Dissertations / Theses: 'Natural resources Social Aspects'

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Huggins, Gregory Bryan. "Social aspects of natural resource management in rural Kwazulu." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21612.

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Bibliography: pages 201-214.
Environmental degradation is widely regarded as an integral part of South Africa's homeland areas. Conventional thinking often blames so-called traditional farming practices, attitudes and values for this situation. In other words, the blame is placed with the residents of the areas and environmental degradation is explained away as the result of a particular cultural make-up. Following this line of thought, education via agricultural extension is mooted as the primary solution to what is regarded as an inherent problem. The central concern of this dissertation is to examine the dynamics of natural resource management by residents of a rural area in KwaZulu known as oBivane. The thesis shows that the conditions leading to environmental degradation are best seen as the result of particular historical and political processes and not simply as the results of particular patterns of behaviour that are culturally driven. These processes, given primary impetus by massive population influx onto a restricted land base and combined with the peculiarities of differential access to resources and the need to preserve the interests of elite groups, have forced sectors of the South African population into situations where physical survival has necessarily had grave environmental cost. One of the consequences of apartheid policies has been to institutionalise environmental degradation in particular areas of the country.

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Nguyen, Thi Tuyet Mai. "Essay on natural resources, economic growth, development and equity." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E019.

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Le développement durable est un sujet attractif pour les économistes. Dans la littérature sur la croissance économique et le développement durable, deux approches fondamentales sont utilisées dans la plupart des discussions. Le premier est de reconnaître l'importance des ressources naturelles ainsi que les stratégies d'utilisation de ces ressources pour le développement économique dans le contexte de leur épuisement. Le deuxième est la question de l'équité intergénérationnelle dans laquelle les besoins des générations présentes peuvent être assurés sans compromettre la capacité de répondre aux besoins des générations futures. Ma thèse vise à étudier des modèles théoriques sur les ressources naturelles, la croissance économique, le développement et l'équité. Le chapitre 1 examine une économie à deux secteurs avec des externalités. Nous étudions un modèle théorique qui étudie la relation entre la dynamique optimale de la croissance économique utilisant des ressources renouvelables et la qualité de l'environnement. Dans ce modèle, le secteur industriel utilise des intrants intermédiaires pour produire un bien de consommation finale, et un autre secteur, appelé secteur d’exploitation, s’engage dans l’exploitation d’une ressource renouvelable. Cette ressource peut être vendue directement à un prix de marché déterminé de manière exogène, générant une source de revenus supplémentaire. Nous prenons également en compte les externalités négatives du secteur industriel polluant sur la capacité de régénération du secteur des ressources renouvelables. Sans la convexité habituelle ou la super-modularité, nous prouvons que l'économie évolue pour augmenter le gain net de stock un jour dans le futur. Cette propriété garantit qu'à long terme. L’économie se rapproche beaucoup d'un état stable. Nous établissons également les conditions assurant la convergence de l'économie à long terme. Pour le développement durable, l'un des problèmes les plus difficiles liés aux critères de la fonction de protection sociale est la réconciliation entre l'égalité et l'efficacité. L'Axiome d’anonymat déclare que l’ordre social est invariant aux informations concernant les ordres individuels. L’axiome de Pareto impose que si au moins une génération augmente son utilité, le bien-être social doit s’améliorer. Cependant aucun SWF ne satisfait à la fois les axiomes d'anonymat et de pareto. Afin de surmonter cette difficulté, certains auteurs proposent plusieurs approches pour atténuer ces axiomes. Par conséquent, de nombreux critères ont été introduits, tels que : dominance, domination faible, pareto faible, monotonie, etc. Dans le deuxième chapitre de ma thèse, nous avons revisité certaines propriétés d’un SWF dans la littérature, en tenant compte de la continuité de ce SWF sous différentes topologies. De plus, nous proposons les notions de non-dictature faible et de forte dictature du présent et du futur suivant l’esprit de Chichilniski, et fournissons une description détaillée des paramètres caractérisant les deux non-dictature. Dans le chapitre 3, nous étudions un problème d’optimisation inter-temporelle en utilisant un critère qui est une combinaison entre les critères de Ramsey et Rawls. Une description détaillée du comportement d’économie dans le temps est fournie.[...] Le dernier chapitre développe un modèle théorique pour accéder aux déterminants de l’efficacité de la Zone Économique Spéciale et aux conditions de la mise en œuvre. Les résultats de cette étude montrent qu’il existe un seuil tel que pour toutes les économies initiales d’un pays au-dessus de ce niveau, il sera optimal d’investir dans de nouvelles technologies. De plus, plusieurs facteurs dont le prix du capital technologique, le salaire de la main d’œuvre hautement qualifiée, le revenu initial de l’économie et la productivité totale des facteurs dans le secteur des ZES, déterminent de manière endogène ce seuil
Sustainable development is an attractive topic for economists. In the literature on economic growth and sustainable development, there are two core approaches used in most discussions. The first one is recognizing the importance of natural resources as well as strategies for using these resources for economic development in the context of their depletion. The second one is the issue of intergenerational equity in which the needs of the present generations can be assured without compromising the ability to meet the needs of the future generation. My thesis aims to study theoretical models on natural resources, economic growth, development and equity. Chapter I considers a two-sector economy with externalities. We study a theoretical model that investigates the relationship between the optimal dynamics of economic growth using renewable resources and environmental quality. In this model, the industrial sector uses intermediate inputs to produce a final consumption good, and another sector, called the exploitation sector, engages in exploiting a renewable resource. This resource can be sold directly at an exogenously determined market price, generating an additional source of income. We also take into account the negative externalities of the polluting industrial sector on the regenerating capacity of the renewable resource sector. Without the usual convexity or the super-modularity, we prove that the economy evolves to increase the net gain of stock some day in the future. This property ensures that in the long run, the economy gets very close to a steady state. We also establish the conditions ensuring the convergence of the economy in the long run. For sustainable development, one of the most difficult problems relying on criteria for Social Welfare Function is the reconciliation between equality and efficiency. The Anonymity Axiom states that the social ordering is invariant to the information regarding individual orderings. The Pareto Axiom imposes that if at least one generation increases its utility then the social welfare must improve. However, there is no SWF which satisfies both the Anonymity and Pareto Axioms. To overcome this difficulty, some authors propose several approaches to mitigate these axioms. Therefore, a lot of criteria have been introduced such as: Dominance, Weak Dominance, Weak Pareto, Monotonicity and so on. In the second chapter of my thesis, we have revisited some properties of a SWF in the literature taking into account the continuity of this SWF under different topologies. […] Furthermore, we propose the notions weak no-dictactorship and strong no-dictatorship of the present and the future following the spirit of Chichilniski and provide a detailed description for parameters characterizing the two No dictatorship. In chapter 3, we study an inter-temporal optimization problem using a criterion which is a combination of Ramsey and Rawls criteria. A detailed description of the saving behavior through time is provided. […] The last chapter develops a theoretical model to access the determinants of the effectiveness of Special Economic Zone and the conditions for its implementation. The results of this study show that there is a threshold such that for all the initial savings of a country above this level, it will be optimal to invest in new technology. Moreover, several factors including the price of technological capital, the wage of high-skilled labor, the initial income of the economy and the total factor productivity in the SEZ sector, endogenously determine this threshold. This chapter also proposes a service sector as an additional source to the accumulated capital, that can help the country pass this threshold

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Bolus, Cosman. "Collaborative monitoring in ecosystem management in South Africa's communal lands." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006948.

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Internationally there is an increasing focus on involving local communities in natural resource management and monitoring. Monitoring methods which are professionally driven appear to be inadequate to deal with the monitoring of natural resource use and biodiversity conservation, globally. This is especially evident in areas such as South African rural communal land. Two community based natural resource management (CBNRM) programmes in areas which are communally governed in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, namely Nqabara and Machubeni, were used as part of this research study. This thesis identified and tested potentially simple and cost effective monitoring methods related to the utilization of the local rangelands and indigenous forests. The criteria that were tested include 1) appropriateness and effectiveness in measuring change, and 2) contribution to building adaptive capacity among local land managers through learning. The criteria were assessed using a scoring system for each monitoring method in order to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses . This was done by using both quantitative and qualitative data. Contribution to building adaptive capacity was assessed by evaluating technical capacity gained, local ecological knowledge contributed and learning by participants. This was done using qualitative data. The results show that the monitoring methods had different strengths and weaknesses in relation to the criteria, making them more appropriate for different priorities such as effectively measuring change or building adaptive capacity. It is argued that an adaptive approach is a useful component in the participatory monitoring process. An adaptive framework was developed from lessons learnt in this study for collaborative monitoring. Challenges such as low literacy levels and adequate training still need to be addressed to strengthen efforts towards participatory monitoring. Factors such as incentives, conflict and local values may negatively affect the legitimacy and sustainability of participatory monitoring and therefore also need to be addressed.

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Sitthisuntikul, Katesuda. "The relationship between the meaning of water and sense of place : a grounded theory study from northern Thailand." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/604.

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The literature suggests that a subtle relationship exists for communities between the meaning of water and sense of place, making fertile ground for systematic investigation. The relationship has obvious importance in today’s world, where people’s reliance on water, and the need for reliable supplies, form part of a common discourse in natural resource management. Yet, there has been much less discussion of what water means to people, how it connects with peoples’ sense of place, and what that might mean for the way people interact with their surroundings. The methodology of constructivist grounded theory was therefore appropriate to investigate this issue, and to derive a conceptual framework from the perspectives, the feelings, the experiences, and the actions of local insiders to water and to a place in which they lived. A systematic application of this methodology allowed me to constantly interact with data, create descriptions, and build conceptual frameworks from the ground. This process was conducted in particular settings: at Pok and Pang Jum Pee Villages near Chiang Mai City in the north of Thailand, where people interacted and relied on forests and the Mae Lai Noi stream in that forested mountain area. Two explanatory frameworks were derived from these settings. One sought to understand the constant features of the relationship between water, forests and livelihoods of community members during historical periods, driven by external and internal changes. Another examined the role of Buddhist rituals during, and as a consequence of, these changes, and how the rituals stimulated attitudes to, and actions of, forest and water conservation. The explanatory frameworks enabled the construction of a conceptual framework, proposed to explain the dynamic relationship between meaning of water and sense of place. The conceptual framework shows how a local reciprocity found in this relationship is consistent with the interaction between people, water, and place in the context of local communities. This relationship appears in particular settings and local contexts: in this case, where forest was meaningful as the pivotal physical setting and water was a part of forest. Additionally, economic well-being of local communities relied on both the forest and water, and people’s interaction influenced the nature of both water and forest. Together, sense of place or belongingness to a physical setting (forest) and the recognition of the meaning of water are vulnerable to loss. This responds to changing economic needs in local communities which themselves rely upon ecological conditions and connect with cultural and socio-political circumstances. Leadership plays an essential role, when such vulnerabilities are present, to evoke a sense of place and make explicit the meaning of water, driving the collective requirement for, and actions to protect and manage, water and place. Overall, the conceptual framework presented in this study provides a holistic and systematic perspective for investigating the relationship between the meaning of water and sense of place and may contribute to academic discourse and to natural resource management. This framework, however, requires verification and theoretical saturation in further research to be applicable when explaining the relationship between the meaning of water and sense of place in other settings or situations.

