Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Natural values'

The teaching of values to youth in contemporary societies is more problematic than ever before. Globalisation, technological change, the decline of belief systems, and the breakdown of the family have created an environment where people fear that character education may impart values to children which conflict with their own. Natural law holds the potential to identify basic values which almost all can embrace. Some believe Hume’s Guillotine has rendered natural law reasoning invalid. The perceived objections to ethical naturalism of Hume, Moore, and Mackie are herein shown to pose no significant obstacles to natural law thought. A contemporary form of ancient natural law reasoning is advanced here; it is then combined with a uniquely simple and practical approach to pedagogy. This pedagogy is shown to have exceptional motivational power. The ability of the form of natural law reasoning here set forth to deduce prescriptivity from the natural world is then demonstrated, using the area of reproductive and gestational health in order to give an instantiation of legitimate derivation of values from facts. This ethical reasoning and teaching strategy will likely be approved by those who would otherwise object to children being taught values while at school.

Doutoramento em Biologia
The increasing human activity has been responsible by profound changes and a constinuos degradation of the soil compartment in all the European territory. Some European policies are appearing focusing soil’s protection and the management of contaminated sites, in order to recover land for other uses. To regulate the risk assessment and the management of contaminated soils, many European member states adopted soil guideline values, as for example soil screnning values (SSV).These values are particularly useful for the the first tier of the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) processes of contaminated sites,especially for a first screening of sites requiring a more site-specific evaluation. Hence, the approriate definition of regional SSVs will have relevant economic impacts in the management of contaminated sites. Portugal is one of European Member States that still lack these soil guideline values. In this context, this study gaves a remarkable contribution in the generation of ecotoxicological data for soil microbiological parameters, terrestrial plants and invertebrates for the derivation of SSVs for uranium (U), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu), using a Portuguese natural soil, representative of a dominant type of soil in the Portuguese territory. SSVs were derived based on two methods proposed by the the Technical Guidance Document for Risk Assessment of the European Commission; namely the assessment factor method (AF) and the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method (with some adaptations). The outputs of both methods were compared and discussed. Further, this study laid the foundation for a deeper reflection about the cut-off (hazard concentration for a given percentage of species - HCps) to be estimated from the SSDs, and to be selected for the derivation of SSVs, with the adequate level of protection. It was proven that this selection may vary for different contaminants, however a clear justification should be given, in each case. The SSvs proposed in this study were for: U (151.4 mg U kg-1dw), Cd (5.6 mg Cd kg-1dw), and Cu (58.5 mg Cu kg-1dw) These values should now be tested for their descriminating power of soils with different levels of contamination. However, this studies clarifies the approach that should be followed for the derivation of SSVs for other metals and organic contaminants, and for other dominant types of Portuguese natural soils.
O aumento das atividades humanas tem sido responsável por mudanças profundas e por uma degradação contínua do compartimento solo, em todo o território Europeu. Em resposta a este problema, algumas políticas Europeias estão agora a emergir orientadas especificamente para a proteção do solo e para a gestão das áreas contaminadas, a fim de recuperar os solos degradados para outros usos. Para regulamentar a avaliação de risco e a gestão de solos contaminados, muitos Estados-Membros Europeus adoptaram valores de qualidade do solo, como por exemplo os “valores de rastreio ou triagem” (do inglês: soil screening values ou SSVs). Estes valores são particularmente úteis para a primeira etapa dos processos de avaliação de risco ecológico (ARE) de locais contaminados, especialmente para um primeiro rastreio dos locais, destinado a separar aqueles em que os riscos são claramente reduzidos daqueles que exigem uma avaliação mais específica e aprofundada para o local. Assim, a definição de SSVs regionais terá impactos económicos relevantes na gestão dos locais contaminados. Portugal é um dos Estados-Membros Europeus que ainda não definiu SSVs. Neste contexto, este estudo dá uma notável contribuição na geração de dados ecotoxicológicos para parâmetros microbiológicos do solo, plantas terrestres e invertebrados necessários para a obtenção de SSVs para urânio (U), cádmio (Cd) e cobre (Cu), utilizando um solo natural Português, representante de um tipo dominante de solo existente no território nacional. Assim, foram obtidos SSVs para os metais referidos com base em dois métodos propostos pelo Documento de Orientação Técnica para Avaliação de Riscos da Comissão Europeia, nomeadamente o método dos factores de avaliação (do inglês: assessment factors ou AF) e o método probabilístico da distribuição da sensibilidade espécies (do inglês: species sensitivity distributions ou SSDs) (com algumas adaptações). Os resultados dos dois métodos foram comparados e discutidos. Além disso, este estudo lançou as bases para uma reflexão mais profunda sobre o ponto de corte (concentração de risco para uma determinada percentagem de espécies) a ser estimado a partir das distribuições de sensibilidade das espécies (SSDs), e para ser selecionado para a obtenção de SSVs, com o nível adequado de proteção. Neste estudo foi comprovado que esta seleção pode variar para diferentes metais ou outros contaminantes, no entanto, uma justificação clara deve ser dada, em cada caso. Os SSvs propostos neste estudo foram de: U (151,4 mg U kg- 1ms ), Cd (5,6 mg Cd kg- 1ms ) e Cu ( 58,5 mg Cu kg- 1 ms) Estes valores devem agora ser testados quanto à sua capacidade para descriminar solos com diferentes níveis de contaminação. No entanto, este estudo esclarece e sugere a abordagem que deve ser seguida para a derivação de SSVs para outros metais e contaminantes orgânicos, e para outros tipos dominantes de solos naturais portugueses.

Semi-natural grasslands, which are a declining and fragmented habitat in Europe, contain a high biodiversity, and are therefore of interest to conservation. This thesis examines how plant diversity is influenced by the landscape context, and how plant and fungal diversity can be targeted by practical conservation using indicator species and congruence between species groups. Reproduction and recruitment of the dioecious herb Antennaria dioica was also investigated, providing a case study on how fragmentation and habitat degradation may affect grassland plants.

Grassland size and heterogeneity were of greater importance for plant diversity in semi-natural grassland, than present or historical connectivity to other grasslands, or landscape characteristics. Larger grasslands were more heterogeneous than smaller grasslands, being the likely reason for the species-area relationship.

A detailed study on A. dioica discovered that sexual reproduction and recruitment may be hampered due to skewed sex-ratios. Sex-ratios were more skewed in small populations, suggesting that dioecious plants are likely to be particularly sensitive to reduced grassland size and fragmentation.

A study on indicators of plant species richness, used in a recent survey of remaining semi-natural grasslands in Sweden, revealed several problems. A high percentage of all indicator species were missed by the survey, removing an otherwise significant correlation between indicator species and plant species richness. Also, a null model showed that the chosen indicator species did not perform significantly better than species chosen at random from the available species pool, questioning the selection of the indicators in the survey. Diversity patterns of the threatened fungal genus Hygrocybe were not congruent with plant species richness or composition. Plants are thus a poor surrogate group for Hygrocybe fungi, and probably also for other grassland fungi. Implications from this thesis are that conservation of semi-natural grasslands should target several species groups, and that an appropriate scale for plant conservation may be local rather than regional.

This dissertation is centrally concerned with exploring obituaries as repositories of values. Obituaries are a publicly-available natural language source that are variably written for members of communities that are wide (nation-level) and narrow (city-level, or at the level of specific groups therein). Because they are explicitly summative, limited in size, and written for consumption by a public audience, obituaries may be expected to express concisely the aspects of their subjects' lives that the authors (often family members living in the same communities) found most salient or worthy of featuring. 140,599 obituaries nested in 832 newspapers from across the USA were scraped with permission from *Legacy.com,* an obituaries publisher. Obituaries were coded for the age at death and gender (female/male) of the deceased using automated algorithms. For each publishing newspaper, county-level median income, educational achievement (operationalized as percent of the population with a Bachelor's degree or higher), and race and ethnicity were averaged across counties, weighting by population size. A Neo4J graph database was constructed using WordNet and the University of South Florida Free Association Norms datasets. Each word in each obituary in the corpus was lemmatized. The shortest path through the WordNet graph from each lemma to 30 Schwartz value prototype words published by Bardi, Calogero, and Mullen (2008) was then recorded. From these path lengths, a new measure, "word-by-hop," was calculated for each Schwartz value to reflect the relative lexical distance between each obituary and that Schwartz value. Of the Schwartz values, Power, Conformity, and Security were most indicated in the corpus, while Universalism, Hedonism, and Stimulation were least indicated. A series of nine two-level regression models suggested that, across Schwartz values, newspaper community accounted for the greatest amount of word-by-hop variability in the corpus. The best-fitting model indicated a small, negative effect of female status across Schwartz values. Unexpectedly, Hedonism and Conformity, which had conceptually opposite prototype words, were highly correlated, possibly indicating that obituary authors "compensate" for describing the deceased in a hedonistic way by concurrently emphasizing restraint. Future research could usefully further expand word-by-hop and incorporate individual-level covariates that match the newspaper-level covariates used here.

