Journal articles on the topic 'Natural rubber composite'
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1
Petchsoongsakul, Thidarat, Peerapan Dittanet, Surapich Loykulnant, Chaveewan Kongkaew, and Paweena Prapainainar. "Synthesis of Natural Composite of Natural Rubber Filling Chitosan Nanoparticles." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.96.
Abstract:
Mechanical properties of natural rubber composite were improved by adding chitosan nanoparticles in this work. The chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. The effect of chitosan nanoparticle content in natural rubber at 0, 3, 6 and 9 phr were studied. Size of the synthesized chitosan nanoparticles was 282 ± 96 nm. Natural rubber vulcanization was by electron irradiation at intensity 200 kGy. The morphology of composite was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) were determined by tensile testing. The interaction of filler-rubber was illustrated by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It was found that chitosan nanoparticles was well dispersed within natural rubber matrix. The optimum filler content was affected to mechanicals properties of natural rubber composites. The chitosan nanoparticles at 3 phr in natural rubber composites was found to have the highest mechanical properties. The dispersion and immobilization of chitosan nanoparticles at 3 phr was the best among all loading. In addition, 3 phr chitosan nanoparticles / natural rubber composite had filler-rubber higher interaction than those of other loading.
2
Nakaramontri, Yeampon, Charoen Nakason, Claudia Kummerlöwe, and Norbert Vennemann. "INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED NATURAL RUBBER ON PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER–CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.85949.
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ABSTRACT Carbon nanotube (CNT)–filled natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by using an internal mixer and a two-roll mill. Various types of NR, including unmodified NR, epoxidized NR (ENR), and maleated NR (MNR), were used. The chemical reactions between rubber molecules and functional groups on the CNT surface were characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cure characteristics, tensile properties, relaxation behavior, and electrical conductivity of the various gum rubbers and the CNT-filled rubber composites were investigated. It was found that the addition of CNTs significantly affected the composite properties. This is due not only to the excellent properties of the CNT itself but also to the physical and chemical interactions between modified rubber molecules and CNT surfaces. On comparison between the three types of NR, it was observed that the ENR-CNT composite showed the highest values of delta torque, tensile strength, and initial relaxation modulus. This confirms the homogeneous distribution of CNT particles in the ENR matrix, which in turn resulted from enhanced interactions of functional groups on CNT surfaces and epoxide groups in ENR molecules. Furthermore, electrical conductivity as a function of CNT content was examined to estimate the electrical percolation threshold value and to determine the state of dispersion of CNTs.
3
Gümrük, Recep, Uğur Mazlum, and R. A. W. Mines. "COMPRESSIVE MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF HYBRID COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON MICRO LATTICE STRUCTURE AND RUBBERLIKE MATERIALS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.86921.
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ABSTRACT This article investigates compressive and energy absorption characteristics for composites obtained by filling stainless steel micro lattice materials, manufactured via the selective laser melting method, with three different rubbers, including room temperature vulcanization silicone, natural rubber, and neoprene rubber. At the stage of building the composites with natural and neoprene rubbers, an experimental setup was designed for these two rubbers to be infiltrated into lattice spaces under vulcanization temperatures and high pressures. The results showed that the composites with silicone and neoprene matrix had a quite similar response as well as a seriously enhanced energy absorbing capacity and plateau stresses, in comparison with the corresponding lattice structures, for especially small sized lattice components. Also, the compression tests of the composite with natural rubber matrix clearly show that there should be no large differences between the individual mechanical properties of each component in the composite, and, in this way, the contribution of each component on the mechanical behavior of composite should be guaranteed to provide the satisfying performance.
4
Roy, Kumarjyoti, Subhas Chandra Debnath, Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "NATURAL RUBBER/MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE COMPOSITES WITH EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AS COMPATIBILIZER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.81533.
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ABSTRACT An exploration of the effect of epoxidized NR with 50 mole% epoxide groups (ENR-50) as compatibilizer on the rubber–filler interaction of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-filled NR composites was conducted. The compatibilizing efficiency of ENR-50 was systematically examined in terms of cure and mechanical and thermal properties of NR/MCC composites. ENR-50 compatibilized NR/MCC composites showed moderate enhancement in the maximum rheometric torque and tensile properties compared to either uncompatibilized NR/MCC composite or unfilled NR system. The solvent uptake measurements indicated improved interfacial interaction between NR matrix and MCC in presence of ENR-50 as compatibilizer. A thermogravimetric analysis confirmed excellent improvement in the thermal stability of NR/MCC composite in the presence of ENR-50 as compatibilizer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to explain the probable mechanism of interaction between NR matrix and MCC in the presence of ENR-50.
5
Choosang, N., and W. Smitthipong. "Study of nylon textile-reinforced natural rubber composite." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1234, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1234/1/012012.
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Abstract This study focuses on the production of nylon-reinforced natural rubber composites. In general, technical textiles serve as reinforcement and strength materials for a wide range of applications in rubber/textile composites. The adhesion between rubber and nylon is the most important factor affecting the assembly process and the strength of the finished product. The results showed that natural rubber reinforced with nylon textiles can be efficiently prepared by splicing a single layer of nylon fabric between two layers of rubber. The nylon textile-reinforced natural rubber composite was characterized by tensile testing machines and rubber curing characteristics, etc. The main result showed that the mechanical properties of rubber/nylon composites were higher than those of pure rubber. From the experimental results, it was found that nylon fabric can strengthen the natural rubber composite material for use with car tires.
6
Lee, Sung-Hun, Gun-Woo Park, Hee-Jun Kim, Kyungho Chung, and Keon-Soo Jang. "Effects of Filler Functionalization on Filler-Embedded Natural Rubber/Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer Composites." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 3502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173502.
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Natural rubber (NR) presents a number of advantages over other types of rubber but has poor resistance to chemicals and aging. The incorporation of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) into the NR matrix may be able to address this issue. Mineral fillers, such as carbon black (CB) and silica are routinely incorporated into various elastomers owing to their low cost, enhanced processability, good functionality, and high resistance to chemicals and aging. Other fillers have been examined as potential alternatives to CB and silica. In this study, phlogopite was surface-modified using 10 phr of compatibilizers, such as aminopropyltriethoxysilane (A1S), aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane (A2S), or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (ES), and mixed with NR/EPDM blends. The effects of untreated and surface-treated phlogopite on the mechanical properties of the rubber blend were then compared with those of common fillers (CB and silica) for rubbers. The incorporation of surface-modified phlogopite into NR/EPDM considerably enhanced various properties. The functionalization of the phlogopite surface using silane-based matters (amino- and epoxide-functionalized) led to excellent compatibility between the rubber matrix and phlogopite, thereby improving diverse properties of the elastomeric composites, with effects analogous to those of CB. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the phlogopite-embedded NR/EPDM composite were lower than those of the CB-incorporated NR/EPDM composite by 30% and 10%, respectively. Among the prepared samples, the ES-functionalized phlogopite showed the best compatibility with the rubber matrix, exhibiting a tensile strength and modulus of composites that were 35% and 18% higher, respectively, compared with those of the untreated phlogopite-incorporated NR/EPDM composite. The ES-functionalized phlogopite/NR/EPDM showed similar strength and higher modulus (by 18%) to the CB/NR/EPDM rubber composite, despite slightly lower elongation at break and toughness. The results of rebound resilience and compression set tests indicated that the elasticity of the surface-modified phlogopite/NR/EPDM rubber composite was higher than that of the silica- and CB-reinforced composites. These improvements could be attributed to enhancements in the physical and chemical interactions among the rubber matrix, stearic acid, and functionalized (compatibilized) phlogopite. Therefore, the functionalized phlogopite can be utilized in a wide range of applications for rubber compounding.