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Herrera, José Antonio 1979. "Desenvolvimento capitalista e realidade da produção agropecuária familiar na Amazônia Paraense." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286138.

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Orientador: Pedro Ramos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O atrelamento do Brasil aos países desenvolvidos fez com que suas atividades econômicas fossem mais influenciadas por demandas externas do que pelas necessidades internas. Tal fato contribuiu para participações regionais desiguais. Nesse contexto a Amazônia é integrada à economia nacional de modo que o capital se aproveita das assimetrias das trocas não leais e desiguais para se expandir no território. Esse fenômeno se fez alterando as relações sociais e os meios de produção, estabelecendo mecanismos de geração de lucros facilitados na utilização dos recursos naturais. A exploração dos recursos passam ser mais intensa, degradando o meio ambiente e agravando os problemas sociais. A imposição do capital nas relações estabelecidas apesar de transformar a produção agropecuária familiar, não a eliminou, e essa apresenta distintas formas de produção e diferentes relações sociais. Partindo dessa premissa, buscou-se estudar a integração da Amazônia à economia nacional como resultado da expansão do desenvolvimento capitalista brasileiro, compreendendo como ocorre a interferência do capital no espaço agrário amazônico, principalmente na unidade de diversidade que constitui a produção agropecuária familiar no Sudoeste Paraense. O estudo foi realizado em três municípios que apresentavam diferentes formas de ocupação: Pacajá, área de Colonização Antiga; Anapu, área de PDS - Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável; e Senador José Porfírio, a área de Projeto de Assentamento Convencional do INCRA - Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária. Com base na teoria marxista, fez-se o estudo da integração da região à economia nacional, da estruturação do espaço agrário amazônico e principalmente como ocorreu a interferência do capital na realidade vivenciada por cento e cinquenta (150) famílias durante o ciclo agropecuário 2007-2008. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram utilizados parâmetros qualitativos (interpretação da realidade) e quantitativos (análise estatística) para compreender as determinações da atividade produtiva e o desempenho econômico. O fulcro do estudo está em entender como o desenvolvimento capitalista se aproveita das adversidades para se apropriar dos meios de produção no espaço agrário amazônico, compreendendo as diferentes formas de produção que os produtores agropecuários familiares estabelecem para permanecerem em meio às interferências do capital
Abstract: The linkage to the developed economies of Brazil made their economic activities were more influenced by external demands than by internal needs, this fact has contributed to unequal regional participation. In this context the Amazon is integrated into the national economy so that capital takes advantage of the asymmetries of unequal and not loyal exchanges to expand in the territory. This phenomenon was made changing social relations and the means of production, establishing mechanisms for generating easily gains using the natural resources. The exploitation of resources increase, degrading the environment and worsening social problems. Despite the imposition of capital in established relationships have transformed the family farm production, not eliminated it, and this presents different forms of production and different social relations. From this premise, we sought to study the integration of the Amazon to the national economy as a result of the expansion of capitalist development in Brazil, realizing as it does the interference of the capital in an Amazonian agrarian landscape, especially in the unity of diversity that constitutes the family agricultural production in Southwest of the state of Pará. The study was conducted in three counties, with different forms of occupation: Pacajá, Old Colony area; Anapu area PSD - Project for Sustainable Development, and Senador José Porfírio, the area of Conventional Settlement Project NICAR - National Institute of colonization and Agrarian Reform. Based on Marxist theory, it was studded the integration of the region to the national economy, the structure of Amazonian agrarian space and, especially, as was the interference of the capital actually experienced by one hundred fifty (150) households during the 2007-2008 agricultural cycle. In the methodological procedures were used qualitative (interpretation of reality) and quantitative parameters (statistical analysis) to understand the determination of productive activity and economic performance. The focus of the study is to understand how capitalist development takes advantage of adversity to take ownership of the means of agricultural production in the Amazon area, including the different forms of production that provide family farmers to remain amid the interferences of the capital
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

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Silva, Renan de Lima da. "Em ondas com o turismo : o olhar na comunidade sobre o turismo do Farol de Santa Marta." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2015. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1165.

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A presente dissertação é sobre o turismo nas Praias do Farol, analisado a partir do olhar da comunidade, sobre as relações estabelecidas na atividade. Tem como objetivos caracterizar as práticas turísticas nas Praias do Farol; descrever as relações estabelecidas entre os turistas e a comunidade; e observar e discutir os eventuais desdobramentos dessas relações e o turismo da localidade. Trata-se de um estudo transdisciplinar, envolvendo as áreas Turismo, Hospitalidade, Comunicação e Antropologia. A orientação metodológica é qualitativa, de cunho exploratório, com o desenvolvimento de revisão bibliográfica, observação participante com caderno e diário de campo e entrevistas abertas gravadas e transcritas. Em termos de resultados, tem-se um panorama sobre as desterritoralizações da pesquisa, pensadas a partir de Baptista (2013); o turismo como manifestação cultural, entendido a partir de Geertz (1989); a característica das práticas turísticas das Praias do Farol, dividindo sazonalmente, segundo Arantes e Santos (2010); o espaço com a pesca e perpassado por características do estilo de vida do surf. Todos esses aspectos foram demonstrados a partir da descrição do turismo e da hospitalidade, segundo o olhar da comunidade, seus medos e pretensões com essas práticas. São apresentados, ainda, os desdobramentos das relações estabelecidas nas práticas turísticas, tendo como marca o fato de que o ‘localismo’ do surfe e a hospitalidade baseada nas trocas de Marcel Mauss (2002) são fatores que ajudam na preservação dessa cultura, se pensarmos a partir de Castrogiovanni (2003), Barretto (2003) e Krippendorf (2000).
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.
This dissertation is about tourism in Farol Beaches, viewed from the community look on the relations established in the activity. Aims to characterize the tourist practices on the Farol beaches; describe the relations between tourists and the community; and observe and discuss the possible consequences of these relationships in the locality tourism. This is an interdisciplinary study involving the areas Tourism, Hospitality, Communication and Anthropology. The methodological guidance is qualitative, exploratory, with the development of a literature review, participant observation with notebook and field diary and open interviews recorded and transcribed. In terms of results, there is an overview of the deterritorialization in the research, thought from the Baptist (2013), tourism as cultural expression, understood from Geertz (1989), characteristic of tourist practices of the Farol Beaches, dividing seasonally, according to Arantes and Santos (2010), the area with fishing and permeated by characteristics of the surf lifestyle. All these aspects have been demonstrated from the description of tourism and hospitality, according to the community look, fears and aspirations with those practices. The survey also, the developments of the relations established in tourist practices, with the marks the fact that the 'localism' surf and hospitality based on exchanges of Marcel Mauss (2002) are factors that help in preserving this culture, if we think from Castrogiovanni (2003), Barretto (2003) and Krippendorf (2000).

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Shenkier, Elisa. "Resource perception in a cross-cultural context : ethical dimensions of the conflict over the forests at Barrière Lake." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67527.

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World perceptions are culturally determined, manifested in different cultural patterns of behaviour and in relationships between humans and their natural environments. Resource use and management reflect the values and priorities of a specific society. Conflicts may arise when different societies, with divergent attitudes and relationships with the land, are competing for resources. Cultural geographers and moral philosophers have explored ideas pertinent to such conflicts. A native community in Quebec's commercial forest area presents opportunity for an applied ethical inquiry into resource management: addressing the conflicting traditional and contemporary patterns of forest use of native and non-native groups. Yi-Fu Tuan and Paul W. Taylor explore issues of space, respect, and resource use, substantiating the assertion that cross-cultural resource conflict resolution necessitates moral inquiry. Taylor's six point value concept categorization is applied to show the perceptual differences between the groups, thereby affecting an assessment of the ethical roots and dimensions of the conflict.

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Araos, Francisco 1982. "Para além da biodiversidade : dimensões humanas da conservação marinha em duas regiões da América do Sul." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281187.

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Orientadores: Lúcia da Costa Ferreira, Cristiana Simão Seixas
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a criação e implementação de Áreas Marinhas Protegidas têm-se intensificado nos diferentes oceanos do mundo. Como resposta à crise ambiental produzida pela sobre-exploração dos recursos pesqueiros, a poluição das zonas costeiras, a expansão das aglomerações urbanas nas áreas litorais e os impactos do aquecimento global, as Áreas Marinhas Protegidas aparacem como o instrumento chave para mitigar os impactos antropogênicos e promover a sustentabilidade marinha e costeira. No entanto, os conflitos causados pela imposição de áreas de proteção em zonas utilizadas por múltiplos usuários e a constatação do fracasso de muitas Áreas Marinhas Protegidas na conservação efetiva da biodiversidade, revelam a importância das dimensões humanas da conservação marinha. À luz deste problema de pesquisa, a presente tese de doutorado tem por objetivo analisar o processo decisório que define criação e implentação de duas Áreas Marinhas Protegidas na América do Sul: no Município de Navidad no Litoral Central do Chile e no Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo no Brasil. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram a emergência de arenas ambientais para a conservação marinha com a finalidade de construir regras para regular os múltiplos usos dos recursos naturais e promover a sustentabilidade das zonas costeiras. Estas arenas cumprem um papel fundamental na explicitação dos conflitos e na promoção de pactos sociais, evidenciado os alcances e limites do processo democrático vivenciado nos dois países. Para além da biodiversidade, comprova-se que a conservação marinha representa uma oportunidade única para reorientar a trajetória de insustentabilidade até agora percorrida, assim como para experimentar novas formas de fazer democracia
Abstract: Over the last years the establishment of Marine Protected Areas has intensified worldwide. In response to the environmental crisis of the oceans produced by overexploitation of fishery resources, pollution of coastal areas, the expansion of urban agglomerations in coastal zone and the impacts of global warming, Marine Protected Areas are recognized as the key tool for mitigate anthropogenic impacts and promote the marine sustainability. Nevertheless, the conflicts triggered by the imposition of protected areas in zones used by multiple users and the failure of Marine Protected Areas improving effective biodiversity conservation, highlight the relevance of the human dimensions of marine conservation. Considering this problem the thesis aims to analyze the environmental decision-making process that defines the establishment and management of two Marine Protected Areas in South America: Municipalty of Navidad at the Central Coast of Chile and North Coast of the São Paulo State in Brazil. The study demonstrates the emergence of environmental arenas for marine conservation in order to regulate the multiples uses of marine resources and support the sustainability of the coastal zones. These arenas play a key role for the recognition of conflicts and the promotion of environmental social contracts, showing the advances and constrains of the democratic process in both countries. Beyond biodiversity, marine conservation represents an exceptional opportunity to redirect the paths of unsustainability, as well to experiment new democratic practices
Doutorado
Aspectos Sociais de Sustentabilidade e Conservação
Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade

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Moleko, Teboho Banele. "A critical analysis of the role of coltan in the Eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo’s second war (1998-2003)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017864.

