Relevant bibliographies by topics / Natural product

Academic literature on the topic 'Natural product'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Natural product"

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Karageorgis, George, Daniel J. Foley, Luca Laraia, Susanne Brakmann, and Herbert Waldmann. "Pseudo Natural Products—Chemical Evolution of Natural Product Structure." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60, no. 29 (March 23, 2021): 15705–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202016575.

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Karageorgis, George, Daniel J. Foley, Luca Laraia, Susanne Brakmann, and Herbert Waldmann. "Pseudo Natural Products—Chemical Evolution of Natural Product Structure." Angewandte Chemie 133, no. 29 (March 23, 2021): 15837–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202016575.

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Abel, Ulrich, Corinna Koch, Michael Speitling, and Friedrich G. Hansske. "Modern methods to produce natural-product libraries." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 6, no. 4 (August 2002): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00338-1.

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Wang, Junyang, Jens Nielsen, and Zihe Liu. "Synthetic Biology Advanced Natural Product Discovery." Metabolites 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110785.

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A wide variety of bacteria, fungi and plants can produce bioactive secondary metabolites, which are often referred to as natural products. With the rapid development of DNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics, a large number of putative biosynthetic gene clusters have been reported. However, only a limited number of natural products have been discovered, as most biosynthetic gene clusters are not expressed or are expressed at extremely low levels under conventional laboratory conditions. With the rapid development of synthetic biology, advanced genome mining and engineering strategies have been reported and they provide new opportunities for discovery of natural products. This review discusses advances in recent years that can accelerate the design, build, test, and learn (DBTL) cycle of natural product discovery, and prospects trends and key challenges for future research directions.
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Lipparini, Paolo. "An Infinite Natural Product." Annales Mathematicae Silesianae 32, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsil-2017-0013.

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Abstract We study a countably infinite iteration of the natural product between ordinals.We present an “effective” way to compute this countable natural product; in the non trivial cases the result depends only on the natural sum of the degrees of the factors, where the degree of a nonzero ordinal is the largest exponent in its Cantor normal form representation. Thus we are able to lift former results about infinitary sums to infinitary products. Finally, we provide an order-theoretical characterization of the infinite natural product; this characterization merges in a nontrivial way a theorem by Carruth describing the natural product of two ordinals and a known description of the ordinal product of a possibly infinite sequence of ordinals.
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Gademann, Karl. "Natural Product Hybrids." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 60, no. 12 (December 20, 2006): 841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2006.841.

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Wainwright, M. "Natural Product Photoantimicrobials." Current Bioactive Compounds 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340707783220202.

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Wackett, Lawrence P. "Natural product databases." Microbial Biotechnology 11, no. 4 (June 21, 2018): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13295.

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Kersten, Roland D., and Pieter C. Dorrestein. "Natural product nitrosation." Nature Chemical Biology 6, no. 9 (September 2010): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.425.

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Sticher, Otto. "Natural product isolation." Natural Product Reports 25, no. 3 (2008): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b700306b.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural product"

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Bringans, Scott D. "Studies on natural product derivatives : HIV therapies incorporating marine natural products." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6699.