7
Dasaesamoh, Abedeen, Kittikhun Khotmungkhun, and Kittitat Subannajui. "Natural Rigid and Hard Plastic Fabricated from Elastomeric Degradation of Natural Rubber Composite with Ultra-High Magnesium Carbonate Content." Polymers 15, no. 14 (July 18, 2023): 3078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15143078.
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It is known that natural rubber is an elastomeric polymer; hence, the main uses are usually limited to soft applications. For the process to reverse the elastomeric effect of natural rubber to obtain rigid plastic from a natural material, an ultra-high amount of magnesium carbonate particles was added to the natural rubber to study the effect of magnesium carbonate in the reduction of elastomeric properties. High magnesium carbonate ratios of 80–180 phr were mixed in the natural rubber in the latex form to maximize the mixing capability since it was more difficult to achieve these mixture ratios with only two roll mill or extruder processes. The more magnesium carbonate powders in the composite, the higher torques were measured from the moving die rheometer (MDR) test. The powder was thoroughly mixed inside the composite, which was observed from energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) mapping; however, the matrix of composites was filled with porosity due to the CO2 formation when latex with magnesium carbonate was assimilated with acid during the vulcanization process. The strength of the composite dropped, and the elongations were shortened. On the other hand, the hardness of composites was drastically increased. The composite lost the elastomeric property, and the hard natural rubber composites were obtained.
8
Zeng, Zong Qiang, He Ping Yu, Hong Chao Liu, Shuang Quan Liao, and Zheng Peng. "Fabrication of Rice Husk Ash/Natural Rubber Composite." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.92.
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The preparation of rubber-based composite from agricultural by-product is the main trend to upgrade the performance of rubber and reduce the cost. In this work, the rice husk ash/natural rubber (RHA/NR) composites were prepared by latex mixing process using the RHA modified with rare earth coupling agent. The mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal stability and morphology of RHA/NR composites were analyzed by universal testing machine, dynamic mechanical analyzer, thermo gravimetric analyzer and scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that previous modification of RHA with rare earth coupling agent can improve the dispersion of RHA in NR matrix significantly and increase the interaction between RHA particles and NR matrix and thus upgrade the mechanical properties and anti-oxidative behaviors of RHA/NR composite. The RHA/NR composite of highest mechanical properties and anti-oxidative behaviors can be obtained with a RHA loading of 4 per hundred rubber.
9
Ren, Xianjie, Cindy S. Barrera, Janice L. Tardiff, Andres Gil, and Katrina Cornish. "Liquid Guayule Natural Rubber, a Sustainable Processing Aid, Enhances the Processability, Durability and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Rubber Composites." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 3605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103605.
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Petroleum-based oils are widely used as processing aids in rubber composites to improve processability but can adversely affect rubber composite performance and increase carbon footprint. In this research, liquid guayule natural rubber (LGNR), produced from guayule natural rubber, was used as a renewable processing aid to replace naphthenic oil (NO) in Hevea natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and guayule natural rubber (GNR) composites. The rheological properties, thermal stability, glass transition temperature, dynamic mechanical properties, aging, and ozone resistance of rubber composites with and without NO or LGNR were compared. Natural and synthetic rubber composites made with LGNR had similar processability to those made with NO, but had improved thermal stability, mechanical properties after aging, and ozone resistance. This was due to the strong LGNR–filler interaction and additional crosslinks formed between LGNR and the rubber matrices. The glass transition temperature of SBR composites was reduced by LGNR because of its increased molecular mobility. Thus, unlike NO, LGNR processing aid can simultaneously improve rubber composite durability, dynamic performance and renewability. The commercialization of LGNR has the potential to open a new sustainable processing-aid market.
10
Leelawanachai, Wasan, Nattapol Dedruktip, and Nuchnapa Tangboriboon. "Energy-Absorption Ability of Embedding Whisker Alumina Fiber into Natural Rubber Composite for Insulation Applications." Materials Science Forum 987 (April 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.987.47.
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Natural rubber is an elastomeric material to make rubber products such as toys, households, automobiles, wheel tires, medical and health care products. Natural rubber compound is one kind of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) composed of natural rubber compound acted as a matrix phase and filler acted as a dispersed or reinforcement phase. There are many kinds of fillers used in the PMCs in terms of particles, fibers, and structural sheets. Adding organic/inorganic fibers into the natural rubber composites can increase the mechanical-thermal-physical properties and sound absorption. The natural rubber embedded fiber composite samples were prepared via the vulcanization process at the curing temperature 150°C by the two-roll mill. The amount of whisker alumina (Al2O3), coconut coir and water hyacinth fiber were varied from 0 to 50 phr on 100 phr of natural rubber in a sulfur curing system. The obtained rubber composite samples were of good mechanical properties, low thermal conductivity and good acoustic-sound absorption, suitable for various applications such as automobile, insulation and storage tank. The obtained rubber composite with 10 phr whisker alumina added (NR-Al-10) possessed the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, elongation at break and thermal conductivity values equal to 14.38 ± 1.95 MPa, 545.63 ± 25.67 MPa, 1038.4 ± 41.45% and 0.02527 ± 0.0003 W/m.K, respectively. Furthermore, the sound absorption value of natural rubber composite added 10 phr whisker alumina (NR-Al-10) is equal to 45.09% in the range of 3000‒4000 Hz of acoustic sound level better than the pure natural compound without adding filler.
11
Nasruddin, Nasruddin, and Tri Susanto. "Study of the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites with Synthetic Rubber Using Used Cooking Oil as a Softener." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 5 (July 18, 2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.42343.
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This research aims to study the mechanical properties of natural rubber composites with nitrile butadiene rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber. Composite fillers consisted of kaolin, and softener using used cooking oil. The study was carried out by the method of mastication, vulcanization, and maturation of the compound into rubber vulcanizates. The vulcanization and mastication process is carried out in the open mill. The maturation of the compound into rubber vulcanizates from the results of mastication and vulcanization was carried out using semi-automatic heat press and press at a temperature of 130 °C ± 2 °C for 17 min. Based on data from testing the mechanical properties of five samples from five formulas, the mechanical properties of composite rubber are affected by the ratio of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, kaolin, and used cooking oil as a softener. The difference in the results of vulcanizates rubber testing of natural rubber composites with synthetic rubber is not only influenced by the ratio of the composite, but also by the degree of cross-linking between the material molecules.
12
Noor Najmi, Bonnia, Sahrim Haji Ahmad, Surip Siti Norasmah, S. S. Nurul, Noor Azlina Hassan, and Hazleen Anuar. "Mechanical Properties and Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance of Rubber Toughened Polyester/Clay Composite." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.318.
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Crosslinked polyester clay nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing originically modified montmorillonite in prepromoted polyester resin and subsequently crosslinked using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide catalyst at different clay concentration. Cure process and the mechanical properties of rubber toughened polyester clay composite have been studied. Rubber toughened thermoset polyester composite were prepared by adding 3 per hundred rubber (phr) of liquid natural rubber (LNR) was used in the mixing of producing this composite. Modification of polyester matrix was done due to the brittle problem of polyester composite. Addition of LNR will increase the toughness of composite and produce ductile polyester. Two types of composites were produced which is clay-lnr polyester composite and clay polyester composite. Addition of liquid natural rubber significantly increased the impact strength and flexural properties. Result shows that addition of 6% of clay-lnr composite give good properties on impact, strength and flexural. From the ESCR test, both composites showed good resistance to environmental.