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The role of natural resources in African conflicts has been subject to extensive scholarly analysis. However, much of this analysis has taken a narrow economic reductionist bias. As such, it is imperative that the dominant assumptions and accepted concepts and theories about the role of natural resources in African conflicts be re-examined. The aim of this thesis is to offer a revaluation of the role of coltan during the Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) Second War (1998-2003) through a critical engagement with the resource wars literature. The purpose is to offer a re-reading of the role of coltan in the DRC Second War and the broader regional and global economic context in which this conflict took place. It rejects the commonly cited assumption that the presence of coltan in the DRC means it is an initiator of conflict. Rather, this thesis argues that the central role of coltan in the DRC Second War was as an aggravator of conflict in that its exploitation was used by different parties to fund their military and political ambitions. This thesis also argues that the DRC’s weak state structures and pivotal role within the Great Lakes region, as well as the international trade of coltan and the nature of the DRC coltan mining industry are all key factors in understanding coltan exploitation in the country’s Eastern Region during the Second War.

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Hari, Krishnan Ramesh Kannan. "Invasion of Lantana into India: analyzing introduction, spread, human adaptations and management." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001756.

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Objectives and Research Questions 1. To reconstruct the history of invasion of Lantana in India from where, by who, and when was Lantana species introduced into India?, given its long history in the country, is it still spreading or has it become more or less stable? 2. To study the human adaptation to Lantana invasion: socioeconomic causes and consequences of the use of Lantana as an alternative source of livelihood for forest dependent communities in southern India; how have local communities adapted to the invasion?; what are the key determinants that may have driven communities to use Lantana?; what are the economic consequences of the use of Lantana by local communities? 3. To critically review local practices and forest policy for the management of Lantana in southern India.; how has the use of Lantana by local communities impacted its local regeneration?; does the use of Lantana in local context have implications for its management?; what has been the role of the Forest Department and its policies in managing Lantana?

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Kaminsky, Alexander. "Social capital and fisheries co-management in South Africa: the East Coast Rock Lobster Fishery in Tshani Mankozi, Wild Coast, Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003110.

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It is evident that natural fish stocks are in rapid decline and that millions of people around the world rely on these resources for food and for securing a livelihood. This has brought many social scientists, biologists and fisheries experts to acknowledge that communities need to take more control in managing their natural resources. The paradigm shift in fisheries management from a top-down resource orientated control to a participatory people-centred control is now being advocated in many maritime nations in facilitating community-based natural resource management. At the heart of these projects is the establishment of institutions and social networks that allow for clear communication and information sharing, based on scientific data and traditional knowledge which ultimately allow empowered communities to collectively manage their resources in partnership with government, market actors and many other stakeholders. Central to the problem is the issue of access rights. In many situations where co-management of natural resources through community-government partnerships is advocated, the failure of coastal states to provide adequate legislature and regulatory frameworks has jeopardised such projects. A second issue is the failure of many states to provide adequate investments in social and human capital which will enable communities to become the primary stakeholder in the co-management of their natural resources. Whilst investments like capacity building, education, skills training and development, communications and institution building can initially require high financial investments, the regulatory costs for monitoring, controlling and surveying fish stocks along the coastline will go down as communities take ownership of their resources under sustainable awareness. The main unit of investment therefore is social capital which allows for the increase in trust, cooperativeness, assertiveness, collective action and general capabilities of natural resource governance. High levels of social capital require good social relations and interactions which ultimately create a social network of fishers, community members and leaders, government officials, market players, researchers and various other stakeholders. Co-management thus has an inherent network structure made up of social relations on a horizontal scale amongst community members as well as on a vertical scale with government and fisheries authorities. These bonding relations between people and the bridging relations with institutions provide the social capital currency that allows for a successful co-management solution to community-based natural resource governance. The South African coastline is home to thousands of people who harvest the marine resources for food security and securing a basic income. Fishing is a major cultural and historical component of the livelihoods of many people along the coastline, particularly along the Wild Coast of South Africa located on its South-eastern shoreline. Due to the geopolitical nature of South Africa’s apartheid past many people were located in former tribal lands called Bantustans. The Transkei, one of the biggest homelands, is home to some of South Africa’s poorest people, many of whom rely on the marine resources. By 1998 the government sought to acknowledge the previously unrecognised subsistence sector that lived along the South African coastline with the promulgation of the Marine Living Resources Act. The act sought to legalise access rights for fishers and provide opportunities for the development of commercial fisheries. The act and many subsequent policies largely called for co-management as a solution to the management of the subsistence sector. This thesis largely explains the administrative and legislative difficulties in transporting the participatory components of co-management to the ground level. As such co-management has largely remained in rhetoric whilst the government provides a contradictory policy regarding the management of subsistence and small-scale fishers. This thesis attempts to provide qualitative ethnographic research of the East Coast Rock Lobster fishery located in a small fishing village in the Transkei. The fishery falls somewhere on the spectrum between the small-scale and subsistence sector as there are a basket of high and low value resources being harvested. It will be argued that in order to economically and socially develop the fishery the social capital and social networks of the community and various stakeholders needs to be analysed in order to effectively create a co-management network that can create a successful collective management of natural resources thereby sustaining these communities in the future.

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Bos, Vincent. "Construction sociale de la ressource et renégociation des régulations. Analyse du secteur minier péruvien, fin du XXe siècle - début du XXIe siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA113/document.

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Les dynamiques du secteur minier péruvien entre la fin du XXe siècle et le début du XXIe siècle permettent de saisir la mondialisation économique comme un phénomène résolument spatial où se réinventent les territoires et les identités autour d’une ressource à la fois locale et globale. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons en quoi les nouvelles règles du jeu, notamment en matière minière et foncière ainsi que la gouvernance de l’environnement, illustrent la construction nécessairement politique du territoire péruvien et des ressources par l’État central autour d’un projet national d’exploitation marchande des gisements miniers comme source de richesse économique. La réorganisation de la structure productive nationale par le capital, souvent étranger, éclaire le poids des initiatives d’acteurs sur le devenir des territoires. La hausse de l’empreinte spatiale du secteur minier et des revenus qu’il génère atteste d’une greffe territoriale et économique de l’activité minière à l’échelle nationale. Néanmoins, celle-ci est inégalement ressentie dans les territoires locaux. La multiplication des conflits miniers au début du XXIe siècle rappelle que les ressources naturelles et les régulations qui codifient la relation société-nature sont le résultat souvent instable de relations de pouvoir entre acteurs aux poids asymétriques et aux visées potentiellement antagonistes. Nous analysons ces conflits interrogeant le rôle et la place des acteurs et des territoires locaux dans les politiques de développement, comme une arme de (re)négociation des règles du jeu à la portée des « sans ». D’intensité variable, la renégociation est micro quand les enjeux sont relativement limités et les acteurs entendent accéder à une meilleure répartition des richesses. Par contraste, elle est potentiellement massive quand ils refusent la marchandisation de la nature et entendent transformer en profondeur les règles du jeu comme l’illustre le conflit minier de Conga à Cajamarca
Analysis of the dynamics of the mining sector in Peru between the end of the twentieth century and the start of the twenty-first allows an understanding of economic globalisation as a resolutely spatial phenomenon in which territories and identities are reinvented around resources at once local and global. In this thesis, we show how the new rules of the game of mining and property, and environmental governance, illustrate the necessarily political construction of Peru’s territory and resources by the central State around a national project of market-oriented exploitation of mining deposits as a source of economic wealth. This reorganisation of the national productive structure by capital, often foreign, sheds light on the impact of economic actors on the future of the territories. An increase of the spatial imprint of the mining sector and the revenue it generates amounts to a territorial and economic transplant of mining exploitation on a national scale. This increase, however, is felt unequally in local territories. The multiplication of mining conflicts at the start of the twenty-first century recalls how natural resources and the regulations codifying the society-nature relationship are the often unstable result of power relations between actors of unequal weight and with potentially antagonistic goals. We analyze these conflicts questionning the role and place of local actors and territories in development policies, as a weapon of (re)negotiation of the rules of the game wielded by the « have nots ». Varying in intensity, negotiations can be considered micro when the stakes are relatively limited and the actors only hope to achieve a greater share of the wealth. By contrast, conflicts may constitute a weapon of mass negotiation when actors refuse the commodification of nature and attempt a profound transformation of the rules of the game, as is illustrated by the Conga mining conflict in Cajamarca

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Campbell, Robert. "Understanding and disrupting institutional settings : using networks of conversations to re-imagine future farming lives." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/603.

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Farmers in Australia and elsewhere face the challenge of remaining profitable whilst dealing with adverse structural arrangements and public expectations to better manage environmental degradation. This thesis draws on arguments that dominant paradigms in agricultural science and environmental management have often been ineffective in addressing these apparently competing demands and appear poorly suited to ‘messy’ situations characterized by uncertainty and complexity, and in which diverse stakeholders are motivated by varying goals and values. Engaging with such situations requires a philosophy and methodology that accepts a multiplicity of perspectives and which seeks to learn about and reflect upon novel ways of thinking and acting. Among the underlying ideas that have shaped this project is the importance of recognising the assumptions and commitments that researchers bring to their practice in order that traditions are not uncritically reproduced and that the products of our thinking are not reified. Regarding farming as less a set of technical practices and more as a human activity taking place within broader economic, social, cultural and ecological contexts, I sought to engage a group of farmers in southern Western Australia in a process of taking action to address an issue of common concern that would help them to live and farm well in their district. My role as both researcher and facilitator of conversations was driven by a commitment to dialogue as a process of meaning making and relationship building. Together we explored some of the broader contexts within which the narrower conceptions of economic and ecological problems are often uncritically placed. Taking concrete action together however proved beyond the scope of my research. The challenge of feeding ourselves while better caring for the land and each other will require imaginative as well as technical resources. To this end I have also sought to sketch out some of the creative possibilities contained within the health metaphor as it is applied to soil, arguing that its use as a proxy for quality or condition fails to utilize its disruptive potential.

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Zafisoamalala, Claudiana. "Nouvelles dynamiques socioéconomiques crées par l'immigration liée à l'exploitation des ressources naturelles : le cas du Cap Est de Madagascar." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB213.