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CV-N is an 11 kDa, anti-HIV protein that binds strongly to the envelope glycoprotein, gp120, expressed on the outer surface of the free virion and also on HIV-infected cells. As such, it represents an important lead for development of anti-HIV therapeutics. Marine toxins such as the halichondrins have potent in vivo cytotoxicities and are lethal to cells. The combination of this potency of the marine toxins with the unique targeting capability of CV-N has been harnessed to produce conjugates that have the potential to selectively target and eliminate HIV-infected cells. Three forms of the protein were developed; the native protein itself, a derivative recombinantly produced in E. coli with an extra cysteine at the C-terminal (CV-N-Cys) and CV-N with the lysine side chain amines converted into thiols (thiolated-CV-N). To facilitate release of the toxin within infected cells an enzymatically-cleavable pHdependent biolinker was incorporated separating the toxin from the protein. The chemistry required for incorporation of protein, biolinker, and toxin, was established through synthesis of fluorescently labelled conjugates capable of reaction with CV-N. Biological testing of these derivatives showed no interference with the anti-HIV activity of the CV-N when conjugated in these model compounds. Synthetic strategies were developed to produce two derivatives of norhomohalichondrin B amine, both containing the cleavable biolinker, but with activation from succinimidyl esters and maleimido groups respectively. Native CV-N was reacted with the succinimidyl ester derived toxin construct to produce a CV-N-biolinker-toxin conjugate. The maleimido derivative toxin construct was reacted with both CV-N-Cys and thiolated-CV -N to produce closely related CV-N-toxin conjugates. Investigations into the binding properties and cell toxicities of these conjugates is currently underway.
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Li, I. C. K. "Natural product syntheses." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375675.

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Vollmer, Heidi R. "Biologically active natural product synthesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365780.

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Merifield, Eric. "Aspects of natural product synthesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258148.

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Longbottom, Deborah Anne. "Polyenoyltetramic acid natural product synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620206.

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Hunter, Ruth F. "Benzynes in natural product synthesis." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1989. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.655226.

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Puniani, Evaloni Takavaha. "Novel natural product based anti-anxiety therapy and natural insecticides." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29155.

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The EtOH extracts of the leaves of Margraviaceae, a relatively rare Central American vine for which ethnobotanical reports suggested possible anti-anxiety properties, showed significant anti-anxiety activity in animal models for anxiety. Subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation of these extracts yielded an EtOAc active fraction (f1). Further bioassay-directed chromatography of (f1), led to the isolation of betulinic acid (3) as the bioactive constituent in 0.01% of dry weight. Six known pentacyclic triterpenoids [( 1a), (1b), (2a), (2b), ( 4), (5a)], six known flavonoids [(6), ( 7), (8a), (8b), (9), ( 10)], chondrillasterol (11), linolenic acid (12 ) and a porphyrin type compound (13) were also isolated. When (3) was administered at 0.5 mg per kg (possibly less) in a variety of rat and mouse model assays, the activity of (3) was comparable to that of Valium, the most famous member of the benzodiazepines family. Synthetic derivatives of (3) were prepared and evaluated for anti-anxiety activity. Several of the simple esters appear to have ideal properties as new drug Candidates. In particular, betulinic acid methyl ester or methyl betulinate (3a) exhibited anti-anxiety activity superior to (3). The activity profile of (3a) is such that (3a) can be considered a viable drug candidate. An excellent relay synthesis of (3) from another closely related natural product betulin (14), that is abundantly available in Eastern Ontario, was developed. Radioactive 3H-labelled betulinic acid methyl ester ( 3a″) was also prepared in order to facilitate identification of relevant anti-anxiety receptors and the mechanism of action of the compound. This is important since (3) showed no significant binding to any of the 40 anti-anxiety receptors currently implicated in anxiety. Therefore, it appears to act as an anti-anxiety agent via a new mode of action.* In a second project, the active components of a member of the Piperaceae or Pepper family (P. tuberculatum) from Costa Rica, were isolated and their structures characterized as 5,6-dihydropiperlonguminine (25), 5,6-dihydropiperine (26), piperine ( 27) and piperlonguminine (28). Extracts from this neotropical plant had been previously demonstrated by our biology collaborators, Professor Arnason's group, to be strongly insecticidal towards a variety of pests including mosquitoes, earwigs and white grubs. Moreover, the P. tuberculatum extracts were as effective as the well-documented Asian (P. nigrum) and African ( P. guineense) Piper species. Piperamides (25)--(28) were synthesized in sufficient amounts to allow extensive evaluation of their insecticidal properties. Experiments with these piperamides showed that the tertiary and quaternary mixtures have greater-than-additive toxicity compared to single compounds or binary mixtures. That is, these piperamides synergize each other. Compound (25) was the most acutely toxic in mosquito larvae bioassays. The field trials to date indicate a high potential for the development of an effective, relatively inexpensive botanically based insecticide. Radioactive 3H-labelled piperine (27″ ) was also synthesized for toxicokinetic studies. *Please refer to dissertation for diagrams.
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Vogt, Thomas. "Plant natural product glycosyl- and methyltransferases." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=984745009.