This study employs ethnographic research to investigate the extent to which local governance affects both poverty and natural resources management in the Delta region. The research develops a framework for governance of natural resources to understand the daily practices of different actors within the local context using informal observation and interviews. In applying the framework, the study places emphasis on resources for governance, actors¿ agency, arrangements of access to resources and governance outcomes in the Delta region. Evidence from the study shows that while the state and corporate actors only contextualise resources in terms of economic value, local actors interprete resources beyond economic value to incorporate symbolic and socio-culturally constructed values linked with historic values. The study also identified relational, routine practices and structural factors which differently shape actors¿ agency for resources management. The context which shapes different arrangements of access to local resources by actors varies. These arrangements are subject to negotiation, power differences and socio-cultural factors. The findings related to governance outcomes reveal both positive (favourable) and negative (unfavourable) outcomes for the livelihood of different actors. The study concludes by exploring implications for local governance in order to address poverty and enhance optimal resource management in the Delta region.

This study employs ethnographic research to investigate the extent to which local governance affects both poverty and natural resources management in the Delta region. The research develops a framework for governance of natural resources to understand the daily practices of different actors within the local context using informal observation and interviews. In applying the framework, the study places emphasis on resources for governance, actors' agency, arrangements of access to resources and governance outcomes in the Delta region. Evidence from the study shows that while the state and corporate actors only contextualise resources in terms of economic value, local actors interprete resources beyond economic value to incorporate symbolic and socio-culturally constructed values linked with historic values. The study also identified relational, routine practices and structural factors which differently shape actors' agency for resources management. The context which shapes different arrangements of access to local resources by actors varies. These arrangements are subject to negotiation, power differences and socio-cultural factors. The findings related to governance outcomes reveal both positive (favourable) and negative (unfavourable) outcomes for the livelihood of different actors. The study concludes by exploring implications for local governance in order to address poverty and enhance optimal resource management in the Delta region.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T14:43:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SILVANA CÂMARA TORQUATO - TESE (PPGRN) 2015.pdf: 2102150 bytes, checksum: fd218d8fa2d5bf93f9d3e8911c2f1893 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T14:43:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SILVANA CÂMARA TORQUATO - TESE (PPGRN) 2015.pdf: 2102150 bytes, checksum: fd218d8fa2d5bf93f9d3e8911c2f1893 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11
Capes
Valores e atitudes são aspectos presentes em uma escolha alimentar e podem auxiliar na compreensão dos consumidores com relação aos alimentos. O estudo dos valores e das atitudes pode oferecer intervenções que possibilitem modificações comportamentais, delineando a importância dos valores e das atitudes para a promoção do consumo ambientalmente consciente. Assim, o objetivo desta tese é propor um modelo explicativo que mostre as formas de interferências dos valores individuais e atitudes ambientais no consumo de alimentos naturais. A pesquisa valeu-se de dois estudos, o primeiro estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, de natureza qualitativa, com a participação de professores universitários de instituições públicas e privadas, consumidores de alimentos naturais, tendo como instrumento de pesquisa entrevistas semiestruturadas. Posterior à coleta de dados, as entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas a partir da análise de conteúdo. O segundo estudo de natureza quantitativa, teve como público-alvo os consumidores de alimentos naturais, usuários de internet. A versão do questionário foi online (na Internet), elaborado na plataforma lime survey (medidas de autorrelato) em que os consumidores receberam um e-mail, sendo convidados a participar do estudo, disponibilizando-se um link que os direcionaram para uma página web onde constavam as instruções, utilizou-se das medidas explícitas: o Questionário de Valores Básicos (QVB), o Inventário de Atitudes Ambientais, e a escala para avaliar o consumidor de alimentos naturais, bem como medidas implícitas. De acordo com os resultados, identificou-se que o consumo de alimentos naturais é influenciado por valores e atitudes, bem como pela significação social do consumo, podendo sofrer intervenções que possibilitem a modificação comportamental, delineando importância dos valores e das atitudes para a promoção do consumo ambientalmente consciente. Foi criado um modelo explicativo de consumo de alimentos naturais, através desse modelo explicativo foi possível a elucidação do consumo por meio dos valores e atitudes ambientais. Deste modo, verificou-se a pertinência do emprego de uma explicação pautada nos valores apresentarem-se como explicadores das variáveis relacionadas aos comportamentos ambientais, sendo os valores individuais uma variável preditora tanto das atitudes ambientais como de consumo de alimentos naturais.
Values and attitudes are aspects present in a food choice and may help in the comprehension of consumers concerning their own food. The study of values and attitudes may offer interventions which can allow behavioral changes outlining the importance of such values and attitudes for the promotion of the environmentally conscious consumption. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to propose an explanatory model that shows the forms of interference of individual values and environmental attitudes on the consumption of natural foods. The research was based on two studies, the first is on an explanatory research, of qualitative nature, with the participation of professors from public and private institutions, consumers of natural foods, having as a tool for research half structured interviews. After the data collection, those interviews were transcribed and analyzed from the content analyses. The second study of quantitative nature, had consumers of natural foods and users of internet as target group. The version of the questionnaire was online (on internet), elaborated on the lime platform survey (self-report measures) in which consumers received an e-mail, being invited to take part in the study, providing a link that redirected them to a web page where the instructions were, explicit measures had been used: The Questionnaire of Basic Values (QVB), the Environmental Attitudes Inventory and the scale for evaluating the consumer of natural foods, as well as explicit measures. According to the results, it has been found that the consumption of natural foods is influenced by values and attitudes, as well as the social significance of the consumption, which may undergo interventions that allow behavioral changes, outlining the importance of values and attitudes for the promotion of an environmentally conscious consumption. An explanatory model of natural food consumption has been created, through which it was possible to elucidate the consumption by environmental values and attitudes. This way, it could verify the pertinence of using an explanation based on such values presenting itself as an explainer of the variables related to environmental behaviors, having the individual values as a variable predictor of environmental attitudes, as well as for the natural food consumption.

Publisher version
Globally, cultural values of natural resources are increasingly recognised as important for local natural resource management and conservation in and beyond parks. The tendency has been to focus on the direct-use rather than the cultural values and importance of natural resources. The cultural values underlying natural resources (directly or indirectly used) and various natural resource-based activities, and the implications for conservation, remain little explored. Drawing from household surveys, in-depth qualitative interviews, observations and secondary data, we explore the cultural significance of natural resources and different land-use practices among the San people bordering Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in South Africa. Our findings illustrate that though cultural values are inextricably linked to resource use, they are not recognised by all community members. Further, cultural values arise from a diverse and sometimes conflicting array of values that punctuate individuals' lifestyles. A better understanding of context-specific cultural settings and the linkages between the cultural and material dimensions of resource use can lead to the development of interventions that can ensure effective conservation of both natural resources and culture.

