intergroup Hypotheses in a Naturalistic Setting." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 4, no. 2 (April 2001): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430201004002001.

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Adamos, Giannis, and Eftihia Nathanail. "Testing the Effectiveness of Objective and Subjective Predictors of Driving Behavior under Fatigue." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843099.

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There is growing evidence that driver fatigue is a major road safety problem, causing crashes that frequently involve fatalities and severe injuries. Professional drivers are among the road users indicated by literature to be at high risk of involvement in a fatigue-related crash. The goal of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of objective and subjective data collection and analysis in predicting driving behavior under fatigue. Toward this goal, the impact of a fatigue-training program addressing professional drivers was assessed through a naturalistic study on data collected by trip recorders (Geographical Positioning System devices). Analysis of these data was supplemented with the collection of self-reported data obtained through a questionnaire survey to investigate potential threats, deficiencies, and bias of the approaches. Findings revealed that there is some correlation between the two approaches measuring driving behavior under fatigue. Focusing on self-reported data, it was indicated that the training program affected positively the direction of change in the behavior of the professional drivers, addressed by an increase in the proportion of drivers who stop and rest when tired. The naturalistic approach and the testing of potential differences before and after the training program with reference to speed and average stop time showed that the training program encouraged drivers to reduce their speed and increase the time that they stop and rest.

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Wagner, Jasmin, Michael Cik, Egon Marth, Brigitte I. Santner, Eugen Gallasch, Andreas Lackner, and Reinhard B. Raggam. "Feasibility of testing three salivary stress biomarkers in relation to naturalistic traffic noise exposure." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 213, no. 2 (March 2010): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.08.004.

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Morrison, Jeffrey G., Richard T. Kelly, and Susan G. Hutchins. "Impact of Naturalistic Decision Support on Tactical Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 4 (October 1996): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604000412.

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A prototype decision support system (DSS) was developed to enhance Navy tactical decision making based on naturalistic decision processes. Displays were developed to support critical decision making tasks through recognition-primed and explanation-based reasoning processes and cognitive analysis of the decision making problems faced by Navy tactical officers in a shipboard Combat Information Center. Baseline testing in high intensity, ambiguous scenarios indicated that experienced decision makers were not well served by current systems, and their performance revealed periodic loss of situation awareness. A study is described with eight, expert Navy tactical decision making teams that used either their current system alone or in conjunction with the prototype DSS. When the teams had the prototype DSS available, we observed significantly fewer communications to clarify the tactical situation, significantly more critical contacts identified early in the scenario, and a significantly greater number of defensive actions taken against imminent threats. These findings suggest that the prototype DSS enhanced the commanders' awareness of the tactical situation, which in turn contributed to greater confidence, lower workload, and more effective performance.

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Babulal, Ganesh M., Ramana Kolady, Sarah H. Stout, and Catherine M. Roe. "A Systematic Review Examining Associations between Cardiovascular Conditions and Driving Outcomes among Older Drivers." Geriatrics 5, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5020027.

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There is a vast literature on stroke as a cardiovascular disease and driving outcomes, however little is known about other cardiovascular conditions and driving. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature for studies assessing the effect of non-stroke, vascular conditions on daily driving, reported crash risk and driving decline in older adult drivers as captured by naturalistic methodologies. A systematic review of Embase, Ovid and Scopus Plus examined articles on driving and vascular conditions among older adults. A search yielded 443 articles and, following two screenings, no articles remained that focused on non-stroke, vascular conditions and naturalistic driving. As a result, this review examined non-stroke, vascular conditions in nine driving studies of older adults that used road testing, driving simulators and self-report measures. These studies fell into three categories—heart failure, vascular dementia and white matter hyperintensities/leukoaraiosis. The combined findings of the studies suggest that heart failure, vascular dementia and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) negatively impact driving performance and contribute to driving cessation among older adults. Future research should examine cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, myocardial infraction or atherosclerosis using naturalistic driving measurement, as well as traditional measures, in order to more fully characterize how these conditions impact older adult driving.

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Cantor, Christopher H., and Michael A. Hill. "Suicide from River Bridges." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 24, no. 3 (September 1990): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679009077705.

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The opening of a new high river bridge in Brisbane allowed a naturalistic experimental testing of whether the sample engaging in suicidal behaviour from the new bridge was similar to that from the adjoining older bridge. Substantial differences were found for the two samples. This suggests that persons prevented from jumping from one bridge, for example by a barrier, will not automatically jump from the alternative bridge although a minority may do so.

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Wang, Shu-wen, and Rena L. Repetti. "Who gives to whom? Testing the support gap hypothesis with naturalistic observations of couple interactions." Journal of Family Psychology 30, no. 4 (2016): 492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000196.

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Kushniruk, A., C. Nohr, H. Takeda, S. Kuwata, C. Carvalho, M. Bainbridge, J. Kannry, and E. Borycki. "Usability Methods for Ensuring Health Information Technology Safety: Evidence-Based Approaches Contribution of the IMIA Working Group Health Informatics for Patient Safety." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 22, no. 01 (August 2013): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1638828.

