Academic literature on the topic 'Natural peatlands'
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Journal articles on the topic "Natural peatlands"
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Poulin, Monique, Line Rochefort, François Quinty, and Claude Lavoie. "Spontaneous revegetation of mined peatlands in eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 539–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-025.
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Many North American peatlands previously mined for horticultural peat have been abandoned recently, allowing natural recolonization to occur. The two dominant methods for peat extraction, hand block-cutting and vacuum-mining, have created distinctly different abandoned surfaces, leading to different recolonization patterns. Both types of exploitation can be found throughout eastern Canada where we conducted a vast survey of 26 abandoned mined peatlands in the provinces of Québec and New Brunswick. The aim of this study is to describe the revegetation patterns and to assess the impact of local and regional variables as well as the time since abandonment on Sphagnum re-colonization. We inventoried the vegetation structure in all trenches (2571) and baulks (2595) of abandoned block-cut areas as well as in all vacuum fields (395) of the mechanically mined areas. We also conducted detailed species relevés in 242 of these peat fields. In comparison to vacuum-mined peatlands, block-cut peatlands regenerated remarkably well. Approximately 80% of all baulks and trenches in block-cut peatlands had 50% or higher cover of ericaceous shrubs compared with only 16% found on vacuum fields. Herb cover in the three types of abandoned fields was similar to that in natural peatlands. However, Sphagnum percent cover was below 2% in baulks and vacuum fields and was 30% on average in the trenches, which is clearly below cover estimates in natural peatlands. Sphagnum cover and richness were both higher in trenches with thin residual peat deposit, and Sphagnum richness increased with latitude. Our surveys revealed that abandoned mined peatlands have a high diversity of peatland vascular plants species and a low diversity of non-peatland species.Key words: cutover peatlands, regeneration, milled peatlands, block-cut peatlands, vacuum-mined peatlands, colonization patterns.
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Roganda, M. S., Sigit Heru Murti, and Wirastuti Widyatmanti. "Mapping the distribution of natural ecosystems on peatlands through vegetation using the object-based image analysis (obia) method in bangko district, rokan hilir regency, riau." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1047, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1047/1/012017.
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Abstract Expansion of the use of natural ecosystems on peatlands is increasing rapidly in Bangko District, Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau. This utilization tends to cause damage to the natural ecosystem of peatlands which has a major impact on the local environment (in situ) and the surrounding environment (ex situ), so a mapping is needed to detect the presence and ensure the distribution of the natural ecosystem of peatlands. This study aims to (1) map the distribution of natural ecosystems on peatlands through vegetation objects using Sentinel 2A and SPOT 7 using the OBIA method, (2) Compare the accuracy of Sentinel 2A and SPOT 7 in recognizing endemic vegetation types in natural ecosystems on peatlands with using the OBIA method. OBIA is used to detect the presence of peatlands, the detection is carried out through stretched endemic vegetation objects that grow in the natural ecosystem of peatlands. OBIA is carried out in three steps, namely Segmentation, Classification and Accuracy Test. In the classification process, building a ruleset is the key to interpreting the natural ecosystem of peatlands. The results obtained are (1) Sentinel 2A produces a more dominant distribution on the East, North and West edges while in the middle it tends to be less, the total area of natural peatland ecosystems in Sentinel 2A is 94,994 KM2. In the SPOT 7, the distribution of natural ecosystems of peatlands is more dominant in the eastern part while the western part tends to be small, the total distribution of natural ecosystems of peatlands in the SPOT 7 image is 281,443 KM2. (2) The accuracy rate of Sentinel 2A is 81.395% with an accuracy of 35 samples from a total of 43 samples of accuracy tests and SPOT 7 of 88.372% with an accuracy of 38 samples from a total of 43 samples of accuracy tests carried out.
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Sasmito, Sigit D., Pierre Taillardat, Letisha S. Fong, Jonathan W. F. Ren, Hanna Sundahl, Lahiru Wijedasa, Aditya Bandla, et al. "Terrestrial and Aquatic Carbon Dynamics in Tropical Peatlands under Different Land Use Types: A Systematic Review Protocol." Forests 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101298.
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Peatlands are both responding to and influencing climate change. While numerous studies on peatland carbon dynamics have been published in boreal and temperate regions for decades, a much smaller yet growing body of scientific articles related to tropical peatlands has recently been published, including from previously overlooked regions such as the Amazonian and Congo basins. The recent recognition of tropical peatlands as valuable ecosystems because of the organic carbon they accumulate in their water-saturated soils has occurred after most of them have been drained and degraded in Southeast Asia. Under disturbed conditions, their natural carbon storage function is shifted to an additional carbon source to the atmosphere. Understanding the effect of land-use change and management practices on peatlands can shed light on the driving variables that influence carbon emissions and can model the magnitude of emissions in future degraded peatlands. This is of primary importance as other peatland-covered regions in the tropics are at risk of land-use and land-cover changes. A systematic review that synthesizes the general understanding of tropical peatland carbon dynamics based on the published literature is much needed to guide future research directions on this topic. Moreover, previous studies of biogeochemical cycling in tropical peatlands have largely focused on terrestrial stocks and fluxes with little attention given to document lateral and downstream aquatic export through natural and artificial drainage channels. Here, we present a systematic review protocol to describe terrestrial and aquatic carbon dynamics in tropical peatlands and identify the influence of land-use change on carbon exchange. We described a set of literature search and screening steps that lay the groundwork for a future synthesis on tropical peatlands carbon cycling. Such an evidence-based synthesis using a systematic review approach will help provide the research community and policymakers with consistent science-based guidelines to set and monitor emissions reduction targets as part of the forestry and land-use sector.
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Sakuntaladewi, N., Y. Rochmayanto, Ramawati, M. Iqbal, and V. B. Arifanti. "Strategies of the village community to survive in a changing environment: survive or change." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 917, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/917/1/012026.
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Abstract Traditional ecological knowledge becomes difficult to apply in areas where natural resources have been degraded. This is experienced by people living on degraded peatlands in Tumbang Nusa, Central Kalimantan Province. They are confused to determine the appropriate livelihood. This paper aims to analyse the community’s understanding of peatlands and the causes of their destruction, as well as livelihood options to survive on degraded peatlands. Data are collected from 24 randomly selected families and analysed descriptively qualitatively. The analysis shows that the respondents are aware that their peatlands have been degraded and the reason is the unsuitable program that is applied on peatlands. Options for survival can be grouped into two. Around 58% of respondents remain on their ancestral livelihoods and do not cultivate on the peatland, and 42% of respondents chose to occupy the peatlands. They farm on peatlands with considerable risk, raise livestock and do business. Some are still catching fish in the river. Respondents’ choice of livelihood bases on their knowledge of peatland, calculation of potential failure, family’s economic capacity, and outside assistance. The study recommends the importance of providing communities with knowledge about social and environmental safeguards to help them determine their livelihoods with minimal risk.
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Pellerin, Stéphanie, and Claude Lavoie. "Peatland fragments of southern Quebec: recent evolution of their vegetation structure." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 2 (April 7, 2000): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-186.