13
Ruksakulpiwat, Yupaporn, Jatuporn Sridee, Nitinat Suppakarn, and Wimonlak Sutapun. "Natural Rubber and EPDM Rubber as an Impact Modifier in Vetiver Grass-Polypropylene Composites." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.427.
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In this research, vetiver grass was used as a filler in polypropylene (PP) composite. Chemical treatment was done to modify fiber surface. Natural rubber (NR) and EPDM rubber at various contents were used as an impact modifier of the composites. The composites were prepared by using an injection molding. By adding NR or EPDM to PP composites, a significant increase in the impact strength and elongation at break was observed in PP composite with rubber content more than 20% by weight. However, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composites decrease with increasing rubber contents. Nevertheless, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composites with NR or EPDM are still higher than those of PP up to 10% and 20% rubber contents, respectively. Comparisons between NR and EPDM rubber on the mechanical properties of the composites were elucidated.
14
Kitsawat, Veerapat, Saranrat Siri, and Muenduen Phisalaphong. "Electrically Conductive Natural Rubber Composite Films Reinforced with Graphite Platelets." Polymers 16, no. 2 (January 20, 2024): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16020288.
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Green natural rubber (NR) composites reinforced with synthetic graphite platelets, using alginate as a thickening and dispersing agent, were successfully developed to improve mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and electrical conductivity. The fabrication was performed using a latex aqueous microdispersion process. The research demonstrated the effective incorporation of graphite platelets into the NR matrix up to 60 parts per hundred rubbers (phr) without causing agglomeration or phase separation. Graphite incorporation significantly improved the mechanical strength of the composite films. NR with 60 phr of graphite exhibited the highest Young’s modulus of 12.3 MPa, roughly 100 times that of the neat NR film. The reinforcement also strongly improved the hydrophilicity of the composite films, resulting in a higher initial water absorption rate compared to the neat NR film. Moreover, the incorporation of graphite significantly improved the chemical resistance of the composite films against nonpolar solvents, such as toluene. The composite films exhibited biodegradability at about 21% to 30% after 90 days in soil. The electrical conductivity of the composite films was considerably enhanced up to 2.18 × 10−4 S/cm at a graphite loading of 60 phr. According to the improved properties, the developed composites have potential applications in electronic substrates.
15
Kumar M, Thanuj, Sanga Shetty S G, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, Ladawan Songtipya, Yeampon Nakaramontri, and Jobish Johns. "Combination of silk fabric and natural rubber for the development of green composites: Influence of curing on mechanical and thermal properties." Polymers and Polymer Composites 29, no. 9_suppl (October 21, 2021): S1204—S1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911211049103.
Abstract:
Unmodified natural rubber is not suitable for any elstomeric applications. Therefore, it is appropriate to modify natural rubber chemically to enhance the stability, which can be termed as vulcanization. Incorporation of fibers/fabrics is a common method to increase the stability of natural rubber along with chemical modification. Natural rubber-based composites have been prepared by the addition of silk fabric into natural rubber. The matrix material for the composite is glutaraldehyde cured natural rubber. Silk is an ecofriendly and biodegradable material with excellent tensile strength. When such kind of fabric is introduced into the vulcanized rubber as the matrix, all the physical properties were found to be enhanced considerably. Tensile properties in terms of ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus of elasticity are measured for the composites of natural rubber/silk fabric at various glutaraldehyde concentrations. Thermogravimetric analysis and temperature scanning stress relaxation techniques are employed to evaluate the thermal stability of the resulting composites. Effects of glutaraldehyde addition on the physical properties of the composite were studied in detail. Considerable enhancement in the stability of natural rubber in terms of tensile properties, thermal stability, and solvent resistance is noticed up on the incorporation of silk fabric as well as glutaraldehyde curing.
16
Srinivasarao, Yaragalla, Yahaya Subban Ri Hanum, Chin Han Chan, Kalarikkal Nandakumar, and Thomas Sabu. "Electrical Properties of Graphene Filled Natural Rubber Composites." Advanced Materials Research 812 (September 2013): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.263.
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Thermally reduced graphene oxide (graphene) filled natural rubber (NR) composites were fabricated by melt mixing method. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss and a.c conductivity data of the NR composites are reported. Highest conductivity of 3 x 10-4 S/m was obtained for the composite with 3 wt. % graphene with initial electrical percolation at a loading of 0.5 wt. %. High conductivity in the composite with 3 wt. % graphene is accounted by its homogeneity as observed in SEM micrographs.
17
Araki, Kunihiro, Syonosuke Kaneko, Koki Matsumoto, Asahiro Nagatani, Tatsuya Tanaka, and Yoshihiko Arao. "Improvement of the Functionalities of Natural Rubber/Cellulose Composites Using Epoxidized Natural Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 1110 (June 2015): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1110.51.
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We investigated the efficient use of cellulose to resolve the problem of the depletion of fossil resources. In this study, as the biomass material, the green composite based on natural rubber (NR) and the flake-shaped cellulose particles (FSCP) was produced. Moreover, in order to improve vibration-damping and O2barrier properties, NR and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) blends were also used. In addition, butyl rubber (IIR) was used as a target of damping or gas-barrier materials. Vibration-damping and O2barrier properties of the composite including FSCP was increased with increasing ENR content. In particular, we found that ENR-50 composite containing 50 phr FSCP has higher vibration-damping property than IIR composite containing 50 phr carbon black.
18
Alexandrescu, Laurenţia, Mihai Georgescu, Maria Sönmez, Mihaela Nițuică, Maria-Daniela Stelescu, and Dana Gurău. "Polymer Composite Based on Natural Rubber and Functionalized Rubber Waste." Leather and Footwear Journal 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/lfj.22.3.5.
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In this work, biodegradable polymer composites were made based on natural rubber and post-consumer vulcanized rubber waste functionalized with potassium oleate, in various proportions (5, 10, 20, 30, 50%), cryogenically ground to dimensions of min. 500 nm and polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride as compatibilizer between the two phases. This composite will be made into a low-density product, with low cost, and last but not least, biodegradable, with the recovery and reuse of waste, containing post-consumer polymers. The methodology for making the new materials involves the following steps: sorting waste, grinding, functionalization and compounding. These operations are easy to manage and do not involve new equipment. Compounding, the most important operation, is carried out on a roller and the mixtures are processed into finished products by compression in an electric press. The tested biodegradable composites were structurally and physico-mechanically characterized. Waste transformation (ground and functionalized) into new value-added products will lead to remarkable improvements in the life cycle of raw materials and the sustainable use of this waste, contributing to sustainability, improving eco-efficiency and economic efficiency and reducing the “pressure” of waste on the environment.
19
Teangtam, Sarocha, Wissanee Yingprasert, and Phichit Somboon. "Production of micro-lignocellulosic fibril rubber composites and their application in coated layers of building materials." BioResources 19, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 620–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.620-634.