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Summary Objectives: Issues related to lack of system usability and potential safety hazards continue to be reported in the health information technology (HIT) literature. Usability engineering methods are increasingly used to ensure improved system usability and they are also beginning to be applied more widely for ensuring the safety of HIT applications. These methods are being used in the design and implementation of many HIT systems. In this paper we describe evidence- based approaches to applying usability engineering methods. Methods: A multi-phased approach to ensuring system usability and safety in healthcare is described. Usability inspection methods are first described including the development of evidence-based safety heuristics for HIT. Laboratory-based usability testing is then conducted under artificial conditions to test if a system has any base level usability problems that need to be corrected. Usability problems that are detected are corrected and then a new phase is initiated where the system is tested under more realistic conditions using clinical simulations. This phase may involve testing the system with simulated patients. Finally, an additional phase may be conducted, involving a naturalistic study of system use under real-world clinical conditions. Results: The methods described have been employed in the analysis of the usability and safety of a wide range of HIT applications, including electronic health record systems, decision support systems and consumer health applications. It has been found that at least usability inspection and usability testing should be applied prior to the widespread release of HIT. However, wherever possible, additional layers of testing involving clinical simulations and a naturalistic evaluation will likely detect usability and safety issues that may not otherwise be detected prior to widespread system release. Conclusion: The framework presented in the paper can be applied in order to develop more usable and safer HIT, based on multiple layers of evidence.

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Still, Mary L., and Jeremiah D. Still. "Contrasting Traditional In-Class Exams with Frequent Online Testing." Journal of Teaching and Learning with Technology 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/jotlt.v4n2.13481.

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Although there are clear practical benefits to using online exams compared to in-class exams (e.g., reduced cost, increased scalability, flexible scheduling), the results of previous studies provide mixed evidence for the effectiveness of online testing. This uncertainty may discourage instructors from using online testing. To further investigate the effectiveness of online exams in a naturalistic situation, we compared student learning outcomes associated with traditional in-class exams compared to frequent online exams. Online exams were administered more frequently in an attempt to mitigate potential negative effects associated with open-book testing. All students completed in-class and online exams with order of testing condition (in-class first, or online first) counterbalanced between students. We found no difference in long-term retention for material that had originally been tested using frequent online or traditional in-class exams and no difference in self-reported study time. Overall, our results suggest that frequent online assessments do not harm student learning in comparison to traditional in-class exams and may impart positive subjective outcomes for students.

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Naji, Hasan A. H., Qingji Xue, Nengchao Lyu, Xindong Duan, and Tianfeng Li. "Risk Levels Classification of Near-Crashes in Naturalistic Driving Data." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 6032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106032.

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Identifying dangerous events from driving behavior data has become a vital challenge in intelligent transportation systems. In this study, we compared machine and deep learning-based methods for classifying the risk levels of near-crashes. A dataset was built for the study by considering variables related to naturalistic driving, temporal data, participants, and road geometry, among others. Hierarchical clustering was applied to categorize the near-crashes into several risk levels based on high-risk driving variables. The adaptive lasso variable model was adopted to reduce factors and select significant driving risk factors. In addition, several machine and deep learning models were used to compare near-crash classification performance by training the models and examining the model with testing data. The results showed that the deep learning models outperformed the machine learning and statistical models in terms of classification performance. The LSTM model achieved the highest performance in terms of all evaluation metrics compared with the state-of-the-art models (accuracy = 96%, recall = 0.93, precision = 0.88, and F1-measure = 0.91). The LSTM model can improve the classification accuracy and prediction of most near-crash events and reduce false near-crash classification. The finding of this study can benefit transportation safety in predicting and classifying driving risk. It can provide useful suggestions for reducing the incidence of critical events and forward road crashes.

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Herz, Rachel S., and Jonathan W. Schooler. "A Naturalistic Study of Autobiographical Memories Evoked by Olfactory and Visual Cues: Testing the Proustian Hypothesis." American Journal of Psychology 115, no. 1 (2002): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423672.

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Babulal, Ganesh M., Aaron Addison, Nupur Ghoshal, Sarah H. Stout, Elizabeth K. Vernon, Mark Sellan, and Catherine M. Roe. "Development and interval testing of a naturalistic driving methodology to evaluate driving behavior in clinical research." F1000Research 5 (July 15, 2016): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9150.1.

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Background: The number of older adults in the United States will double by 2056. Additionally, the number of licensed drivers will increase along with extended driving-life expectancy. Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury and death in older adults. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) also negatively impacts driving ability and increases crash risk. Conventional methods to evaluate driving ability are limited in predicting decline among older adults. Innovations in GPS hardware and software can monitor driving behavior in the actual environments people drive in. Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices are affordable, easy to install and capture large volumes of data in real-time. However, adapting these methodologies for research can be challenging. This study sought to adapt a COTS device and determine an interval that produced accurate data on the actual route driven for use in future studies involving older adults with and without AD. Methods: Three subjects drove a single course in different vehicles at different intervals (30, 60 and 120 seconds), at different times of day, morning (9:00-11:59AM), afternoon (2:00-5:00PM) and night (7:00-10pm). The nine datasets were examined to determine the optimal collection interval. Results: Compared to the 120-second and 60-second intervals, the 30-second interval was optimal in capturing the actual route driven along with the lowest number of incorrect paths and affordability weighing considerations for data storage and curation. Discussion: Use of COTS devices offers minimal installation efforts, unobtrusive monitoring and discreet data extraction. However, these devices require strict protocols and controlled testing for adoption into research paradigms. After reliability and validity testing, these devices may provide valuable insight into daily driving behaviors and intraindividual change over time for populations of older adults with and without AD. Data can be aggregated over time to look at changes or adverse events and ascertain if decline in performance is occurring.