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La pauvreté à Madagascar a des implications dans le domaine social, économique, politique et environnemental. Ainsi, depuis une vingtaine d'années, on observe une immigration interne massive suite à la découverte et à l'exploitation de nouvelles ressources naturelles. Ce phénomène s'est accentué suite, d'une part, à la découverte de certains sites miniers (par exemple Ilakaka en 1998) et, d'autre part, à l'explosion de la demande de bois précieux sur le marché international. Cette thèse porte principalement sur ce deuxième point. Elle essaie d'apporter des informations et une réflexion pertinente sur l'immigration dans les deux communes rurales et la ville d'Antalaha, qui se trouve être la principale zone d'exploitation forestière malgache en terme de bois précieux. Si l'exploitation des bois précieux a engendré un flux migratoire très important dans les zones d'études, ces migrations n'ont pas toujours eu les mêmes caractéristiques à travers le temps. Les phénomènes migratoires constatés dans les différentes zones d'activité présentent en effet une grande variété de cas. Le principal facteur qui les réunit est l'abondance de la ressource disponible dans chaque zone, mais leurs conséquences sur les systèmes socio-économiques et écologiques peuvent être fort différentes. Grâce à une méthodologie de recherche et un travail de terrain couplant une approche méthodologique à la fois quantitative et qualitative, nous poserons comme problématique centrale de cette thèse de savoir si cette immigration apporte ou non un développement local dans la les zones d'études
Poverty in Madagascar has implications in the field of social, economic, political and environmental. Thereby, over the last around twenty years, massive internal immigration has taken place and been observed due to the discovery and exploitation of new natural resources. This phenomenon spread out with reference to, on the one hand, the discovery of certain mining sites (for example Ilakaka in 1998) and, on the other hand, the explosion of the precious wood demand on the international market. On this second point, this thesis focuses on providing relevant information and reflection on immigration in the two rural communes and the city of Antalaha, which is one of the main areas in Madagascar well-known in owning and logging forest of precious wood. Even if the exploitation of precious woods has caused a very large migratory flow, these migrations have not always had the same characteristics over the time. The migratory phenomena observed in the different zones of activity present a wide variety of cases. The main factor bringing them together is the abundance of available resources, though the impact on socio-economical and ecological systems can be quite different from one area to another. Thanks to a research methodology and a field approach combined with a quantitative and qualitative methodological guidance, we will take as central problem of this thesis whether this immigration does or does not bring a local development in the zones of study

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Bassetto, Luci Ines. "Análise documental das linhas prioritárias propostas por organizações articuladas com a construção sustentável brasileira." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1941.

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O tema central deste estudo refere-se à Construção Sustentável sob a ótica da preservação dos recursos naturais, perpassando pelos temas do papel da Construção Civil como agente transformador e regenerativo de seus impactos ecológicos na sociedade. Apesar dos já identificados limites planetários, no Brasil, a forma de entender a construção civil como agente de transformação social e econômica ainda não é favorável à manutenção do equilíbrio da natureza. Com características diferenciadas, o país apresenta prioridades de ação sobre o saneamento, a água, a exploração das florestas e a produção de alimentos que devem ser incorporadas em suas estratégias. Apesar do termo “construção sustentável” referir-se à preocupação ambiental no setor, a base comum do debate ainda é iniciante. Assim, objetivou-se analisar documentos publicados sobre as linhas prioritárias dos debates entre os agentes representativos do setor da construção civil brasileira para examinar os enfoques da Sustentabilidade Ecológica como base de sustentação para a vida no Planeta. Foram consideradas as contribuições das políticas públicas de “construção sustentável” para estimular a cadeia produtiva para ampliar a sustentabilidade. Acredita-se que este estudo pode promover uma análise da importância da Sustentabilidade Ecológica na “construção sustentável” por meio de produção de inovações, saberes e conhecimentos. A metodologia do estudo tem uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza teórico-conceitual tendo como objeto de análise documentos públicos e privados. Identificou-se convergências e divergências nos debates relevantes para introduzir avanços na discussão. O conteúdo identificado nos documentos limita-se à importância da construção civil no desenvolvimento urbano e ao suprimento do consequente déficit habitacional sem referência aos grupos privilegiados, a exemplo do declarado na Agenda 21 para a construção sustentável em países em desenvolvimento. Quando se referem às ações alinhadas com o desenvolvimento sustentável, os textos abstêm-se de referências ao tema da inclusão social na habitação. As particularidades dos três documentos apresentam-se como verdadeiras e pertinentes para o setor da construção civil. Considerando o conteúdo dos documentos, as empresas que cuidarem da água, energia e do meio ambiente, podem ser mais competitivas e melhorar a sua produtividade e rentabilidade. Concluiu-se que os documentos são iniciativas de reflexões sobre o tema da Sustentabilidade Ecológica e fornecem orientações para o equilíbrio do desenvolvimento sustentável, o que pode ser alcançado mediante os princípios da economia circular aplicada à Construção Sustentável. Como sugestões para trabalhos futuros, esta Tese destacou a importância da economia circular como uma alternativa para aliar os interesses do desenvolvimento econômico e o desenvolvimento sustentável por meio da Construção Sustentável.
The central theme of this study refers to Sustainable Construction from the perspective of Ecological Sustainability, passing by themes of the role of Civil Construction as a transforming and regenerative agent of their ecological impacts in society. It is perceived a conflict between Ecological Sustainability and Sustainable Development due the later suggest economic growth with care for environment and social issues. Despite already identified planetary boundaries, in Brazil, the way to understand the Civil Construction as social and economic transformation agent is still not in favor of maintaining the nature balance. With different characteristics, the country presents action priorities on sanitation, water, forest exploration and food production that should be incorporated into their strategies. Although the term "sustainable construction" refer to environmental concern in the sector, the common basis of debate is still beginner. The objective was to analyze published documents on priority lines of discussions among representative agents of Brazilian Civil Construction sector to examine the focus of Ecological Sustainability as a support basis for life on the planet. It were considered contributions from public policies of "sustainable construction" to stimulate the production chain to increase sustainability. It is believed that this study can promote an analysis of the importance of ecological sustainability in "sustainable construction" through production of innovation, knowledge and expertise. The study methodology has a qualitative approach, theoretical and conceptual nature having as object of analysis public and private documents. It was identified convergences and divergences in debates relevant to introduce advances in the discussion. The content identified in documents is limited to the importance of civil construction in urban development and to supply resulting habitation shortage without reference to privileged groups, such as stated in Agenda 21 for sustainable development in developing countries. When referring to actions aligned with sustainable development, the texts abstain of references to the issue of social inclusion in habitation. The particularities of the three documents are presented as true and relevant to the construction sector. Considering documents content, companies that take care of water, energy and the environment, can be more competitive and improve their productivity and profitability. It was concluded that the documents are initiatives of reflections on the theme of Ecological Sustainability and provide guidance for the balance of sustainable development, which can be achieved by the principles of circular economy applied to Sustainable Construction. As suggestions for future works, this thesis emphasized the importance of circular economy as an alternative to align interests of economic development and sustainable development through Sustainable Construction.

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McKenzie, Samantha L. "Psychological and social aspects of bariatric surgery." Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4936.

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This portfolio has three parts. The first is a systematic literature review, in which the psychological and social factors associated with successful weight loss after bariatric surgery are reviewed. The second part is an empirical paper, which investigates the experiences of women who have successfully lost weight following bariatric surgery, specifically with reference to changes in self-concept. Seven women were interviewed and emergent themes were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Nine subthemes were identified, clustered into three superordinate themes: (1) 'obesity as socially unacceptable', (2) 'making a case for surgery', and (3) 'the slim self as socially acceptable'. Links to self-concept were made, and clinical implications were discussed. The third part of the portfolio comprises of the reflective statement and appendices.

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Miller, Gilbert David. "Scientists, Uncertainty and Nature, An Analysis of the Development, Implementation and Unintended Consequences of the Northwest Forest Plan." Thesis, Portland State University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13807499.

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The conflict in the Pacific Northwest between competing visions of how federal forests should be managed resulted in a political stalemate in the early 1990s. The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) was initiated to resolve the demands for maintaining ecosystem processes and biological diversity with the social and economic needs for timber harvest. The foundation for the plan rested with the development of ecosystem management. The intent of this research is to explore the events which led up to the adoption of the NWFP, how it was implemented by the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management and the subsequent reactions to and consequences of the plan.

The primary research consisted of thirty-eight semi-structured interviews with individuals responsible for the development of the initial plan, those tasked with implementing the plan and current federal agency personnel from the land management agencies and regulatory agencies. With the use of thematic analysis, key meanings were captured as expressed by the interviewees. The data was analyzed using institutional theory, capturing the organizational relations within the organizational field of the land management agencies.

Research findings suggest that the NWFP was unsuccessful in meeting the goal of addressing the social and economic issues as well as the goals for ecosystem management. This dissertation explores the organizational practices and cultural meanings that led to the final instantiation of the plan. It seeks to shed light on the reasons why these goals were not met and how future forest plans can move beyond the current stalemate between conservation and preservation.

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Bouvet, Isabelle. "An international legal framework to govern space natural resources exploitation." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116877.

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Since the 1960s, there has been a very rapid development of space activities. Over the last 50 years, meteorology, telecommunication and Earth Observation satellites have become a necessity for our activities on Earth. At the same time, scientific exploration of the universe has produced extraordinary discoveries related to our solar system and also improved our knowledge of our home planet Earth. From the very first space exploration programmes and Apollo missions, the potential existence of space natural resources has generated an important scientific curiosity. The Sea, the Antarctic and the Arctic natural resources have generated a great commercial interest and continue to do so. The regimes regarding their natural resources differ as it will be analysed. Today, space natural resources are seriously considered for in-situ utilization in the context of both manned and unmanned future exploration missions. Beyond utilization, the question of their commercial exploitation is raised: several companies have released plans to study and exploit space natural resources: Planetary Resources Company, Golden Spike Company, Deep Space Industries and B612 Foundation to name a few. International space law was elaborated during the Cold War in order to define a framework for activities before they occur; commercial space activities are governed by a strong legal regime including notably Earth Observation, Telecommunication, Meteorology…. However, space natural resources have not been subject of a dedicated regime yet. The lack of a minimum rule agreed by all is a risk for the actors involved in this activity and the international relations. This dissertation explores the main legal issues related to the exploitation of space natural resources. Its objective is to analyze the fundamental principles of international space law that may apply and what would be the most appropriate framework. An analysis of the formation of international legal theory is conducted together with its impact on the topic of the thesis. Analogies are drawn from other international areas such as the deep seabed and Antarctica for purposes of proposing an international legal framework to govern the exploitation of space natural resources. The dissertation constitutes an original contribution to the development of law in the way it analyzes the issues related to the exploitation of space natural resources, the political dimension of the topic, and the use of a comparative analysis to define the necessary conditions for a solid legal regime.
Le développement des activités spatiales a été fulgurant depuis les années 60. En un demi-siècle, les satellites de météorologie, de télécommunication et d'observation de la Terre sont devenus indispensables à l'activité humaine sur Terre. En parallèle, l'exploration scientifique de l'Univers a permis des découvertes extraordinaires sur notre système solaire tout en permettant d'améliorer nos connaissances concernant la Terre. Dès les premiers programmes d'exploration spatiale avec les missions Apollo, l'existence de ressources naturelles potentielles dans l'espace a généré une grande curiosité scientifique. Aujourd'hui, l'utilisation des ressources est sérieusement considérée pour un usage local dans le cadre de futures missions d'exploration robotiques et habitées. Au-delà de l'utilisation des ressources, la question de leur exploitation commerciale se pose: plusieurs sociétés ont fait part de leur intention d'étudier et d'exploiter les ressources naturelles dans l'espace: Planetary Resources Company, Golden Spike Company, Deep Space Industries et B612 Foundation pour en mentionner que quelques unes. Alors que le droit de l'espace a été élaboré en pleine Guerre Froide de manière à régler les questions juridiques avant qu'elles surviennent, l'exploitation commerciale de l'espace fait l'objet d'un régime solide, celle de ses ressources naturelles ne fait cependant pas l'objet d'un cadre juridique dédié. L'absence de règles minimales agréées par tous constitue un risque pour les acteurs concernés par cette activité et les relations internationales. Cette thèse explore les principales problématiques juridiques liées à l'exploitation des ressources naturelles dans l'espace. Son objectif est d'analyser les principes fondamentaux en droit de l'espace qui seraient susceptibles de s'appliquer ainsi que le cadre juridique le plus approprié. Elle fait ensuite une analyse de la théorie juridique et de son impact sur le sujet. L'analogie du droit international de l'espace existant avec les autres domaines internationaux que sont l'Antarctique et la mer permet enfin d'établir s'ils peuvent servir de base pour l'exploitation des ressources dans l'espace. Cette thèse constitue une contribution originale au développement juridique dans la manière d'aborder la problématique liée à l'exploitation des ressources dans un espace international, la dimension politique du sujet, puis l'approche par analogie indispensable pour définir les conditions nécessaires à un régime juridique solide. Son objectif est de convaincre que le politique doit s'emparer de cette problématique.