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Thite, Aniket Mohan. "Direct approaches toward natural product synthesis." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Sperry, Jonathan. "Biomimetic oxidations in natural product synthesis." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425500.

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Books on the topic "Natural product"

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Rostagno, Mauricio A., and Juliana M. Prado, eds. Natural Product Extraction. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849737579.

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Prado, Juliana, and Mauricio Rostagno, eds. Natural Product Extraction. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839165894.

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Rahman, Atta-ur, ed. Natural Product Chemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71425-2.

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1944-, Mulzer J., ed. Natural product synthesis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

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Skellam, Elizabeth, ed. Engineering Natural Product Biosynthesis. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2273-5.

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Mulzer, J. Natural Product Synthesis I. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b93169.

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Brown, Bates Robert, ed. Natural product structure determination. Oxford: Pergamon, 1991.

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Majumdar, Krishna C., and Shital K. Chattopadhyay, eds. Heterocycles in Natural Product Synthesis. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527634880.

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Ullah, Mohammad Fahad, and Aamir Ahmad, eds. Nutraceuticals and Natural Product Derivatives. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119436713.

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The natural pharmacy product guide. Garden City Park, N.Y: Avery Pub. Group, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Natural product"

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Singh, Sheo B. "Pharmaceuticals: Natural Products and Natural Product Models." In Chemical Biology, 165–201. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118435762.ch10.

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Singh, Sheo B. "Pharmaceuticals: Natural Products and Natural Product Models." In Natural Products in Chemical Biology, 287–324. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118391815.ch12.

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Bertuccioli, M., and I. Rosi. "Product optimization." In Understanding Natural Flavors, 77–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2143-3_6.

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Sarker, Satyajit D., and Lutfun Nahar. "Natural Product Chemistry." In Chemistry for Pharmacy Students, 283–370. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118687529.ch6.

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Batista-Navarro, Riza Theresa. "Natural Product Resources." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 1499–501. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1051.

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Sarker, Satyajit D., Zahid Latif, and Alexander I. Gray. "Natural Product Isolation." In Natural Products Isolation, 1–25. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-955-9:1.

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McKee, Tawnya C., Albert W. W. Van Wyk, and Emily L. Whitson. "Natural Product Screening." In Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, 39–67. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9135-4_3.

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Okuda, Yasuhiro, and Yasushi Nishihara. "Natural Product Synthesis." In Lecture Notes in Chemistry, 43–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32368-3_3.

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Rizzo, Stefano, Vijay Wakchaure, and Herbert Waldmann. "Natural Product-Derived and Natural Product-Inspired Compound Collections." In Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry, 43–80. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527676545.ch02.

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Ahmad, Viqar Uddin. "Chemical Constituents of Some Medicinal Plants of Pakistan." In Natural Product Chemistry, 1–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71425-2_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Natural product"

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Hakim, Aliefman, A. Wahab Jufri, and Jamaluddin. "Natural product chemistry laboratory course to produce active compounds." In THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE INDONESIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY ICICS 2021: Toward a Meaningful Society. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0105986.

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Rognoli, Valentina, Elvin Karana, and Owain Pedgley. "Natural fibre composites in product design." In the 2011 Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2347504.2347543.

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Ng, Winnie, and Vincent Cho. "Driving Product Sales Performance using Product Prelaunch Linguistics Analytic Approach." In 6th International Conference on Natural Language Processing. Aircc Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.100403.