This is a Minor Field Study which was carried out in six schools in the Morogoro district in Tanzania. The aim of this study was to find out the values of Tanzanian teachers concerning education for environmentally sustainable development. 18 teachers have been interviewed and as a complimentary method we have observed lessons of different subjects to get a better understanding for the answers from the interviews. Our findings are that the teachers find it important to teach about both reasons and effects when it comes to environmental issues. Many teachers believed knowledge of how to live in order to avoid environmental destruction was at least as important to teach. Another conclusion is that the teachers find it important to teach about environmental issues because knowledge of the environment is necessary for development of a country. Finally we have concluded that the teachers´ values are supported by the syllabuses.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第10965号
人博第252号
15||207(吉田南総合図書館)
新制||人||63(附属図書館)
UT51-2004-G812
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科文化・地域環境学専攻
(主査)教授 福岡 和子, 教授 丹羽 隆昭, 助教授 水野 尚之, 助教授 廣野 由美子
学位規則第4条第1項該当

The main claim of this thesis is that value-judgments should play a profound role in the construction and evaluation of species classifications. The arguments for this claim will be presented over the course of five chapters. These are divided into two main parts; part one, which consists of the two first chapters, presents an argument for a radical form of species pluralism; part two, which comprises the remaining chapters, discusses the implications of radical species pluralism for the role of values in species classification. The content of the five chapters is as follows. Chapter 1 starts with a discussion of the theoretical assumptions concerning species and natural kinds that form the broad framework within which the arguments of the thesis are placed. The aim of this chapter is to introduce a set of relatively uncontroversial assumptions that frame the rest of the thesis. On the basis of these assumptions, chapter 2 presents an argument for radical species pluralism. The chapter substantiates this argument with a broad range of examples, and compares this position to other forms of species pluralism. Chapter 3 returns to the main interest of the thesis, namely, the role of values in species classification. It introduces the notion of values and presents an argument for the value-ladenness of taxonomy on the basis of the considerations in the first two chapters. It then sketches three important views on values in science in the literature. Chapter 4 argues that the case presented in chapter 3 provides strong support for one of these views, called the ‘Aims View’, and against two other prominent views, called the ‘Epistemic Priority View’ and the ‘Value-Free Ideal’. The resulting view, in line with the Aims View, is that value-judgments should play a particularly substantial role in species classification. Chapter 5 then considers the popular assumption that these value-judgments in taxonomy commonly take the shape of generally accepted classificatory norms, and argues that this assumption is not tenable. Finally, a brief concluding chapter points at some implications of the claims and arguments in this thesis.

The Wilderness Act of 1964 states the purpose of the National Wilderness Preservation System is "to secure for the American people of present and future generations the benefits of an enduring resource of wilderness." But, how to accomplish this mandate is a complex task. The application of the Ecosystem Services model is ideal for facilitating the complex duel goals of securing benefits and preserving wilderness resources. Ecosystem Services directly addresses benefits derived from a landscape, even if the specifics of the benefits change over time. This dissertation employs Ecosystem Services as a framework to provide a more complete understanding of wilderness values. In three separate studies conducted in wilderness areas in Southern Arizona, (Assessing Border-Related Human Impacts at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Linking Visitor Flows and Patterns of Use with General Management Planning in Saguaro National Park and Monitoring and Estimating Visitor Use at the Madrona Ranger Station and Surrounding Landscape) elements of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are illuminated.I found that the more holistic epistemology of Ecosystem Services allowed for the inclusion of better scientific data in the management process. The inclusion of quantitative, repeatable, defensible studies of user behavior in wildlands allows for dynamic management options that are rooted in real conditions (mutable, undesirable or unique). Specifically Cultural Ecosystem Services address the value and significance of the unique landscape of wilderness. Previous models for wildland management sought specific metrics of carrying capacity to limit use and control impact. Ecosystem Services combines diverse scientific fields to provide real understanding of the landscape. The addition of ES to manager's decision processes allows for better understanding of real conditions.

As an academic discipline, the earth sciences generate, use, and retain vast quantities of objects. This ‘material archive’ exists, first and foremost, as a functional scientific resource; the objects that it contains were never intended to express culture. Since the earth sciences rely heavily on claims that its objects of study remain the same as they were in nature, it follows that the specimens contained in university earth science collections are treated as objective scientific evidence. In this sense, the material that is collected, used and retained by earth scientists may appear to be devoid of culture – passive, inert and neutral.This thesis sets out to challenge these assumptions by treating university earth science objects and collections as material culture. In material culture studies, geological materials appear in a variety of different forms and contexts, however, such work has tended to focus on either their occurrence in the landscape, or their use as raw materials from which objects are made. Thus, while the earth sciences provide an abundant source of ‘material’ for material culture studies, rarely (if at all) do they seem to provide the culture. Furthermore, while the treatment of ‘natural’ objects as cultural artefacts has become increasingly popular in museology, much of this work has concentrated on the processes and practices that are enacted on these things in museums. Museology has therefore tended to consider these things in what effectively corresponds to their retirement, meaning that with few exceptions, little attention has been paid to their active use as functional scientific objects. This research explores the implications of treating university earth science objects and collections as material culture through the empirical investigation of contemporary object-related practices in UK earth science departments and university museums. As such this thesis addresses questions surrounding the relevance of existing theories and methods, in both material culture studies and museology, for exploring natural scientific objects and collections. These questions are approached through four thematic chapters concerned with the coming into being of earth science objects, their transformation into collection items, their functions, and their mobility.

The divergence between theory and practice in planning and the role of the planner is widely discussed throughout the literature. The aim of the thesis is to explore planners’ experience of appraisal of the planning role in New York City. The thesis investigate the roles of the planner with the purpose of discovering attitudes, values and approaches in the planning climate. New York City’s influence as a context on the role of the planner and the main characteristics that are important to acknowledge as a planner are also recognized. The empirical data is collected through interviews with professors at Columbia University and practicing planners in New York City. Along with theory the results show that planners are affected by both external and internal influences. There are components of rationality and power that affect the planning climate. This will provide knowledge about context dependent planning. Larger implications of the findings are that the planning is never value free, and that planners have to be aware of for whom the planning is for.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-231). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Scholars have reported on the upsurge of African American women wearing their kinky, or natural, hair and the issues surrounding their choices. The wearing of natural African American hair has not been fully accepted in mainstream society. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how African American women understand self-value in the process of wearing their natural hair. The ethnic and racial identity model, critical race theory, and the strong Black woman collection were the conceptual frameworks used to connect identity, race and racism, and a collective vulnerability to the African American woman's hair journey. The study included 9 women who identified as being African American and as having transitioned to wearing their natural hair. The study was an integrative phenomenological analysis using in-depth interviews to explore subjective experiences to garner information about how African American women perceive self-value during, or after, transitioning to wearing natural hair. Data were coded with the participant's own words to formulate themes. According to study findings, participants experienced a succession of expanded self-values that began with values of self-awareness into values of self-love, values of self-confidence, and values of community. Psychologists could benefit from addressing the value of hair to African American women when considering cultural implications and formulating case conceptualization. These discussions address the acceptance of the natural traits to include hair of African American women and add a positive narrative with the goals of creating positive social change.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-128).
This thesis focuses on the impending urban development of the terraced rice paddies in the valley surrounding Bhutan's capital city, Thimphu. It makes the argument that this unique landscape is deeply rooted in Bhutanese culture and its preservation can provide Bhutan with environmental, cultural and economic benefits. Escalating development pressures are such that the government cannot salvage the paddies at any cost, but sensitive development strategies can mitigate development's impact on the terraced land and the bodies of water that have supported life in the valley for centuries. This thesis argues that it is possible and necessary to absorb the current and predicted growth without obliterating the valley's previous use. The Royal Government's agendas to maintain Bhutan's living cultural heritage, sustainable "middle path" development strategy, and self-sufficiency cannot be fulfilled if agricultural land is not valued as a resource. Issues of government capacity, coordination between the Ministries, reliance on modern methods of development, and the exclusion of agricultural land in the nation's conservation efforts have prevented a holistic development plan from being realized. In response, this thesis offers six guiding principles that can help preserve the cultural, agricultural, and natural landscape. Stressing the environmental and cultural risks involved in rapid development of the traditional landscape, the principles offer recommendations to value traditional sources of livelihood, undeveloped land, environmentally and culturally sensitive development, and the inclusion of communities through participation. They provide sustainable development approaches that balance and recognize the cultural, environmental, and economic value of the farmland and existing housing settlements. An overview of international urban development precedents that demonstrate these principles offer insight on how Bhutan can remedy these risks and benefit economically. Last, specific mechanisms that can guide the government in their development process will make preservation of the traditional landscape realistic. In conclusion, Bhutan can provide culturally and environmentally sensitive urban development that does not detrimentally impact the landscape and its inhabitants.
Rosemary Carolyn Dudley.
M.C.P.