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Gardner, Alexander Walter. "Negotiation and agreements in integrated resources management." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26138.

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The purpose of this thesis is to propose a model of integrated resources management which uses techniques of negotiation and agreements to involve all interested parties in the decision making process. The thesis is developed in two parts. Part I defines the model and principles which are applied in Part II to a case study of forestry planning in community watersheds. For some years now there have been calls for natural resources management on an ecological basis. To achieve this, the law must define legal rights and procedures which ensure that all affected human interests are taken into account in management decision-making. The decision-making is characterized as a bargaining process aimed at balancing the competing interests of all affected parties. Bargaining connotes a use of negotiation and agreement. However, the established legal uses of these techniques are restricted to situations involving few parties. Complex integrated resources management has been conducted primarily through expert discretionary administration. But bureaucratic administration of complex issues is now understood as an inherently political process fraught with scientific and values uncertainties and lacking legitimacy because it is not effectively accountable to the parties whose interests are affected. The recent experience with environmental alternative dispute resolution ("ADR") suggests techniques for all affected parties to be taken into account by representative negotiation and agreement. A review of examples of environmental ADR provides some principles about the use of negotiation and agreements to supplement the regulatory processes of integrated resources management. Those principles relate to the assertion of legal rights, the need to remedy dissatisfaction with judicial procedures and the adversary system as means to challenge regulatory decisions, the negotiation process itself, and the regulatory approval and implementation of negotiated agreements. The case study commences with an analysis of the legal context. It reveals an uncertain regime of legal rights and authority. The Ministries involved have great discretionary authority; the forest licensee's legal relations are principally of a contractual nature with the Crown; and the water licensees' rights are ill-defined. This uncertain legal regime does not facilitate bargaining between the affected resource licensees. The integrated resources management framework established under administrative authority does have the potential to facilitate bargaining. Whilst the new framework is innovative and establishes new institutions, rights and duties, it is difficult to determine authoritatively the elements of that framework because they are found only in a set of policy documents and are still subject to the uncertainty of administrative discretion. Negotiation and agreements may occur in a number of different contexts in the integrated resources management framework, especially in the context of the Technical Review Committee which is the main arena for negotiation between the interested parties. There is a commentary on the negotiation process, much of the material for which was gathered in interviews with representatives of the parties involved. Various reforms of the framework should be considered to facilitate bargaining and confine administrative discretion. Principal among these are the right of all parties to appeal to an administrative tribunal when the regulatory decision is made without the consensus of the negotiating committee, and clarification of the method of adjudicating compliance with regulatory conditions. In summary, the whole framework established by the policy documents should be revised and given a legislated base. In doing this, certain legal questions need to be considered. Ultimately, the utility of the model proposed depends upon the capacity of the law to define the various natural resource interests of all people in the community.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

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Marco, Renau Jorge. "Essays on social networks and cooperation: the case of natural resources." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663666.

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This thesis revisits the problem of the tragedy of the commons. We analyze the role of social networks and social pressure as driving forces for the establishment and maintenance of cooperation in resource use under variable social and environmental conditions. The social-ecological system is coupled and co-evolve in time. We show the extent to which social pressure contributes to overcoming the tragedy of the commons. We find large regions where traditional policy instruments (taxes or subsidies) and networkorientated polices (the higher the local cohesiveness of compliers the higher the social pressure is) can be applied indistinctly, and analyze to what extent such regions depend on the network structure, the state of the natural resource, and the share of compliers.
Aquesta tesi revisita el problema de la tragèdia dels béns comuns. Analitzem el rol de les xarxes socials i la pressió social com a eixos impulsors de l'establiment i el manteniment de la cooperació en l'ús de recursos en condicions variables socials i ambientals. El sistema socio-ecològic està acoplat i evoluciona amb el pas del temps. Mostrem el grau en què la pressió social contribueix a superar la tragèdia dels béns comuns. Trobem grans regions on es poden aplicar indistintament els instruments de política tradicional (impostos o subvencions) i les polítiques orientades a la xarxa (com més alta sigui la cohesió local dels que compleixin amb la norma social, la pressió social serà més alta) i analitzem fins a quin punt aquestes regions depenen de l'estructura de la xarxa, l'estat del recurs natural i la proporció de complidors

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Rossman, Edwin J. (Edwin John). "Individual Resources, Social Environment, and Flood Victimization." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330855/.

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The study is a contextual analysis of flood victimization. Victimization is defined as the social, psychological, and physiological aftermath experienced by victims of a disaster. Disaster researchers concentrate on the victims' characteristics to explain the varying degrees of their victimization, providing only ambiguous results. Theorists such as Kreps, Wildavsky, and Douglas contend that the outcomes of disasters are contingent upon social structure. This analysis treats victimization as one such outcome. The condition and behavior of individuals can be explained by the presence of disaster and the conditions of social organization. A model explains victimization based on individual's attributes (individual resources), his social environment, and the disaster characteristics. This study uses the 1984 Mingo Creek Flood Victims Survey data to test the model. The data contain information measuring victimization. The survey data are linked with 1980 Census tract data. The tract data provide indicators of the social networks. This tract information, the contextual variables, taps the social conditions, including poverty, unemployment, geographic mobility, and family patterns. This study uses factor analysis to identify the dimensions of victimization. Regression tests the relationship between the contextual variables, the individual resource variables, the disaster characteristic variables, and victimization. The results of the analysis show that victimization is multidimensional with different types of variables being significant predictors for each dimension of victimization, one variable indicating the intensity of the disaster, the dollar value of damage victims experienced, is found to be a significant predictor of the psychological, physiological, and social disruption aspects of victimization. Variables measuring the family and unemployment patterns in the victims' census tract are significant predictors of the psychological and social disruption aspect of victimization. The findings provide general support for the proposed model of victimization. However, victimization is multidimensional with each dimension having a unique set of predictors. Based on the findings, this study suggests that future research focus on measurement and conceptualization of the characteristics of disasters and the victims' social environment.

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Buenavista, Maria Gladys. "Social factors influencing natural resource management in the Philippines." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39275.

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This is a study about rural households making a living from a declining natural resource base and surviving in a changing rural economy in rural Philippines. Informed by the political ecology and feminist environmentalism theoretical frameworks, the study uses empirically-based theorizing to elucidate social factors that influence household resource management strategies. Interactions of class and gender relations, the coexistence of market and nonmarket relations, and the power of social networks are among the social constructs that shape the everyday choices and decisions of household resource users. The findings of this study suggest that a "technological fix" model to address resource degradation is not the answer. I conclude by stating that building social capital and engendering local control of resources are keys to sustainable natural resource management.
Ph. D.

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Must, Elise. "When and how does inequality cause conflict? : group dynamics, perceptions and natural resources." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3438/.

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Recent advances in conflict studies have led to relatively robust conclusions that inequality fuels conflict when it overlaps with salient group identities. Central to quantitative studies supporting this relationship is a stipulated causal chain where objective group – or horizontal – inequalities are translated into grievances, which in turn form a mobilization resource. All these studies are however limited by their use of objective measures of inequality, which leaves them unable to directly test the assumed grievance mechanism. In four papers I argue that objective asymmetries are not enough to trigger conflict. For people to take action on horizontal inequalities, they will have to be aware of them and consider them unjust. In the first paper, Perceptions, Horizontal Inequalities and Civil Conflict, I use data from the World Values Survey to show that perceived rather than objective economic inequality between sub-national regional groups is associated with increased risk of civil war. In the second paper, Injustice is in the eye of the beholder: Perceived Horizontal Inequalities and Communal Conflict in Africa, I analyse 20 countries covered by the Afrobarometer Surveys. I conclude that combined objective and perceived economic ethnic inequality, political ethnic inequality, and particularly perceived political ethnic inequality, increase the risk of between-group conflict. In the third paper, Expectations, Grievances and Civil Unrest in Emerging Petrostates. Empirical Evidence from Tanzania, I present evidence suggesting that those who feel that their region has been treated unfairly by the government are most prone to support and participate in civil unrest. I base my conclusions primarily on survey data collected in 2015. In a final article, From Silence to Storm. Investigating Mechanisms Linking Structural Inequality and Natural Resources to Mobilization in Southern Tanzania, I rely on 35 semi-structured interviews to argue that natural gas mismanagement triggered group grievances, which in turn fuelled civil unrest.

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Strehlow, Harry Vincent. "Integrated natural resources management of coastal fisheries." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15573.

