Journal articles: 'Natural sintering'

1

Hernández-Olivares, F., V. Aguado, E. Menéndez, and L. de Villanueva. "Sintering of natural anhydrite-glass composite." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 17, no. 5 (January 1997): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(96)00088-x.

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Luo, Yi Lan, Shi Gen Zhu, Zheng Gang Yang, and Rui Zhang. "Study on the Mechanism of the Strippable Sintering Layer of the Natural Yellow Clay-Bonded Sand for Iron Casting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 1622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.1622.

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The distinguished characteristic of casting process of natural yellow clay-bonded green sand is a strippable sintering layer formed at the interface of casting and mould. Hot shake-out can be realized because this sintering layer can firmly attach to the casting surfaces to protect castings at elevated temperature. Better surface quality of castings is achieved after the sintering layer easily shed from the casting surface at room temperature. In this study, a series of tests were carried out to reveal the characteristic of this sintering layer. First, thermal gravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) method was used for detailed analysis the thermal property of natural yellow clay-bonded green sand. And, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was employed to define the phase composition at variable temperatures. Then, sintering experiments were carried out on mixtures of natural yellow clay-bonded sand with iron powder or iron oxides under different conditions. Finally, the mechanical performances of sinter layer of natural yellow clay-bonded sand at elevated and room temperatures were investigated. The result revealed that natural yellow clay-bonded green sand is a kind of low grade molding sand, and iron oxides participate in the forming of sintering layer. The sintering layer of natural yellow clay-bonded sand were proved both excellent plastic at elevated temperature and brittle at room temperature, which coincides with its behavior in the casting process.

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Chouia, F., H. Belhouchet, F. Sahnoune, and F. Bouzrara. "Reaction sintering of kaolin-natural phosphate mixtures." Ceramics International 41, no. 6 (July 2015): 8064–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.03.003.

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Zhang, Wang Nian, Xi Tang Wang, and Zhou Fu Wang. "Light Burning Condition of Preparing Dolomite Clinker Using Natural Dolomite." Solid State Phenomena 281 (August 2018): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.281.156.

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The influence of the light burning temperature on the sintering property of nature dolomite has been investigated by two-step sintering process in the temperature range 1500 °C to 1600 °C. The resulting bulk densities and apparent porosities of the sintered dolomite samples were examined, and analyzing the sintered dolomite by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were performed. The results showed light burned at 850 °C for 3 h, the main phases of the dolomite with 3-5 grain size were MgO, CaO and little CaCO3, and then fired at 1600 °C,the density of sintering dolomite reached to 3.38 g/cm3, the apparent property was 1.2 %, the size of MgO grain up to 3.75 μm . However when dolomite light burned at 1050 °C for 3 h, the main phases were MgO and CaO, and then fired at 1600 °C,the density of sintering dolomite only was 3.30 g/cm3, the apparent property was 2.3 %, the size of MgO only was 3.05 μm .

5

Liu, Shu Long, Yong Li, Huan Ying Yang, Chang He Gao, Shu Long Ma, and Lin Jun Wang. "Study on Sintering Properties of Al₂O₃-70 Natural Mullite by New Processes." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.49.

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This paper explains sintering properties of Al2O3-70(referred to as the 70 green sample) natural mullite that was prepared by the process of homogenization, wet grinding, vacuum extrusion and high-temperature tunnel kiln sintering. The results show that 70 green sample's dehydroxylation temperature started in 528 °C; 70 green sample's sintering densification started in 1500 °C; 70 green sample had not completed sintering in the 1600 °C, and at this temperature, to prolong the holding time also won't realize densification. After sintering at 1600 °C, the sample's bulk density is 2.82. In this sample, the mullite phase was uniform distribution, density, low porosity and most are closed porosity.

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Zhang, Xuebin, Xingqin Liu, and Guangyao Meng. "Sintering Kinetics of Porous Ceramics from Natural Diatomite." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 88, no. 7 (July 2005): 1826–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00288.x.

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Gouvea, Douglas, Agnès Smith, David Stanley Smith, Jean Pierre Bonnet, and Jose Arena Varela. "Translucent Tin Dioxide Ceramics Obtained by Natural Sintering." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80, no. 10 (January 21, 2005): 2735–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03186.x.

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Balkevich, V. L., A. Yu Kogos, A. B. Kliger, F. S. Peres, and A. M. Smirnitskii. "Sintering ceramic bodies with natural and synthetic wollastonite." Glass and Ceramics 45, no. 1 (January 1988): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00700866.

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Kashcheev, I. D., K. G. Zemlyanoi, and I. A. Pavlova. "The sintering of ceramic materials based on North-Onega bauxitized clay. Part 2. The effect of sintering additives." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 11 (December 29, 2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-11-23-28.

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The eﬀect of natural additives on the sintering ability of an aluminosilicate material has been investigated. It is shown that the introduction of natural alkali aluminosilicates with a predicted viscosity and amount of melt allows to obtain more durable ceramic materials.Ill.6. Ref 4. Tab. 2.

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Guo, Ding, Jun Ding, Cheng Ji Deng, Hong Xi Zhu, Xiao Jun Zhang, and Wen Jie Yuan. "Reaction and Sintering Mechanism of Forsterite Lightweight Material in Sodium Carbonate Molten Salt." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1045.