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One of the main problems associated with small natural reserves is their progressive loss of ecological integrity owing to the influence of surrounding human activities. In southern Quebec (Bas-Saint-Laurent, Canada), peatlands are extensively mined to extract peat for the production of horticultural compost and are isolated within agricultural lands. Government environmental agencies have proposed that peat industries set aside 5-10% of a bog's area as a natural refuge for peatland plants and animals. Do these fragments constitute reliable refuges? Do they maintain their ecological characteristics over a long period? We studied the recent evolution of plant communities in peatland fragments using paleoecological techniques and a geographical information system. In the study area, some treeless fragments dominated by Sphagnum species have recently (since 1940) converted to forest sites. Macrofossil and dendrochronological analyses suggest that peat-mining activities were not the main factors responsible for the afforestation of peatland fragments. On the other hand, the isolation of the Bas-Saint-Laurent peatlands within an agricultural plain for more than 100 years may explain the afforestation process (drainage activities). Furthermore, fires may have accelerated afforestation by facilitating the spread of seeds of tree species with serotinous cones. Because most peatlands of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region are still affected by drainage and fires, it is probable that several open bog fragments will not maintain their treeless vegetation structure over a long period. Consequently, peatland fragments should not be considered as a solution to long-term conservation needs in southern Quebec, at least not for plant and animal species of open bogs. This study also shows that even ecosystems known to be resistant to invasions by exotic species (such as peatlands) can be strongly affected by fragmentation and by their surrounding environment on a long-term basis.Key words: peatland, peat mining, fire, fragmentation, conservation, Quebec.
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Deane, Patrick Jeffrey, Sophie Louise Wilkinson, Paul Adrian Moore, and James Michael Waddington. "Seismic Lines in Treed Boreal Peatlands as Analogs for Wildfire Fuel Modification Treatments." Fire 3, no. 2 (June 6, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3020021.
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Across the Boreal, there is an expansive wildland–society interface (WSI), where communities, infrastructure, and industry border natural ecosystems, exposing them to the impacts of natural disturbances, such as wildfire. Treed peatlands have previously received little attention with regard to wildfire management; however, their role in fire spread, and the contribution of peat smouldering to dangerous air pollution, have recently been highlighted. To help develop effective wildfire management techniques in treed peatlands, we use seismic line disturbance as an analog for peatland fuel modification treatments. To delineate below-ground hydrocarbon resources using seismic waves, seismic lines are created by removing above-ground (canopy) fuels using heavy machinery, forming linear disturbances through some treed peatlands. We found significant differences in moisture content and peat bulk density with depth between seismic line and undisturbed plots, where smouldering combustion potential was lower in seismic lines. Sphagnum mosses dominated seismic lines and canopy fuel load was reduced for up to 55 years compared to undisturbed peatlands. Sphagnum mosses had significantly lower smouldering potential than feather mosses (that dominate mature, undisturbed peatlands) in a laboratory drying experiment, suggesting that fuel modification treatments following a strategy based on seismic line analogs would be effective at reducing smouldering potential at the WSI, especially under increasing fire weather.
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Pertiwi, N., T. W. Tsusaka, N. Sasaki, and E. Gunawan. "Peatland conservation strategies and carbon pricing possibilities for climate change mitigation in Indonesia: a review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 892, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012061.
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Abstract Humankind is digging to solve one of the world’s most complex issues at present, climate change. Many studies were conducted and initiatives were proposed as mitigation and adaptation strategies to date, such as restoration and preservation of carbon storage. Peatlands are widely recognized as the largest natural carbon storage of all terrestrial ecosystems. Peatlands can help mitigate climate change by its ability to sequestrate huge amounts of carbon and maintain water balance. This valuable yet vulnerable ecosystem needs to be managed properly to maintain the functions. This study aimed to critically review the peatland conservation strategies and possibility of carbon pricing for mitigation and adaptation of climate change, specifically for Indonesia. It was revealed that restoration strategies such as rewetting, revegetation, and revitalization could help with peatlands conservation and further reduction in emissions from land sectors. However, the funding for conservation activities would become a hindrance to the viability and sustainability. Carbon pricing could be a potentially effective approach to conservation of peatlands. Sequestrated carbon and potential additional value from ecosystem services could higher up the price that made the option for conservation more stunning. Therefore, to establish tradable carbon credits on peatland as a means to support the sustainability of Indonesia’s peatland conservation in the future, the action to well managing and standardizing the carbon credits should be started immediately. Though the process will take time and great willingness from all parties, this option could be used for long-term peatland conservation activities.
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Yi, Boli, Fan Lu, and Zhao-Jun Bu. "Nitrogen addition turns a temperate peatland from a near-zero source into a strong sink of nitrous oxide." Plant, Soil and Environment 68, No. 1 (January 12, 2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/411/2021-pse.
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Peatlands, as important global nitrogen (N) pools, are potential sources of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions. We measured N<sub>2</sub>O flux dynamics in Hani peatland in a growing season with simulating warming and N addition for 12 years in the Changbai Mountains, Northeastern China, by using static chamber-gas chromatography. We hypothesised that warming and N addition would accelerate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from the peatland. In a growing season, the peatland under natural conditions showed near-zero N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and warming increased N<sub>2</sub>O emissions but N addition greatly increased N<sub>2</sub>O absorption compared with control. There was no interaction between warming and N addition on N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. Pearson correlation analysis showed that water table depth was one of the main environmental factors affecting N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and a positive relationship between them was observed. Our study suggests that the N<sub>2</sub>O source function in natural temperate peatlands maybe not be so significant as we expected before; warming can increase N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, but a high dose of N input may turn temperate peatlands to be strong sinks of N<sub>2</sub>O, and global change including warming and nitrogen deposition can alter N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes via its indirect effect on hydrology and vegetation in peatlands.
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Charman, D. J., D. W. Beilman, M. Blaauw, R. K. Booth, S. Brewer, F. M. Chambers, J. A. Christen, et al. "Climate-related changes in peatland carbon accumulation during the last millennium." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2012): 14327–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-14327-2012.
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Abstract. Peatlands are a major terrestrial carbon store and a persistent natural carbon sink during the Holocene, but there is considerable uncertainty over the fate of peatland carbon in a changing climate. It is generally assumed that higher temperatures will increase peat decay, causing a positive feedback to climate warming and contributing to the global positive carbon cycle feedback. Here we use a new extensive database of peat profiles across northern high latitudes to examine spatial and temporal patterns of carbon accumulation over the past millennium. Opposite to expectations, our results indicate a small negative carbon cycle feedback from past changes in the long-term accumulation rates of northern peatlands. Total carbon accumulated over the last 1000 yr is linearly related to contemporary growing season length and photosynthetically active radiation, suggesting that variability in net primary productivity is more important than decomposition in determining long-term carbon accumulation. Furthermore, northern peatland carbon sequestration rate declines over the climate transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) to the Little Ice Age (LIA), probably because of lower LIA temperatures combined with increased cloudiness suppressing net primary productivity. Other factors including changing moisture status, peatland distribution, fire, nitrogen deposition, permafrost thaw and methane emissions will also influence future peatland carbon cycle feedbacks, but our data suggest that the carbon sequestration rate could increase over many areas of northern peatlands.
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Charman, D. J., D. W. Beilman, M. Blaauw, R. K. Booth, S. Brewer, F. M. Chambers, J. A. Christen, et al. "Climate-related changes in peatland carbon accumulation during the last millennium." Biogeosciences 10, no. 2 (February 8, 2013): 929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-929-2013.