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Babulal, Ganesh M., Aaron Addison, Nupur Ghoshal, Sarah H. Stout, Elizabeth K. Vernon, Mark Sellan, and Catherine M. Roe. "Development and interval testing of a naturalistic driving methodology to evaluate driving behavior in clinical research." F1000Research 5 (September 15, 2016): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9150.2.

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Background: The number of older adults in the United States will double by 2056. Additionally, the number of licensed drivers will increase along with extended driving-life expectancy. Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury and death in older adults. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) also negatively impacts driving ability and increases crash risk. Conventional methods to evaluate driving ability are limited in predicting decline among older adults. Innovations in GPS hardware and software can monitor driving behavior in the actual environments people drive in. Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices are affordable, easy to install and capture large volumes of data in real-time. However, adapting these methodologies for research can be challenging. This study sought to adapt a COTS device and determine an interval that produced accurate data on the actual route driven for use in future studies involving older adults with and without AD. Methods: Three subjects drove a single course in different vehicles at different intervals (30, 60 and 120 seconds), at different times of day, morning (9:00-11:59AM), afternoon (2:00-5:00PM) and night (7:00-10pm). The nine datasets were examined to determine the optimal collection interval. Results: Compared to the 120-second and 60-second intervals, the 30-second interval was optimal in capturing the actual route driven along with the lowest number of incorrect paths and affordability weighing considerations for data storage and curation. Discussion: Use of COTS devices offers minimal installation efforts, unobtrusive monitoring and discreet data extraction. However, these devices require strict protocols and controlled testing for adoption into research paradigms. After reliability and validity testing, these devices may provide valuable insight into daily driving behaviors and intraindividual change over time for populations of older adults with and without AD. Data can be aggregated over time to look at changes or adverse events and ascertain if decline in performance is occurring.

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Philp, Jenefer, Margaret Borowczyk, and Alison Mackey. "Exploring the Uniqueness of Child Second Language Acquisition (SLA): Learning, Teaching, Assessment, and Practice." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 37 (September 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190517000174.

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This issue was designed to include a wide range of research on children's second language learning. Here we provide a short overview of each of the articles contained in this issue, many of which bring up novel ideas and topics, as well as new takes on familiar themes that sometimes challenge prior conceptions and, ideally, inspire new understandings of child language acquisition, and policies, and practices in instructed settings. The 15 articles in this issue are based in instructed and naturalistic settings and include reviews and experimental work, and collectively represent learners between 5 to 18 years old. The language backgrounds include Mandarin (first language [L1]), Arabic (L1), Basque (L1), Cantonese (L1), English (second language [L2]), Hebrew (L1, L2), Spanish (L1, L2), and Thai (L1). Topics include the uniqueness of child second language acquisition (SLA); learning in majority language classrooms; best practices in bilingual schooling, cognition, and SLA in younger learners; testing and assessment relating to age and language choice; and methodological contributions that arise from the particular challenges of researching child second language development in instructed and naturalistic settings.

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NINIO, ANAT. "Testing the role of semantic similarity in syntactic development." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 1 (February 2005): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006713.

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The study explored early syntactic development, and tested the hypothesis that children use similarity of meaning in order to move beyond the learning of individual item-based multiword constructions. The first 6 types of verb–object (VO) constructions in Hebrew-speaking children were analysed for the occurrence of transfer of learning and facilitation, as well as for the semantic similarity of the direct objects (DO). Longitudinal naturalistic speech corpora of 20 children (1;06–2;06) were analysed. We found facilitation (increased rate of learning) among the first 6 types of VO constructions (each type built on a different verb) as evidenced by the accelerating growth curves. Next, we measured the semantic similarity of the DOs using an 8-category system including Patient, Theme and Object of Result. The first 6 DO types represented 3·95 different semantic roles. On the average, after the first VO construction was learned, 3 out of the following 5 constructions produced were not preceded by another VO construction where the DO was of the same semantic category. The results indicate that facilitation of learning of early syntax is most probably NOT mediated by semantic similarity.

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Lewis, Tasha N., and Matthew Kirkhart. "Effect of iconic gestures on second language vocabulary retention in a naturalistic setting." International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 58, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 263–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral-2016-0125.

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AbstractThere is a growing body of evidence that suggests that the learning of new vocabulary during second language acquisition is facilitated by associating words with gestures. This study investigates the learning of new vocabulary words when paired with congruent and incongruent iconic gestures using instructional and testing procedures consistent with current second language pedagogical practices. Results indicate that incongruent gestures inhibit learning, while congruent iconic gestures facilitate vocabulary acquisition when participants were encouraged to pay attention to the use of the gesture when studying new words. Further analyses suggest that, as has been found repeatedly, nouns are easier to remember than verbs. However, gestures are most helpful with learning adjectives compared to nouns and verbs.