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Using the natural forsterite and Na2CO3 as a raw material, the forsterite lightweight material was prepared in Na2CO3 molten salt. The reaction between forsterite and Na2CO3 and sintering mechanism of forsterite were studied in the paper. The sintering temperature was 1000 °C, 1100 °C, and the holding time was 1 h, 3 h, 5 h, 7 h, 10 h, respectively. The sintered samples were characterized by XRD and SEM for their microstructure and phase composition analysis which determined the mechanism of the chemical reaction and sintering in the sintering process. The product of Na2MgSiO4 phase in In earlier period of the reactions promoted the rearrangement of particles of forsterite in the initial stage of sintering process. The sintering mechanism was mainly controlled by the diffusion mechanism.

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El-Ghamri, Hatem, Taher El-Agez, Sofyan Taya, Monzir Abdel-Latif, and Amal Batniji. "Dye-sensitized solar cells with natural dyes extracted from plant seeds." Materials Science-Poland 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13536-014-0231-z.

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AbstractThe application of natural dyes extracted from plant seeds in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been explored. Ten dyes were extracted from different plant seeds and used as sensitizers for DSSCs. The dyes were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. DSSCs were prepared using TiO2 and ZnO nanostructured mesoporous films. The highest conversion efficiency of 0.875 % was obtained with an allium cepa (onion) extract-sensitized TiO2 solar cell. The process of TiO2-film sintering was studied and it was found that the sintering procedure significantly affects the response of the cell. The short circuit current of the DSSC was found to be considerably enhanced when the TiO2 semiconducting layer was sintered gradually.

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Putri, Suriati Eka, Ahyar Ahmad, Indah Raya, Rachmat Triandi Tjahjanto, Rizal Irfandi, Harningsih Karim, Susilo Sudarman Desa, and Abd Rahman. "The Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Characteristics of Porous Ceramic-Based Natural Clay and Chitosan Biopolymer Precursors." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 23, no. 3 (May 22, 2023): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.80375.

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This study was conducted to determine the role of thermal treatment on the crystallinity and pore characteristics of porous ceramic, which was prepared from natural clay (NC) and chitosan (CS) biopolymer using the gel casting method. CS was used as an environmentally friendly pore-forming agent. The applied temperature treatment was based on thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) results and followed a sintering temperature of 900 to 1100 °C. The results showed that at sintering temperatures from 900 to 1000 °C, the crystallinities of the ceramic decrease (from 76.06 to 74.06%) and the crystallite size decreases (from 35.71 to 34.47 nm) while the lattice strain increases (calculated from the Full Width at Half Maximum (β) of the diffraction peak). The highest porosity of ceramic occurred at a sintering temperature of 1000 °C of 37.82 ± 0.19, but the formation of heterogeneous microstructure was observed. The resulting pore size for all temperature treatments was almost mesoporous (19.1 Å). Based on the results obtained, it is emphasized that the sintering temperature can be used to adjust the porosity and microstructure of porous ceramics.

13

Palmero, Paola, Antonio Mario Locci, Jean Marc Tulliani, Roberto Orrù, Giacomo Cao, and Laura Montanaro. "Conventional and SPS Sintering of a Nanocrystalline Alumina: A Comparative Study." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.957.

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In this paper, five powdered samples, containing different amounts of nanosized α-alumina, were obtained by controlled thermal pre-treatments of a transition alumina, and then densified by both free-sintering in air at 1500°C for 3 h and by Spark Plasma Sintering in the temperature range 1150°C - 1400°C with different soaking times at the maximum temperature. A comparative study of the influence of the phase composition in the starting alumina powders on both sintering behavior and microstructural features of the densified bodies is presented, showing a relevant influence of powder thermal pre-treatment on the SPS process, in a strict analogy to natural sintering.

14

Gunawan, Joseph, Dede Taufik, Veni Takarini, and Zulia Hasratiningsih. "Flexural strength comparison of self-synthesised porcelain with the sintering temperature of 1150 degree Celsius and 1200 degree Celsius." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 30, no. 3 (November 30, 2018): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol30no3.19307.

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Introduction: Porcelain must have sufficient flexural strength to withstand mastication forces. The flexural strength of porcelain can be influenced by the maturity level of porcelain related to the temperature and sintering time. The purpose of this study was to compare the flexural strength of Indonesian natural sand self-synthesised porcelain with different sintering temperatures. Methods: Self-synthesised porcelain powder, with the composition of 65% Pangaribuan felspar, 25% Belitung silica, 5% Sukabumi kaolin, and 5% potassium salt, were condensed into 10 samples with the size of 7cm x 2cm x 0.4cm. A total of 5 samples were each burned at the temperature of 1150°C and 1200°C. Flexural strength test was performed using the Universal Testing Machine (Netzsch™) with the lowest load of 7.5 kg, and the data obtained was calculated using the bending strength formula. Result: The average flexural strength of self-synthesised porcelain at the sintering temperature of 1150°C was 26.678 MPa, while at the temperature of 1200°C was 39.038 MPa. Conclusion: This study concluded that Indonesian natural sand self-synthesised porcelain had a lower flexural strength at the sintering temperature of 1150°C than at the temperature of 1200°C.Keywords: Flexural strength, self-synthesised porcelain, sintering temperature.

15

Kurnia, Sianny Surya Putri, Dede Taufik, Veni Takarini, and Zulia Hasratiningsih. "Sintering Temperature Effect on Hardness of Self-Synthetisized Porcelain Made from Natural Sumatran Sand without Kaolin." Key Engineering Materials 782 (October 2018): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.782.227.