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Abstract. Peatlands are a major terrestrial carbon store and a persistent natural carbon sink during the Holocene, but there is considerable uncertainty over the fate of peatland carbon in a changing climate. It is generally assumed that higher temperatures will increase peat decay, causing a positive feedback to climate warming and contributing to the global positive carbon cycle feedback. Here we use a new extensive database of peat profiles across northern high latitudes to examine spatial and temporal patterns of carbon accumulation over the past millennium. Opposite to expectations, our results indicate a small negative carbon cycle feedback from past changes in the long-term accumulation rates of northern peatlands. Total carbon accumulated over the last 1000 yr is linearly related to contemporary growing season length and photosynthetically active radiation, suggesting that variability in net primary productivity is more important than decomposition in determining long-term carbon accumulation. Furthermore, northern peatland carbon sequestration rate declined over the climate transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) to the Little Ice Age (LIA), probably because of lower LIA temperatures combined with increased cloudiness suppressing net primary productivity. Other factors including changing moisture status, peatland distribution, fire, nitrogen deposition, permafrost thaw and methane emissions will also influence future peatland carbon cycle feedbacks, but our data suggest that the carbon sequestration rate could increase over many areas of northern peatlands in a warmer future.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural peatlands"
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Wind-Mulder, Heather Lynne. "Towards the restoration of harvested peatlands, comparisons of harvested and natural peatlands and examination of revegetation techniques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ29126.pdf.
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Morrison, Ross David. "Land/atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at semi-natural and regenerating peatlands in East Anglia, UK." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27972.
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This thesis presents the first direct flux measurements of land/atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO[subscript 2]) exchange at managed lowland peatlands in the East Anglian Fens, UK. The dynamics and magnitude of land/atmosphere CO[subscript 2] exchange were quantified at semi-natural and regenerating ex-arable fens located at the Wicken Fen Nature Reserve in Cambridgeshire. Eddy covariance measurements were made at the semi-natural fen throughout two thermally and hydrologically dissimilar periods during 2009 and 2010, and at the regenerating former-arable fen over the complete annual cycle of 2010. The study sites were characterised by strong seasonal variation in CO[subscript 2] exchange. The semi-natural fen was a net source of 85.47±25.78 g CO[subscript 2]-C m[superscript -2] between 20th March and 31st December 2009, and a small net sink of -22.66±18.85 g CO[subscript 2]-C m[superscript -2] for the same period of 2010. Photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration were both higher during warm conditions of 2009 compared to 2010, but enhanced rates of ecosystem production were outweighed by large CO[subscript 2] losses during warm and dry conditions in autumn. The large interannual variability in CO[subscript 2] exchange illustrates the sensitivity of semi-natural fens to climatic variability and change, and highlights the need to maintain high water levels to prevent large losses of soil carbon to the atmosphere as CO[subscript 2]. The regenerating fen functioned as a small net source of 21.24±17.11 g CO[subscript 2]-C m[superscript -2] yr[superscript -1]. On the basis of values currently used to represent CO[subscript 2] losses from arable fens, the annual CO[subscript 2] balance for the ex-arable fen in 2010 indicates the net CO[subscript 2] benefit of fenland rehabilitation was an avoided loss of -87.7±17.11g CO[subscript 2]-C m[superscript -2] yr[superscript -1]. The results from the regenerating site imply that a more adaptive water management strategy will be needed if the environmental conditions required for peat formation and net carbon capture are to be restored.
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Hjelm, Axel. "From forest to open bog : A status report from a forest-to-open bog-restoration, 8 years later." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451054.
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Peatlands are associated with a range of ecosystem services such as long-term carbon storage and sequestration, biodiversity, and potential water reservoirs, mitigating floods and droughts. However, in the 20th century, large peatland areas in the northern temperate and boreal regions were drained by ditching, primarily to enhance forest and agricultural production and peat harvesting. Drainage of peatland is associated with a reduction in wet tolerant peatland species, reduced long term carbon sequestration and increased carbon emissions, conflicting with the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Paris Agreement. Today, there is a big ongoing effort from society to rewet and restore drained peatlands in Sweden, but post- restoration monitoring to evaluate success are often scarce. Here, I examine the recovery of a restored drained and afforested bog in Southern Sweden, using a pristine area of the bog as the reference target. The aim was to ascertain to what extend the restoration had succeed and its potential to fully recover. During one year pore water quality, water level and peat surface level were monitored. In the fall peat cores were collected to investigate differences in peat physical and elemental and the microbial biomass and composition. I found that there are still considerable differences between restored and reference area, most marked by the deeper water level in the restored area, but this was not due to a reduced capacity of peat oscillation (i.e. the peats ability to expand and shrink to follow the water table. However, the restoration had raised the water table closer to the surface when compared to other drained areas in Sweden. The study also found considerable higher quantities and higher aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (e.g. DOC) in the porewater of the restored area and an overall lower total amount of microbial biomass with altered community composition, with higher relative amounts’ of fungi and G- negative bacteria’s in the restored area. The nutrient profile in the porewater (inorganic N,P,K) were similar to what was found in the reference area. In conclusion, both the hydrological and porewater chemistry status are currently most likely sufficient for wet-dwelling peat mosses to establish. Here, I argue that the restoration effect is noticeable but complete recovery is yet far away and there is a risk of recession towards afforestation if peat mosses fails to re-establish.
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Scheffer, Clemens von. "Holocene human impact, climate and environment in the northern Central Alps : a geochemical approach on mountain peatlands." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0057.
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Les Alpes européennes ont connu plusieurs phases de colonisation humaine. Cependant, l'interaction entre climat et impacts humains sur l'environnement dans le passé n'est pas encore totalement comprise dans cette région de haute montagne. Il existe notamment un manque de connaissances sur la chronologie et l'ampleur des impacts humains dans les Alpes centrales du nord (ACN) pendant l'Holocène, que cette étude comble en utilisant des analyses géochimiques, de palynologiques et de datation radiocarbone comparées avec des données archéologiques et historiques régionales. Des tourbières dans trois secteurs des ACN ont été choisies comme sites d'étude: Petite Vallée de Walser (PVA, Autriche), Tourbière Piller (TP, Autriche), vallée de Fimba (VF, Suisse). La géochimie de séquences de tourbe est une méthode bien établie pour détecter les apports minéraux, l'érosion ou les activités métallurgiques. L'application de l'analyse par fluorescence des rayons X portable (pXRF) sur les tourbières de montagne reste une approche peu courante, principalement en raison des limitations dues aux limites de détection, aux effets de matrice ou à l'absence de calibration. En étalonnant la pXRF à l'aide de mesures de spectrométrie de masse à plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-MS), cette étude montre que Ti, Pb, Sr, Zn, K, S, Fe, V, Zr et, dans une certaine mesure Rb, Ca et Mn, peuvent être étalonnés dans la tourbe. À haute altitude, les processus périglaciaires influencent les processus de dépôt dans les tourbières. Vers 8200 et 6300 cal BP, les conditions climatiques sont plus froides et humides. La première utilisation du sol a été enregistrée dans la PVA vers 5500 cal BP, avec de la déforestation, du pastoralisme et des signes d’une métallurgie régionale jusqu’alors non-détectée. Juste avant l'âge du bronze (environ 4300 cal BP), des siècles avant l'essor des régions minières des Alpes de l'Est, la métallurgie autour la TP est donc détectée. L'utilisation des sols par l'homme, probablement la plus forte de la préhistoire, affecte tous les sites d’études à l'âge du bronze (3500-3000 cal BP), comme le montrent l'érosion élevée et la modification significative du paysage - de la forêt aux systèmes agro-pastoraux. Les facteurs d’enrichissements en métaux (Pb EF) sont toutefois masqués par des