Contemporary conservation and development understanding in both policy and academic circles espouses that natural resources have a significant contribution to the livelihoods of local people and that knowledge of this can better foster conservation policies that are consistent with livelihood and ecological needs. This thesis is based on research conducted in the southern Kalahari region, South Africa among the San and Mier communities bordering Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. It looks at the importance of natural resources to the San and Mier community groups and ascertains the extent of resource use and its value within broader livelihood portfolios. It also focuses on the cultural values of natural resources and interactions among institutions and actors and how these shape natural resource governance and livelihood outcomes. Overall, natural resources represent an important livelihood source contributing up to 32 % and 9 % of the total income of the San and Mier respectively or up to 46 % and 23 % if livestock incomes are included. However, the dependence on, diversification patterns and distribution of natural resource income vary substantially between and within the two communities. With regards to the cultural values attached to natural resources by the San and Mier, the findings show that these arise from an incredibly diverse and sometimes conflicting array of values that punctuate the two communities’ way of life and they are inextricably linked to resource use. Lastly, governance of natural resources in the co-managed Park and communitymanaged resettlement farms is characterised by complex institutional arrangements, compounded by the existence of multiple actors that have multiple and sometimes conflicting objectives – as shaped by different meanings and interpretations of natural resources. Heightened inter- and intra-community conflicts are common, notably resource use conflicts between the San and Mier and between the San ‘modernist’ and ‘traditionalist’ groups. This demonstrates that the communities’ livelihood dynamics in general and the dependence on natural resources in particular, are closely linked with ecological, economic and social factors including history, culture and present livelihood needs. By exploring the social-environment interactions, the study highlights the complexities and diversity of resource use for livelihoods that should be taken into consideration for both conservation and development policy interventions and research. The main argument of the study is that the contribution of natural resources to local livelihood portfolios in co- and community-managed areas, can be better understood through a consideration of cultural dynamics and institutional arrangements since these condition natural resource access, value and use.

Increased participation in decision-making has been identified as crucial in order to develop sustainable societies. The Water Framework Directive aims to increase water quality in the European Union. However, measures for water management can have a negative effect on cultural values. The Swedish National Heritage Board describes that over 10 000 cultural sites near watercourses are in danger due to intended water restorations. One of these sites is the millpond in Järle, were proposed changes have caused conflicts to arise between stakeholders. Previous research argue that classical top-down planning is not fit to solve these problems, and that we must stop looking for the best solutions and instead create joint ones. By operationalising Innes and Boohers collaborative rationality framework, DIAD, this thesis shed light on how collaboration is utilized to solve complex situations. The results show that the process have not utilized the possibilities for collaboration, and that current policies do not provide incitements for stakeholders to engage in genuine dialogue. Even though consultations are part of the process, stakeholders are involved too little and too late. More research is needed in order to deepen our understanding concerning how institutional settings can become more adaptable, and thus stimulate reciprocity.

This thesis aims at bringing about a greater awareness of the interpretive nature of forestry sciences by examining the ethics and values underlying the “Emulation of Natural Disturbance” (END) forest management approach in Canada. The thesis contains four main manuscripts. The first manuscript reports on a mental models analysis of the meaning of the END for academic forestry scientists across Canada. The results of this study indicate inconsistencies and contradictions between scientists’ mental model of the END, which puts into question the utility and appropriateness of the END for forestry policy. The second manuscript discusses the ethics underlying the END and critiques its policy implications from a pragmatic perspective. In the third manuscript the ethics and values underlying the END are put in relation with Holmes Rolston III’s ethics of “Following Nature”. The last manuscript reports on a survey of forestry curricula across North America conducted to ascertain the level of formal training in ethics afforded to professional foresters and natural resource managers. This manuscript contains a proposed course syllabus in forestry ethics. The curricula study complements the other manuscripts in that it is meant as another means by which to promote interdisciplinary dialogue among forestry scientists, environmental ethicists, and social scientists. In this thesis, in addition to trying to illustrate how ethics shape our interpretations of forests, a pragmatic approach is used to dissolve the fact/values and Nature/Culture dichotomies in forestry sciences and to argue for a more democratic approach to forestry policy.

Magistro darbe tiriama Verkių regioninio parko miškų ir vandenų tinkamumas rekreacijai. Darbo objektas – Verkių regioninis parkas Darbo tikslas – įvertinti Verkių regioninio parko rekreacinius išteklius ir jų naudojimą, ir parengti siūlymus rekreacijos plėtrai. Darbo metodika – Lankomumas tirtas atrankiniu momentiniu metodu, esant giedram ir apsiniaukusiam orui įprastinėmis dienomis ir savaitgaliais prie Balsio, Didžiojo Gulbino ežerų. Anketinė apklausa apima 160 respondentų. Miškų tinkamumas poilsiui vertintas pagal E. Riepšo (1990) metodiką. Miškai vertinti atsižvelgiant į tinkamumo poilsiui kriterijus tokius kaip medyno rūšinė sudėtis, amžius, augavietė, skalsumas. Buvo tirta 24 kvartalai ir jų sklypai, patenkantys į rekreacinės zonos miškus. Darbo rezultatai – Rekreacinei zonai priskirta visai netinkamų ir mažai tinkamų baltalksnynų, drebulynų. Poilsiavimo vietos pasirinkimui miške svarbus yra vandens telkinių, tinkamų maudytis, artumas. Labiausiai lankomos 50-100 metrų atstumu nuo jų esančios poilsiavietės ir maudyklės.
This study is analyzing park niches and water suitability for recreation at Verkiai Regional Park. The Object – Verkiai Regional Park. The Goal - To evaluate use of recreational resources of Verkiai Regional Park and to propose suggestions for further development of recreation. Research methods – Attendance was examined by using selective instantaneous method, given during the weekdays and weekends, both fine and overcast days next to Balsys, Didysis Gulbinas lakes. 160 respondents participated in poll. Suitability of forests was estimated according to E. Riepšas methods (Riepšas, 1990). Forests were rated depending on several parameters, such as forest composition, habitat, density. 24 forest sections and their sites that overlapped recreational forest zones were examined. Results – Some inapplicable forests such as aspen-wood or whiter alder-wood were classified as recreational forest zone. Distance from water sources that are suitable for swimming matters a lot, while selecting places of recreation in forest. Most attended resorts and swimming places ranged between 50 – 100 meters.

New farming needs and innovations have, over time, led to changes in land use. Arable fields have been turned into pastures and semi-natural pastures into arable fields. Due to the ecological value of continually grazed semi-natural pastures in Sweden the aim of this study is to find out how former arable fields that are permanently grazed differ from semi-natural pastures. In this study I selected appropriate semi-natural pastures from a national monitoring program on seminatural- pastures and meadows. Plots continuously grazed were compared with grazed plots on former arable fields. Pair-wise differences in the Ellenberg indicator values Light (L), Soil moisture (F), soil pH (R) and soil nitrogen (N), vertical coverage of trees, bushes and vegetation, species richness and species composition were tested. Except for species composition there were only small differences between former arable fields that are permanently grazed and semi-natural pastures. That means former arable fields can with time and grazing gain many of the values continuously grazed semi-natural pastures have.

En av de viktigaste frågorna i världen idag är naturresurshantering. Med en väx-ande befolkning och hoten från klimatförändringar kommer förvaltningen av jordens naturresurser bli än viktigare, såväl för dagens generation som kommande generationer. En viktig aspekt när det gäller naturresurshantering är hur människor uppfattar och värderar naturen. För att komma närmare dessa miljövärden har ett flertal olika vetenskapliga tillvägagångssätt föreslagits. Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur det är möjligt att närma sig miljövärden under olika omständighe-ter och utifrån olika behov. Detta görs genom att undersöka hur olika teorier har använts, och kan användas, avseende olika våtmarker i Kenya. I utvecklingslän-der har naturresurser, teoretiskt sett, ett högre värde eftersom fattiga människor till en högre grad är direkt beroende av naturresurser och ekosystemtjänster. Ut-gångspunkten i denna avhandling är sex våtmarksområden i Kenya under olika förvaltning och med ett flertal, både aktuella och potentiella, användare. I av-handlingen undersöks hur lokalsamhället, myndigheter, industrier och turister uppfattar och värderar våtmarkerna. Genom att applicera ett arenaperspektiv, som betonar vikten av tvärvetenskap, diskuteras i avhandlingen det ekonomiska värdet av miljön för att sedan applicera andra metoder såsom emergy analys, stakeholder analys, kulturteori och riskanalys för att bredda och berika värderingen av miljön.
One of the most important issues in the world, both for present and future genera-tions, concerns natural resource management. With a growing global population and the threat of climate change, issues relating to natural resource management will grow in importance with time. One fundamental aspect of natural resource management is how people perceive and value the environment. The value that is ascribed to natural resources will be one of the determinants in the choices that people face in regards to their management. A wide range of approaches have been suggested to approach environmental values. This thesis focuses on analys-ing the assessment of environmental values under different circumstances and needs. This is done by exploring the ways various theories have and can be used to approach natural resource valuation in different wetland management situations in Kenya. In the developing world the value of natural resources can, theoreti-cally, be seen as even higher than in the developed world, due to poor peoples’ direct dependency on their natural resources and the ecosystem services and goods that they provide. The point of departure in this thesis is six wetland areas with different management strategies and with multiple users. It examines how local communities, governmental authorities, industries and tourists perceive the value of the wetlands. By applying an arena perspective, that emphasises the need of interdisciplinarity, this thesis discusses the economic value of the environment and applies other methods such as, emergy analysis, stakeholder analysis, cultural theory and risk analysis, to enrich the valuation of environment.