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Dental porcelain is one of the indirect restoration material with excellent aesthetic properties,on the other hand porcelain hardness frequently causing excessive wear of antagonist teeth. This study aiming to evaluate the effect of sintering temperature on the self-synthesized porcelain hardness. In this experiment, 25 porcelain samples were synthesized using Sumatran sand from Pangaribuan and Belitung regions, with the composition of 65 wt% Pangaribuan feldspar, 25 wt% Belitung silica and 10 wt% potassium salt. The samples were sintered in five different temperatures, which were 1110°C (A), 1120°C (B), 1130°C (C), 1140°C (D), and 1150°C (E). These samples were then invested on 5cm diameter resin each. The hardness was tested using Zwick Roell ZHμ Micro Vickers with 900 gram load for 15 seconds in 5 different indented areas for each sample. The result shows average hardness of 435.8 VHN (A), 461.0 VHN (B), 472.0 VHN (C), 487.6 VHN (D), and 528.7 VHN (E), which were increasing as the sintering temperature increased. Statistic result shows that sintering temperature significantly affected the hardness value of the porcelain (p value < 0.05). In conclusion sintering temperature affects the hardness of self-synthesized porcelain made from Sumatran natural sand without kaolin, although the average hardness of self-synthesized porcelain is still higher than average hardness of teeth enamel.

16

Podolskiy, E. A., M. Barbero, F. Barpi, G. Chambon, M. Borri-Brunetto, O. Pallara, B. Frigo, B. Chiaia, and M. Naaim. "Healing of snow surface-to-surface contacts by isothermal sintering." Cryosphere 8, no. 5 (September 9, 2014): 1651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1651-2014.

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Abstract. Natural sintering in ice is a fundamental process determining mechanical properties of various ice forms. According to the literature, limited data are available about the complex subjects of snow sintering and bond formation. Here, through cold laboratory mechanical tests with a new shear apparatus we demonstrate time-dependent effects of isothermal sintering on interface strengthening at various normal pressures. Measurements showed that interfacial strength evolved rapidly, conforming to a power law (mean exponent &approx; 0.21); higher pressure corresponded to higher initial strength and sintering rates. Our findings are consistent with observations on homogeneous snow, provide unique records essential for slope stability models and indicate the significant importance of normal load on data interpretation.

17

Podolskiy, E. A., M. Barbero, F. Barpi, G. Chambon, M. Borri-Brunetto, O. Pallara, B. Frigo, B. Chiaia, and M. Naaim. "Healing of snow surface-to-surface contacts by isothermal sintering." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 13, 2014): 2465–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-2465-2014.

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Abstract. Natural sintering in ice is a fundamental process determining mechanical properties of various ice forms. According to the literature, limited data are available about the complex subjects of snow sintering and bond formation. Here, through cold laboratory mechanical tests with a new shear apparatus we demonstrate time-dependent effects of isothermal sintering on interface strengthening at various normal pressures. Measurements showed that interfacial strength evolved rapidly, conforming to a power law (mean exponent &approx;0.21); higher pressure corresponded to higher initial strength and sintering rates. Our findings are consistent with observations on homogeneous snow, provide unique records essential for slope stability models and indicate the significant importance of normal load on data interpretation.

18

Bai, Jing, Yi Ma, Qingbin Song, Zhijun Hu, Yanqiu Li, and Huabo Duan. "Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Three Excavated Soil and Rock (ESR) Treatment Methods: A Case Study in Shenzhen City." Sustainability 16, no. 5 (February 29, 2024): 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16052022.

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This study aimed to quantitatively assess the environmental impacts of different methods used for treating excavated soil and rock (ESR) in Shenzhen, namely landfilling, sintering, and non-sintering, using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The findings indicate that recycling ESR through sintering or non-sintering processes offers more sustainable alternatives than landfilling. The recycled products derived from ESR can effectively replace traditional building materials, thereby reducing their environmental impacts. However, when comparing the environmental impacts of sintering and non-sintering processes, the latter demonstrated more significant impacts, particularly in terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). Furthermore, it is worth noting that the environmental impacts of the sintering processes are influenced by fuel type and exhaust gas emissions, with natural gas combustion yielding more substantial overall environmental benefits. Moreover, ESR landfilling poses constraints on sustainable development and land resource occupation. This study contributes to a better understanding of the environmental impacts associated with ESR landfilling and recycling, provides management departments with optimal ESR management suggestions, and alleviates environmental pressure from urban development.

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Huang, Qiong Zhu, Gui Min Lu, and Jian Guo Yu. "Sintering and Performance of MgO from Bischofite with ZrO₂ Additive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 455 (November 2013): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.455.11.

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Effect of ZrO2 on sintering properties of MgO prepared from natural brine from Qarhan Salt Lake, crystalline bischofite and MgCl2·6H2O(AR) was studied. The results showed that ZrO2 of addition exceeded 1 wt% had promotive effect on sintering of magnesia prepared from MgCl2·6H2O(AR). While 1.5 wt% ZrO2 was added, the bulk density of sample was 3.37 g/cm3, and relative density was 94.1%. With 1 wt% ZrO2, the bulk densities of magnesia prepared from crystalline bischofite and brine were 3.10 and 3.27 g/cm3, and the relative densities increased by 10.0% and 19.6%, respectively. The main reasons for promoting MgO sintering with ZrO2 were that monoclinic phase ZrO2 converted to cubic phase Zr2O and excess ZrO2 reacted with MgO to generate Mg0.13Zr0.87O1.87, which activated lattice and promoted the diffusion of ions during sintering process. In addition, liquid phase sintering was also one of the main reasons for promoting the sintering of brine magnesia.

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Huang, Qiong Zhu, Gui Min Lu, and Jian Guo Yu. "Effect of LiCl·H₂O on Sintering Properties of MgO from Bischofite." Advanced Materials Research 813 (September 2013): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.813.364.