apports élevés en minéraux. Cette période est suivie d'une phase d'utilisation plus faible des sols jusqu'à l'époque romaine. Un fort Pb EF dans la PVW est cependant enregistré autour de 2700 cal BP et l'impact humain augmente autour de la TP vers 2400 cal BP. L'exploitation minière romaine est indiquée par une augmentation du Pb EF dans toutes les tourbières. Les activités humaines intensives reprennent avec le déclin de la puissance romaine après 250 cal CE dans la PVW, mais sont interrompues par une détérioration du climat après 500 cal CE. Sur les sites situés en altitude plus hauts, l'intensification de l'utilisation des sols n'a pas lieu avant le haut Moyen Âge (1000 cal CE) et s'accompagne d'une augmentation du Pb EF. Alors que le Pb EF continue d'augmenter en raison de l'exploitation minière, de l'industrialisation et des essences plombées jusqu'en 1980, les fluctuations de l'impact humain (défrichements, pâturages, drainage) peuvent être liées à des facteurs climatiques, culturels et démographiques variables. Au cours du siècle dernier, la croissance du tourisme et la construction d'infrastructures ont augmenté l'érosion, mais le changement d'occupation des sols a entraîné une régénération des tourbières étudiées. Les résultats de cette étude ajoutent une nouvelle dimension aux données archéologiques et historiques, en montrant l'étendue plus large de l'utilisation humaine des sols et les liens avec le climat. De plus, des périodes de métallurgie préhistoriques jusque-là inconnues, dans les ACN sont révélées, ce qui encourage la poursuite des recherches interdisciplinaires associant archéologie, paléobotanique et géochimie environnementaleSince the last deglaciation the European Alps have experienced several phases of human colonisation from different directions and societies. However, the interaction of climate, human impact and environment is still not fully understood in this high mountain region. In particular, information on the time and scale of human impact in the northern Central Alps (NCA) during the Holocene is missing. This study fills this gap by using geochemical, pollen and radiocarbon analyses in comparison to regional archaeological and historical data. Mires in three areas of the NCA were selected as study sites: Kleinwalser Valley (Vorarlberg, Austria), Piller Mire (Tyrol, Austria) and upper Fimba Valley (Grisons, Switzerland), situated in an altitudinal range of 1100 to 2400 m a.s.l. These mires were cored and analysed. The use of geochemical proxies (lithogenic elements, trace metals) in peat is a well-established method to detect mineral input, erosion or metallurgical activities. Despite an advantage of a fast sample preparation and measurement, applying portable X-Ray-Fluorescence analysis (pXRF) on mountain mires is an uncommon approach, mainly due to limitations by low count rates, matrix effects or lacking calibrations for organic materials. By calibrating pXRF with measurements of quantitative Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), these issues could be overcome, showing that, Ti, Pb, Sr, Zn, K, S, Fe, V, Zr, and - to some extent - Rb, Ca and Mn, can be successfully calibrated and used as palaeoenvironmental proxies in peat. These proxies allow the following conclusions: At high elevations, periglacial processes influence the deposition processes in the mires. Around 8200 and in the late 7th millennium BP, wetter and colder climate conditions prevail in the region. The earliest land use is recorded in the Kleinwalser Valley around 5500 cal BP, with fire clearings, pastoralism and hints at previously undetected regional metallurgy. Just before the Bronze Age (c. 4300 cal BP), centuries before mining districts in the Eastern Alps boomed, metallurgy around the Piller Mire is detected. The possibly strongest human land use in prehistoric times affects all sites from the Mid to Late Bronze Age (3500-3000 cal BP), as shown by elevated erosion and significant landscape alteration – from forests to agro-pastoral systems. Potential metal enrichments are, however, masked by high mineral inputs. This period is followed by a phase of lower land use, reaching well into the late Roman period (2800 cal BP to 250 cal CE). However, a strong Pb enrichment factor (Pb EF) in the Kleinwalser Valley is recorded around 2700 cal BP. Human impact increases in north-western Tyrol around 2400 cal BP. Periods of mining and metallurgy are indicated by increased Pb EF in all mires during the Roman Empire but also right after its collapse. Intensive human activities rise again with the fading Roman power after 250 cal CE in the Kleinwalser Valley but are interrupted by a climate deterioration after 500 cal CE (Late Antique Little Ice Age). At the sites in higher elevations, land use intensification does not take place before the High Middle Ages and is accompanied by rising Pb EF, indicating mining activities after 1000 cal CE. While Pb EF keeps rising due to mining, industrialisation and leaded fuel until 1980 cal CE, fluctuating human impact (deforestation, pasture management, drainage) can be linked to a varying impact of climatic, cultural and demographic factors. Over the last century, growing tourism and infrastructure construction increase erosion, but land use change leads to a recovery of the studied mires in Kleinwalser Valley and Tyrol. The results of this study add a new dimension to archaeological and historical data, by showing the wider extent of human land use and its links to climate. Moreover, previously unknown periods of prehistoric mining or metallurgy in the NCA are revealed, encouraging further interdisciplinary research
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Tolkkinen, M. (Mari). "Multi-stressor effects in boreal streams:disentangling the roles of natural and land use disturbance to stream communities." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526211220.
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Abstract As human activities are increasingly affecting natural communities, many communities are impacted by multiple stressors and their interactions. Understanding how natural and anthropogenic stressors act individually and in concert is essential for managing and conserving natural ecosystems efficiently. In this thesis I studied how geology-related natural acidity, land drainage and their interaction affect biological communities and leaf decomposition in boreal headwater streams. I further assessed the concordance of communities along natural and anthropogenic stressor gradients. As model organisms, I used benthic diatoms, bryophytes, invertebrates and leaf-decomposing fungi. I showed that geology-related natural acidity constitutes a strong environmental filter for stream communities, reducing species richness and changing community composition. Community concordance was also generally strongest along the natural acidity gradient. However, natural acidity mostly did not homogenize communities nor did it affect leaf decomposition by fungi. Effects of peatland drainage differed between the two stream types, being mainly sedimentation in the circumneutral streams and increasing metal concentrations in the acid streams. Overall, changes in community composition were better able than pure species richness to track single stressor impacts. Furthermore, fungal assemblages were more homogeneous and decomposition rates slower in drained acidic sites than in any other stream type. Thus the drainage-induced shift in water chemistry in the acidic streams seems to constitute an even stronger environmental filter than sedimentation. Conservation planning needs to give special attention to these vulnerable, naturally stressful ecosystemsTiivistelmä Ihmistoiminnan vaikuttaessa yhä enemmän luonnon elinympäristöihin eliöyhteisöihin kohdistuu usein samanaikaisesti monenlaisia paineita. Ekosysteemien tehokas hoitaminen ja suojelu edellyttävät tarkkaa tietoa siitä, miten luonnollinen stressi ja ihmistoiminta yhdessä ja erikseen vaikuttavat ekosysteemeihin. Väitöskirjassani tutkin, kuinka geologiasta johtuva luonnollinen happamuus ja metsäojitus vaikuttavat boreaalisten purojen eliöyhteisöihin ja lehtikarikkeen hajotukseen. Tarkastelin myös eliöryhmien yhdenmukaisuutta ihmistoimintagradientilla ja luonnollisella stressigradientilla. Malliorganismeinani olivat piilevät, vesisammalet, pohjaeläimet ja hajottajasienet. Väitöskirjassani osoitan, että geologiasta johtuva puroveden happamuus toimii merkittävänä ympäristösuodattimena purojen eliöyhteisöille vähentäen lajirunsautta ja muokaten lajistoa. Myös eliöryhmien lajistovaihtelu oli yhdenmukaisinta luonnollisella happamuusgradientilla. Toisaalta luonnollinen happamuus ei vaikuttanut merkittävästi lehtikarikkeen hajotukseen tai purojen väliseen sieniyhteisöjen monimuotoisuuteen. Metsäojituksen fysikaalis-kemiallinen vaikutus erosi purotyypeittäin: pH-neutraaleissa puroissa ojitus pääosin lisäsi pohjan hiekoittumista, kun taas happamissa puroissa veden metallipitoisuudet kasvoivat entisestään. Yleisesti ottaen sekä luonnollisen happamuuden että metsäojituksen vaikutukset näkyivät parhaiten muutoksina eliöyhteisöjen lajikoostumuksessa. Lisäksi ojitetuissa happamissa puroissa hajottajasieniyhteisöjen lajistot olivat keskenään samankaltaisempia ja lehtikarikkeen hajotus hitaampaa kuin muissa purotyypeissä. Metsäojituksen aikaansaama muutos luonnollisesti happamien purojen vesikemiassa näyttää siis olevan jopa merkittävämpi ympäristösuodatin kuin pohjan hiekoittuminen. Luonnollisesti stressattujen elinympäristöjen herkkyys maankäytön muutoksille tulisikin huomioida ympäristön hoidon suunnittelussa nykyistä paremmin
6
Wendel, Dirk. "Autogene Regenerationserscheinungen in erzgebirgischen Moorwäldern und deren Bedeutung für Schutz und Entwicklung der Moore." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-67943.