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Karabaglar district of Mugla, which was registered as a conservation site in 1977, is a low density traditional settlement which has had a family scale agricultural production background. Most of the families, living in the town center, used to migrate to their houses and their farms in that fertile district from the spring till the autumn in order to prepare their needs of foods for the winters as the production of family scale agriculture and animal husbandry. Today the district is located next to Mugla University campus in Kö
tekli district in the south and neighbors the axis relating university to the city center in the west. The land values in Karabaglar are very high because the area has always been a prestige zone for the citizens of Mugla because of its cultural and traditional background and the natural beauty. Unfortunately these characteristics lead either to rapid and unconscious restoration interventions or to the total abandoning of the traditional buildings to collapse in order to use the land in future. Therefore
Karabaglar is in danger of losing its traditional, urban, architectural and natural characteristics. This study seeks to fulfill the already made urban-scaled conservation studies with the architectural-scaled data. It aims to determine the values, problems and potentials of the traditional dwellings in Karabaglar-Mugla.

The pichi Zaedyus pichiy (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) is a poorly known, diurnal armadillo inhabiting arid and semi-arid regions of Argentina and Chile that has endured substantial population declines. My objective was to elucidate different aspects of the natural history of Z. pichiy as a first step towards establishing a conservation plan. Wild and captive pichis were studied. Body temperature of wild pichis averaged 35.2±1.2 °C and was highly variable (range 32.2 – 38.3 °C). Temperature measurements of semi-captive males showed that pichis can survive energetically challenging periods by entering hibernation or daily torpor. Stomach contents of poached animals revealed that pichis feed predominantly on insects but also ingest plant material, vertebrates and arachnids. This opportunistic, omnivorous feeding strategy allows them to thrive where food type and availability vary seasonally. The reproductive cycle of pichis was studied by means of histological and fecal hormone analyses. Pichis are seasonal breeders that produce one yearly litter of 1 to 2 offspring, and the initiator of breeding season seems to be an increase in daylength. The absence of regular estrous cycles and corpora lutea in non-pregnant females, and immediate mating attempts after pairing, all suggest that pichis are induced ovulators. Clinical examinations and hematological, serological and coproparasitological analyses of free-ranging pichis, and necropsies and histological examinations of confiscated pichis and roadkills, indicate that the populations are currently in good health. While parasites were often found, no severe pathologies were observed. Infections with potentially zoonotic diseases were rare: only a few pichis were seropositive for Trypanosoma cruzi, none had antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, and none of the histologically examined individuals presented lesions attributable to these pathogens. Elevated ambient humidity levels often caused moist dermatitis with epidermal detachment in captive pichis. Poaching is currently considered to have a much higher negative impact on the wild populations than disease epidemics. Mortality due to heavy poaching activity may be difficult, if not impossible, to compensate by the current birth rates. This preliminary database on the natural history and reproduction of pichis will assist efforts to conserve this little-known species of armadillo.

This research has focussed on the development of a commercial business model (CBM) for providing tourism and support service based commercial activities in Victoria's national parks which also allowed for the protection of the parks natural values. National parks are vital if we as a nation are to retain our natural heritage - but the public sector land stewards of these important assets are facing increasing funding and user pressures. The result is a growing focus on the commercialisation of our national parks to provide services and generate the revenue required to maintain these assets. However, this has resulted in the exacerbation of a long existing conflict - these commercial operators are primarily focus on the achievement of a commercial return, while the land stewards' main responsibility is in the protection of the natural values of these assets. In completing this project an abductive research approach (using grounded theory) has been adopted. Specifically, the research activities undertaken included data collection via a number of techniques including stakeholder interviews, detailed examination of existing commercial arrangements, literature research on international approaches and models, development of a suggested commercial business model based on a synthesise of the research outcomes and, finally, obtaining user feedback. The use of the various data sources, and subsequent sourcing of user feedback facilitated the triangulation of the research results. The findings from this research challenge a number of the practices currently adopted in the structuring of commercial activities suggesting that these practices are inhibiting the quality of the service being provided to the national park visitor along with the level of protection being afforded to the parks natural values. The resulting CBM provides park managers with a framework for identification and structuring of commercial business activities, practical guidance on the actions required in the completion of a concession process and identification of a number of the relevant issues which need to be considered and addressed in establishing and managing a national park concession. The CBM has been developed specifically for application within Victoria's national parks (based on a public/private sector relationship). The output will also provide guidance on methods for embedding natural values on public/private sector relationships in other settings.

Objetivo da presente dissertação de mestrado é contribuir para a estruturação da cadeia metrológica de vazão de gás natural em alta pressão no Brasil, tomando como base experiências bem sucedidas de laboratórios nacionais de metrologia de vazão de países industrializados. O estudo fundamenta-se na padronização primária e na harmonização de valores padrões de referência para a medição de vazão. A falta de infra-estrutura metrológica para padronização primária de medição de vazão volumétrica de gás natural no Brasil constituiu-se na motivação da Petrobras para eliminar essa importante vulnerabilidade e, dessa forma, contribuir para o estabelecimento do controle metrológico no setor. A escolha do projeto de pesquisa também foi motivada pelo interesse pessoal do autor em contribuir para o tema tendo em vista sua trajetória profissional na Petrobras. A exemplo da experiência de outros países produtores de petróleo e gás natural, o trabalho se desenvolveu no contexto da regulação do setor, que criou oportunidades de investimentos e impôs desafios à metrologia brasileira. Demandas por medição fiscal de apoio a contratos de transferência de custódia exigiram a introdução de uma legislação específica e o desenvolvimento de procedimentos de avaliação da conformidade do gás natural, promissor insumo na matriz energética brasileira. O trabalho desenvolveu-se de acordo com a seguinte metodologia: (i) revisão das melhores práticas laboratoriais e dos modelos de padronização em uso por conceituados Institutos Nacionais de Metrologia de países produtores de petróleo e gás e (ii) na interpretação dos procedimentos de harmonização dos valores de referência utilizados pelos institutos nacionais de metrologia estudados. Dentre os resultados do estudo destaca-se a caracterização das cadeias de rastreabilidade para medição de vazão de gás natural em alta pressão em uso por institutos nacionais de metrologia que acordaram harmonizar seus valores de referência (PTB/Alemanha, LNE/França, NMi/Holanda). Disponibiliza-se, assim, um acervo de informações relevantes que poderá subsidiar a estruturação de um sistema de padronização primária no País. Como conclusão, o trabalho propõe a implementação de um modelo de poadronização primária para medição de vazão volumétrica de gás natural no Brasil.
The objective of this Master dissertation in metrology is to contribute for structuring the Brazilian traceability chain for flow measurement of natural gas at high pressure, based on successful experiences of national metrology laboratories of highly industrialized countries. The study takes into account the primary standardization and harmonization of reference measurement standards. The lack of an adequate infrastructure for primary standardization of volumetric flow measurement of natural gas in Brazil was a motivation motivation for Petrobras to invest substantially to overcome this important vulnerability, thus contributing to the establishment of the metrological control in the gas sector. The choice of the research project was also motivated by the author`s personal interest to contribute to the advance knowledge in an area that he has been working for many years at Petrobras. Following the experience of other oil and gas producing countries, this project was developed in the context of the regulation for the sector creating opportunities for investment on quality infrastructure, imposing challenges for the Brazilian metrology. The need to implement a measuring fiscal scheme to support contracts for custody transfer required a specific legislation and the development of procedures for conformity assessment of natural gas. The work was developed in accordance with the following methodology: (i) review of best practices and models of laboratory standardization in use by authoritative national institutes of metrology of oil and gas producing countries and (ii) interpretation of procedures for harmonization of reference values used by the National Metrology Institutes studied. The main results obtained is the characterization of the traceability chain associated with natural gas for measurement at high pressure in use by European national metrology institutes (PTB/Germany, LNE/France, NMi/Netherlands) which have agreed to harmonize their reference values. Strategic information is then made available that could subsidize the structuring of a system of primary standardization of flow measurement in Brazil. In conclusion, this work has suggested a metrological scheme for implementing a sound gas flow measurement metrology primary standardization.