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Effect of LiCl·H2O on sintering properties of MgO prepared from natural brine from Qarhan Salt Lake, crystalline bischofite and MgCl2·6H2O(AR) was studied. The results showed that LiCl·H2O of addition exceeded 1 wt% had promoting effect on sintering of magnesia prepared from MgCl2·6H2O(AR). While 1.5 wt% LiCl·H2O was added, the bulk density of magnesia was 3.40 g/cm3, and the relative density was 95.0%. With 0.5 wt% LiCl·H2O, the bulk densities of magnesia prepared from crystalline bischofite and brine were 3.04 and 3.10 g/cm3, and the relative densities increased by 8.4% and 14.8%, respectively. The main mechanism for promoting MgO sintering with LiCl·H2O was that Li2O produced by hydrolysis solubilized in MgO to form solid solutions and oxygen vacancies which were favorable to sintering. The main reasons for promoting sintering of brine magnesia with LiCl·H2O were solid solution and liquid phase sintering, while the main reason was solid solution for magnesia from crystalline bischofite and MgCl2·6H2O(AR).

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Chaudhuri (nee Nath), M., A. Kumar, and G. Banerjee. "Activated Sintering of Natural Magnesites in Presence of Titanium Dioxide." Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 51, no. 6 (January 1992): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.1992.10804560.

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Niakan, A., S. Ramesh, P. Ganesan, C. Y. Tan, J. Purbolaksono, Hari Chandran, S. Ramesh, and W. D. Teng. "Sintering behaviour of natural porous hydroxyapatite derived from bovine bone." Ceramics International 41, no. 2 (March 2015): 3024–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.10.138.

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23

Madkour, Loutfy H. "Electro-Thermal and Semiconductivity Behaviour of Natural Sintered Complex Carbonate Ore for Thermo-Technological Applications." Journal of Geochemistry 2014 (March 5, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/451782.

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The polymetal (Zn, Pb, Fe, Ca, Mg, Cd, Ba, Ni, Ti, and SiO2) complex Umm-Gheig carbonate ore is subjected to sintering treatment at 573, 773, 973 and 1273 K respectively for four hours. Chemical, spectral, X-ray and differential thermal analyses are applied for the native ore as well as for the samples preheated and sintered. The current versus applied DC voltage (I–V) characteristics, bulk density (Db), percent shrinkage (%S), activation energy (Ea) and energy gap (Eg) are established for the sintered ore. The electrical conductivity σ, thermal conductivity (K) and thermoelectric power coefficient α have been investigated as a function of applied temperature for the sintered ore materials. The electrical conduction is mainly achieved by free electrons near or in conduction band or n-type. As the sintering temperature (Ts) increases the conduction of the ore is also increased due to the recombination process taking place between the electrons and holes. Electrons hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ are the main charge carriers. The formation of Fe3O4 at high sintering temperature acts as an active mineralizer, thus inducing an increased degree of crystallinity and a more ordered crystal structure is produced.

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Kokunesoski, Maja, Miroslav Stankovic, Marina Vukovic, Jelena Majstorovic, Djordje Saponjic, Svetlana Ilic, and Aleksandra Saponjic. "Macroporous monoliths based оn natural mineral sources, clay аnd diatomite." Science of Sintering 52, no. 3 (2020): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2003339k.

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Macroporous silica ceramic was obtained using clay and diatomite. Boric acid as a low-cost additive in the amount of 1 wt% was used. These porous materials were obtained at low forming pressure (40-80 MPa) and lower sintering temperature (850-1300 ?C) for 4h in air. The influence of boric acid, forming pressure, and sintering temperature on the microstructure, porosity parameters, and mechanical properties of obtained porous monoliths were investigated. As-received and the modified samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, SEM, and mercury porosimetry measurements. As for modified clay and diatomite, they were pressed at 60 MPa and then sintered at 1150 ?C, obtaining porosities of about 10 % and 60 %, respectively. Both of the analyzed samples had the pore diameter in the range of macroporous materials. The pore diameters of clay samples are ranging from 0.1-10 ?m, whereas the pore diameter of diatomite samples was slightly lower with values ranging from 0.05-5 ?m. Modified diatomite samples have a lower Young modulus in comparison to modified clay samples.

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Zavjalov, A., Nikolai P. Shapkin, and Evgenii K. Papynov. "Spark Plasma Sintering of SiC Ceramics Based on Natural Renewable Raw Materials." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.759.

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The paper presents the results of obtaining silicon carbide SiC ceramic from organic raw materials by the reaction spark plasma sintering (SPS). Annealed rice husks are used as an organic raw material. A feature of the batch preparation for sintering is annealing in an inert atmosphere. Thus, the carbon source C for further reaction with silicon dioxide SiO2 to form SiC is the organic part of the rice husk. This way let to achieve the most uniform reacting components mixing directly at the stage of annealing the husks and to exclude the mixing stage from the technological process. The reaction SPS method was used for the first time for the production of ceramic material from such a raw material. The results of a comprehensive study of the obtained material by various methods are presented in the article: scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray phase analysis, strength analysis, and others.

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German, Randall M. "Sintering Simplified: Surface Area, Density, and Grain Size Relations." Materials Science Forum 835 (January 2016): 50–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.835.50.

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Sintering involves several interactions as particles bond and enable microstructure evolution toward a minimized energy condition, resulting in a complex interplay of measurement parameters. Overriding the evolution is energy minimization, and from that perspective some simple relations emerge. The natural progression is determined by energy reduction, measured by surface area, density, and grain boundary area (grain size). Contrary to the usual sintering analysis that starts with atomic level mass transport mechanisms, presented here is an approach that links to global energy reduction during sintering to simple monitors. Initially sintering converts surface area into lower energy grain boundary area. Subsequently grain growth annihilates grain boundary area. Thus, grain boundary area peaks at intermediate sintered densities, while surface area continuously declines. The trajectory follows a straightforward dependence on density as illustrated using data for a wide variety of materials and consolidation conditions.