Full textAbstract:
- Ziele der Arbeit - Ziel vorliegender Arbeit ist, zu analysieren und zu beurteilen, in welchem Umfang autogene Moorregeneration nach anthropogenen Störungen auftritt, welche Voraussetzungen sie erfordert und welche Prozesse von Bedeutung sind. Forstliche und naturschutzfachliche Relevanz der Erkenntnisse sind zu prüfen. - Versuchsanlage und Methoden - Die Versuchsanlage umfasst verschiedene räumliche Skalenebenen und Zeitabschnitte. Im Untersuchungsraum sächsisches Erzgebirge befinden sich fünf Untersuchungsgebiete. Geschichtliche Aspekte werden auf Basis von Recherchen, der aktuelle Moorzustand anhand von Geländeerhebungen zu Vegetation und Standort analysiert. Langzeitbeobachtungen dienen dem Nachweis von Sukzessionsprozessen und den sie beeinflussenden Umweltfaktoren. Regenerationsprozesse werden anhand von Regenerationsmerkmalen, die eigens für diese Zwecke erarbeitet wurden, lokalisiert und im Kontext mit dem aktuellen Moorzustand und den Erfordernissen von Naturschutz und Forstwirtschaft interpretiert. - Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen - - Das Aufnahmematerial lässt die Differenzierung von 28 Vegetationstypen zu, die anhand von Artengruppen und Zeigerwerten charakterisiert und als Kartiereinheiten zur Bewertung der Moore verwendet werden. Die Moorfläche im Untersuchungsraum wird auf 8.500 ha geschätzt. Jedes untersuchte Moor weist eine spezifische Kombination abiotischer sowie biotischer Merkmale auf und ist deshalb individuell zu bewerten. Entwässerungen und Torfstiche führen zu starker Degeneration, Dominanz von Wald, Seltenheit moortypischer Pflanzenarten, Offengesellschaften, nässegeprägter hydromorphologischer Strukturen sowie ökosystemrelevanter Schlüsselarten. Hinzu kommt eine Schädigung der Baum- und Moosschicht durch SO2-Immissionen bis in die 1990er Jahre und eine nachfolgende Regeneration. - Wiedervernässungen durch Graben- und Torfstichverlandung sind anhand von Zeitreihen und aktuellen Regenerationsmerkmalen nachweisbar. Autogene Moorregeneration kommt selbst in stark degenerierten Mooren vor. Regenerationsbereiche sind häufig, erreichen aber nur einen geringen Anteil an der Moorfläche (Untersuchungsraum: 1 %, Untersuchungsgebiete: 12 %). Sie haben meist mesotrophen Charakter. Eine erhöhte Regenerationsdisposition tritt u. a. bei konvergenten Wasserströmen und geringen Neigungen auf. Lokale Prozesse wie die Bildung von Fließhindernissen beeinflussen das Unwirksamwerden von Gräben. Die Etablierung torfbildender Vegetation nimmt eine Schlüsselstellung ein. Verschiedene Stufen eines diskontinuierlichen Regenerationsfortschritts sind zu unterscheiden und in bisher bekannte Prozessabläufe einzuordnen. Häufigkeit und Flächenverhältnis initialer und fortgeschrittener Regeration legen nahe, dass Regenerationsprozesse auf größerer Fläche ablaufen, jedoch nicht erkannt werden. Regeneration führt zu Standortsdrift und Ausbreitung moortypischer Arten. Das Regenerationspotenzial ist abiotisch vorgegeben. Irreversible Veränderungen der hydromorphologischen Struktur durch Entwässerung oder Torfabbau setzen der Regeneration Grenzen. Anthropogene Stoffeinträge und Mangel an Schlüsselarten bewirken weitere Einschränkungen. - Soweit eine rentable Holzproduktion Ziel ist, stellen autogen regenerierende Moore schwer bis nicht bewirtschaftbare Standorte dar, die aufgrund von Standortsdrift und teils Gehölzfeindlichkeit ein hohes Produktionsrisiko bergen. Naturschutzfachlich sind Regenerationsprozesse eine Chance und ein bedeutendes Schutzgut, da sie zu höherwertigeren Moorlebensräumen führen. Bei fortgeschrittener Regeneration erübrigen sich kostenintensive Eingriffe. Ein statischer Schutz wird dem Prozesscharakter nicht gerecht. Initialstadien und Bereiche, die noch nicht regenerieren, aber ein hohes Potenzial aufweisen, lassen sich effizient fördern. Die starke Degeneration der Moore im Untersuchungsraum begründet bei geringem Anteil aktueller Regenerationsbereiche einen hohen Handlungsbedarf, einschließlich eines abschirmenden Schutzes sowie effizienter Kontrollmechanismen. - Geeignete Datengrundlagen zur Lokalisierung von Flächen mit einem hohen Regenerationspotenzial fehlen weitgehend. Eine Behebung dieses Defizits ist möglich- Objectives - The objective of this work is to analyse and to assess to which extent autogenous peatland regeneration occurs after anthropogenic disturbances, what preconditions it requires and what processes are important. Relevance of the findings for forestry and nature conservation is to be examined. - Experimental set-up and methods - The experimental set-up comprises various spatial scale levels and time periods. Five study sites are located in the study area Saxon Erzgebirge Mountains. Historical aspects are analysed based on investigations, the actual condition of the peatland is determined by ground surveys focusing on the vegetation and the site. Long-term observations serve to prove succession processes and the environmental factors influencing them. Regeneration processes are localized by means of regeneration characteristics, which were elaborated just for this purpose, localized, and interpreted in the context of the actual peatland condition and of the requirements of nature conservation and forestry. - Results and conclusions - - The material under survey allows distinguishing between 28 vegetation types which are characterised by means of species groups and indicator values and which are used as mapping units for evaluating the peatlands. The peatland area in the study area comprises an estimated 8500 ha. Each investigated peatland has a specific combination of abiotic and biotic characteristics and therefore needs to be evaluated individually. Drainage and peat cuttings lead to strong degeneration, dominance of forest, rarity of plants species typical of peatland, open-land associations, wetness-coined hydromorphological structures as well as ecosystem-relevant key species. In addition, the tree and moss layer had been damaged by SO2-pollution up to the 1990ies and a succeeding regeneration. - Recurring wetting due to filling-up of ditches and peat cuttings by sedimentation are verifiable by time sequences and actual regeneration characteristics. Autogenous peatland regeneration occurs even in heavily degenerated peatlands. Regeneration areas are frequent, accounting, however, only for a small share at the peatland area (study area: 1 %, study sites: 12 %). Often they are of mesotrophic nature. An increased disposition to regeneration is found, among others, in case of convergent water flows and slight inclinations. Local processes like the formation of obstacles for the flowing may cause ditches to