Academic literature on the topic 'Natural stone lightness'

Naturalness is a complex concept. It can involve a variety of attributes. In this work, we considered the effect of elevation and surface roughness on naturalness perception of 2.5D decor prints for four material categories. We found that elevation has an impact on the naturalness perception of 2.5D decor prints and that it is linked with content. The observers found lower elevation to be more natural for wood and glass 2.5D prints while there was no clear tendency for stone and metal 2.5D prints. We also found the perceptual attributes used for naturalness assessment of 2.5D decor prints. The top five ones are color, roughness, gloss, elevation, and lightness. The obtained findings can be useful for companies that produce 2.5D prints.

The territory of Armenia is characterized by a wide variety of volcanic natural porous rocks with extremely rich natural resources. Tuff stone is one the varieties and is traditionally used as a masonry material, and waste, estimated at millions of cubic meters has accumulated near the mining areas and it’s disposal is an important environmental issue. Slag and pumice stones, as well as some types of tuffs, are used as aggregates for general-construction lightweight concretes, and as heat insulating backfills, etc. Since the 1980s, we have begun systematized scientific studies to identify the natural potential and the most optimal branches for the use of these rocks, where it is possible to obtain the maximum technical and economic benefits through the targeted use of their specific natural properties. Taking into account the conditions of these rock formation, as well as the high prices available on the world market and the demand for lightweight, heat-resistant insulating concrete, first of all, by complex, versatile studies, they are classified by high-temperature properties, technical capabilities and specificity of using some varieties as aggregates for lightweight heat-resistant concrete, with application temperature up to 800...1100°C. It is shown that, compared with the expensive artificial porous heat-resistant aggregates widely used in practice, these rocks are out of concurrence, as the corresponding compositions, porosity of the structure and high-temperature processing were obtained in natural conditions, due to which they do not require manufacturing costs for particular components and high-temperature processing and in the natural form are ready to be used in this area. Along with this, some of them also have high acid resistance and are suitable for use in the most valuable concretes with the simultaneous triple effect of lightness, heat resistance and acid resistance.

Abstract Newly acquired palaeobotanical data, including pollen, charred and uncharred wood, provided an exhaustive overview of the temporal changes in woodlands, which changes are due to the cumulative effect of natural processes and the long-term impact of pre-agrarian societies. We used the unique advantage of the peat bog archaeological site at Szczepanki located on an island in the former Lake Staświn (Masurian Lake District) to get an overview of wood exploitation throughout the Stone Age. Special attention was paid to the period of the most intense settlement, the period of the para-Neolithic Zedmar culture. This culture is interesting due to its economy having not been fully recognized so far, especially with respect to the use of plant resources. The evidence from Szczepanki confirmed the use of 16 arboreal taxa, accessible in local woodlands, as a source of timber by foragers. The majority of both unworked wood and fragments bearing traces of processing has been discovered in layers corresponding to the Zedmar period. An important role in the economy was played by wood with medium or low mechanical properties that was however fissile and amenable to woodworking. In addition, other useful properties such as flexibility, lightness, water resistance, strength and ease of splitting were favoured in the selection. The temporal distribution of wood remains in cultural layers at Szczepanki was convergent with a pollen record documenting the course of postglacial migration and local growth of particular taxa, as well as with the archaeologically documented changes in the intensity and time frame of the settlement.

The implementation of the proposed innovative project on the use of phosphogypsum waste in road construction will: solve the problem of recycling and processing of phosphogypsum by using it as a local by-material for the construction of roadbed and foundations of roads; replace natural gypsum with cheaper raw materials for cement, construction and road industry; reduce the cost of construction of roads and extend the turnaround time by improving the quality of their properties. Road with the use of phosphogypsum is cheaper by 30 % than roads with traditional technologies. In the swampy area due to the characteristics of the material, combining solidity and lightness, phosphogypsum is not interchangeable at all. It allows you to make reliable and durable roads. The design is obtained up to five times stronger than the required standards. At the same time, at the first stage of construction of the road, it is possible to make an intermediate type, making the bases of phosphogypsum, and later laying the remaining structural layers of crushed stone and asphalt. In this case, the coating of technical gypsum is not destroyed, even with the passage of heavy tracked vehicles and at low temperatures.

Mies van der Rohe´s approach to architecture through a poetic structural skeleton, abstractly refined to become a universal prototype of the essence of form and spiritualization of space, can be best seen at the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. This unique modern temple recently under refurbishment by the subtle pencil of David Chipperfield [1] will soon have to be prepared to receive the extra additional space designed by the winner competition office leaded by Herzog & De Meuron [2]. Despite the rebirth of the building´s prestige there is still a gap of knowledge on the construction philosophy pursued by Mies van der Rohe, who conceived the Galeria Project as a phenomenological duality of lightness and heaviness in within a constant game of oppositions, exquisitely intended to intensify human emotions. Far beyond a mere construction, the magnificent museum became a place where the Silesia stone terrace seemed to detain the historical time meanwhile the biotite grey steel structure was encapsulating a flexible space embracing the dynamic elapse of life. The investigation undertaken by this author on the building´s original working drawings at the MvdR Archive in New York revealed unknown details which are helping nowadays to achieve a deeper understanding on the design and construction process of the iconic miesian museum. The underground ventilation channels running beneath the monolithic concrete plinth refreshing the interior volume with perfumed air from the garden´s lindens, altogether with the heroic columns and the freestanding glass membranes of the façades, resume today´s dilemma of the global high-tech city within the natural realm.

Дисертаційна робота присвячена дослідженню декоративних властивостей гірських порід при видобуванні та обробці природного облицювального каменю за допомогою цифрової обробки зображень для визначення оптимального напрямку ведення гірничих робіт для різних за кольоровим тоном ділянок родовища природного каменю. У роботі досліджено та встановлено чинники, які впливають на декоративні показники природного облицювального каменю при його видобуванні та обробці. На основі отриманих показників та залежностей розроблено методику управління декоративними властивостями природного облицювального каменю при його видобуванні та фактурній обробці. Розроблено класифікацію Покостівського гранодіориту за кольоровим тоном при його видобуванні та фактурній обробці. Для виконання досліджень було розроблено методику визначення різних типів необроблених блоків з природного облицювального каменю за кольоровим тоном за допомогою цифрової обробки зображень при розробці родовищ корисних копалин. Проведено геометризацію родовища природного облицювального каменю. Було підраховано запаси різних типів декоративного каменю за кольоровим тоном та визначені ділянки родовища за різними декоративними показниками. На основі розрахункових коефіцієнтів виходу блоків визначено оптимальний напрям ведення гірничих робіт.