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Novel composite materials were made by combining micro-lignocellulosic fibrils and natural rubber applied as spray coated layers for building materials. The micro-lignocellulosic fibrils were produced based on the mechanical pulping process with jute bast as the raw material. The obtained micro-lignocellulosic fibrils had a good content of water-suspended materials with fibril widths of about 0.1 to 1.0 µm and fibril length of about 100 to 150 µm. The composites were produced using natural rubber mixed with the micro-lignocellulosic fibrils at 0, 5, and 10 parts per hundred of rubber, vulcanizing sulfur, and activated zinc oxide. The fibril-rubber suspension was formed in the composite sheets with a thickness of 0.5 to 1.5 mm using a spray coating technique and was oven-dried at 100 °C. The rubber composite had a homogenous fibril distribution in the rubber composite matrix, with good bonding between the fibrils and the rubber polymers. The fibrils contributed to the strength reinforcement of the rubber composite layers. The application of the micro-lignocellulosic fibril rubber composites coated onto industrial fiber cement boards enhanced the thermal insulation properties, which had a lower degree of thermal conductivity and heat diffusivity and enhanced the toughness and waterproofing of the fiber cement boards.
20
Reowdecha, Manuchet, Chalermchat Sukthaworn, Peerapan Dittanet, Nantina Moonprasith, Thipjak Na Lampang, Surapich Loykulnant, and Paweena Prapainainar. "Degradation of Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber by UV Radiation and Humidity in Soil." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.314.
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In this research study, the degradation of natural rubber was applied for applications in agriculture products such as rubber mulch. This work included the synthesis of 20% wt silica/ natural rubber composites from high ammonia concentrate latex (HA) and fresh latex (FL). They were casted by film casting. The experimental study of rubber composite degradation was done by putting the samples underground and above the soil surface under accelerated degradation test box equipped with a solar simulator lamp for a period of 50 days. Samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the dispersion on cross-sectional area between natural rubber and silica. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to analyze the thermal stability of the composites. Tensile strength (MPa), modulus at 100% elongation (MPa), and elongation at break (%) of the samples after aging were tested by focusing on. It was found that thermal degradation of natural rubber compounds consisted of one step of mass loss between 341°C and 455°C. The SEM result showed good dispersion of Si in the rubber samples. Moreover, it was found that before aging, the composite samples had higher tensile strength than that of the rubber. After aging, the composite samples had lower tensile strength than that of the rubber. Elongation @ break value of HA/Si and FL/Si after aging were decreased obviously.
21
Azira, Abd Aziz, Dayang Habibah Abangismawi I. Hassim, D. Verasamy, Abu Bakar Suriani, and M. Rusop. "Properties of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.195.
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In order to achieve improvements in the performance of rubber materials, the development of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced rubber composites was attempted. The CNT/epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) nanocomposite was prepared through latex technology. Physical and mechanical properties of the CNT/ENR nanocomposites were characterized in contrast to the carbon black (CB)/ENR composite. The dispersion of the CNTs in the rubber matrix and interfacial bonding between them were rather good; monitored transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the CNT-reinforced ENR showed a considerable increase compared to the neat ENR and traditional CB/ENR composite. The storage modulus of the CNT/ENR nanocomposites greatly exceeds that of neat ENR and CB/ENR composites and a maximum conductivity of about 1 S m-1 can be achieved. The approach presented can be adapted to other CNT/polymer latex systems.
22
Tian, Xiaolong, Shuang Han, Qianxiao Zhuang, Huiguang Bian, Shaoming Li, Changquan Zhang, Chuansheng Wang, and Wenwen Han. "Surface Modification of Staple Carbon Fiber by Dopamine to Reinforce Natural Latex Composite." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040988.
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Carbon fiber significantly enhances the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of rubber composites, which are widely used in aerospace, military, national defense and other cutting-edge fields. The preparation of a high-performance carbon fiber rubber composite has been a research hotspot, because the surface of carbon fiber is smooth, reactive inert and has a poor adhesion with rubber. In this paper, a high-performance rubber composite is prepared by mixing dopamine-modified staple carbon fiber with natural latex, and the mechanisms of modified carbon fiber-reinforced natural latex composite are explored. The experimental results show that the surface-modified staple carbon fiber forms uniform and widely covered polydopamine coatings, which significantly improve the interface adhesion between the carbon fiber and the rubber matrix. Meanwhile, when the concentration of dopamine is 1.5 g/L and the staple carbon fiber is modified for 6h, the carbon fiber rubber composite shows excellent conductivity, thermal conductivity, and dynamic mechanical properties, and its tensile strength is 10.6% higher than that of the unmodified sample.
23
Surya, Indra, Kamaruddin Waesateh, Abdulhakim Masa, and Nabil Hayeemasae. "Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 3536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203536.
Abstract:
Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) are chemically similar to clay, which makes them incompatible with non-polar rubbers such as natural rubber (NR). Modification of NR into a polar rubber is of interest. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) was prepared in order to obtain a composite that could assure filler–matrix compatibility. However, the performance of this composite was still not satisfactory, so an alternative to the basic HNT filler was pursued. The surface area of HNT was further increased by etching with acid; the specific surface increased with treatment time. The FTIR spectra confirmed selective etching on the Al–OH surface of HNT with reduction in peak intensity in the regions 3750–3600 cm−1 and 825–725 cm−1, indicating decrease in Al–OH structures. The use of acid-treated HNT improved modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the filled composites. This was attributed to the filler–matrix interactions of acid-treated HNT with ENR. Further evidence was found from the Payne effect being reduced to 44.2% through acid treatment of the filler. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the degree of crystallinity observed from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.
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Kaewduang, Manit, Ekrachan Chaichana, Bunjerd Jongsomjit, and Adisak Jaturapiree. "Use of Coir-Filled LLDPE as a Reinforcement for Natural Rubber Composite." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.522.
Abstract:
Cellulose based fibers such as sisal, jute and coir are ones of the most frequently used reinforcing fillers for composite materials including natural rubber composites because they can improve mechanical properties of their composites. However, the main disadvantages of these composites are the poor compatibility between the fiber surface and the host matrices, mainly due to the highly hydrophilic character of the fibers and the hydrophobic character of the host materials. Therefore, in this research, coir had been modified with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) prior to introducing into the natural rubber composites. The coir-filled LLDPE was synthesized by in situ polymerization with MAO/metallocene catalyst, named as modified coir. The unmodified coir and modified coir were then blended with natural rubber latex to obtain natural rubber composites. The morphology and thermal dynamic mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The composites blended with the modified coir showed the better compatibility between the coir and the natural rubber than those with the unmodified coir. In addition, they also showed the greater storage modulus and lower tan delta than the unmodified counterpart and the pure natural rubber without the reinforcement.
25
Azira, Abd Aziz, D. Verasamy, N. S. Abdullah, and M. M. Kamal. "Epoxidised Natural Rubber/Silica Organic-Inorganic Composite for Tyre Masterbatch." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.205.
Abstract:
Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) / silica (Si) organic-inorganic composites were prepared by using a sol-gel technique. The choice of ENR (50 mol % epoxidation level), as a matrix was made because of its polar nature which can interact with the silica. The processing of the masterbatch was carried out by sol-gel method at room temperature by dispersing the silica in the rubber and coagulated with steam bath. The performance of the composites was evaluated in this work for the viability of ENR/Si in tyre compounding. Compounding was carried out on a two roll mill, where the additives and curing agents was later mixed. Characterization of these composites was performed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for dispersion as well as mechanical testing. Silica was also efficient as primary reinforcing filler in ENR with regard to modulus and tensile strength, resulting on an increase in the stiffness of the rubbers. Improvement in tensile strength over the control crosslinked rubber sample was probably due to synergisms of silica reinforcement and crosslinking of the rubber phase.
26
Li, Lin, and Jin Kuk Kim. "Mechanical Properties of Recycled Butyl Rubber/Virgin Butyl Rubber Composite." Advanced Materials Research 621 (December 2012): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.621.8.