become ineffective. Establishing of peat-forming vegetation is a crucial phenomenon. Various stages of a discontinuous regeneration progress can be differentiated and allocated to the processes that are known so far. Frequency and the area ratio of initial and progressed regeneration suggest that regeneration processes take place on a larger area, but that they are not recognised. Regeneration leads to site drifting and the distribution of peatland species. The regeneration potential is given by abiotic conditions. Irreversible changes of the hydro-morphological structure due to drainage or peat cutting are limiting factors for the regeneration. Anthropogenic input of matter and lack of key species bring about other restrictions. - If a profitable timber production is aimed at, autogenously regenerated peatlands are sites difficult to manage or that cannot be managed at all, involving a high production risk due to site drifting and partly inadequacy for woody plants. For nature conservation, regeneration processes are a chance and an important asset worth of protection, as they lead to high-grade peatland habitats. In the case of advanced regeneration cost-intensive operations are not necessary. A protection of static nature is inadequate for the process character. Initial stages and zones not yet under regeneration, implying, however, a high potential, can be promoted efficiently. Heavy degeneration of the peatlands in the study area, given a low proportion of actual regeneration zones, justifies a strong call for action, including a shielding protection as well as efficient control mechanisms. - An appropriate data basis for localisation of areas, having a high regeneration potential, is largely missing. Remedying this deficit is possible
7
Bootsma, Antoinette Alexandra. "Natural mechanisms of erosion prevention and stabilisation in a Marakele Peatland ; implications for conservation management." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23115.
Full textAbstract:
The Matlabas mire, an actively peat accumulating wetland, is located in the headwaters of the Matlabas River, Marakele National Park, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Various seepage zones and artesian peat domes are contained in this peatland that consists of two tributaries of which the western one is partially channelled.
The occurrence of decaying peat domes and desiccated areas with terrestrial vegetation, as well as the apparent erosion on the western tributary, have raised concerns on the health of this wetland.
A network of piezometers was installed in the mire and results confirm that the system is fed primarily from seepage from the slopes of the catchment. Chemical analysis and temperature recorded indicate an isolated groundwater source of which the water does not mix with surface water. This is linked with isotope analysis of the age of peat in various sections of the mire.
Erosion was attributed to anthropogenic changes in the catchment. Management recommendations include rehabilitation and reinstating the driving forces that support the mire.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
8
Hapsari, Kartika Anggi. "Indonesian coastal wetlands." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E5C9-A.
Full text
9
Wendel, Dirk. "Autogene Regenerationserscheinungen in erzgebirgischen Moorwäldern und deren Bedeutung für Schutz und Entwicklung der Moore." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25564.
Full textAbstract:
- Ziele der Arbeit -
Ziel vorliegender Arbeit ist, zu analysieren und zu beurteilen, in welchem Umfang autogene Moorregeneration nach anthropogenen Störungen auftritt, welche Voraussetzungen sie erfordert und welche Prozesse von Bedeutung sind. Forstliche und naturschutzfachliche Relevanz der Erkenntnisse sind zu prüfen.
- Versuchsanlage und Methoden -
Die Versuchsanlage umfasst verschiedene räumliche Skalenebenen und Zeitabschnitte. Im Untersuchungsraum sächsisches Erzgebirge befinden sich fünf Untersuchungsgebiete. Geschichtliche Aspekte werden auf Basis von Recherchen, der aktuelle Moorzustand anhand von Geländeerhebungen zu Vegetation und Standort analysiert. Langzeitbeobachtungen dienen dem Nachweis von Sukzessionsprozessen und den sie beeinflussenden Umweltfaktoren. Regenerationsprozesse werden anhand von Regenerationsmerkmalen, die eigens für diese Zwecke erarbeitet wurden, lokalisiert und im Kontext mit dem aktuellen Moorzustand und den Erfordernissen von Naturschutz und Forstwirtschaft interpretiert.
- Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen -
- Das Aufnahmematerial lässt die Differenzierung von 28 Vegetationstypen zu, die anhand von Artengruppen und Zeigerwerten charakterisiert und als Kartiereinheiten zur Bewertung der Moore verwendet werden. Die Moorfläche im Untersuchungsraum wird auf 8.500 ha geschätzt. Jedes untersuchte Moor weist eine spezifische Kombination abiotischer sowie biotischer Merkmale auf und ist deshalb individuell zu bewerten. Entwässerungen und Torfstiche führen zu starker Degeneration, Dominanz von Wald, Seltenheit moortypischer Pflanzenarten, Offengesellschaften, nässegeprägter hydromorphologischer Strukturen sowie ökosystemrelevanter Schlüsselarten. Hinzu kommt eine Schädigung der Baum- und Moosschicht durch SO2-Immissionen bis in die 1990er Jahre und eine nachfolgende Regeneration.
- Wiedervernässungen durch Graben- und Torfstichverlandung sind anhand von Zeitreihen und aktuellen Regenerationsmerkmalen nachweisbar. Autogene Moorregeneration kommt selbst in stark degenerierten Mooren vor. Regenerationsbereiche sind häufig, erreichen aber nur einen geringen Anteil an der Moorfläche (Untersuchungsraum: 1 %, Untersuchungsgebiete: 12 %). Sie haben meist mesotrophen Charakter. Eine erhöhte Regenerationsdisposition tritt u. a. bei konvergenten Wasserströmen und geringen Neigungen auf. Lokale Prozesse wie die Bildung von Fließhindernissen beeinflussen das Unwirksamwerden von Gräben. Die Etablierung torfbildender Vegetation nimmt eine Schlüsselstellung ein. Verschiedene Stufen eines diskontinuierlichen Regenerationsfortschritts sind zu unterscheiden und in bisher bekannte Prozessabläufe einzuordnen. Häufigkeit und Flächenverhältnis initialer und fortgeschrittener Regeration legen nahe, dass Regenerationsprozesse auf größerer Fläche ablaufen, jedoch nicht erkannt werden. Regeneration führt zu Standortsdrift und Ausbreitung moortypischer Arten. Das Regenerationspotenzial ist abiotisch vorgegeben. Irreversible Veränderungen der hydromorphologischen Struktur durch Entwässerung oder Torfabbau setzen der Regeneration Grenzen. Anthropogene Stoffeinträge und Mangel an Schlüsselarten bewirken weitere Einschränkungen.