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Takarini, Veni, Sianny Surya Putri Kurnia, Dede Taufik, Arief Cahyanto, and Zulia Hasratiningsih. "Surface Characterization of Dental Porcelain Made from Sumatera Natural Sand." Key Engineering Materials 782 (October 2018): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.782.238.

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This research reported hardness and porosity morphology results on five different sintering temperatures as surface characterization of dental porcelain made from Sumateran natural sand mixture composition to prevent excessive wear. Porosity morphology was characterized with JEOL Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), while the average hardness of each 5 different indented areas was performed with 1000 gr load for 15 seconds using Zwick Roell Vickers Hardness Tester. The result of this study shows that the higher sintering temperature correlates to higher hardness number. SEM analysis indicate less porosity appear in the samples sintered in higher temperature. By modifying the mixture, this study has significantly lowered the hardness number results compared to our previous research samples yielded 936,06 VHN. It can be concluded that positive correlation between higher temperature and hardness emerged from the surface characterization results of the dental porcelain made from Sumatera natural sand. In contrasts the porosity appear to be less developed in higher temperature. However, cracks and pores followed the indentation as in common ceramic products. Further improvement is needed with finding the optimum temperature of desired hardness number and predictable porosity, which resemble tooth enamel.

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Su, Dunlei, Gongbing Yue, Qiuyi Li, Yuanxin Guo, Song Gao, and Liang Wang. "Research on the Preparation and Properties of High Belite Sulphoaluminate Cement (HBSAC) Based on Various Industrial Solid Wastes." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091510.

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In this study, a variety of industrial solid wastes, including petroleum coke desulfurization slag, fly ash and carbide slag with natural resource bauxite, were used as raw materials to prepare high belite suphoaluminate cement, which contains a certain CaSO4 content without adding natural gypsum to the clinker. The sintering temperature, mineral composition, and the physical and mechanical properties of the cement clinkers were investigated. The techniques adopted included a comprehensive thermal analysis (DSC-TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that it is completely feasible to prepare high belite sulphoaluminate cement with the various industrial solid wastes mentioned above and the utilization rate of the solid wastes is up to 80%. The sintering temperature ranges from 1225 °C to 1350 °C, and the optimal sintering temperature is approximately 1300 °C. The clinkers prepared at 1300 °C set and harden quickly and have a slightly higher water requirement of normal consistency. The mechanical strength is greatly affected by the CaSO4 and 3CaO·3Al2O3·CaSO4 contents and the most reasonable CaSO4 content is 15%.

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Demirkol, N., F. N. Oktar, and E. S. Kayali. "Influence of Niobium Oxide on the Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite." Key Engineering Materials 529-530 (November 2012): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.529-530.29.

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The goal of this study is to produce and to investigate the mechanical and microstructural properties of composite materials made of hydroxyapatite, obtained from both natural sheep bone and commercial synthetic hydroxyapatite with niobium oxide addition ( 5 and 10 wt%). The samples were subjected to sintering at different temperatures between 1000°C and 1300°C. Microstructures and mechanical properties of sheep hydroxyapatite (SHA) and commercial synthetic hydroxyapatite (CSHA)-niobium oxide composites were investigated. The production of hydroxyapatite (HA) from natural sources is preferred due to economical reason. The aim of development of SHA and CSHA based niobium oxide composites is to improve mechanical properties of HA. The physical and mechanical properties were determined by measuring density, compression strength and Vickers microhardness (HV). Structural characterization was carried out with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. In all composites, density values and mechanical properties increased with increasing sintering temperature. The increase of niobium oxide content in all composites showed better mechanical properties. Both of SHA and CSHA composites with at 1300°C sintering temperature showed nearly the same compression strength value.

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Respati, Bondan, Rudy Soenoko, Surya Irawan, Wahyono Suprapto, Budi Saputra, and Helmy Purwanto. "CAPILLARY VELOCITY OF NATURAL ZEOLITE POROUS CERAMIC IN DIFFERENCE SINTERING TEMPERATURES." MM Science Journal 2017, no. 03 (June 7, 2017): 1803–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2017_06_2016104.

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Bonnet, Jean Pierre, Agnès Smith, and Douglas Gouvêa. "Preparation of Translucent SnO₂ Ceramics by Natural Sintering." Key Engineering Materials 132-136 (April 1997): 920–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.132-136.920.

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Demirkiran, A. Ş., R. Artir, and E. Avci. "Effect of natural zeolite addition on sintering kinetics of porcelain bodies." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 203, no. 1-3 (July 2008): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.053.

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Nassar, A. M., E. M. A. Hamzawy, F. M. Hafez, S. S. El Dera, and C. Rüssel. "Fluorphlopgopite ceramic via sintering of glass using inexpensive natural raw materials." Ceramics International 38, no. 3 (April 2012): 1921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.10.022.

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Soltamova, Alexandra A., P. G. Baranov, Ivan V. Ilyin, A. Y. Vul', S. V. Kidalov, F. M. Shakhov, G. V. Mamin, N. I. Silkin, S. B. Orlinskii, and M. K. Salakhov. "Nitrogen Centers in Nanodiamonds: EPR Studies." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 1239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.1239.