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Mitchum, Emily, and Anne E. Dickerson. "Relationship Between Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Naturalistic Driving Performance: Indications for Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 76, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): 7610500024p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2022.76s1-po24.

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Abstract Date Presented 04/02/2022 Research demonstrates that cognitive decline can be evidenced in driving before any deficit scores in cognitive testing. Observation of performance is essential for any OT performance assessment, especially for complex instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as driving. Using the performance-based Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) and GPS data loggers, this research examined the nature and strength of the relationship between complex IADL performance and naturalistic driving behaviors in older adults. Primary Author and Speaker: Emily Mitchum Additional Authors and Speakers: Anne E. Dickerson

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Tawfeek, Mostafa H., and Karim El-Basyouny. "A perceptual forward collision warning model using naturalistic driving data." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 45, no. 10 (October 2018): 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0592.

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Rear-end collisions represent a quarter to one-third of the total number of collisions occurring on North American roads. While there are several methods to mitigate rear-end collision effects, one way is to warn drivers about impending events using forward collision warning (FCW) systems. At the core of any FCW algorithm is a trigger distance at which a message is relayed to the driver to avoid rear-end collisions. The main goal of this paper is to propose a warning distance model based on naturalistic driver following behavior. This was achieved by investigating car-following events within a critical time-to-collision range. A total of 5785 candidate car-following events were identified for the model development from 2 months of naturalistic driving study data of 63 drivers. Using regression analysis, the minimum warning distance was linked to several performance measures. It was found that the relative speed, the host vehicle speed, and the host vehicle acceleration can significantly affect the minimum warning distance. To assess the performance of the developed algorithm, it was compared to six of the existing FCW algorithms in terms of warning distances. The results of the developed algorithm were consistent with the other perceptual FCW algorithms. However, the warning distances of the proposed algorithm were less than the distances produced by the kinematic algorithms. The proposed algorithm could be used as a minimum threshold to trigger an alert for an FCW algorithm. Since the proposed algorithm is developed based on actual driving data, it is expected to be more acceptable by drivers. However, the algorithm needs further testing in real-life to validate this expectation.

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Zhang, Yufei, Bohua Sun, Yaxin Li, Shuai Zhao, Xianglei Zhu, Wenxiao Ma, Fangwu Ma, and Liang Wu. "Research on the Physics–Intelligence Hybrid Theory Based Dynamic Scenario Library Generation for Automated Vehicles." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 8391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218391.

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The testing and evaluation system has been the key technology and security with its necessity in the development and deployment of maturing automated vehicles. In this research, the physics–intelligence hybrid theory-based dynamic scenario library generation method is proposed to improve system performance, in particular, the testing efficiency and accuracy for automated vehicles. A general framework of the dynamic scenario library generation is established. Then, the parameterized scenario based on the dimension optimization method is specified to obtain the effective scenario element set. Long-tail functions for performance testing of specific ODD are constructed as optimization boundaries and critical scenario searching methods are proposed based on the node optimization and sample expansion methods for the low-dimensional scenario library generation and the reinforcement learning for the high-dimensional one, respectively. The scenario library generation method is evaluated with the naturalistic driving data (NDD) of the intelligent electric vehicle in the field test. Results show better efficient and accuracy performances compared with the ideal testing library and the NDD, respectively, in both low- and high-dimensional scenarios.

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Chen, Pin-Wei, Nathan A. Baune, Igor Zwir, Jiayu Wang, Victoria Swamidass, and Alex W. K. Wong. "Measuring Activities of Daily Living in Stroke Patients with Motion Machine Learning Algorithms: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041634.

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Measuring activities of daily living (ADLs) using wearable technologies may offer higher precision and granularity than the current clinical assessments for patients after stroke. This study aimed to develop and determine the accuracy of detecting different ADLs using machine-learning (ML) algorithms and wearable sensors. Eleven post-stroke patients participated in this pilot study at an ADL Simulation Lab across two study visits. We collected blocks of repeated activity (“atomic” activity) performance data to train our ML algorithms during one visit. We evaluated our ML algorithms using independent semi-naturalistic activity data collected at a separate session. We tested Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for model development. XGBoost was the best classification model. We achieved 82% accuracy based on ten ADL tasks. With a model including seven tasks, accuracy improved to 90%. ADL tasks included chopping food, vacuuming, sweeping, spreading jam or butter, folding laundry, eating, brushing teeth, taking off/putting on a shirt, wiping a cupboard, and buttoning a shirt. Results provide preliminary evidence that ADL functioning can be predicted with adequate accuracy using wearable sensors and ML. The use of external validation (independent training and testing data sets) and semi-naturalistic testing data is a major strength of the study and a step closer to the long-term goal of ADL monitoring in real-world settings. Further investigation is needed to improve the ADL prediction accuracy, increase the number of tasks monitored, and test the model outside of a laboratory setting.

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Kodsi, Sam, and Jeffrey Muttart. "Modeling Passenger Vehicle Acceleration Profiles from Naturalistic Observations and Driver Testing at Two-way-stop Controlled Intersections." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2010): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0062.