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Luković, Milica, and Jovan Nićiforović. "NATURE AND NATURAL FOOD PRODUCTS IN FUTURE TOURIST’S PERSPECTIVE." In Tourism International Scientific Conference Vrnjačka Banja - TISC. FACULTY OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM IN VRNJAČKA BANJA UNIVERSITY OF KRAGUJEVAC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52370/tisc22467ml.

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Two years after Covid-19 outbreak, the trend of local movements in ecologically clean areas is continuing. Parallel with searching for nature, tourists renew old, almost forgotten, traditional nature-inspired recipes. This study investigates tourists’ attitudes towards natural areas, interest in natural products experiences and their preference to renovate traditional healthy food products and to be included in future food tourism offers. The study includes standard and ethnobotanical interviews aimed to show the stronger connection between tourists and nature compared to the previous period and its intention to mitigate and adapt to Covid-19 challenges. The results show continuous changes in tourist perspective related to nature and natural food products in general. The results were compared with previous research and show that tourists are still interested in natural boosters through natural food, staying in nature, and active involvement in natural product collecting, however, the focus has shifted from traditional medicinal plants to edible ones.
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Thornburg, CC, JR Britt, JR Evans, RK Akee, JA Whitt, SK Trinh, MJ Harris, et al. "The NCI program for natural product discovery." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399671.

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VAN DER DONK, WILFRED A. "NATURAL PRODUCT BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE GENOMIC AGE." In 23rd International Solvay Conference on Chemistry. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814603836_0002.

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Ferrari, Alessio, Giorgio O. Spagnolo, and Felice Dell'Orletta. "Mining commonalities and variabilities from natural language documents." In the 17th International Software Product Line Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2491627.2491634.

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Li, Yang, Sandro Schulze, and Gunter Saake. "Reverse Engineering Variability from Natural Language Documents." In SPLC '17: 21st International Systems and Software Product Line Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3106195.3106207.

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Ferri-Lagneau, Karine F., Derek C. Norford, Shengmin Sang, and TinChung Leung. "Abstract 4255: Natural product ginger promotes hematopoietic recovery." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-4255.

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Serra, Gloria, Stella Peña, Laura Scarone, and Eduardo Manta. "Synthesis of a Macrocyclic Marine Natural Product Analog." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0079-1.

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Reports on the topic "Natural product"

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Layne, A. W., J. R. Duda, and A. M. Zammerilli. Natural gas product and strategic analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10136355.

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Salem, Shaimaa. Biosynthesis of Marineosin, a Spiroaminal Undecylprodiginine Natural Product. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.936.

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Corbin, William, Oscar Negrete, and Edwin Saada. COVID-19 Infection Prevention through Natural Product Molecules. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1678839.

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Farrar, Robert M., and Paul A. Murphy. Taper Functions for Predicting Product Volumes in Natural Shortleaf Pines. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-rp-234.

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TERENTIEV, S., O. GRUNINA, and L. PONOMAREVA. FEATURES OF THE PRODUCTION OF DOUGH SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT PRODUCED USING LENTIL FLOUR. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2022-11-2-4-15-22.

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Bread consumption has a stable increase in the territory of Russia and in particular in the Ulyanovsk and Samara regions. Bread, as a fairly low-priced product, is in high demand among consumers, but this product is not biologically saturated with useful substances, therefore, in modern production, a number of techniques are used to increase the nutritional and biological value of these types of products. In our work, one of these methods will be considered - the introduction of lentil flour into dough preparations. The problem is that the state policy regarding import substitution, aimed at replacing food additives produced abroad, necessitates the use of food additives or raw materials of natural origin produced in the territory of the Russian Federation, and the lack of development of regulatory and technological documentation in this direction is a significant problem for public enterprises. nutrition. Purpose - to carry out the development of a recipe for a test semi-finished product produced with the addition of lentil flour, as a product with a preventive purpose Results: based on the results of the study, a recipe for a test semi-finished product was developed, produced with the addition of lentil flour, as a product with a preventive purpose.
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Illanes, Gastón, and Sarah Moshary. Market Structure and Product Assortment: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Liquor Licensure. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27016.