Ce travail de thèse en Géographie Humaine a pour objectif d’identifier et d’analyser les valeurs qui font entrer le massif forestier des Landes de Gascogne dans un processus dit de patrimonialisation au travers des discours et actions de ses acteurs. Affecter des valeurs à un espace forestier, le patrimonialiser ne correspond plus simplement à la mise en place d’espaces protégés où le « exceptionnel » est adoubé. Le processus ne se définit plus par la simple protection officielle qui soustrait à l’action humaine des éléments jugés remarquables : des objets et des espaces de plus en plus communs et quotidiens sont également appropriés par des groupes sociaux variés tout autant spécialistes qu’ « amateurs ». Le massif forestier des Landes de Gascogne constitue, selon nous, un espace exemplaire pour traiter de cette appropriation d’un espace forestier « ordinaire », qui n’a, a priori, rien de « remarquable », du moins, selon les critères de la patrimonialisation institutionnelle. Forêt d’origine artificielle à vocation de production en grande majorité privée, le massif forestier landais a toujours été plus ou moins décrié pour sa gestion intensive remettant en cause sa capacité à être porteuse de valeurs autres qu’économique et pouvant aller jusqu’à remettre en question son statut de forêt. Pour autant, bien que la vocation productive de ce massif soit sa raison d’être, la forêt landaise est aussi porteuse de valeurs culturelles, naturalistes et sensibles qui la font entrer dans une volonté de préservation qui dépasse, et parfois se confronte, à sa simple importance économique. La dernière tempête Klaus de Janvier 2009, a permis d’à la fois révéler et catalyser ses valeurs qui, face à un tel bouleversement, s’exacerbent. Aborder la patrimonialisation de cet objet forestier à part entière, partagé entre nature et culture, permet ainsi de questionner l’idée même de patrimoine naturel et le processus qui le sous-tend. La thèse s’appuie sur l’analyse d’une centaine d’entretiens semi-directifs effectués auprès de différents acteurs du massif (sphère forestière privée et publique, élus, collectivités territoriale, Parc Naturel Régional, milieu associatif) et menés selon une double échelle d’analyse (de l’échelle « massif » à l’analyse plus localisée de quatre terrains d’étude)
This thesis in Human Geography aims to identify and analyze the values which imply an heritage process through the words and actions of its actors. To associate a forest with values, to launch an heritage process does not mean only to set it as a protected area where the exceptional character of this area is acknowledged. This process cannot be reduced to official protection, preserving from human activities some elements considered as remarkable: more and more common areas and elements are equally owned by different social groups, specialists just as much as amateurs. With this regards, the forest of Landes de Gascogne constitutes a good example of heritage process of a common and ordinary forest, with nothing “remarkable” at first sight, at least according to the usual criteria of institutional natural heritage. This artificial forest has a production purpose and is privatized for its vast majority. Therefore, this forest has always been more or less pointed out for its intensive exploitation, questioning its ability to circulate values outside economic ones, and even the legitimacy of its status as a forest. Nevertheless, and however its production purpose is its first determination, this forest is also carrying cultural, natural and sensible values which generate a willingness of preservation going beyond, or even confronting the simple economic concern. The last storm in January 2009, Klaus, enabled to unveil and catalyze those valued, which, in front of such an event, became clearer. To consider the heritage process of this forest as a whole, shared between nature and culture, also allows pondering over the idea of natural heritage in itself and the process behind. This thesis has been written thanks to the analysis of a hundred of semi-structured interviews of different actors of the forest (private and public areas, elected representatives, local communities, Regional Natural Parc, associations) and realized according to a double-scale analysis (from the whole forest scale to the more localized analysis of four different field studies)

―Green‖ odors comprise a group of eight structurally related aliphatic alkenals and alkenols which are characteristic for the odor of a wide variety of plant materials. Using an automated olfactometer, the olfactory detection thresholds for ―green‖ odors were determined in six CD-1 mice and compared with that of spider monkeys and human subjects. Detection threshold values for alcoholic ‖green‖ odors (cis-3-hexen-1-ol, trans-3-hexen-1-ol, trans-2-hexen-1-ol and 1-hexanol) ranged from 8.1 x 109 to 8.1 x 1011 molecules/cm3 and for aldehydic ‖green‖ odors (cis-3-hexenal, trans-3-hexenal, trans-2-hexenal and n-hexanal) , from 8.1 x 107 to 8.1 x 1011 molecules/ cm3 . Detection threshold values of ―green‖ odor with double bond ranged from 8.1 x 107 to 8.1 x 1011 molecules/cm3 and for ―green‖ odor without double bond ranged from 8.1 x 108 to 8.1 x 1011 molecules/cm3. Detection threshold value of cis- configured ―green‖ odors ranged from 8.1 x 108 to 8.1 x 1011 molecules/ cm3 and for trans- configured ―green‖ odors threshold value ranged from 8.1 x 107 to 8.1 x 1011 molecules/ cm3. Trans-2-hexenal with a double bond at C-2 position in its molecular structure yielded the lowest detection threshold value when compared the other ―green‖ odors (8.1 x 107 to 8.1 x 109 molecules /cm3) which shows not only the presence of double bond plays a major role in detection but the position of the double bond present. A comparison between the present data and data from the other species showed that CD-1 mice displayed lower detection thresholds for all ‖green‖ odors than human subjects and spider monkeys except for the cis-3-hexen-1-ol odor. These findings suggest that the differences in the threshold values between ―green‖ odors are due to the difference in the molecular structure like the presence of double bond and the position of double bond.

Омельчук О.М. Поведінка людини: філософсько-правовий вимір: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.12 – філософія права / Омельчук Олег Миколайович. – Львів: ЛьвДУВС, 2013. - 436 с.
Філософсько-правове розуміння поведінки людини осмислено через призму формування та розвитку філософсько-правової думки, в контексті різних інтерпретацій поведінки людини, з огляду на історичні особливості еволюції права. Виявлено, що на різних етапах історичного розвитку суспільство в особливий спосіб підходило до регламентації поведінки людини, закріплюючи його у соціальних, зокрема правових, нормах. Різні соціально- економічні формації використовували різні соціальні норми в конкретних історичних умовах, які відповідали тогочасному соціальному, культурному, духовному та економічному розвитку людини і суспільства. Суспільство створювало соціальні норми як засіб для впорядкування, врегулювання та оцінки поведінки людини. Соціальні норми досі відображають відносини взаємодії та взаємозалежності між людьми, репрезентовані так, що безпосередньо впливають на їхню поведінку. Аналіз філософсько-правових поглядів, соціальних і правових норм різних суспільств, а також дослідження специфіки соціальних систем дозволив виявити особливості філософського тлумачення поведінки людини на різних етапах розвитку суспільства, а також засобів її регулювання. Генеза концепції поведінки людини розглядається через призму лінійного підходу як послідовність етапів історичного розвитку, які зумовлюються об’єктивними законами та умовами суспільного розвитку, а також соціальними та особистісними цінностями людини. Поведінка людини розглядається як зовнішньооб’єктивований вияв особистісних цінностей людини, які ґрунтуються на домінувальних у суспільстві соціальних цінностях та інтеріоризовані людиною у процесі соціалізації. Видовим явищем щодо неї є правова поведінка людини – зовнішньооб’єктивований вияв особистісних цінностей людини, які ґрунтуються на домінувальних у суспільстві правових цінностях і нормах і забезпечуються державним примусом. Philosophic-legal understanding of a person’s behaviour is comprehended in the light of formation and development of philosophic-legal thought, in the context of different interpretations of a person’s behaviour taking into consideration historic peculiarities of evolution of law. It is discovered that at different stages of historic development, society in a peculiar way came to regulation of a person’s behaviour, consolidating it in social, in particular, in legal norms. Different socio-economic formations used different social norms in specific historical conditions, which corresponded to social, cultural, spiritual and economic development of a person and society of that time. Society created social norms as a means for normalization, regulation and assessment of a person’s behaviour. Social norms have been reflecting relations of interaction and interdependence between people, represented in such a way that they directly influence their behaviour. The analysis of philosophic-legal views, social and legal norms of different societies, as well as the research of specificity of social systems allowed us to determine peculiarities of philosophic explanation of a person’s behaviour at different stages of a society’s development and the means of its regulation. Genesis of the concept of a person’s behaviour is examined in the light of the linear approach as a succession of stages of historic development, which are stipulated by objective laws and conditions of social development, and also by social values and individual values of a person. A person’s behaviour is examined as an exterior objective manifestation of individual values of a person, which are grounded on dominating in the society social values and which are made interior by a person in the process of socialization. Its aspectual phenomenon is a person’s legal behaviour that is internally objective manifestation of a person’s individual values, which are grounded on the dominating in the society legal values and norms, and which are guaranteed by the state coercion.