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Cole, Charles. "Intelligent information retrieval: Part IV. Testing the timing of two information retrieval devices in a naturalistic setting." Information Processing & Management 37, no. 1 (January 2001): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4573(00)00018-2.

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Ehsani, Johnathon P., Karen E. Seymour, Theresa Chirles, and Neale Kinnear. "Developing and testing a hazard prediction task for novice drivers: A novel application of naturalistic driving videos." Journal of Safety Research 73 (June 2020): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.03.010.

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Sebern, Margaret D. "Psychometric Evaluation of the Shared Care Instrument in a Sample of Home Health Care Family Dyads." Journal of Nursing Measurement 13, no. 3 (December 2005): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jnum.13.3.175.

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Researchers have studied negative effects of caregiving on a family caregiver; however, less is known about positive aspects of exchanging assistance for both members of a family caregiving dyad. In a previous naturalistic inquiry the author indentified a basis for studying caregiving interactions was a construct called shared care. The three components of shared care identified in the naturalistic inquiry were communication, decision making, and reciprocity. The Shared Care Instrument (SCI) was developed to measure the construct. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the SCI, and to assess its construct and criterion-related validity. A sample of home care family dyads (110 patients and 109 family members) returned usable survey questionnaires. Results indicated the Cronbach’s alphas for the patient group for the SCI subscales ranged from .78 to .84, and .77 to .79 for family members. Factor analysis supported the underlying theoretical basis and factor structure of the SCI. Criterion-related validity was also supported. Therefore, the results of this study provide initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the SCI for use with family caregiving dyads. The findings support the need for additional testing of the SCI.

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Knight, Robert G., Jane Nicholls, and Nickolai Titov. "The effects of old age and distraction on the assessment of prospective memory in a simulated naturalistic environment." International Psychogeriatrics 20, no. 1 (February 2008): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610207005923.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The ability to remember to complete future intentions, prospective memory, often begins to fail in old age. The aim of the present study was to examine the sensitivity of a computer-based procedure using naturalistic stimuli to age-related increases in forgetting under conditions of high (increased visual and auditory noise) or low distraction.Methods: Participants were tested in a virtual shopping precinct constructed from linked photographs, sounds, and video segments. Groups of 32 older and younger persons completed two concurrent memory tasks while moving along the street. In one task, participants were given errands to complete with an accessible checklist, in the other, they were required to remember to respond to three different targets that appeared repeatedly.Results: The results confirmed previous findings that older adults have difficulty remembering future intentions, even on a self-paced task using naturalistic stimuli, and showed that this was accentuated in noisy environments.Conclusions: Older persons have particular difficulty remembering in noisy environments, and results from testing in the clinic may underestimate the practical memory problems experienced by older adults with mild cognitive impairments. The findings provide encouragement for the construction of computer-generated environments to measure functional deficits in cognition.

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Castle, David, Jeffrey Daniel, Jonathan Knott, John Fielding, Joyce Goh, and Bruce Singh. "Development of Clinical Guidelines for the Pharmacological Management of Behavioural Disturbance and Aggression in People with Psychosis." Australasian Psychiatry 13, no. 3 (September 2005): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1665.2005.02194.x.

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Objective: To describe the process underpinning the development of clinical guidelines for the management of behavioural disturbance in psychosis. Method: A structured process was followed, encompassing a literature review, focus groups with key staff, and pilot testing and monitoring of the guidelines in an acute psychiatric setting. Results: The process was well accepted by staff and was found useful in monitoring outcomes in a naturalistic setting. The final guidelines proved safe and effective in the acute setting. Conclusions: The incorporation of a monitoring system for interventions for the management of behavioural disturbance in acute psychiatric settings is beneficial for staff and patients alike.

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Kumar, Anil R., Kevin Cluff, and Tim McLeroy. "Is Remote Human Factors Testing an Acceptable Approach for Human Factors Validation." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 10, no. 1 (June 2021): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857921101083.

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Human factors (HF) validation of medical devices is vital for approval of use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Historically, validation testing of medical devices has taken place within laboratory-controlled environments where conditions are controlled, and testing is executed in accordance with similar circumstance. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, laboratory research has decreased in a wide range of disciplines or in instances continued with masks and many other COVID mitigations. As a result, medical device manufacturers who need to provide human factors validation to receive U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval were impacted. Remote usability testing, while a fairly new phenomenon for physical devices, affords the ability to functionally test a product within naturalistic environments that are indistinguishable from the settings in which they would be used (e.g. the user’s home). However, published literature to support whether remote HF testing could potentially be an acceptable approach is rare. The objective of this study is to replicate the objectives and structure of an original in-person study, which was conducted using migraine patients who performed one unaided simulated injection using a 2-step autoinjector. The original methodology has been modified to adapt to the remote testing. This paper reports the procedures that has been developed for this ongoing endeavor.

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Fulcher-Rood, Katrina, Anny P. Castilla-Earls, and Jeff Higginbotham. "School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists' Perspectives on Diagnostic Decision Making." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 2 (May 3, 2018): 796–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_ajslp-16-0121.