Abstract:
Large amounts of butyl rubber (IIR) are used as inner tires for aeroplanes, trucks, cars, two-wheelers etc. However, after long runs when these tires are not serviceable they are discarded. Almost the entire amount of rubber from the worn out tires is discarded, which again need very long time for natural degradation due to crosslinked structure of rubbers and presence of additives. To solve this problem, recycled rubber is used as a partial substitute for new IIR in inner tire compounds. The blends with a certain amount of recycled rubber content show good mechanical properties.
27
Duy, Linh Nguyen Pham, Chuong Bui, Liem Thanh Nguyen, Tung Huy Nguyen, Nguyen Thanh Tung, and Duong Duc La. "Dioctyl Phthalate-Modified Graphene Nanoplatelets: An Effective Additive for Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132541.
Abstract:
Graphene has been extensively considered an ideal additive to improve the mechanical properties of many composite materials, including rubbers, because of its novel strength, high surface area, and remarkable thermal and electron conductivity. However, the pristine graphene shows low dispersibility in the rubber matrix resulting in only slightly enhanced mechanical properties of the rubber composite. In this work, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were modified with dioctyl phthalate (DOP) to improve the dispersibility of the graphene in the natural rubber (NR). The distribution of the DOP-modified GNPs in the NR matrix was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of the modified GNPs’ contents on the mechanical properties of the GNPs/NR composite was studied in detail. The results showed that the abrasion resistance of the graphene-reinforced rubber composite significantly improved by 10 times compared to that of the rubber without graphene (from 0.3 to 0.03 g/cycle without and with addition of the 0.3 phr modified GNPs). The addition of the modified GNPs also improved the shear and tensile strength of the rubber composite. The tensile strength and shear strength of the NR/GNPs composite with a GNPs loading of 0.3 phr were determined to be 23.63 MPa and 42.69 N/mm, respectively. Even the presence of the graphene reduced the other mechanical properties such as Shore hardness, elongation at break, and residual elongation; however, these reductions were negligible, which still makes the modified GNPs significant as an effective additive for the natural rubber in applications requiring high abrasion resistance.
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Ismail, Andi Idhil, Rasidah Rasidah, and Ridhwan Haliq. "Pengaruh Massa Filler-Matriks terhadap Sifat Mekanik dan Daya Serap Air pada Komposit Cangkang Biji Karet." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 12, no. 2 (August 15, 2021): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2021.012.02.7.
Abstract:
The amount of rubber seed waste in Indonesia is highly yielded as a side product from a large amount of rubber trees plantation. The rubber seed was not processed become the usefull application yet, thus it becomes a high volume of waste in each year. An initiative should be done to turn it as a practical material. The rubber seed is potential for natural composite along with the increasing attention toward natural composite application.This work aims to produce natural fibre composite based on rubber seed and characterize it's mechanical properties. In this work, the rubber seed natural composite produced by using the hand lay-up method. Polyester resin YUCALAC BQTN-157 was used as the matrix with the addition of 1% MEKP (Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone- Peroxide) as the catalyst. Mechanical properties of the composite were examined by using a tensile and bending test. Additionally, the water absorption test was performed according to the ASTM D 570. The result showed that the tensile and bending strength decrease with increasing the filler composition, which is added in the composite. The composite, which has the filler composition of 40% was generate the highest tensile strength. In contrast, the lowest tensile strength appeared at the composite with a filler of 60%. The bending strength trend also behaves similarly with the tensile strength as the filler composition increased. Water absorption ability of composites displays the acceptable value as it shows within the range of 2.22-2.96%.
29
Samyn, Pieter, Frank Driessen, and Dirk Stanssens. "Natural Rubber Composites for Paper Coating Applications." Materials Proceedings 2, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ciwc2020-06832.
Abstract:
Natural rubbers are characterized by extremely high molecular weight that might be beneficial in the formation of a protective barrier layer on paper substrates, providing good cohesive properties but limited adhesion to the substrate. In parallel, the low glass transition temperature of natural rubber might give the opportunity for good sealability, in contrast with severe problems of tack. Therefore, natural rubbers can be good candidates to serve as an alternative ecological binder in paper coatings for water and grease barrier resistance. In order to tune the surface properties of the paper coating, the effect of different fillers in natural rubber coatings are evaluated on rheological, thermo–mechanical and surface properties. The fillers are selected according to common practice for the paper industry, including talc, kaolinite clay and a type of organic nanoparticle, which are all added in the range of 5 to 20 wt.-%. Depending on the selected natural rubber, the dispersibility range (i.e., dispersive and distributive mixing) of the fillers in the latex phase highly varies and filler/matrix interactions are the strongest for nanoparticle fillers. An optimum selection of viscosity range allows us to obtain homogeneous mixtures without the need of surface modification of the additives. After bar-coating natural rubber latex composites on paper substrates, the drying properties of the composite coatings are followed by spectroscopy, illustrating the influences of selected additives on the vulcanization process. In particular, the latter most efficiently improves in the presence of nanoparticle fillers and highly increases the coating hydrophobicity in parallel, reducing the adhesive tack surface properties, as predicted from calculated work of adhesion.
30
Loonpun, Chonpicha, Arisara Chaikittiratana, Utid Suripa, and Atitaya Tohsan. "Eco-Friendly Composites Derived from Natural Rubber and Wasted Materials." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.261.
Abstract:
The fillers from agriculture and industrial wastes filled natural rubber (NR) have been prepared to clarify their properties and develop to be the eco-friendly composites. This research aims to study the composites namely rice husk ash (RHA)/NR, clay/NR and crumb rubber/NR composites on the curing characteristics, mechanical and morphological properties. The results indicated that depending on a chemical composition of fillers, the properties of the composites are varied. For clay/NR composite, the occurrence of vulcanization was delayed comparing to the others. In term of mechanical properties, crumb/NR composite shows a toughest characteristic, for examples, it has the highest tensile strength, elongation at break and tear resistance, whereas hysteresis loss was found to be lowest among the composites. The toughness of crumb/NR composite can be influenced by a better interfacial interaction between filler and matrix comparing to the others as revealed by SEM. The clay/NR composite, on the other hand, has the highest hardness among the composites due to the hardness of clay itself and its uniformity of particle size. In the case of RHA/NR composite, from morphological observation by SEM shows that RHA particles have very poor dispersion in NR matrix which resulted in poor mechanical properties. However, the presence of RHA agglomerates was found to be beneficial for loading a high stress under a small deformation, for example, at 25% elongation. Therefore, these three difference composites from wasted materials were found to have unique characteristics which can be chosen and applied for some specific applications.
31
Kaisone, Thiti, Nathdanai Harnkarnsujarit, Thanawadee Leejarkpai, and Tarinee Nampitch. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Toughened PLA Composite Foams with Modified Coconut Fiber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.179.
Abstract:
Composite foams from PLA, natural rubber and modified coconut fibers was prepared employing a compression molding method, which is suitable for the fabrication of composites containing high fiber content. The results revealed that the incorporation of natural rubber into composite foams increases the compressive stress to 101.17 kN/m2. Further, a 10% wt increase of modified coconut fiber added into composite foams resulted in an increase of compressive stress to 105.24 kN/m2. The addition of modified coconut fibers in composite foams showed a slight decrease of the crystallization state, obtained by DSC results by about 1-3 oC. Thus, modified coconut fibers played a role as a nucleating agent. Moreover, the combination of modified coconut fibers in composite foams could lead to improved adhesion between the surface area of PLA matrix and the natural rubber phase.