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Das Untersuchungsgebiet, die Nha Phu Lagune, weist eine massive Degradation der fischereilichen Ressourcen auf. Die „Rural Livelihoods“ in den Gemeinden dieser Küstenregionen sind durch diese Degradation gefährdet. Da, die Ressourcennutzungsentscheidungen einzelner Haushalte von vielen Faktoren abhängen, bedarf es eines multi-sektoralen Forschungsansatzes. Dieser ermöglicht, die Komplexität und die Diversität des Ressourcennutzungssystems und seine Nutzer, zu erfassen. Das Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) ist ein multi-sektoraler Forschungsansatz, der innovative und flexible Managementformen zu entwickeln versucht, um natürliche Ressourcen nachhaltig zu nutzen. Interdisziplinarität und die Betonung von Partizipation sind zentrale Kennzeichen des angewandten INRM-Forschungsansatzes. Diese interdisziplinäre Vorgehensweise berücksichtigt sowohl sozio-ökonomische und institutionelle Einflussfaktoren, z.B. Ressourcennutzer-Gruppen und bestehende Regulierungen und Gesetze, als auch biologische und produktionstechnische Einflussfaktoren, z.B. Aquakultur und Fischfangtechniken. Während eines sechs monatigen Untersuchungszeitraums unter Anwendung Partizipativer Aktionsforschung und des INRM-Ansatzes wurden 12 Dörfer im Umkreis der Nha Phu Lagune besucht. Der innerhalb der Partizipativen Aktionsforschung angesiedelte Lernzyklus generiert Wissen durch die Reflektion von gesammelten Daten, die kontinuierlich an die Beteiligten zurückgeführt werden. Die Erhebung mittels Fragebögen, halbstrukturierter Interviews, Gruppendiskussionen, Observierung, „Resource Mapping“ und Venn Diagrammen identifizierte Ursachen für die Degradation fischereilicher Ressourcen. Diese Informationen wurden dann an die Beteiligten weitergereicht, was zu neuen Erkenntnissen über alternative Ressourcenmanagementstrategien führte. Die Integration biologischer und sozio-ökonomischer Aspekte erfasste die Komplexität des Ressourcensystems Nha Phu Lagune und seiner Nutzer. Dies beinhaltet eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Ressourcen, Akteuren, Ebenen, Institutionen, Entscheidungsstrukturen, Livelihood Strategien, Trends und assoziierte Probleme des nachhaltigen Managements natürlicher Ressourcen.
The selected study site, Nha Phu Lagoon is characterized by massive degradation of coastal fishery resources. As a result rural livelihoods in coastal communities are threatened. Since household decisions concerning resource use are influenced by several factors, a multi-sectoral approach is necessary. A multi-sectoral approach enables to comprehend the complexity and diversity of the resource system and its users. Integrated natural resources management (INRM) is one multi-sectoral research approach that aims to develop innovative and flexible management forms to manage natural resources in a more sustainable way. The applied INRM-approach is characterized through strong interdisciplinarity and participation. Interdisciplinary means that socioeconomic and institutional aspects, e.g. resource-user groups and existing legal arrangements, are combined with biological as well as production system aspects, e.g. mangrove reforestation as well as aquaculture or gear-fishing techniques. For a period of six months participatory action research following an integrated natural resource management approach was carried out visiting 12 fishing villages around Nha Phu Lagoon. The inherent ‘learning cycle’ in participatory action research generates knowledge in a process of reflecting on the collected data that is continuously fed back to the participants. During questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, group discussions, observations, resource mappings, and Venn diagrams reasons for the degradation of fishery resources were gathered. This information was then shared with participants, which led to new insights as well as alternative resource management strategies. The integration of biological and socioeconomic aspects identified the complexity of the coastal fishery resource system Nha Phu Lagoon and its users. This includes a multitude of different resources, actors, levels, institutions, decision-making structures, livelihood strategies, trends, and associated problems in the sustainable management of the natural resources.

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Mpofu, Khulekani. "Evaluation of the performance of community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) projects along an aridity gradient in Botswana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006063.

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The Botswana Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) programme started in 1989. Its aims were to promote sustainable development through sustainable natural resources management and utilisation to improve rural livelihoods. The country CBNRM programme has recorded mixed outcomes and this has raised questions on the programme performance throughout the country. Since the programme has been recognised as one of the eight main livelihood strategies for rural communities in Botswana, there was a need to evaluate the programme performance and determine the factors that influence it. This thesis therefore evaluated the performance of CBNRM projects along an aridity gradient in Botswana and by so doing answered the two research questions of: (1) What factors influence the performance of CBNRM? And (2) how does aridity influence the performance of CBNRM programmes? Performance was determined in terms of financial benefits generated by CBNRM projects and the projects adherence to the CBNRM principles. Data were collected from seven selected CBNRM projects covering three aridity zones (wet, medium rainfall and dry areas) in the country. Data were also collected from key informants and community based organisations (CBO) project managers. Research findings have indicated differences in the performance of CBNRM projects across the identified three aridity zones. Factors that influenced the performance of CBNRM projects varied among the three aridity zones. These factors included: existence of complimentary rules and regulations for managing CBNRM projects; literacy levels of communities involved in CBNRM; ethnic composition of the project communities; historic and current socio-economic trends within communities; collaboration between CBNRM institutions and other local level institutes; amount of benefits generated through the projects; ability of institutions to resolve outstanding issues in time and type of CBNRM project. Research results also indicated that there was variation in the performance of CBNRM projects across the three aridity zones. Aridity was found to directly influence the performance of CBNRM projects through its influence on the amount of revenues that projects generated.

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Nykvist, Björn. "Social learning in the Anthropocene : Governance of natural resources in human dominated systems." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Systemekologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-74836.

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We live in the Anthropocene – an age where humans dominate natural systems – and there is ample evidence that our current practices degrade the capacity of natural systems to provide us with natural resources. How we, as humans, organize and learn, in communities and among state and other societal actors, constitute a decisive factor for both local management of natural resources and the functioning of the planet Earth. In other words, the outcome of learning has become a matter of governance across multiple levels. This thesis studies the role of social learning in governance of natural resources, asking the following three overarching questions: i) What are the institutional barriers limiting better environmental governance at different scales? ii) Is there a causal connection between social learning and better environmental governance? iii) What are the normative challenges with better environmental governance or social-ecological resilience being linked to the adaptive capacity of actors to learn socially? The primary method is semi-structured in-depth interviews. Papers provide results on institutional barriers such as competency traps and show how customs and current practices and collaborations limit better environmental governance. It is found that social learning might, and might not, lead to better environmental governance, and the causal connection between social learning and better environmental governance is found to be rather weak, with both variables depending on other factors. Enabling policy, a mandate to make broad assessments, or an engaged leader facilitating social learning, are examples of factors that explain the existence of both social learning and outcomes in terms of better environmental governance. It is concluded that since conditions for, and facilitation of, social learning are so important, research should focus more on what initiates social learning and how social learning can be mainstreamed across multiple levels of governance
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted: Paper 4: Submitted; Paper 5: Submitted.

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Hwehwe, Chenaimoyo Mellissa. "Qualitative Analysis of Social Differences within the Gold mining Value Chain : Case of Shurugwi Mining Sites, Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78697.

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This study is an analysis of social differences in the value chain of small scale artisanal miners in the Shurugwi area in Zimbabwe. Artisanal mining drives the economy of several developing nations including Zimbabwe. However, the different actors in the value chain of the sector play different roles and the power they yield in the process affects what they get in the process and this in turn creates social differentiation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify factors which influence inequalities (social differences) within the Shurugwi artisanal mining value chain. This was a qualitative case study where purposive sampling was used to come up with a sample of 20 gold miners, 8 buyers and 2 millers who operated in the Shurugwi area. Data was collected through interviews and analysis of data was done thematically. This study established that elite players in the gold mining value chain in Shurugwi District, derived most of the benefits while artisanal miners were confined to a life of perpetual poverty, which was a vicious circle and had become hereditary, with sons of miners following the livelihood paths of their fathers. The elite players on the other hand, were presented as sophisticated and although they were mostly not directly involved in the gold extraction activities, they reaped most of the rewards, either as owners of gold claims (who employed others to prospect for gold) or through cheap purchase and processing activities. The study recommends that clear guidelines, guiding the operations of small scale mining activities in the country be collaboratively formulated and implemented to evenly spread the benefits of small scale gold mining activities through the value chain. This research suggests that similar researches be carried out in other small scale gold mining areas in the country so that a more holistic picture of the nature of interactions in the small scale gold mining sector value chain can be grasped. Thereafter, appropriate intervention strategies can then be crafted to manage the nature of these interactions and the resultant social stratifications.
Dissertation (MA (Development Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Anthropology and Archaeology
MA (Development Studies)
Unrestricted

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El-Malik, El-Walied M. H. "Aspects of natural resources contacts, Investment& Finance at Sharia and Arab secular laws : A comparative study." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496403.

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Lanegra, Iván, and Verónica Hurtado. "State, natural resources and environmental policy: notes for Peruvian case." Politai, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/91866.

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This article is divided into three main sections that seek to provide a panoramic look at the relationship between the presence of important natural resources in the country and how this influences the state, particularly in the development of environmental policies. In that sense, in the first part, we made a theoretical introduction to the relationship between natural resource abundance and state building, with a brief mention of the ‘natural resource curse’. Following is a particular case of Peru and the particularities of the exploitation of their natural resources. Then we go on to explain how, through various factors, including social conflicts, have created conditions for institutional innovation in environmental matter
El presente artículo se divide en tres apartados principales que buscan brindar una mirada panorámica sobre la relación entre la presencia de importantes recursos naturales en el territorio del país y la manera como esto influye en el Estado, en particular en el desarrollo de las políticas ambientales. En ese sentido, en la primera parte se realiza una introducción teórica a la relación entre la abundancia de recursos naturales y la construcción del Estado; haciendo una breve mención a la llamada ‘maldición de los recursos naturales’. Seguidamente, se presenta el caso peruano y las particularidades del aprovechamiento de sus recursos naturales. Luego, se pasa a explicar cómo, a través de distintos factores, incluyendo los conflictos sociales, se han generado condiciones para la innovación institucional en materia ambiental, así como los efectos que genera la distribución de beneficios de la explotación de los recursos naturales sobre el Estado. Finalmente, el artículo concluye con la identificación de los desafíos que enfrenta el país en esta materia y las líneas de investigación que se abren para la Ciencia Política.

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Clark, Bradley. "Discovery of Resources and Conflict in the Interstate System, 1816-2001." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28406/.

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This study tests a theory detailing the increased likelihood of conflict following an initial resource discovery in the discovering nation and its region. A survey of prior literature shows a multitude of prior research concerning resources and nations' willingness to initiate conflict over those resources, but this prior research lacks any study concerning the effects of the discovery of resources on interstate conflict. The theory discusses the increased likelihood of conflict in the discovering nation as both target and initiator. It further looks at the increased chance of conflict in the discoverer's region due to security dilemmas and proxy wars. The results show strong support for the theory, suggesting nations making new resource discoveries must take extra care to avoid conflict.

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Weyer, Dylan James. "Assessing linkages between local ecological knowledge, HIV/AIDS and the commercialisation of natural resources across Southern Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007180.

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That natural resources (NRs) are important to those experiencing adversity, and, especially, vulnerability associated with HIV/AIDS, is well documented, particularly with respect to food and energy security. What is unclear is where HIV/AIDS ranks in terms of its significance in comparison to other household shocks, the role local ecological knowledge may (LEK) play in households' response to shock, a propos the types of coping strategies that are employed. Consequently, this research aims to bridge the knowledge gap between HIV/AIDS and the degree to which it is contributing to the expansion of NR commercialisation and to explore the unknowns surrounding the influence of LEK on people's choice of coping strategy. A two phase study was designed to provide quantitative rigour with qualitative depth. Phase one was an extensive, rapid survey of NR traders within urban and rural settings in five southern Africa countries. The principle objective was to profile the trade, the livelihoods of those involved and their reasons for entering the trade, to ultimately establish to what degree HIV/AIDS may have been a catalyst for this. Almost one third of the sample entered the trade in response to illness and/or death in their households, with 80% of deaths being of breadwinners. The findings illustrated considerable dependence on the sale of NRs; for almost 60% of the sample it was their household's only source of income. There was evidently increased blurring of the lines between rural and urban NR use with a greater diversity of products being traded in urban areas. Phase two involved in-depth interviews and work with a smaller sample at two sites selected based on the findings from the first phase. It incorporated three groups of households; non-trading, inexperienced trading and experienced trading households. Key areas of focus were household shocks, coping strategies employed in response to these and the role LEK may be playing in the choice of coping strategies. Within a two year period, 95% of households registered at least one shock, of which 80% recorded AIDS-related proxy shocks. Non-trading households were significantly worse-off in this regard, while in the case of non-AIDS proxy shocks, there was no such difference between groups. The most frequently employed coping strategy was the consumption and sale of NRs and was of particular importance when households were faced with AIDS proxy shocks. Trading households emerged as having superior levels of LEK in comparison to non-trading households, even for non-traded NRs, suggesting that prior LEK of NRs opened up opportunities to trade in NR as a coping strategy. Further inspection of the latter group however revealed that the portion of non-trading households who traded on a very ad hoc basis actually had comparable levels of LEK to the trading households. Despite the ad hoc trading households' vulnerable state and their disproportionately high level of AIDS proxy measures, they had at their disposal, sufficient LEK to unlock certain key coping strategies, namely the NR trade. In this sense there are apparent linkages between LEK, HIV/AIDS and the expansion of the commercialisation of NRs.