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Purpose This study used a structured open interview approach to elicit information from school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) regarding their assessment practices for children with suspected language impairment. Method Phone interviews were conducted with 39 school-based SLPs who were employed across the United States. The interviews explored assessment topics related to assessment tool selection and rationale and the integration of assessment data to determine treatment eligibility. Results The results of this study suggest that SLPs use both standardized testing and informal testing for their diagnostic procedures. Standardized testing appears to be the tool that drives diagnostic decisions regarding eligibility and severity. Informal measures, such as parent/teacher interviews and language sampling, were used by school-based SLPs to gather information regarding naturalistic language use; however, they seem less important in the diagnostic decision-making process. Also, SLPs reported completing language sample transcription and analysis in real time while interacting with a child. Conclusions School-based SLPs appear to rely on the results from standardized testing when determining treatment eligibility for children with language impairment. The reliance on standardized testing appears to be driven by institutional policies. We discuss the potential impact of federal/state/district guidelines on diagnostic decisions and consider the research-to-practice gap.

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Do, C., and J. Suhr. "C-30 The Relationships Between Phonemic and Semantic Fluency and Sleep Duration in Older Adults." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.192.

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Abstract Objective Sleep deprivation through experimental sleep restriction negatively impacts performance on fluency measures, with stronger effects for phonemic fluency than semantic fluency. However, the relationship between naturalistic short sleep and fluency performance has not yet been examined in older adults. We compared older adults who reported long and short average sleep duration on semantic and phonemic fluency tasks. Method 83 community-dwelling adults (M = 68.18 years old, SD = 9.08; 71.1% female) participated in a larger study examining sleep quality and cognition. As part of the large battery of sleep, health, and neuropsychological measures, current analyses focused on phonemic fluency (letters C,F,L) and the Semantic Fluency subtest of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Sleep duration was based on self-report of the average number of hours they sleep per night. Covariates included age and self-reported levels of arousal at the time of testing. Short ( < 7 hours of sleep) and long (≥ 7 hours of sleep) sleepers did not differ in gender, p = .069, but did in age, p = .007, with short sleepers being older than long sleepers. Short sleepers also reported higher arousal at time of testing, p = .017. Results After controlling for age and current arousal, short sleepers had lower phonemic fluency scores than did long sleepers, p = .012. However, there was no difference between short and long sleepers on semantic fluency after accounting for the same covariates, p = .849. Conclusion These results replicate and extend previous findings of sleep deprivation impacting phonemic fluency and not semantic fluency, but for older adults in more naturalistic conditions of sleep deprivation.

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Linford, Lauren, Jeremy Bekker, John Ameen, and Jared Warren. "Implementation of a positive psychology curriculum in a high school setting: A mixed methods pilot study." Journal of Positive School Psychology 6, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47602/jpsp.v6i1.268.

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This study used a mixed-method design to examine the qualitative feasibility of a comprehensive positive psychology curriculum taught by an educator in a naturalistic high school classroom. Limited efficacy testing was also performed. Using a naturalistic quasi-experimental design, this study examined the qualitative impact and feasibility of a high school positive psychology course compared to a standard psychology course. Qualitative variables examined included student attrition, demand, implementation, and practicality as well as student feedback. Quantitative self-report measures of well-being were also included. Participants were 113 adolescents enrolled at a high school in the Mountain West United States. The course was found to have high demand and low rates of attrition. The educator noted that preparing the course was feasible and did not require external funding. Feedback from students was overwhelmingly positive with many of them noting the positive effect that it had on their well-being and ability to cope with challenges. Quantitative results were mixed. These results largely support previous research that has associated positive outcomes with the employment of positive psychology interventions in a classroom setting. Future research should focus on the quantitative effects of school-based positive psychology interventions in a larger scale, high-powered sample.

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AMBRIDGE, BEN, and JULIAN M. PINE. "Testing the Agreement/Tense Omission Model using an elicited imitation paradigm." Journal of Child Language 33, no. 4 (November 2006): 879–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000906007628.

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The present study used an elicited imitation paradigm to test the prediction of Schutze & Wexler's (1996) AGREEMENT/TENSE OMISSION MODEL (ATOM) that the rate of non-nominative subjects with agreement-marked verb forms will be sufficiently low that such errors can reasonably be disregarded as noise in the data. A screening procedure identified five children who produced non-nominative subject errors (all her for she) who were then asked to repeat 24 sentences with 3sg feminine pronoun subjects (she) and agreeing main verbs or auxiliaries. All five children produced at least one non-nominative subject (her) with an agreement-marked verb form, and for none of these five children was the non-NOM+AGR rate significantly different to the rate that would be expected by chance, given the independent frequencies of non-nominative subjects and agreement-marked verb forms in their data. The three children for whom this expected (by chance) error rate was significantly greater than 10% (representing an acceptable level of noise in the data) produced non-NOM+AGR errors at a rate significantly greater than 10%, counter to the prediction of the ATOM. These results replicate and extend the naturalistic-data findings of Pine et al. using a different method. They also provide support for the use of elicited imitation as a methodology for assessing children's early grammatical knowledge.