32
Nallusamy, S. "RETRACTED: Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Black-Halloysite Nanotube Hybrid Composites Using XRD and SEM." Journal of Nano Research 45 (January 2017): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.45.208.
Abstract:
Composite materials are the leading emerging materials over the past twenty years since its introduction. Among the natural composites, carbon black-halloysite nanotubes hybrid composite is one of the recent emerging sector in the composite field, because of its high strength with less density as compared to the metal matrix composite. In this research carbon black-halloysite nanotubes hybrid composites based on synthetic rubber copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene were prepared and tested. The carbon black loading was kept fixed at sixty per hour and halloysite nanotube loading was varied from zero to ten parts per hundred rubbers per hour. The effect of carbon black-halloysite nanotube hybrid fillers on the curing behaviour, mechanical properties and morphology of the high nitrile rubber nanocomposites were investigated. The cure characteristics showed that the scorch time and cure time increased with the halloysite nanotube loading. The maximum torque exhibited an increasing trend from zero to six per hour. The tensile properties which exhibited an increasing trend until an optimum loading of six per hour were mainly influenced by the high nitrile rubber-carbon black-halloysite nanotube interaction and the intercalation of rubber and carbon black into the tubules. X-ray diffraction test and scanning electron microscope studies were supported to the results obtained.
33
Wang, Jian, Kaiye Zhang, Guoxia Fei, Martina Salzano de Luna, Marino Lavorgna, and Hesheng Xia. "High Silica Content Graphene/Natural Rubber Composites Prepared by a Wet Compounding and Latex Mixing Process." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112549.
Abstract:
The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified natural rubber composite (NR) filled with high contents of silica was prepared by a wet compounding and latex mixing process using a novel interface modifier cystamine dihydrochloride (CDHC) with coagulation ability. CDHC acts as a coagulation agent through electrostatic interaction with rGO, SiO2, and latex rubber particles during the latex-based preparation process, while in the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composites, CDHC acts as an interface modifier. Compared with the composites prepared by the conventional mechanical mixing method, the dispersion of both rGO and SiO2 in the composites made by a wet compounding and latex mixing process is improved. As a result, the obtained silica/graphene/natural rubber composite prepared by this new method has good comprehensive properties. A Dynamic Mechanical Test suggests that the tan δ values of the composites at 60 °C decrease, indicating a low rolling resistance with increasing the graphene content at a low strain, but it increases at a higher strain. This unique feature for this material provides an advantage in the rubber tire application.
34
Budianto, E., M. Anggaravidya, Sudirman, C. Liza, B. Soegijono, and M. Djamin. "Effect of Sonofication of Carbon Black and 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) on the Properties of Rubber-Carbon Black Composite." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.203.
Abstract:
In order to improve the mechanical properties of natural rubber so it can be used as raw material for industrial component, it is required to add filler and coupling agent to the natural rubber. In previous study, carbon black obtained from sonofication process for 3 and 5 hours was added (filled) to improve thermal and mechanical properties of rubber-carbon black, where the improvement was influenced by the period of sonofication of carbon black, which subsequently added to the rubber-carbon black composite.In this study, various rubber-carbon composites have been synthesized using thin pale crepe (TPC) natural rubber as matrix, strengthened by carbon black N 660, sonoficated N 660, and addition of 2 phr of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) to each composite. The obtained rubber-carbon black composite was characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Universal Testing Machine was used to characterize its mechanical properties.Bound rubber value and mechanical properties of rubber-carbon black composite improved as a result of the addition of carbon black obtained from sonofication and APTS. However, contrast result was observed when sonoficated carbon black and APTS were added simultaneously.
35
Sukthaworn, Chalermchat, Manuchet Reowdecha, Peerapan Dittanet, Nantina Moonprasith, Thipjak Na Lampang, Surapich Loykulnant, and Paweena Prapainainar. "Degradation Test of Natural Rubber/Chitosan Composite." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.320.
Abstract:
Degradable materials from 20wt% chitosan loading and natural rubber (CS/NR) were prepared by solution casting without surface treatment to study their thermal and mechanical properties after degradation test in aging condition. The test was done in an acrylic degradation box with 600 W light and high humidity for accelerate degradation condition. Samples included high ammonia concentrated latex (HA) with no filler, fresh latex (FL) with no filler, HA with chitosan filler, FL with chitosan filler, and natural rubber with shrimp shell filler to compare the result with chitosan filler. After degradation test, thermal properties from TGA both before and after degradation showed that the fillers effected on these composite materials. TGA result of CS/NR composite with aging at temperature 100 °C for 10 h and 20 h showed that chitosan slightly effected on thermal stability of composites when compare to natural rubber. SEM images were compared before and after degradation of HA and FL with no filler, chitosan filler, and shrimp shell. It was clearly seen that the samples degraded as the shape and size were changed. Tensile testing values showed that longer aging time could lead to the degradation in CS/HA and lower the tensile strength.
36
Peterson, Steven C. "Carbon Black Replacement in Natural Rubber Composites Using Dry-Milled Calcium Carbonate, Soy Protein, and Biochar." Processes 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010123.
Abstract:
Recent discoveries have shown that calcium carbonate and soy protein interactions can be used to reinforce rubber composites with improvements on the effective crosslink density and moduli. However, the method to incorporate the soy protein into the rubber matrix may be costly to scale up, since it involves microfluidization and drying steps prior to rubber compounding. In this work, a simpler process involving dry-milled calcium carbonate and soy protein was used to explore filler blends of calcium carbonate, soy protein, biochar, and carbon black. By blending these filler materials in various ratios, rubber composite samples with 40–50% of the carbon black replaced by sustainable alternatives were made. These composites had essentially the same tensile strength, with better toughness and elongation properties relative to the carbon black control. These composites would reduce dependence on petroleum and be more amenable to the rubber composite compounding infrastructure.
37
Keereerak, Adisak, Nusara Sukkhata, Nussana Lehman, Yeampon Nakaramontri, Karnda Sengloyluan, Jobish Johns, and Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee. "Development and Characterization of Unmodified and Modified Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Modified Clay." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173515.
Abstract:
Novel composite based on rubber and modified bentonite clay (Clay) was investigated. The modified bentonite clay was developed by dispersing in ethanol solutions (Et-OH) using ultrasonic method. The effect of Et-OH on the dispersion of bentonite clay at various mixing temperatures in case of different type of rubber matrix, i.e., natural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR25, ENR50) on dynamic mechanical rheology, Payne effect, XRD and mechanical properties of rubber composites were studied in detail. The bentonite clay dispersion in Et-OH at a mixing temperature of 80 °C improves the intercalation and exfoliation in rubber chains. Bentonite clay is highly intercalated in ENR 50-Clay composite, which can be confirmed from its superior mechanical properties. The results indicated that sonication of bentonite clay in Et-OH improves the interlayer spacing of bentonite clay by partial intercalation of rubber matrix.
38
Phomrak, Sirilak, and Muenduen Phisalaphong. "Lactic Acid Modified Natural Rubber–Bacterial Cellulose Composites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 3583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103583.
Abstract:
Green composite films of natural rubber/bacterial cellulose composites (NRBC) were prepared via a latex aqueous microdispersion process. The acid modified natural rubber/bacterial cellulose composites (ANRBC), in which lactic acid was used, showed significant improvement in mechanical properties, melting temperature, and high resistance to polar and non-polar solvents. The ANRBC films exhibited improved water resistance over that of BC and NRBC films, and possessed a higher resistance to non-polar solvents, such as toluene, than NR and NRBC films. The modification had a slight effect on the degradability of the composite films in soil. The NRBC and ANRBC films were biodegradable; the NRBC80 and ANRBC80 films were degraded completely within 3 months in soil. NRBC and ANRBC showed no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and did not show cytotoxic effects on the HEK293 and HaCaT cell lines.