- Soweit eine rentable Holzproduktion Ziel ist, stellen autogen regenerierende Moore schwer bis nicht bewirtschaftbare Standorte dar, die aufgrund von Standortsdrift und teils Gehölzfeindlichkeit ein hohes Produktionsrisiko bergen. Naturschutzfachlich sind Regenerationsprozesse eine Chance und ein bedeutendes Schutzgut, da sie zu höherwertigeren Moorlebensräumen führen. Bei fortgeschrittener Regeneration erübrigen sich kostenintensive Eingriffe. Ein statischer Schutz wird dem Prozesscharakter nicht gerecht. Initialstadien und Bereiche, die noch nicht regenerieren, aber ein hohes Potenzial aufweisen, lassen sich effizient fördern. Die starke Degeneration der Moore im Untersuchungsraum begründet bei geringem Anteil aktueller Regenerationsbereiche einen hohen Handlungsbedarf, einschließlich eines abschirmenden Schutzes sowie effizienter Kontrollmechanismen.
- Geeignete Datengrundlagen zur Lokalisierung von Flächen mit einem hohen Regenerationspotenzial fehlen weitgehend. Eine Behebung dieses Defizits ist möglich.- Objectives - The objective of this work is to analyse and to assess to which extent autogenous peatland regeneration occurs after anthropogenic disturbances, what preconditions it requires and what processes are important. Relevance of the findings for forestry and nature conservation is to be examined. - Experimental set-up and methods - The experimental set-up comprises various spatial scale levels and time periods. Five study sites are located in the study area Saxon Erzgebirge Mountains. Historical aspects are analysed based on investigations, the actual condition of the peatland is determined by ground surveys focusing on the vegetation and the site. Long-term observations serve to prove succession processes and the environmental factors influencing them. Regeneration processes are localized by means of regeneration characteristics, which were elaborated just for this purpose, localized, and interpreted in the context of the actual peatland condition and of the requirements of nature conservation and forestry. - Results and conclusions - - The material under survey allows distinguishing between 28 vegetation types which are characterised by means of species groups and indicator values and which are used as mapping units for evaluating the peatlands. The peatland area in the study area comprises an estimated 8500 ha. Each investigated peatland has a specific combination of abiotic and biotic characteristics and therefore needs to be evaluated individually. Drainage and peat cuttings lead to strong degeneration, dominance of forest, rarity of plants species typical of peatland, open-land associations, wetness-coined hydromorphological structures as well as ecosystem-relevant key species. In addition, the tree and moss layer had been damaged by SO2-pollution up to the 1990ies and a succeeding regeneration. - Recurring wetting due to filling-up of ditches and peat cuttings by sedimentation are verifiable by time sequences and actual regeneration characteristics. Autogenous peatland regeneration occurs even in heavily degenerated peatlands. Regeneration areas are frequent, accounting, however, only for a small share at the peatland area (study area: 1 %, study sites: 12 %). Often they are of mesotrophic nature. An increased disposition to regeneration is found, among others, in case of convergent water flows and slight inclinations. Local processes like the formation of obstacles for the flowing may cause ditches to become ineffective. Establishing of peat-forming vegetation is a crucial phenomenon. Various stages of a discontinuous regeneration progress can be differentiated and allocated to the processes that are known so far. Frequency and the area ratio of initial and progressed regeneration suggest that regeneration processes take place on a larger area, but that they are not recognised. Regeneration leads to site drifting and the distribution of peatland species. The regeneration potential is given by abiotic conditions. Irreversible changes of the hydro-morphological structure due to drainage or peat cutting are limiting factors for the regeneration. Anthropogenic input of matter and lack of key species bring about other restrictions. - If a profitable timber production is aimed at, autogenously regenerated peatlands are sites difficult to manage or that cannot be managed at all, involving a high production risk due to site drifting and partly inadequacy for woody plants. For nature conservation, regeneration processes are a chance and an important asset worth of protection, as they lead to high-grade peatland habitats. In the case of advanced regeneration cost-intensive operations are not necessary. A protection of static nature is inadequate for the process character. Initial stages and zones not yet under regeneration, implying, however, a high potential, can be promoted efficiently. Heavy degeneration of the peatlands in the study area, given a low proportion of actual regeneration zones, justifies a strong call for action, including a shielding protection as well as efficient control mechanisms. - An appropriate data basis for localisation of areas, having a high regeneration potential, is largely missing. Remedying this deficit is possible.
10
Pereira, Dinis Manuel Teixeira. "Avaliação do valor dos ecossistemas de turfeiras dos Açores, com recurso a modelação em sistemas de informação geográfica." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/3924.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências Agrárias (especialidade em Ciência do Solo), 19 de Novembro de 2015, Universidade dos Açores.O panorama mundial tem-se debatido com os problemas inerentes às alterações climáticas, bem como os decorrentes das alterações aos usos do solo, propondo soluções que passam, em grande parte, pelo recurso a sistemas florestais. Recentemente tem-se assistido ao dealbar de vozes que reclamam as zonas húmidas como uma solução mais promissora, assistindo-se a um avanço do conhecimento caracterizador dos diferentes impactos ambientais resultantes das acções antrópicas. As turfeiras são zonas húmidas particulares, nas quais se têm centrado grandes esforços de obtenção de conhecimento, revelando-se como ecossistemas prioritários a inserir nas preocupações de entidades internacionais, tais como a FAO, ou a Comissão Europeia (e. g.: European Comission 2013; Borges et al. 2010; Joosten et al. 2012; McInnes 2007; Wood & Halsema 2008). No caso específico de Portugal as turfeiras não assumiram ainda um papel de destaque, encontrando-se uma grande área de turfeiras, perturbadas e/ou em bom estado de conservação no arquipélago dos Açores e só recentemente surgiu no debate científico como área relevante (Mendes 2009, 2010, 2013) e no plano político como área de investimento prioritário para recuperação ecológica (Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 15/2010/A). Estas, na Região açoriana, ocupam cerca de 40% da superfície das áreas protegidas, sendo esta emergente relevância reconhecida pelas funções que as mesmas desempenham como elementos estruturadores da paisagem, na capacidade das ilhas para serem ecologicamente equilibradas, como sistema tamponizante/retentor de eventos climáticos, atuando como regularizadores do mesmo nas partes mais altas das ilhas e, consequentemente, das linhas de água a jusante. São um sistema retentor de metano e sequestrador de carbono; promotores de biodiversidade zonal e azonal (Dias et al. 2004); são ainda promotores da estabilidade física das zonas mais altas das ilhas, limitando a possibilidade de derrocadas e deslizamentos. São ecossistemas produtivos, que, nos Açores sofrem pressões antrópicas, as quais limitam as funções ecológicas desempenhadas pelos mesmos. Existem trabalhos caracterizadores das turfeiras nos Açores, porém o desconhecimento ainda é considerável, pelo que se torna premente desenvolver um estudo que quantifique os impactos que as mesmas têm na regulação do ciclo hídrico e no processo de crescimento e acumulativo de turfa (com as consequências inerentes), bem como da distribuição potencial no território açoriano. Pretende-se assim colmatar esta falta de conhecimento, estimando estes impactos, recorrendo a técnicas de modelação tridimensional em Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), com recurso a dados cartográficos, modelação da distribuição potencial de diversos tipos de turfeiras, secções transversais das mesmas, medições de matéria orgânica, uso de radares de penetração no solo e dados da quantidade de água retida pelas turfeiras, bem como uma avaliação do seu potencial futuro sob diferentes modelos de gestão.