The premise of this thesis is the need for research regarding the relation between social and natural values and the competitive advantage of a firm. The overall purpose of this thesis is to identify, describe and analyze how a firm can achieve competitive advantage from a transformation of social and natural values. In order to reach the purpose of this thesis a case study of Cascades Djupafors has been carried out which entailed personal interviews with a selection of the firm’s customers.  The theoretical framework involves a description of the creation of a sustainable business, process for creating societal advantage, the transformation of societal advantage to competitive advantage as well as an elaboration of the transformation process. The empirical study deals with the sustainable approach of Cascades Djupafors, their quest for a sustained business, their process from sustainability to competitiveness and an elaboration of Cascades Djupafors’ innovation developments. In the analysis the theoretical framework is related to the results of the empirical study. It is discussed and analysed how Cascades Djupafors can create social and natural values as well as economic values which is continued by a discussion regarding the creation of a sustainable business. In addition, the organizational learning process at Cascades Djupafors is elaborated with focus on capability development. It is concluded that a firm can transform social and natural values to competitive advantage by developing green capabilities to perform CSR activities that the customers value and thereby gain legitimacy. This can lead to a positive reputation which is linked to competitive advantage through the source of competitive advantage, i.e. green innovations. The competitive advantage allows a firm to set a premium price or increase its amount of sales which offers a possibility for increased financial outcome. At last, recommendations for further research within this field are presented together with specific managerial implications for Cascades Djupafors.

У овој дисертацији су студиозно сагледане могућности унапређења туристичке понуде северозападне  Црне  Горе(општине  Жабљак,  Пљевља,  Плужине,  Шавник)  на  бази недовољно  искоришћених  природних  туристичких  вредности.  Управо  разноврстан, хоризонтално  и  вертикално  рашчлањен  рељеф  и  веома  сложен  геолошки  састав, специфичне климатске  карактеристике, потом реке и бројна планинска језера, те богат биљни и животињски свет, представљају оне природне вредности које потенцијално чине основу унапређења туристичке понуде овог дела Црне Горе базираног и на заштићеним природним добрима (Национални парк„Дурмитор“, Регионални парк„Пива“). Посебан акценат је дат у сагледавању и оцени нивоа искоришћености природних туристичких вредности,  као  примарних  туристичких  мотива  у  границама  истраживаног  простора. Истовремено су уз процену и вредновање ових ресурса предложене поједине активности за  њихово  квалитетније  уклапање  у  туристичку  понуду  северозападне  Црне  Горе.Реализација таквих активности би требала утицати на унапређење туристичке понуде које се може постићи, генерално само развојем туризма који је у сагласности са еколошким нормама, нарочито ако се имају у виду постојећа заштићена природна добра на територији подручја. Такође је у разматрању наведене проблематике презентовано актуелно стање постојеће укупне туристичке понуде истраживаног подручја која укључује или би требалаукључивато поједине антропогене вредности. Оне практично нису укључене у понуду локалних  туристичких  агенција,  с  обзиром  на  то  да  су  агенције  готово  искључиво   усмерене на програме валоризације природних вредности (рафтинг, планинарење и др.). Ове вредности јесу основа унапређења туристичке понуде подручја, али су антропогене вредности  њена  потенцијално  адекватна  допуна  која  уз  одговарајуће  активности надлежних  субјеката  може  утицати  једним  делом  на  садржајну  диверзификацију туристичке понуде подручја. SWOT анализом се кроз њене саставне факторе указало на значајне претпоставке у формирању туристичке понуде истраживаног подручја, као што се указало и на прагове ограничења, али и на могућности које могу послужити за умањење или  превазилажење  неких  од  њих.  За  реализацију  тих  могућности  је  потребна  свест локалне заједнице о томе да се резултати појединих негативних процеса на делу подручја (изразити пример НП„Дурмитор“) који су мотивисани краткорочним потребама морају са аспекта квалитета природних вредности, одразити на исте кроз дугорочне импликације.Осим  овом  анализом,  значајна  сазнања  су  добијена  и  из  анкетног  истраживања спроведеног  на  узорку  од200 случајно  изабраних  туриста  на  више  локација  унутар подручја.  Резултати  овог  истраживања  су  послужили  као  веома  валидан  индикатор предности  и  недостатака  актуелне  туристичке  понуде,  али  и  нивоа  задовољства анкетираних туриста чиме је такође указано на смернице унапређења појединих сегмената туристичке понуде. Наглашеним апликативним карактером овај део истраживања пружа одговарајући  информативни  допринос  надлежним  туристичким  субјектима  којим  сеуказује  на  анкетним  истраживањем  утврђен  степен  афирмативности  места,  односно подручја  у  целини.  Истовремено,  резултати  поменутог  истраживања  пружају,  између осталог, и значајне информације које се односе на остварен квалитет, као и на израженије преферирање неких сегмената туристичке понуде при чему исто може послужити делом и као полазна основа у прилагођавању појединих сегмената понуде потребама туриста. Истраживањем  у  оквиру  израде  дисертације  је  констатоватована  присутност  одређенедискоординације услед различитости у нивоима надлежности и неуједначености у погледу централизације/децентрализације управљања над појединим организационим субјектима. У вези са тим, а на основу резултата проистеклих из целокупно спроведеног истраживања кроз интердисциплинарни приступ дошло се до сагледавања потребе реализације више конкретних мера међу којима је једна од њих потреба формирања Регионалне туристичке организације  што  је  једна  од  предиспозиција  које  су  од  значаја  у  просецу  бољег позиционирања истраживаног подручја као туристичке дестинације.
U ovoj disertaciji su studiozno sagledane mogućnosti unapređenja turističke ponude severozapadne  Crne  Gore(opštine  Žabljak,  Pljevlja,  Plužine,  Šavnik)  na  bazi nedovoljno  iskorišćenih  prirodnih  turističkih  vrednosti.  Upravo  raznovrstan, horizontalno  i  vertikalno  raščlanjen  reljef  i  veoma  složen  geološki  sastav, specifične klimatske  karakteristike, potom reke i brojna planinska jezera, te bogat biljni i životinjski svet, predstavljaju one prirodne vrednosti koje potencijalno čine osnovu unapređenja turističke ponude ovog dela Crne Gore baziranog i na zaštićenim prirodnim dobrima (Nacionalni park„Durmitor“, Regionalni park„Piva“). Poseban akcenat je dat u sagledavanju i oceni nivoa iskorišćenosti prirodnih turističkih vrednosti,  kao  primarnih  turističkih  motiva  u  granicama  istraživanog  prostora. Istovremeno su uz procenu i vrednovanje ovih resursa predložene pojedine aktivnosti za  njihovo  kvalitetnije  uklapanje  u  turističku  ponudu  severozapadne  Crne  Gore.Realizacija takvih aktivnosti bi trebala uticati na unapređenje turističke ponude koje se može postići, generalno samo razvojem turizma koji je u saglasnosti sa ekološkim normama, naročito ako se imaju u vidu postojeća zaštićena prirodna dobra na teritoriji područja. Takođe je u razmatranju navedene problematike prezentovano aktuelno stanje postojeće ukupne turističke ponude istraživanog područja koja uključuje ili bi trebalauključivato pojedine antropogene vrednosti. One praktično nisu uključene u ponudu lokalnih  turističkih  agencija,  s  obzirom  na  to  da  su  agencije  gotovo  isključivo   usmerene na programe valorizacije prirodnih vrednosti (rafting, planinarenje i dr.). Ove vrednosti jesu osnova unapređenja turističke ponude područja, ali su antropogene vrednosti  njena  potencijalno  adekvatna  dopuna  koja  uz  odgovarajuće  aktivnosti nadležnih  subjekata  može  uticati  jednim  delom  na  sadržajnu  diverzifikaciju turističke ponude područja. SWOT analizom se kroz njene sastavne faktore ukazalo na značajne pretpostavke u formiranju turističke ponude istraživanog područja, kao što se ukazalo i na pragove ograničenja, ali i na mogućnosti koje mogu poslužiti za umanjenje ili  prevazilaženje  nekih  od  njih.  Za  realizaciju  tih  mogućnosti  je  potrebna  svest lokalne zajednice o tome da se rezultati pojedinih negativnih procesa na delu područja (izraziti primer NP„Durmitor“) koji su motivisani kratkoročnim potrebama moraju sa aspekta kvaliteta prirodnih vrednosti, odraziti na iste kroz dugoročne implikacije.Osim  ovom  analizom,  značajna  saznanja  su  dobijena  i  iz  anketnog  istraživanja sprovedenog  na  uzorku  od200 slučajno  izabranih  turista  na  više  lokacija  unutar područja.  Rezultati  ovog  istraživanja  su  poslužili  kao  veoma  validan  indikator prednosti  i  nedostataka  aktuelne  turističke  ponude,  ali  i  nivoa  zadovoljstva anketiranih turista čime je takođe ukazano na smernice unapređenja pojedinih segmenata turističke ponude. Naglašenim aplikativnim karakterom ovaj deo istraživanja pruža odgovarajući  informativni  doprinos  nadležnim  turističkim  subjektima  kojim  seukazuje  na  anketnim  istraživanjem  utvrđen  stepen  afirmativnosti  mesta,  odnosno područja  u  celini.  Istovremeno,  rezultati  pomenutog  istraživanja  pružaju,  između ostalog, i značajne informacije koje se odnose na ostvaren kvalitet, kao i na izraženije preferiranje nekih segmenata turističke ponude pri čemu isto može poslužiti delom i kao polazna osnova u prilagođavanju pojedinih segmenata ponude potrebama turista. Istraživanjem  u  okviru  izrade  disertacije  je  konstatovatovana  prisutnost  određenediskoordinacije usled različitosti u nivoima nadležnosti i neujednačenosti u pogledu centralizacije/decentralizacije upravljanja nad pojedinim organizacionim subjektima. U vezi sa tim, a na osnovu rezultata proisteklih iz celokupno sprovedenog istraživanja kroz interdisciplinarni pristup došlo se do sagledavanja potrebe realizacije više konkretnih mera među kojima je jedna od njih potreba formiranja Regionalne turističke organizacije  što  je  jedna  od  predispozicija  koje  su  od  značaja  u  prosecu  boljeg pozicioniranja istraživanog područja kao turističke destinacije.
null
The dissertation deals with the advancement possibilities of tourist offer in north western part of Montenegro (municipalities of Žabljak, Pljevlja, Plužine, Šavnik) based  on insufficiently utilised natural tourism values. Natural tourism values such as diverse, horizontally and vertically segmented relief, extremely complex geological formation, specific climate features, rivers and numerous mountain lakes, bio-diversity  of flora and fauna form the prospective ground for tourism offer advancement in this part of Montenegro jointly with protected natural assets (National Park Durmitor and Regional Park Piva). There is special emphasis on comprehension and evaluation of utilization level of natural tourism assets, as primary tourist motives within the boundaries of the researched area. Simultaneous to estimation and evaluation of the resources, certain activities have been proposed for their qualitative integration into the tourist offer of north western part of Montenegro. Realisation of the activities should impact the tourist offer advancement that can be achieved only by means of tourism development that is in concordance with ecology principles, especially related  to existing natural assets of this area. Moreover, the study of the issues describes the current condition of the total tourist offer which implies or should imply certain anthropogenic values of the researched area. In practice anthropogenic values were not included into the offer of the local travel agents. Instead, there was exclusive orientation towards the valorisation programmes of natural values (rafting, mountaineering, etc.). Natural values do create the basis for tourist offer advancement in the area, but anthropogenic values create prospective adequate complement to the  tourist offer which together with appropriateactivities of the subjects in charge may in return partly impact the content diversification of the tourist offer in the area. SWOT analysis by means of its constituent factors specifies the presuppositions in tourist offer creation of the researched area, identifies restriction factors and also the possibilities that may help to alleviate or surpass some of them. Furthermore, the realisation of the possibilities demands higher awareness of the local community on the issue that the results of certain negative processes in the part of the researched area (prominent example National Park Durmitor) motivated by short-termed needs must have long-termed impact on natural values in terms of quality. Apart from this analysis, important findings have been obtained by the questionnaire conducted on the sample of 200 randomly selected tourists on several locations within the area. The  results of the research serve as a valid indicator of strengths and weaknesses of the current tourist offer and the level of satisfaction of the respondents, which also indicates the directions for future improvement of certain segments within the tourist offer. This part of the research offers appropriate informative contribution to the tourism subjects by means of its highlighted applicative potential and defined level of affirmative features of the total area. At the same time the results of the research offer significant information on the achieved quality level and preferred segments of tourist  offer that may partly serve as the basisfor adaptation of certain segments within the offer to tourist needs. The research conducted for doctoral thesis highlighted certain discoordination due to differences  between the levels of responsibility and unevenly  entralised/decentralised management of organisational subjects. Related to this and based on the results of the research based on interdisciplinary approach several measures have been highlighted, among which the need to form Regional tourist organisation as one of the predispositions for the process of better positioning of the researched area as a tourist destination.