39
Jiang, Hong Xia, Qing Qing Ni, and Toshiaki Natsuki. "Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on the Properties of Natural Rubber Composites." Key Engineering Materials 464 (January 2011): 660–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.464.660.
Abstract:
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced natural rubber (NR) composite was fabricated in a solvent casting method. The tensile properties and electrical resistivities were investigated. As a comparison, carbon black (CB) reinforced NR was also prepared in the same method. The initial modulus of NR/3 wt% CNT composite was about 1.6 times as large as that of NR/ 3wt% CB composite. NR/CNT composite had a percolation threshold value of about 5 wt% CNTs. The morphology of fillers and composites were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The improved properties of NR/CNT composites were attributed to the excellent mechanical and electrical properties of CNTs and its formed network, which must be benefit to electromagnetic interference shielding properties of NR composites.
40
Bureewong, Namthip, Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat, and Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat. "Mechanical and thermal properties of NR/XSBR composite reinforced with rice husk silica." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012017.
Abstract:
Abstract Natural rubber (NR) is a renewable resource that is used in many products. In the production of NR products, other rubbers or fillers may be used to produce a product with required properties. However, most rubbers and fillers are synthetic which are non-environmentally friendly materials. To solve this problem, rice husk ash (RHA) from biomass power plant was used to prepare silica to be used as a filler in rubber by in-situ generation. The purer RHA was prepared by leaching with HCl to remove some metallics and increase silica contents by combustion. The purer RHA was dissolved in NaOH to obtain sodium silicate from RHA (RSS). Carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber (XSBR) used as synthetic rubber was blended with NR in latex form. NR/XSBR at the ratio of 2:1 was mixed with RSS to obtain NR/XSBR/RSS mixture. Acetic acid was dropped into the mixture until neutral for precipitating silica to obtain NR/XSBR/RSi composite. The mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of NR/XSBR/RSi composites at different contents of silica (5, 10, and 15 phr) were studied. The NR/XSBR/RSi composite with optimum content was compared with NR/XSBR/CSi composite which prepared silica from commercial sodium silicate (CSS) on mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties.
41
Zainathul Akhmar, Salim Abdul Salim, Mohd Zaini Nurul Aizan, Ahmad Mohd Muhiddin, Jamil Siti Sarah, and Zainuddin Nor Hazwani. "The Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Behaviour of Bamboo Fibre Filled Natural Rubber Composite." Advanced Materials Research 812 (September 2013): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.53.
Abstract:
For decades, carbon black is the most preferred reinforcing filler in rubber industry especially in tyre manufacturing. Carbon black which originated from crude oil is a non renewable source that may diminish over time. Therefore, an alternative from natural source is needed to replace carbon black as the reinforcing agent in rubber industries without so much affecting the physical and mechanical properties of the final products. Since bamboo is an abundant natural source in Malaysia and proved to be one of the strongest natural fibres comparable to other building materials like steel, concrete, and timber that have been subjected to lot of studies, bamboo seems to be the best alternative to replace carbon black in reinforcing rubber. Bamboo chips were first treated using alkalinisation method and dried before ground to 180-250μm to improve the interfacial adhesion with the rubber matrix. The bamboo fibres were then incorporated into rubber through compounding process at different loading. The cure characteristics of the composites were determined at 150oC using rheometer. The curing times were then used to vulcanise the rubber compounds using a hot press. The mechanical behaviour of the bamboo fibre filled natural rubber composite like tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness are then evaluated by taking the optimum loading of carbon black as the comparison. The strength of the composite were decreased and become harder as the fibre loading were increased. The weak adhesion of fibres to rubber matrix and uneven particle size distribution of fibres contribute to the fracture of the composites. These can be observed through the surface morphological analysis of the composite by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
42
Hu, Zhaopeng, Junwei Zhou, Yihu Song, Qiang Zheng, and Wanjie Wang. "Strain softening of natural rubber composites filled with carbon black and aramid fiber." Journal of Rheology 67, no. 1 (January 2023): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000474.
Abstract:
Engineered rubber vulcanizates may contain a low content of short fibers and a high content of nanoparticles while the effects of the different fillers on the softening behavior are not yet explored. Herein, influences of carbon black (CB) and short aramid fiber (AF) on the Payne and Mullins effects of natural rubber composites are investigated for the first time by creating master curves of dynamic modulus or dissipation energy with respect to the straining responses of the matrix. It is revealed that the composite vulcanizates demonstrate the Payne effect characterized by decay of storage modulus, weak overshoot of loss modulus, and very weak high-order harmonics; this effect is mainly dominated by the rubber matrix experiencing microscopic strain amplitude enlarged by the filler. The composite vulcanizates exhibit the Mullins effect that becomes increasingly marked with increasing filler loading and is partially recovered by thermal annealing at relatively high temperatures. The energy dissipation during cyclic tensions is rooted in the viscoelastic deformation of the matrix and the filler-rubber interfacial debonding. The former is marked at room temperature where the rubber phase undergoes a crystallization-melting process during loading-unloading. The latter being marked in the presence of a small content of AF causes yieldinglike deformation for the virgin composites at low tensile strains, and its contribution to the softening is not recoverable during thermal annealing. The results show that the viscoelastic matrix is of importance in controlling the softening of the composite vulcanizates, which will be of guiding significance to conduct research studies on high-performance rubber composites products.
43
Alam, Md Najib, Vineet Kumar, Han-Saem Jung, and Sang-Shin Park. "Fabrication of High-Performance Natural Rubber Composites with Enhanced Filler–Rubber Interactions by Stearic Acid-Modified Diatomaceous Earth and Carbon Nanotubes for Mechanical and Energy Harvesting Applications." Polymers 15, no. 17 (August 31, 2023): 3612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173612.
Abstract:
Mechanical robustness and high energy efficiency of composite materials are immensely important in modern stretchable, self-powered electronic devices. However, the availability of these materials and their toxicities are challenging factors. This paper presents the mechanical and energy-harvesting performances of low-cost natural rubber composites made of stearic acid-modified diatomaceous earth (mDE) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The obtained mechanical properties were significantly better than those of unfilled rubber. Compared to pristine diatomaceous earth, mDE has higher reinforcing efficiencies in terms of mechanical properties because of the effective chemical surface modification by stearic acid and enhanced filler–rubber interactions. The addition of a small amount of CNT as a component in the hybrid filler systems not only improves the mechanical properties but also improves the electrical properties of the rubber composites and has electromechanical sensitivity. For example, the fracture toughness of unfilled rubber (9.74 MJ/m3) can be enhanced by approximately 484% in a composite (56.86 MJ/m3) with 40 phr (per hundred grams of rubber) hybrid filler, whereas the composite showed electrical conductivity. At a similar mechanical load, the energy-harvesting efficiency of the composite containing 57 phr mDE and 3 phr CNT hybrid filler was nearly double that of the only 3 phr CNT-containing composite. The higher energy-harvesting efficiency of the mDE-filled conductive composites may be due to their increased dielectric behaviour. Because of their bio-based materials, rubber composites made by mDE can be considered eco-friendly composites for mechanical and energy harvesting applications and suitable electronic health monitoring devices.