Books on the topic "Natural peatlands"
1
International, Conference and Workshop on Tropical Peat Swamps (1999 George Town Pinang). Tropical peat swamps: Safe-guarding a global natural resource. [Minden], Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2004.
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2
Urban, Noel R. Sulfur metabolism and organic acids: Implications for the natural and anthropogenic acidification of peatlands and colored lakes. St. Paul, MN: Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1989.
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3
Davis, Ronald B. A numeric method and supporting database for evaluation of Maine peatlands as candidate natural areas. Orono, ME: Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Maine, 1999.
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4
Symposium '87: Wetlands/Peatlands (1987 Edmonton, Alta.). Symposium '87, Wetlands-Peatlands: Proceedings, Edmonton Convention Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, August 23-27, 1987. S.l: S.n., 1987.
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5
Grace, O'Donovan, and University College, Dublin. Environmental Institute., eds. The bogs of Ireland: An introduction to the natural, cultural and industrial heritage of Irish peatlands. Dublin: University College, Dublin, Environmental Institute, 1996.
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6
Forysiak, Jacek. Zapis zmian środowiska przyrodniczego późnego vistulianu i holocenu w osadach torfowisk regionu łódzkiego: Record of changes in the natural environment of the late Weichselian and Holocene preserved in the sediments of peatlands of the Łódź Region. Łódź: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 2012.
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7
A, Spigarelli S., and Bemidji State University. Center for Environmental Studies., eds. International Symposium on Peat/Peatland Characteristics and Uses: Bemidji State University, May 16-19, 1989. Bemidji, Minn: Center for Environmental Studies, Bemidji State University, 1990.
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8
Robertson, Kevin. Management of peatland shrub- and forest-dominated communities for threatened and endangered species. [Champaign, IL]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1998.
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9
Pingmư̄ang, Ranidā. Khrōngkān wičhai kānsưksā læ phatthanā lǣng rīanrū thāng thammachāt læ khwāmlāklāi thāng chīwaphāp pā phru nam čhư̄t pā chumchon Bān Mǣ Khāo Lūang, Tambon San Klāng, ʻAmphœ̄ Phān, Čhangwat Chīang Rai =: The study and development of nature and biodiversity learning resources center of peat swamp forest in Mae Khaow Luang Community Forest, San Klang Sub-District, Phan District, Chiangrai Province. [Chiang Rai]: Mahāwitthayālai Rātchaphat Chīang Rai, 2007.
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10
Quane, Michael Timothy. The isolation and characterisation of humic substances from peatland soils subjected to natural rainfall and acidified waters. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Natural peatlands"
1
Gorham, E., J. A. Janssens, G. A. Wheeler, and P. H. Glaser. "The Natural and Anthropogenic Acidification of Peatlands." In Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems, 493–512. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70874-9_36.
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2
Holden, J., R. P. Smart, P. J. Chapman, A. J. Baird, and M. F. Billett. "The Role of Natural Soil Pipes in Water and Carbon Transfer in and from Peatlands." In Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands, 251–64. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gm000804.
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Zubkova, Ksenya A., Lyudmila N. Shikhova, and Eugene M. Lisitsyn. "Paleopalinology Studies of Conditions of Peatlands Formation on European Northeast of Russia." In Biological Assessment of Natural and Anthropogenic Ecosystems, 27–47. New York: Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145424-3.
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Craft, Christopher, Chad Washburn, and Amanda Parker. "Latitudinal Trends in Organic Carbon Accumulation in Temperate Freshwater Peatlands." In Wastewater Treatment, Plant Dynamics and Management in Constructed and Natural Wetlands, 23–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8235-1_3.
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Pärn, Jaan, Anto Aasa, Sergey Egorov, Ilya Filippov, Geofrey Gabiri, Iuliana Gheorghe, Järvi Järveoja, et al. "Global Boundary Lines of N2O and CH4 Emission in Peatlands." In The Role of Natural and Constructed Wetlands in Nutrient Cycling and Retention on the Landscape, 87–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08177-9_7.
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Cooper, William T., Malak M. Tfaily, Jane E. Corbet, and Jeffrey P. Chanton. "Correlating Bulk Optical Spectroscopy and Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Molecular Composition of Dissolved Organic Matter in Northern Peatlands." In Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, 19–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5634-2_4.
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Pereira, Dinis, Cândida Mendes, and Eduardo Dias. "The Importance of Land Cover Planning on Climatic Events: Evaluation of Peatlands’ Buffer Impact on Terceira and Flores Islands (Azores, Portugal)." In Advances in Natural Hazards and Hydrological Risks: Meeting the Challenge, 91–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34397-2_18.
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Vávrová, Petra, Bo Stenberg, Marjut Karsisto, Veikko Kitunen, Tarja Tapanila, and Raija Laiho. "Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Characterization of Plant Litter Quality: Towards a Simpler Way of Predicting Carbon Turnover in Peatlands?" In Wastewater Treatment, Plant Dynamics and Management in Constructed and Natural Wetlands, 65–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8235-1_7.
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Osaki, Mitsuru, Nobuyuki Tsuji, Tsuyoshi Kato, Manabu D. Yamanaka, Albertus Sulaiman, Sisva Silsigia, and Rahmawati I. Wetadewi. "Natural Capital-Based Societies in the Tropics." In Tropical Peatland Eco-management, 197–245. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4654-3_6.
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Tampubolon, Agustinus P., Maman Turjaman, and Mitsuru Osaki. "Sago Palm Practice as Natural AeroHydro Culture." In Tropical Peatland Eco-management, 363–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4654-3_12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Natural peatlands"
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Georgiev, Georgi. "BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF WETLANDS AND RAMSAR PLACES IN THE CROSS-BORDER REGION OF BULGARIA, NORTHERN MACEDONIA, ALBANIA AND GREECE AND DEVELOPMENT." In TOURISM AND CONNECTIVITY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/tc2020.97.
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According to the definition of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), wetlands on Earth are areas that are flooded or saturated with water, artificial or natural, permanently or temporarily flooded with standing, sitting or running water. These areas include areas where water is the predominant element, such as swamps, wetlands, peatlands, estuaries, sea branches and lagoons, lakes, rivers and artificial reservoirs with a depth of more than six meters. Considering the importance of these territories and with the deep conviction that the preservation of their flora and fauna can be ensured by combining long-term national policy with coordinated international action, the scientific community reacted to the encroachments and unreasonable attitude to them by concluding 02.02. 1971 of the Convention on wetlands of international importance, especially as waterfowl habitats, known to the general public as the Ramsar Convention. The main objectives of this document are to manage wetlands as sites of great economic, cultural, scientific and conservation value, to avoid damage and loss and to preserve them through prudent use, i.e. through their continuous development. The object of study in the present work is the biological diversity, in particular the avifauna of some of the internationally important wetlands in the border areas between Bulgaria, Greece, the Republic of North Macedonia and Albania in view of the opportunities they offer for the development of some forms of alternative types of tourism.
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Hutbarat, S. "Challenges on Peatland Restoration: From Oil Palm Plantation to Sustainable Peatland Ecosystem." In International Conference on Natural Resources and Sustainable Development. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009905400002480.
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Ulanov, Nikolay. "INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION ON THE EFFICIENCY OF SLUICING IN THE CONDITIONS OF DEPLETED PEATLANDS." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-24-72-44-48.
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The paper presents data on the nature of the influence of atmospheric precipitation on the process of forming the yield of main forage crops in areas with different drainage rates, capacity of the residual peat layer and regularity of the water regime.