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Dwyer, Brian James. "Aspects of governance and public participation in remediation of the Murray-Darling Basin /." View thesis, 2004. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20060517.130206/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2004.
"A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Western Sydney, Sydney, January 2004." Includes bibliography : leaves 359 - 369.

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Spiro, Daniel. "Some Aspects of Resource and Behavioral Economics." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75398.

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This thesis consists of four essays in resource and behavioral economics. Resource Extraction, Capital Accumulation and Time Horizon The paper shows that relaxing the standard infinite horizon assumption can explain the patterns of exhaustible resource extraction and prices for the last century. An empirical test proposes a time horizon of roughly 28 years to be most likely. Model calibration yields an oil price which fits the falling price after WWII and suggests that the sharply increasing price after 1998 is due to scarcity. Optimal Forest Rotation under Climate Change The scenario of forests growing faster over time, due to climate change, is analyzed. It is shown numerically that ignoring future changes is highly likely to be accurate in terms of harvesting and will cause insignificant profit losses. Tragedy of the Commons versus the Love of Variety The opposing effects of overharvesting of renewable resources when property rights are missing and increased consumption variety, both due to trade, are analyzed. Trade increases welfare if the resource has strong regenerative power. If, instead, the resource regenerates slowly, then sufficient increases in the number of trade partners harms welfare and the stock may even collapse. Correcting policies may be very harsh and still improve upon laissez faire. The Distribution of Revealed Preferences under Social Pressure Stated preferences, such as declared political opinions, are studied when individuals make the trade off between being true to their real opinions and conforming to a social norm. In orthodox societies, individuals will tend to either conform fully or ignore the social norm while individuals in liberal societies will tend to compromise between the two extremes. The model sheds light on phenomena such as polarization, alienation and hypocrisy. Furthermore, it suggests that orthodoxy cannot be maintained under pluralism.

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Biezeveld, Renske Laura. "Between individualism and mutual help ; Social security and natural resources in a Minangkabau village /." Delft : Eburon, 2002. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/uchi051/2002487062.html.

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Ainslie, Andrew. "Managing natural resources in a rural settlement in Peddie district." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007462.

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This thesis is an account of the challenges people in Tyefu Location, Peddie District, and specifically in Gwabeni village, face in their attempts to manage their common pool natural resources. Taking my analytical cue from the literature which deals with the institutional dimensions of resource management in common property systems, I look at the impact of both outside influences and local dynamics on resource managing institutions at village level. I show how particular historical circumstances, including state interventions, led to the enclosure of Tyefu Location, and to the rapid increase in the population that had to be accommodated here. This placed enormous pressure on the natural resources of the area, and contributed to the emasculation of the local institutions responsible for overseeing resource management. The residents of the location adopted whatever strategies they could to ameliorate the depletion of natural resources in their villages. One 'traditional' strategy they have sought to emulate is to move their imizi (homesteads) away from areas where local resources has been exhausted. Given the finite area of land available to them, this strategy was only ever likely to be successful in the short-term. I analyse social, economic and institutional factors at village level that appear to act as disincentives to collective resource management activities. These factors include the social structure of the imizi and the socio-economic heterogeneity that exists between imizi in Gwabeni village. The varying degrees of household economic marginality that follow from this, together with the differential ownership of livestock and other possessions that decrease people's reliance on locally available natural resources, mean that the transaction costs that people would incur by contributing to collective resource management activities, differ widely. A primary cause of people's failure to engage in resource management at village level stems from the dispersion of the members of their imizi. This factor robs the village of decision makers and undermines the capacity of those left behind to make and implement resource management decisions. It results in the various members of imizi in the village having different orientations that dissipate the energy needed for collective action. It also fuels existing struggles, and creates new ones, over the meanings and uses of the term 'community'. I conclude by arguing that, in Tyefu Location, the management of natural resources is extremely difficult to co-ordinate, because such management is highly contested, undermined by differentiation among resource users, and subject to the attentions of weak village institutions that do not share a clear set of resource management objectives.
KMBT_363

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Walton, Sara, and n/a. "Contesting natures : a discourse analysis of natural resource conflicts." University of Otago. Department of Management, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080404.142212.

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This research explores the discursive formations involved in two environmental conflicts during which organisations were not permitted to carry out their proposed extractive activities. The conflicts were based on the West Coast of the South Island in New Zealand. The first involved sustainable native logging and the second was over the siting and extension of a gold mine. Extensive archival and media searches were carried out to generate data on the conflicts. Interviews were also conducted to investigate the community position in more depth. The discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe (2001 [1985]) is drawn upon as a framework to make sense of the conflicts. This framework was particularly useful as it enabled a close and careful examination of the antagonisms and addressed some of the ideological and power concerns with stakeholder analysis. The analysis involved identifying nodal points, subjectivity, subject positions and floating signifiers, which enabled certain hegemonic constructions. The two conflicts were considerably different. The hegemonic constructions were quite similar and the notion of �being green� emerged as an antagonism that was at the heart of the conflicts and a key to understanding why these business organisations were unsuccessful. That is, who or what is given meaning as �being green� negates and de-legitimates other activity that is not deemed to be green. In these conflicts business organisations extracting natural resources and subjects supporting these organisational activities could not be green - when being green was constituted in terms of the clean green discourse operating economically and socially within New Zealand (see Bell, 1996). Consequently, not being green was deemed to be outside of what we see as New Zealanders as being important and thus should not occur in this country. This research has implications for business organisations in New Zealand dealing with greening issues, especially as external stakeholders can have considerable influence on organisational activities. Theoretically it argues for a discursive approach to organisational stakeholder analysis in order to address power and subjectivity and for the organisation and natural environment literature to recognise the possibility of multiple meanings of nature. In particular, this thesis contributes to current organisation studies literature by explicitly focusing on �nature� as a concept. It shows that the meaning attributed to nature is a political process which can have consequences for preventing or enabling significant business organisational activities.

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Clark, Paul David. "Social capital and vanua challenges to governance development in a community-based natural resource management project in Cuvu Tikina, Fiji /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05202008-111818/.

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Benke, Ildiko. "Power and energy geopolitical aspects of the transnational natural gas pipelines from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FBenke.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Tsypkin, Mikhail ; Second Reader: Lober, George. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Natural gas, transportation routes, pipelines, power rivalry, energy demand, energy resources, energy policy, energy security, post-Cold war era, Caspian Sea basin, Russian periphery, geopolitical, littoral states, political instability. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-56). Also available in print.

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Loureiro-Koechlin, Cecilia. "Human and social aspects of software development for complex organisations : an online ethnography of software developers." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5667.

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This thesis addresses the problem of human and social issues that affect software development. It is situated within the field of Information Systems and focuses on the processes of software production used within complex organisational processes: particularly decision-making, collaboration and workflow. Human and social issues are problems and situations caused by the members of the target organisations, software developers, and the dynamics of their working and social interactions. The objective of this thesis is to identify these human and social issues and see how they affect software developers' work. The methodological approach adopted here, is designed from the interpretive point of view. This study takes the perspective of software developers as they possess practical knowledge of complex business settings and current software development practices. Online ethnography is the chosen method that allows this investigation access to virtual communities in which software developers work and exchange experiences. The design of this thesis is as follows: 1. Online data is collected which reflect software developers' beliefs about their work and their target organisations. 2. Data categories are created which show a picture of the current state of affairs in software development. 3. An interpretive theory building strategy is used to create a model of software development based on data categories. The final outcome of this thesis is developed as a complement to Orlikowski's (2000) structurational model of enactment of technologies-in-practice and takes the form of a descriptive, theory based model. This model contributes to the deeper understanding of software development issues. It presents human and social issues that affect the production of software within three different contexts: software development environment, software development practices and complex business organisations. The model generated in this thesis also suggests that software developers' perceptions of human and social issues in complex business organisations are influenced by the developers' background knowledge and experience.

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Masara, Christopher. "Learning commercial beekeeping: two cases of social learning in southern African community natural resources management contexts." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003547.

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Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) in southern Africa has gained an important role in alleviating poverty and conserving natural resources. The attention and funding CBNRM is receiving from governments, non-governmental organisations and donors is seen as one way to strengthen civil society‟s involvement in decision-making and participating in activities that contribute to a sustainable livelihood, whilst at the same time learning in their social contexts to adapt and care for the ever changing environment characterised by constraints, challenges, contradictions, new opportunities for learning and change. This study focuses on social learning in commercialisation of natural resource products in two case studies of commercial beekeeping in rural southern African contexts. In this study social learning entails a process of qualitative change taking place in a social context for the purpose of personal and social adaptation. This perspective is useful in this study as learning in the two cases, Hluleka in South Africa and Buhera in Zimbabwe involved the transition beekeeping.from traditional honey harvesting practices and subsistence beekeeping to commercial beekeeping. This study is informed by two related theoretical perspectives namely Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) and Social Learning Theory. CHAT was used as conceptual and methodological framework to inform the first phase of data gathering and analysis processes; as well as second phase data gathering. In the first phase, I gathered data through semistructured interviews, document reviews and observations to identify problems, challenges and critical incidents in learning commercial beekeeping, technically known as tensions and contradictions within the CHAT framework. These tensions and contradictions, surfaced through analysis of first phase data were used as "mirror data‟ in Intervention Workshops within CHAT's process of Developmental Work Research, which supports social learning in response to tensions and contradictions in workplace activity. Use of mirror data provided a basis for dialogue and the modelling of new solutions to identified contradictions. To interpret the social learning processes resulting from these interactions, I drew on Wals' (2007) analytical lenses, through which I was able to monitor social learning processes that emerged from the Intervention Workshop dialogues while beekeepers modelled new solutions to contradictions in learning commercial beekeeping. The findings of the study revealed that social learning in commercial beekeeping is internally and externally influenced by socio-cultural, political and economic complexities. Social learning in Intervention Workshops was supported by different knowledge bases of participants, in this study these are beekeepers, extension officers, trainers and development facilitators. Such knowledge bases were the source of information for learning and constructing model solutions. The study also revealed that learning in CBNRM workplaces can be observed across the development processes, and CHAT as a methodological tool and Wals‟ (2007) analytical tool are complementary and can be used in researching social learning in other CBNRM workplaces. The study contributes in-depth insight into participatory research and learning processes, especially within the context of CBRM in southern Africa. It gives some empirical and explanatory insight into how change-oriented social learning can emerge and be expanded in Education for Sustainable Development. It also provides learning and extension tools to work with contradictions that arise from socio-cultural and historical dimensions of learning commercialisation of natural resources in southern African context. Its other key contribution is that it provides further insight into the mobilisation of human agency and reflexivity in change oriented social learning processes of commercialisation of sustainable natural resources products and poverty alleviation processes that are critical for responding to socioecological issues and risks and development challenges in southern Africa.