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Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron spin echo (ESE) at X-band (9.4 GHz) and W-band (94 GHz) have been used to study defects in natural diamond nanocrystals, detonation nanodiamond (ND) with a size of  4.5 nm and detonation ND after high-pressure high-temperature (HTHP) sintering with a size of  8.5 nm. Based on identification of atomic nitrogen centers N0 and nitrogen pairs N2+ detected by means of the high frequency EPR and ESE in natural diamond nanocrystals, atomic nitrogen centers N0 have been discovered in nanodiamond core in detonation ND and detonation ND after sintering. In addition EPR signal of multi-vacancy centers with spin 3/2 seems to be observed in diamond core of detonation ND.

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Wu Haihua, 吴海华, 贺俊超 He Junchao, 李亚峰 Li Yafeng, and 钟磊 Zhong Lei. "天然鳞片石墨选择性激光烧结成形工艺研究." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 58, no. 9 (2021): 0914005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202158.0914005.

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Fan, Kuo-Cheng, Yu-Ling Lin, Hao-Wei Tsao, Hsuan Chen, Sheng-Yang Lee, Yu-Chen Cheng, Hsiao-Ping Huang, and Wei-Chun Lin. "In Vivo Evaluation of the Effects of Sintering Temperature on the Optical Properties of Dental Glass-Ceramics." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 2187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132187.

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In prosthodontics, the ability of glass-ceramics to express the optical properties of natural teeth is an important goal of esthetic restorations. Dental restorations do not merely need to be similar in color to natural teeth; proper optical properties, such as opalescence, transparency, etc., must be combined in order to achieve excellent esthetic effects. The optical properties of ceramic materials are mainly distinguished by different hues (e.g., A, B, C, and D) combined with translucency (e.g., high translucency (HT), medium translucency (MT), low translucency (LT), and medium opacity (MO)). However, there are many varieties of tooth color. Therefore, it is expected that glass-ceramics can change their nanocrystal size and porosity through different heat-treatment temperatures and times and, thereby, present different transparency effects. This study mainly analyzed the influence of changes in sintering temperature on the optical properties of glass-ceramics. The optical properties of glass-ceramics in the oral cavity were evaluated with human trials. We hypothesized that (1) the transparency of glass-ceramics can be changed by controlling the sintering temperature and (2) glass-ceramics modified by the sintering temperature can be suitable for clinical applications. Results showed that the transparency decreased, the nanoparticle size increased, the crystallinity increased, and the surface hardness decreased as the sintering temperature increased. High-brightness glass-ceramics have more-sensitive optical properties. Results of clinical trials showed that glass-ceramics whose transparency was changed by controlling the sintering temperature can be candidates for clinical applications. Based on the above results, the hypotheses of this study were supported. In the future, we will continue to explore the esthetic field of dental restorations.

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Meiliyadi, Lalu Ahmad Didik, Muh Wahyudi, Isniwana Damayanti, and Ahmad Fudholi. "Morphological characteristics and electrical properties analysis of silica based on river and coastal iron sand." Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v11i1.12390.

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This study aims to analyze silica's morphological characteristics and electrical properties based on the river and coastal sand. Iron samples were taken from Sompang river sand, East Lombok and Coastal Sand from Gading, Mataram City. The silica was synthesized using the sol-gel method with a sintering temperature variation of 100 to 175 ℃. Morphological characteristics samples analysis was done using SEM-EDX. The electrical properties of iron sand included measuring the dielectric constant using the parallel plate method. Furthermore, the resistivity was measured using the two-point probe method. In the silica-based on river sand sample, the resistivity value was inversely proportional to the sintering temperature. In contrast, the resistivity value of silica based on the coastal sand sample was directly proportional to the sintering temperature. Silica-based on river sand has a resistivity of about 7.1'104 Wm at a sintering temperature of 100℃ and 3.5'104 Wm at a sintering temperature of 175℃. Silica-based on river sand has a resistivity of about 1.8'104 Wm at a sintering temperature of 100℃ and 7.1'104 Wm at 175℃. This research is a preliminary study on the electrical properties of natural sand-based silica to improve understanding of the physical properties of silica to be used in technological applications, such as sensors. Furthermore, the dielectric constant value in the river sand sample was directly proportional to the sintering temperature. However, the dielectric constant in the coastal sand sample was inversely proportional to the sintering temperature. Silica-based on river sand has a dielectric constant of about 1.02'102 at a sintering temperature of 100℃ and 1.18'102 at 175℃. Silica-based on coastal sand has a dielectric constant of about 1.97'102 at a sintering temperature of 100℃ and 1.15'102 at 175℃.

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Gunduz, Oguzhan, L. S. Ozyegin, Sergey V. Dorozhkin, Onur Meydanoglu, Niyazi Eruslu, S. Kayali, Simeon Agathopoulos, and Faik N. Oktar. "Bovine Hydroxyapatite (BHA) Boron Oxide Composites." Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (October 2008): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.403.

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Composites of calcinated bovine bone derived hydroxyapatite (HA) with 5, 7.5 and 10 wt % B2O3 were prepared by sintering. The production of HA from natural sources is preferred due to economical and time saving reasons. In this study scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations, microhardness and compression strength measurements were performed on composites. The experimental results indicated that compression strength and microhardness of HA-boron-oxide composites decrease when the content of boric acid and sintering temperature increase. The best mechanical properties achieved for 5 wt % addition of dehydrated boric acid. It was seen that at higher sintering temperatures, the compression strength and the microhardness decrease due to the very intensive pore formation. The results agree fairly well with microstructure analysis.