The influence of crude oil-contaminated and remediated sites on agrifood production is not clearly understood. To address this knowledge gap, the research was divided into two stages involving: (1) assessment of the efficiency of two bioremediation strategies to support hydrocarbons degradation as well as agrifood production with the initial analysis of the experimental materials, and (2) evaluation of the effect of different crude oil remediation intervention values (CRIV) on selected vegetables (Brassica juncea, Brassica oleracea, Lactuca sativa and two different cultivars of Solanum lycopersicum). Results from the first stage showed that the crude oil used had a pristane/phytane ratio of 0.98 (within the 0.8 – 3.0 range of most crude oils), higher concentrations of C10 – C14, C15 – C20 and C21 – C27 alkanes than the C28 – C36 alkanes including higher concentrations of two of the US EPA priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) - phenanthrene and anthracene. Four treatments were prepared in which weekly tillage enhanced the degradation of C15 – C20 and C21 - C27 alkanes in the Remediation by Enhanced Natural Attenuation (RENA) treatment. The two bioremediation strategies (RENA and bioaugmentation) enhanced PAHs degradation compared with the remediation-study control treatment while only RENA application among the two approaches supported the growth of B. juncea. Although there was no statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) between the major dietary mineral contents of samples from the various treatments compared with the control treatment samples, RENA application affected the Cr, Zn and Pb contents. Meanwhile, the Ca/P (> 1.0) and Na/K (< 0.60) ratios of all the harvested samples imply that they provide a good source of these minerals for bone formation and would not contribute to high blood pressure. The crude oil used also deterred the attack of juvenile caterpillars of cabbage white butterfly. Findings from the second stage revealed that the yield of the green leafy vegetables including one of the selected tomato cultivars (Micro-Tom), was in most cases impaired at CRIV ≥ 3,000 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Compared with the control treatment samples’ composition, crude oil stress at 10,000 mg/kg TPH enhanced the concentration of K, Mn and crude protein of B. oleracea and L. sativa as well as the sucrose, total sugars, total phenolics and total flavonoids contents of the latter vegetable. Sucrose was also only detected in M82 tomato cultivar samples from the crude oil-containing treatments. The Cd content of B. oleracea, Pb contents of: L. sativa and M82 tomato harvested samples were all below the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission 2015 recommended maximum levels. However, tartaric acid was only detected in B. oleracea and L. sativa samples from the 10,000 mg/kg TPH treatment as well as in M82 tomato cultivar samples from the treatment involving CRIV of 5,000 mg/kg TPH. Generally, the yield of these crops in response to crude oil contamination varied in which B. juncea had the least tolerance to crude oil stress among the green leafy vegetables tested. Most of the quality parameters in the two tomato cultivars were not affected by CRIV between 750 - 5,000 mg/kg TPH with p-xylene having the greatest toxic potential among the VOCs emitted from the 5,000 mg/kg TPH treatment. The research findings, under the experimental conditions, indicated the effectiveness of RENA for the degradation of low molecular weight PAHs and its agricultural benefits. They also suggest that crude oil-contaminated sites at ≤ 3,000 mg/kg TPH present a similar growing environment to a clean site for agrifood production and the possibility that crude oil stress at 10,000 mg/kg TPH could enhance crop quality. Nonetheless, the contribution of bio- accumulated PAHs in these crops to the food chain demands further investigation.