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Li, Jia. "Impact of tourism development on the Wolong Nature Reserve, China : perceptions of tourists and local residents." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1006.

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Tottie, Ester. "A GIRL’S BEST FRIEND? : A Quantitative Study on The Effect of Diamond Extortion on Sexual Violence." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431580.

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Sexual violence has been a considered tragic yet inevitable part of most armed conflicts throughout history. Various connections have been made between natural resources and conflict-related sexual violence and this paper aims to explore this relationship further. This study uses theory on lootable natural resources and sexual violence to hypothesize that lootable natural resources, compared to unlootable, will affect the likelihood of sexual violence. The proposed hypothesis is that rebels who extort alluvial diamonds, a lootable resource, are more likely to engage in sexual violence. Using data from the SVAC and the RCD datasets, the hypothesis is tested through logistic regression. The empirical analysis show that the effect of diamond extortion is indeed statistically significant, which supports the hypothesis. These results contribute to finding possible predictors of conflict-related sexual violence, to help prevent further victims of this violence.

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Kadianaki, Eirini Irene. "Negotiating immigration through symbolic resources : the case of immigrants living in Greece." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609097.

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Boardman, Jason David. "The social determinants of health race, resources, and neighborhoods in the Detroit tri-county area /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3077407.

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Glavanis, Pandelis Michalis. "Aspects of the economic and social history of the Greek community in Alexandria during the nineteenth century." Thesis, University of Hull, 1989. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3580.

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This study is intended to be a contribution to nineteenth century Egyptian historiography with particular reference to a discussion of aspects of the economic and social role and activities of the Greek community in Alexandria. Given, however, the almost total absence of studies on the role and activities of the modern history of the Greeks in Egypt, this study constitutes both a pioneering and preliminary contribution.

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Whyte, Michelle. "Social network analysis of stakeholders in the Duiwenhoks Water Catchment." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020995.

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Social-ecological systems are facing complex social, political, economic and environmental problems beyond the capacity of one group of stakeholders or organization to solve in isolation. Ecosystem degradation causes major environmental and economic concern, due to the loss of ecosystem services which river and wetland ecosystems provide. Stakeholder communities who depend on natural resources need to identify the social processes which are underlying causes to unsuccessful natural resource management and thus environmental degradation. The study is primarily aimed at identifying and understanding the structural and functional properties of the stakeholder network in the Duiwenhoks River catchment in the Western Cape, South Africa. Through analyzing the social network properties the study identifies and describes the main stakeholders involved with natural resource management in the Duiwenhoks water catchment area. How the individual actors from the diverse stakeholder groups are connected through communication ties were assessed. Furthermore, issues and factors which limit the effectiveness of the social network were identified. The main factors include a lack of communication and collaboration between key local resource users and governance officials caused by conflicting perspectives regarding resource management and societal conflicts caused by asymmetries in power distribution favoring government institutions. The lack of collaboration between stakeholders was identified as a contributing factor that links to the resource degradation experienced in the catchment. Ultimately means of overcoming the limitations to effective social networking, in order to manage the challenges related to natural resource management were identified. Management recommendations include the development of bridging ties and collaboration between diverse stakeholders, whilst facilitating participatory processes aimed at participatory problem solving and adaptive co-management of natural resources. Government institutions were identified as being dominant stakeholders in the network and should be mobilized to perform a stronger bridging role to connect disconnected actors. The findings of the study may inform future efforts of researchers and facilitators to implement strategies which promote social networking, social learning and ultimately adaptive co-management in the study area or other similar social-ecological systems. Ultimately, collaboration can be achieved between the diverse stakeholders to successfully improve ecosystem management and resilience in the Duiwenhoks water catchment.

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Geczi, Emilian. "Placing natural resource decisions in social and historical contexts: Sociological inquiries into agency communications, management rationalities, and community change." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/551.

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A sociological understanding of natural resource management decisions traces the links between historical change (How does this historical period differ from other periods?), society (What social relations exist at this time and how do they persist or change?), and individuals (What types of conduct and discourse prevail in this society and in this period?). The papers submitted for this dissertation examine the connections between identity, social milieu, and historical change relative to three resource management issues: (1) The promotion of nature play areas as a novel landscape form. Analysis of agency materials suggests that these spaces are advertised as bucolic settings for children's healthy development. Online and on-site communications about nature play guide both children's and adults' conduct according to specific ideas about nature, parenting, and education. (2) The sway of the instrumental rationality inherent in the ecosystem services approach to planning and management. Traditional sociological theory suggests that, for all of its promise to internalize environmental externalities in decision-making, the ecosystem services approach reduces society's capacity for engaging critically with the forces that shape our world. The recent "nonhuman turn" in social theory offers alternatives to the utilitarian ethic and quiescent character of ecosystem services. (3) The impact of changing demographics in amenity-rich towns on community wellbeing. This resident survey of four Vermont towns experiencing different rates of growth examines the utility of categories such as permanent and seasonal residents, and newcomers and longterm residents, in understanding attitudes toward community development and preservation of natural and cultural resources.

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Holst, Joshua. "Development and Conflict at the Ecological Margins: Grassroots Approaches to Democracy and Natural Resources." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581409.

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How can politically and ecologically vulnerable groups come to productively govern the development process? The current environmental crisis is felt most intensely by marginalized groups whose livelihoods, food security, and health are threatened as development-driven environmental problems increase. This study looks at the intersection between the state, the economy, and the grassroots as key decision-makers shape the development trajectory: environmental factions of the rebels-turned-politicians in Aceh, Indonesia, the pro-autonomy indigenous movement in the Ecuadorian Amazon, and pro-democracy insurgents in the United States. The subsequent chapters track and analyze the varied fates of insurgents in each site as they attempt to democratize the state and acquire control over local ecologies. The conclusion explores these movements as the tip of a much deeper iceberg of conflict between extractive development and anti-colonialism.

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Wang, Jieying. "Mobilizing resources in networked social movements: cases in Hong Kong and Taiwan." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/175.

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The study examines social movement resource mobilization in the age of the network society. In the traditional model of Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT), material and human resources, as well as the legitimacy gained for a movement from the mass media, play crucial roles in mobilization. In the contemporary epoch of informationalism and network society, a large variety of instant communication technologies penetrate everyday life, bringing a lifestyle characterized by the intensive integration between technologies and social life. By studying the cases of two recent social movements, which witnessed the networking of different organizations/individuals and their wide use of new technologies, this research tries to identify what sorts of movement resources are employed in the mobilization process, and what the resource mobilization process is like in the paradigm of informationalism and network society. Regarding the traditional RMT, scholars identified the missing link between the movement side and the general public in terms of empathy arousal. Despite that political opportunity process theorists largely added contextual elements, they concentrated on mainstream political institutional change, but still neglecting the role of historical and social culture, and people’s role as active agency. In this study, the author also integrates the cultural aspects as a type of immaterial resource to produce a broader look into movement resources. The two cases investigated are: the anti-moral-and-national-education movement (anti-M&N) in Hong Kong and the anti-media-monopoly movement (anti-monopoly) in Taiwan. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach, employing in-depth interviews and archive study as the major methods. Results show that the traditional resources, such as resource-rich movement organizations, professionals and those possessing fruitful movement experiences are still indispensable. However, it is noteworthy that technologically adept activists have gained an increasingly important position. Their tech-savvy capabilities make them at once information archivist, movement message translator and disseminator. In addition, their heavy use of online platforms has facilitated groups which lack resources to “out-source the provision of resources to a rhizomatic movement network. In this sense, with networking taking place between those who possess resources and the tech-savvy activists, between the core and the rhizomatic participants, a networked alliance has been formed as an important resource to today’s social movements. In traditional resource mobilization theory, the mass media was regarded as an important source to legitimize the movement. In these cases, besides the legitimacy gained from certain types of mass media, the activists also presented the movement’s messages strategically, by bridging the movements with social expectation and embedding in the historical context. By this means, the activists drew wider attention to anxieties about identity. In the light of the fact that Hong Kong and Taiwan are in the eye of the storm against the backdrop of China’s rising power, the issue of identity anxiety in these two societies may provide a direction for further research. Keywords: resource mobilization, network society, Hong Kong, Taiwan

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Vázquez, Suárez Silvia. "Pattern-based automatic induction of domain adapted resources for social media analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/350801.

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In this dissertation, we analyze different aspects of the language used in texts published along different social media, and we propose a set of methods for the automatic extraction of polar adjectives as well as for the automatic classification of these texts. First of all, we propose a new classification of polar adjectives according to their lexical features, based on a case study. Secondly, we implement a new domain adaptable system for the automatic extraction of polar adjectives (along with their polarity values), reducing the use of external language resources. Finally, we propose two automatic classifiers (one rule-based and one based on Decision Trees) to identify documents belonging to different stages of the purchase process and texts that analyze different aspects of the product.
En esta tesis, analizamos diferentes aspectos del lenguaje utilizado en los textos publicados en diferentes medios sociales y proponemos una serie de métodos para la extracción automática de adjetivos de opinión, así como para la clasificación automática de dichos textos. En primer lugar, proponemos una nueva clasificación de los adjetivos de opinión de acuerdo con sus características léxicas, basada en un estudio de caso. En segundo lugar, implementamos un nuevo sistema de extracción automática de adjetivos de opinión (junto con sus valores de polaridad), adaptable al dominio y que reduce el uso de recursos lingüísticos externos. Finalmente, proponemos dos clasificadores automáticos (uno basado en reglas y otros basados en ´arboles de decisión) para identificar textos pertenecientes a distintas fases del proceso de compra y textos que analizan diferentes aspectos del producto.
En aquesta tesi, analitzem diferents aspectes del llenguatge utilitzat en els textos publicats en diferents mitjans socials i proposem una sèrie de mètodes per a l’extracció automàtica d’adjectius d’opinió així com per a la classificació automàtica d’aquests textos. En primer lloc, proposem una nova classificació dels adjectius d’opinió, basada en un estudi de cas, més d’acord amb les seves característiques lèxiques. En segon lloc, vam implementar un nou sistema d’extracció automàtica d’adjectius d’opinió (juntament amb els seus valors de polaritat), adaptable al domini i que redueix l’´us de recursos lingüístics externs. Finalment, proposem dos classificadors automàtics (un basat en regles i un altre basats en arbres de decisió) per identificar textos que pertanyen a diferents fases del procés de compra i textos que analitzen diferents aspectes del producte.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Natural resources Social Aspects'

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