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McGovern, Amy, Christopher D. Karstens, Travis Smith, and Ryan Lagerquist. "Quasi-Operational Testing of Real-Time Storm-Longevity Prediction via Machine Learning." Weather and Forecasting 34, no. 5 (September 20, 2019): 1437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-18-0141.1.

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Abstract Real-time prediction of storm longevity is a critical challenge for National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters. These predictions can guide forecasters when they issue warnings and implicitly inform them about the potential severity of a storm. This paper presents a machine-learning (ML) system that was used for real-time prediction of storm longevity in the Probabilistic Hazard Information (PHI) tool, making it a Research-to-Operations (R2O) project. Currently, PHI provides forecasters with real-time storm variables and severity predictions from the ProbSevere system, but these predictions do not include storm longevity. We specifically designed our system to be tested in PHI during the 2016 and 2017 Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) experiments, which are a quasi-operational naturalistic environment. We considered three ML methods that have proven in prior work to be strong predictors for many weather prediction tasks: elastic nets, random forests, and gradient-boosted regression trees. We present experiments comparing the three ML methods with different types of input data, discuss trade-offs between forecast quality and requirements for real-time deployment, and present both subjective (human-based) and objective evaluation of real-time deployment in the HWT. Results demonstrate that the ML system has lower error than human forecasters, which suggests that it could be used to guide future storm-based warnings, enabling forecasters to focus on other aspects of the warning system.

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Miniati, Mario, Maria Grazia Fabrini, Federica Genovesi Ebert, Maricia Mancino, Alessandra Maglio, Gabriele Massimetti, Enrico Massimetti, and Donatella Marazziti. "Quality of Life, Depression, and Anxiety in Patients with Uveal Melanoma: A Review." Journal of Oncology 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5253109.

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The aim is to summarize current knowledge on both QoL and depressive/anxious symptoms in patients with UM, including studies on the effect on QoL and psychological status of genetic testing related to the risk of metastatic disease. A review from the last 25 years by using the databases “PsycInfo,” “Medline,” and “Science Direct” was performed. As a total result, eighteen papers were retrieved. Eight studies (44.4%) used a prospective design methodology: two were retrospective observations (11.1%), three were cross-sectional observational studies (16.6%), and three (16.6%) were naturalistic follow-up studies. One trial was conducted with a case-control design (5.5%), and one was a methodological paper (5.5%). The number of subjects included in the studies ranged widely, between 7 and 842 (mean: 152.1 ± 201.3), for a total of 2587 patients, 1306 males (50.5%) and 1281 females (49.5%). The mean age of subject enrolled was 61.3 ± 4.1 years. Twenty-six different scales, questionnaires, or interviews were utilized. No significant differences in QoL between radiotherapy and enucleation emerged. Genetic testing did not significantly affect QoL or psychological status.

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Goldenberg, Amit, Smadar Cohen-Chen, J. Parker Goyer, Carol S. Dweck, James J. Gross, and Eran Halperin. "Testing the impact and durability of a group malleability intervention in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 4 (January 8, 2018): 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706800115.

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Fostering perceptions of group malleability (teaching people that groups are capable of change and improvement) has been shown to lead to short-term improvements in intergroup attitudes and willingness to make concessions in intractable conflicts. The present study, a field intervention involving 508 Israelis from three locations in Israel, replicated and substantially extended those findings by testing the durability of a group malleability intervention during a 6-month period of frequent violence. Three different 5-hour-long interventions were administered as leadership workshops. The group malleability intervention was compared with a neutral coping intervention and, importantly, with a state-of-the-art perspective-taking intervention. The group malleability intervention proved superior to the coping intervention in improving attitudes, hope, and willingness to make concessions, and maintained this advantage during a 6-month period of intense intergroup conflict. Moreover, it was as good as, and in some respects superior to, the perspective-taking intervention. These findings provide a naturalistic examination of the potential of group malleability interventions to increase openness to conflict resolution.

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Bättig, Victor A. D., Sibylle C. Roll, and Martina Hahn. "Pharmacogenetic Testing in Depressed Patients and Interdisciplinary Exchange between a Pharmacist and Psychiatrists Results in Reduced Hospitalization Times." Pharmacopsychiatry 53, no. 04 (February 11, 2020): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1096-1171.

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Abstract Introduction Pharmacogenetics (PGx) is a well-researched tool to improve pharmacotherapy. So far, it has not been implemented into daily practice in Germany. In psychopharmacology, substantial benefit can be expected by using PGx due to the excessive CYP metabolism of the psychotropic drugs as well as already discovered target polymorphisms (e. g., serotonin receptor). Methods An evaluation of a naturalistic pharmacist-led pilot implementation of PGx testing in a psychiatric hospital in patients undergoing inpatient treatment for major depressive disorder was conducted. Length of stay, number of antidepressant switches, and rehospitalization rates were analyzed. A PGx-tested intervention cohort of n=49 was retrospectively compared to a control cohort of n=94 patients. Results The intervention cohort showed significantly shorter stays than the control, after correction of the length of hospital stay and the time to genotyping results (mean intervention: 36.3 d (SD: ±19.3 d); control: 46.6 d (±19.1 d); p=0.003). Antidepressant- naïve patients had the largest benefit from the PGx testing (intervention: 24.7 d (±13.5 d); control: 50.2 d (±22.5 d); p < 0.001. The number of antidepressant switches during the entire stay did not differ between the groups: 0.41 (0.64) vs. 0.21 (0.46); p=0.063 [95% CI −0.01–0.40]). Discussion Depressed patients, especially treatment-naïve, seem to benefit from PGx testing prior to treatment. Although the results of this retrospective evaluation are promising, more systematic prospective studies are needed to assess the effect of PGx testing on the treatment of major depressive disorder.