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Scriabin, M. P. FACILITY FROM NATURAL STRAINS OF BACTERIUS BACILLUS SUBTILIS FOR PRODUCING A FERRO-MILK FODDER PRODUCT. Ljournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/978-5-6042744-2-2-269-270.

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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, and Renato Vargas. Integrating the Value of Natural Capital in Evidence-Based Policy Making. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002900.

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This paper describes how Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) can be integrated into economy wide analytical frameworks to enhance evidence based decision making. Examples from applications of the Integrated Environmental Economic Modelling (IEEM) Platform show how explicitly accounting for the contributions of the environment to the economy in economic forecasting can lead to substantially different policy recommendations, overcoming some of the scope limitations of traditional economic performance analysis. Furthermore, the paper describes how NCA can be integrated into more traditional economic performance measurements, such as the System of National Accounts and their indicators such as adjusted Gross Domestic Product and Genuine Savings. Integration of natural capital into economy-wide analytical frameworks leads to better policy uptake of research findings and it empowers policymakers to avoid short-sighted decisions, which, although they can generate short-term economic gain, can have adverse consequences for economic, social, and environmental sustainability in the long run.
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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.

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This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.
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10

Science, Fera. Analysis of CBD Products. Food Standards Agency, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.cis490.

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The Food Standards Agency commissioned Fera Science Ltd. to carry out a survey to obtain a snapshot of CBD products on sale in England and Wales in order to inform FSA risk assessment of CBD products. Thirty CBD products were purchased from a range of online sellers from England and Wales. Samples comprised of two broad categories: oils and sprays, and edibles (including beverages). The sampling followed a scheme suggested by FSA. This is not a statistically representative sample of the market and instead provides a snapshot of the current market, to assist the design of future sampling and surveillance activity. There is the potential for residues of chemicals to be present in CBD products as a result of their natural occurrence in the raw material or arising from the manufacturing process, for example, mycotoxins, metals, pesticides, and the residues of solvents used to extract CBD. This study informs the FSA’s understanding of the type and levels of contaminants that may arise in CBD products. A wide range of analysis on CBD products was undertaken using accredited methods, for heavy metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, mycotoxins, CBD content and cannabinoid profiles. Analysis for residual solvents and additional mycotoxins was also carried out, but these were not accredited. The results of testing found the following: Heavy metals (cadmium, mercury & lead) and arsenic were not detected in the majority of samples, meaning levels were below the limits of quantification of the method. Seven samples contained lead, four samples arsenic and two samples contained cadmium. Mercury was not found in any sample. A definitive statement as to whether products exceed maximum levels cannot be made due to uncertainty as to whether products would be classified as a food (i.e. oil) or a food supplement. A low incidence of low levels of mycotoxins, with Fusarium mycotoxins found more frequently than aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, mostly at the methods reporting limit. Three samples were found to contain ochratoxin A at the methods reporting limit. A total of seven pesticide residues were found across all of the products (each product was tested for over 400 pesticides). There are no specific Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for CBD products. One oil product was found to have PAHs above the regulated levels, if classed as a product for direct consumption. If classed as a food supplement the PAHs were within regulated levels. Three samples contained residual solvents. One product was over the MRL. Most products contained CBD close to the declared value. Two oils had substantially different levels than that declared (one higher and one lower). CBD was not detected in one of the drink products. These are potentially non-compliant with compositional and standards requirements. Delta 9-THC was detected in 87 % (26) of the samples analysed. Of these 40% (12) were found to have THC+ (the total sum of illicit cannabinoids in the product) above the 1mg threshold outlined in current Home Office guidance (Opens in a new window).
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