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Gunduz, Oguzhan, L. S. Ozyegin, Sergey V. Dorozhkin, Onur Meydanoglu, Niyazi Eruslu, S. Kayali, Gultekin Goller, Simeon Agathopoulos, and Faik N. Oktar. "Bovine Hydroxyapatite (BHA) Strontium Oxide Composites." Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (October 2008): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.407.

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Composites of calcinated bovine bone derived hydroxyapatite (HA) with 5 and 10 wt % SrCO3 were prepared by sintering. The production of HA from natural sources is preferred due to money and time saving reasons. In this study scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations and together with measurements of microhardness, density, and compression strength were performed. The experimental results indicated that compression strength and microhardness values of HA-Sr-oxide composites decrease when the content of SrCO3 and sintering temperature increase. The best compression strength values were achieved after sintering at 1000°C. It was seen that at higher temperatures the compression strength and the microhardness values decrease due to the pore formation. The pore formation is very important for scaffold formation for tissue engineering purposes.

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Ozyegin, L. S., Faik N. Oktar, Simeon Agathopoulos, S. Salman, Y. Bozkurt, and Niyazi Eruslu. "Improvement of Microstructure of Bovine Hydroxyapatite (BHA) by Doping with Calcium Fluoride." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.43.

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Composites of calcinated bovine bone derived hydroxyapatite (BHA) doped 0.5 and 1 wt% CaF2 were prepared by sintering. The production of BHA from natural sources is preferred due to money and time saving reasons. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis together with measurements of density and compression strength were carried out in the produced samples. The experimental results indicated that compression strength of the composites increase when sintering temperature increases. The best compression strength was achieved after sintering at 1200°C for 0.5% CaF2 addition. The results are in agreement with densification measurements and microstructure analysis. With regards to the amount of CaF2, the results indicate that small additions of F, lower than 0.5%, can further improve the mechanical properties of HA.

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Punyanitya, Sittiporn, and Anirut Raksudjarit. "Development of Dense Hydroxyapatite Nanoceramic by Pressureless Sintering." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.910.

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In order to improve fracture toughness, nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) powder was used for fabricate dense HA nanoceramic. The nanocrystalline HA powder was obtained with ball milling for 12 h from calcined natural bovine bone. The green compacts of HA nanopowder were sintered by pressureless sintering with non-linear heating rate sintering at 1200°C for 3 h. Fracture toughness and hardness properties of HA nanoceramic have been assessed using indentation technique. The fracture toughness values of sintered nanosized-HA powder is 3.50.1 MPa.m1/2, which is within those of human cortical bone. The nanostructure with liquid phase sintering of sintered nanosized-HA powder contributed to the increase of fracture toughness. The toughening mechanisms of pull-out of nanocrystalline HA and grain boundary sliding have been observed.

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Zhenzhurist, Irina. "Prospects for the use of a microwave electromagnetic field for the creation of an ecological technology for the production of firing materials and the development of microwave energy." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801071.

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The article considers the causes of environmental problems in the energy sector. The increased demand for energy resources and the increasing shortage of natural fuels are leading to the search for renewable energy sources. The prospects of energy transmission by microwave radiation without wires as an alternative to traditional energy sources are considered. The article provides information on the results of research on obtaining a high level of energy transfer by a microwave beam from a geostationary orbit to the earth's surface in the near future, as well as developments in the field of creating a solar space power plant (SSP). The results of research on the sintering of inorganic substances in an electromagnetic field are presented, the prospects for this direction in materials science are considered. The results of sintering natural raw materials in a microwave field are considered. The formation of nanoscale phases in sintered compositions has been established. The effect of a low-melting mineralizing additive on the sintering process is shown. The increased strength characteristics of the samples obtained by high-speed firing in the microwave electromagnetic field, the prospects for developments in this direction for various types of materials are noted.

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Pylypenko, R. A., B. S. Smiyan, S. V. Tsvetkov, V. S. Pikashov, R. V. Melnikov, and D. M. Logvinenko. "SUBSTITUTION OF NATURAL GAS AND MIXTURES OF PROCESS GASES." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2022.03.

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The conditions under which it is possible to burn gases with different Wobbe numbers, such as natural and process gases, in one burner device are given. The design of the burner, its characteristics and the results of implementation on the sintering machine KM-14 when converting it from natural to a mixture of process gases, in particular to a mixture of coke and blast furnace. The criterion Py = Vсм1/Vсм2 ≅ 1.0 is proposed, and additional conditions for the substitution of different gases in one burner. Бібл. 13, табл. 4, рис. 8.

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Kujawa, M., R. Suwak, L. A. Dobrzański, A. Gerle, and B. Tomiczek. "Thermal characterization of halloysite materials for porous ceramic preforms." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 107 (January 3, 2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8189.

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Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of sintering raw (natural) halloysite and pure halloysite to produce porous ceramic preforms, and determination of sintering temperature based on the results of investigations into thermal effects, linear changes and phase transitions. Design/methodology/approach: Due to mullitisation ability of halloysite at high temperature, alternative applications based on the sintering technology (including the production of reinforcement of metal matrix composites) are being searched for. Pure halloysite and Dunino halloysite were selected for the study. Findings: Pure halloysite, characterized by low impurities, dimensional stability during sintering, softening temperature above 1500ºC and ability to transform into mullite at temperatures above 950ºC could be used as a base for the production of sintered, porous mullite preforms. Research limitations/implications: Presence of impurities in Dunino halloysite, contribute to the shift of the sintering temperature towards lower temperatures and caused a rapid and uncontrolled shrinkage of the sample and the appearance of the softening temperature at 1300ºC. Practical implications: Based on the research of thermal (DTA/TG, linear changes in high-temperature microscopy) and XRD studies it is possible to determine the sintering temperature of pure halloysite to manufacture the porous mullite preforms with open porosity. Originality/value: The received results show the possibility of obtaining the new mullite preforms based on pure halloysite.