44
Kohjiya, Shinzo. "Three-Dimensional Dispersion of Nano-Fillers in Soft Composite as Revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy/Electron Tomography (3D-TEM)." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.353.
Abstract:
. Generally rubber products are a typical soft material, and a composite of a nano-filler (typically, carbon black or particulate silica) and a rubber (natural rubber and various synthetics are used). The properties of these soft nano-composites have been well known to depend on the dispersion of the nano-filler in the rubbery matrix. The most powerful tool for the elucidation of it has been transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microscopic techniques are based on the projection of 3-dimensional (3D) body on a plane (x, y plane), thus the structural information along the thickness (z axis) direction of the sample is difficult to obtain. This paper describes our recent results on the dispersion of carbon black (CB) and particulate silica in natural rubber (NR) matrix observed by TEM combined with electron tomography (3D-TEM) technique, which enabled us to obtain images of 3D nano-structure of the sample. Thus, 3D images of CB and silica in NR matrix are visualized and analyzed in this communication. These results are precious ones for the design of soft nano-composites, and the technique will become an indispensable one in nanotechnology.
45
Hayeemasae, Nabil, Zareedan Sensem, Indra Surya, Kannika Sahakaro, and Hanafi Ismail. "Synergistic Effect of Maleated Natural Rubber and Modified Palm Stearin as Dual Compatibilizers in Composites based on Natural Rubber and Halloysite Nanotubes." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040766.
Abstract:
The performance of rubber composite relies on the compatibility between rubber and filler. This is specifically of concern when preparing composites with very different polarities of the rubber matrix and the filler. However, a suitable compatibilizer can mediate the interactions. In this study, composites of natural rubber (NR) with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) were prepared with maleated natural rubber (MNR) and modified palm stearin (MPS) as dual compatibilizers. The MPS dose ranged within 0.5–1.5 phr, while the MNR dose was fixed at 10 phr in all formulations. It was found that the mixed MNR/MPS significantly enhanced modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. The improvements were mainly due to improved rubber-HNT interactions arising from hydrogen bonds formed in the presence of these two compatibilizers. This was clearly verified by observing the Payne effect. Apart from that, the MPS also acted as a plasticizer to provide improved dispersion of HNT. It was clearly demonstrated that MNR and MPS as dual compatibilizers improved rubber-HNT interactions and reduced filler-filler interactions, which then improved tensile and tear strengths, as well as dynamical properties. Therefore, the mix of MNR and MPS had a great potential to compatibilize non-polar rubber with HNT filler.
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Stepina, Santa, Igors Klemenoks, Gita Sakale, and Maris Knite. "The Impact of Matrix Cross-Linking Degree on Chemo-Resistive Properties of Natural Rubber-Carbon Nanostructure Composite." Defect and Diffusion Forum 413 (December 17, 2021): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.413.146.
Abstract:
The aim of this work is to investigate chemo-resistivity properties of natural rubber-carbon nanostructure composite, that’s why a change of diffusion characteristics and reversibility of electro-chemical properties of the composite with different degree values of crosslinks have been analysed. The composites are made from natural rubber (polyisoprene) as matrix material and high structure carbon black as electro-conductive filler. In order to investigate diffusion characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in relation to chemo-resistive response of composites simultaneous mass, length and electrical resistance change measurements of the samples, when samples are held in VOC and after exposures to VOC were carried out. Electrical resistance increase mechanism in the composite advances with the composite structure development during vulcanization.
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Azam, Mohd Asyadi, Aisyah Hassan, Noraiham Mohamad, Elyas Talib, Nor Syafira Abdul Manaf, Nor Najihah, Raja Noor Amalina Raja Seman, and Mohd Shahril Amin Bistamam. "Fabrication of Activated Carbon Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composite Using Solvent Casting Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 761 (May 2015): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.761.426.
Abstract:
Despite the rapid increase in the utilization of reinforced nanomaterials composites, micromaterials may also have the potential to be utilized as filler in polymer composites. In this study, the activated carbon (AC) filled epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) composite was fabricated using the solvent casting method. AC was used as the filler at different filler addition in range from 0 to 7 parts per hundred rubbers (phr). The intention was to investigate the effect of AC filled ENR on mechanical properties and interaction between AC and ENR matrix. Overall, the result shows high improvement in mechanical properties. At 7 phr, the tensile strength was 7.0 MPa compared to 2.6 MPa for 0 phr, which indicates the increase by almost 2 times. The elongation also increases for all phr, which indicates the good filler effect.
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Injorhor, Preeyaporn, Supharat Inphonlek, Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat, and Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat. "Effect of Modified Natural Rubber on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid) and Its Composites with Nanoparticles from Biowaste." Polymers 16, no. 6 (March 14, 2024): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16060812.
Abstract:
The brittle behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA composites with inorganic filler limits their applications; the addition of a toughening agent, such as a rubbery phase, was selected to transform the brittle to ductile behavior for versatility in various applications. This work aims to study the properties of PLA and PLA composite with filled nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHA) after adding modified natural rubber (MoNR), which acts as a toughening agent. MoNR refers to poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)-grafted deproteinized natural rubber. nHA was prepared from fish scales. Its characteristics were investigated and was confirmed to be comparable to those of commercial grade. PLA-MoNR at various MoNR contents and PLA/nHA composites with/without MoNR were prepared by melt mixing. Their morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties were observed and investigated. Samples with MoNR added showed the dispersion of spherical particles, indicating incompatibility. However, the mechanical properties of PLA-MoNR, which had MoNR added at 10 phr, showed toughening behavior (increased impact strength by more than two times compared to that of neat PLA). The PLA/nHA composite with MoNR showed the same result. The addition of MoNR in the composite increased its impact strength by 1.27 times compared to the composite without MoNR. MoNR can be a stress concentrator, resulting in toughened PLA and PLA/nHA composite.
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Anidha, Selvaraj, Santhosh Mozhuguan Sekar, Elango Natarajan, Manickam Muthukkumar, Kalaimani Markandan, Chun Kit Ang, and Gérald Franz. "Preliminary Investigations and Support for the Mechanical and Dynamic Characteristics of a Natural Rubber Reinforcement in E-Glass/CNT/Epoxy Composite." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 4 (April 10, 2024): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040140.
Abstract:
The present investigation reports the synthesis and mechanical properties of a hybrid polymer composite consisting of E-Glass fiber, epoxy and 2 wt.% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with a varying percentage of natural rubber (NR). The prepared hybrid polymer composites were examined in terms of their surface morphology, thermal properties as well as mechanical properties. The findings from the present study indicate that natural rubber enhances the mechanical properties of the hybrid polymer composites and, in particular, 10 wt.% is the optimum percentage of NR that yields the highest strength of 88 MPa, while the strength is 52 MPa with 5 wt.% NR. In order to evaluate the damping properties, a dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out on the E-Glass/CNT with NR composites at various frequencies along with a thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the composite reinforced with 10 wt.% natural rubber exhibited a higher glass transition temperature of 376.86 °C and storage modulus of 2468 MPa when compared to the other composites, which indicates the enhanced cross-linking density and higher polymer modulus of the composite. X-ray diffraction analysis was also conducted and the results are reported to improve the general understanding of crystalline phases.
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Roziafanto, Achmad Nandang, Sinta Puspitasari, Adi Cifriadi, Dinda Hasnasoraya, and Mochamad Chalid. "Addition of Hybrid Coupling Agent Based Natural Rubber‐Starch on Natural Rubber Composite." Macromolecular Symposia 391, no. 1 (June 2020): 1900142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201900142.