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Arre, Alyssa M., and Daniel J. Horschler. "Swimming and diving as social play in juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)." Behaviour 158, no. 6 (March 24, 2021): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10074.

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Abstract Although play is ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom, and in primates especially, the ultimate explanations and proximate mechanisms of play are not well understood. Previous research proposes that primate play may be important for the development of cognitive skills including executive function, emotional regulation, and impulse control, and could help to build social skills and network connections needed in later life. However, many of these hypotheses have not been thoroughly tested. Here, we report observations of novel play behaviour that could provide unique opportunities to explore these hypotheses: young rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) engaging in aquatic social play in a naturalistic setting. Based on our observations, we propose that aquatic play has social elements that make it ideal for testing ultimate explanations of primate play and hypotheses about the cognitive mechanisms that support it.

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Klapper, John, and Jonathan Rees. "Reviewing the case for explicit grammar instruction in the university foreign language learning context." Language Teaching Research 7, no. 3 (July 2003): 285–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1362168803lr128oa.

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This paper examines the extent to which research findings from second language and immersion programmes, concerning the efficacy of different instructional approaches, are transferable to the context of foreign language learning in British higher education. It draws on data from a four-year longitudinal study involving two experimental groups of undergraduate learners of German as a foreign language, one of which was exposed to ‘focus-on-form’ tuition, the other to ‘focus-onforms’ instruction. The relative merits of the two approaches are assessed through analysis of proficiency gains for classroom instruction and residence abroad phases of the programme, using holistic and discrete proficiency-testing instruments. The study also highlights the effect of formal and naturalistic learning contexts on the rate and order of development of particular grammatical competencies in L2 German for the sample.

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Audisio, Cynthia Pamela, and Maia Julieta Migdalek. "Do simple syntactic heuristics to verb meaning hold up? Testing the structure mapping account over spontaneous speech to Spanish-learning children." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 65, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 556–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.21.

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AbstractExperimental research has shown that English-learning children as young as 19 months, as well as children learning other languages (e.g., Mandarin), infer some aspects of verb meanings by mapping the nominal elements in the utterance onto participants in the event expressed by the verb. The present study assessed this structure or analogical mapping mechanism (SAMM) on naturalistic speech in the linguistic environment of 20 Spanish-learning infants from Argentina (average age 19 months). This study showed that the SAMM performs poorly – at chance level – especially when only noun phrases (NPs) included in experimental studies of the SAMM were parsed. If agreement morphology is considered, the performance is slightly above chance but still very poor. In addition, it was found that the SAMM performs better on intransitive and transitive verbs, compared to ditransitives. Agreement morphology has a beneficial effect only on transitive and ditransitive verbs. On the whole, concerns are raised about the role of the SAMM in infants’ interpretation of verb meaning in natural exchanges.

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Espadaler, Jordi, Miquel Tuson, Jose Miguel Lopez-Ibor, Franciso Lopez-Ibor, and Maria Ines Lopez-Ibor. "Pharmacogenetic testing for the guidance of psychiatric treatment: a multicenter retrospective analysis." CNS Spectrums 22, no. 4 (April 21, 2016): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852915000711.

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ObjectiveWe investigated the association between clinical outcome and the recommendations of a pharmacogenetic test (Neuropharmagen) in patients with a variety of psychiatric conditions whose previous treatment regimen had failed.MethodsThis retrospective, naturalistic, multicenter study included adult psychiatric patients (depression, psychosis, anxiety, bipolar, etc.) who had been seen at 3 private clinics. All patients had received pharmacogenetic testing (Neuropharmagen) and were classified depending on whether or not their post-test treatment regimen followed the test recommendations. Clinical severity was assessed with the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) at baseline (pre-test) and 3-month follow-up, and adverse events were recorded.Results182 patients were available for analysis. After multivariate adjustment, patients whose treatment followed the test recommendations had odds of improvement about 4 times greater than patients whose treatment did not follow the recommendations (adjusted OR=3.86, 95%CI 1.36–10.95; p=0.011). Importantly, psychiatric diagnosis did not significantly affect the odds of improvement. Also, in the subpopulation with baseline CGI-S score >3 (N=170), the rate of stabilization at follow-up (defined as CGI-S≤3) was significantly higher in patients whose treatment followed the pharmacogenetic recommendations (p=0.033). There was no apparent difference in the incidence of adverse events (6 patients in each group).ConclusionsNon–drug naïve patients whose treatment followed the recommendations of pharmacogenetic testing were more likely to improve their condition than patients whose treatment did not. These results are consistent with previous clinical research on depressed patients, and this study also suggests that this benefit can be extended to psychiatric conditions other than depression.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Naturalistic testing'

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