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Ozyegin, L. S., S. Salman, Faik N. Oktar, Simeon Agathopoulos, Onur Meydanoglu, S. Akesi, and I. Yukler. "Improvement of Microstructure of Bovine Hydroxyapatite with Yttria." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.47.

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Composites of calcinated bovine bone derived hydroxyapatite (HA) with 0.5 and 1 wt% Y2O3 were prepared by sintering. Money and time saving feature the production of HA from natural sources. In this study, results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis aimed to interpret the results of measurements of densification, microhardness, and compression strength of the produced composites. The best mechanical properties were achieved after sintering at 1200°C for compressive strength and 1300°C for microhardness. The results are in a fair agreement with densification measurements and microstructure analysis.

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Azaman, Fazureen, Mohd Al Amin Muhamad Nor, Wan Rafizah Wan Abdullah, Mohd Hasmizam Razali, Rumaizah Che Zulkifli, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, and Asmadi Ali. "Review on natural clay ceramic membrane: Fabrication and application in water and wastewater treatment." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n1.2169.

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Membrane technology is important in industrial wastewater and water treatment. Recently, the polymeric membrane technology is widely chosen in these applications. However, they are lowtemperature ranges, low corrosion resistance, and low lifespan. Thus, researchers are actively trying to develop a better membrane technology such as natural clay ceramic membrane due to their excellent in chemical, mechanical and thermal resistance, high-pressure application and long lifespan. This detailed review compiles through the literature of current scientific research over the last ten years. Its highlights the key findings of factors in the fabrication of natural clay ceramic membrane that contributed to its properties. This review article presented an outline of the advantages, disadvantages, and how to overcome the disadvantages, structure, and preparation of ceramic membrane, including method, raw materials, drying and sintering temperature. The review confirmed that the sintering temperature, the composition of raw materials and pore-forming agent are significantly enhanced the mechanical strength and porosity of the natural clay ceramic membrane. However, further development and modification of the natural clay ceramic membrane technology and their applications to treat different environmental pollutants is still necessary.

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Shi, Ling, Yufeng Chang, Linbo Qin, Xinming Huang, Futang Xing, and Wangsheng Chen. "An integrative process of the simultaneous catalytic oxidation of NO, Hg0 and toluene from sintering flue gas by the natural ferrous manganese ore." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 44 (2019): 17486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03697k.

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An integrative process of the simultaneous catalytic oxidation of NO, Hg⁰ and toluene from sintering flue gas by the natural ferrous manganese ore was studied in fixed bed reactor and in situ DRIFTS.

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Wu, Yi, Chuan Qiang Yin, Zheng Guang Zou, Xin Wang, and Xiao Min Li. "Effect of Mo on Properties and Microstructure of Steel-Bonded Cemented Carbide GT35 Produced by In Situ Reduction of Ilmenite." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1633.

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Steel-bonded cemented carbide GT35 was fabricated from natural ilmenite by in-situ carbothermic reduction and vacuum pressureless sintering. The effects of Mo-doped on the mechanical properties and microstructures of GT35 composites were investigated. That the good mechanical properties of steel-bonded cemented carbide GT35 with 9wt% Mo were obtained at the same sintering condition that the density reached 6.223g/cm3 and the average bending strength reached about 1155.6MPa after heat treatment, but the hardness dropped the lowest value HRC 60.94 and the difference was not apparent with the change of Mo content. The additive of Mo is beneficial to be refinement of carbide particle size, sphericity of grains and formation of compact composite. In-situ reduction of natural ilmenite was a feasible way to fabricate good performance composite GT35 with a relative low cost.

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Aboras, Mohamed M., Andanastuti Muchtar, Noor Faeizah Amat, Che Husna Azhari, and Norziha Yahaya. "Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Ceria-Zirconia Prepared by Colloidal Process." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.401.

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The demand for tetragonal zirconia as a dental restorative material has been increasing because of its excellent mechanical properties and resemblance to natural tooth color, as well as its excellent biological compatibility. Cerium oxide (CeO2) has been added to yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP), and studies have demonstrated that the stability of the tetragonal phase can be significantly improved. Y-TZP with 5wt% CeO2 as a second stabilizer was developed via colloidal process, followed by a suitable sintering process. According to the literature, the sintering process is the most crucial stage in ceramic processing to obtain the most homogeneous structure with high density and hardness. This study aims to investigate the effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical properties of nanostructured ceria–zirconia fabricated via colloidal processing and slip casting process with cold isostatic pressing (CIP). Twenty-five pellet specimens were prepared from ceria–zirconia with 20 nm particle size. CeO2 nanopowder was mixed with Y-TZP nanopowder via colloidal processing. The consolidation of the powder was done via slip casting followed by CIP. The samples were divided into five different sintering temperatures with. Results from FESEM, density and hardness analyses demonstrated statistically significant increase in density and hardness as the sintering temperature increased. The hardness increased from 4.65 GPa to 14.14 GPa, and the density increased from 4.70 to 5.97 (g/cm3) as the sintering temperature increased without changing the holding time. Sintering Ce-Y-TZP at 1600 °C produced samples with homogenous structures, high hardness (14.14 GPa), and full densification with 98% of the theoretical density.

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Skorokhod, V. V. "Science of Sintering: Evolution of Ideas, Advances, Current Challenges, and New Trends. I. From Natural Philosophy to Physics of Sintering." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 53, no. 9-10 (January 2015): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-015-9647-1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Natural sintering'

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