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1
Filippova, D. S. "Hydrogen in the geological environment: features of generation and accumulation." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2023): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2023si200885.
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The article discusses the features of hydrogen accumulation in various geological, geochemical and tectonic conditions, the nature of hydrogen as a gas component of the Earth, the ratio of hydrogen in gas mixtures with other gases, the importance of hydrogen generation sources, its consumption for geological processes of various specifics. Separate criteria for assessing territories on the prospects of detecting hydrogen accumulations are proposed. The author's personal point of view is expressed regarding the directions of the search for natural hydrogen, taking into account the peculiarities of its further use as a chemical and energy resource. Keywords: natural hydrogen; serpentinization; radiolysis of water; methanogenesis; acetogenesis; sulfate reduction.
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Truche, Laurent, and Elena F. Bazarkina. "Natural hydrogen the fuel of the 21st century." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199803006.
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Much has been learned about natural hydrogen (H2) seepages and accumulation, but present knowledge of hydrogen behavior in the crust is so limited that it is not yet possible to consider exploitation of this resources. Hydrogen targeting requires a shift in the long-standing paradigms that drive oil and gas exploration. This paper describes the foundation of an integrated source-to-sink view of the hydrogen cycle, and propose preliminary practical guidelines for hydrogen exploration.
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Joseph, Aimikhe, Victor, and Eyankware, Emmanuel Oghenegare. "Recent Advances in White Hydrogen Exploration and Production: A Mini Review." Journal of Energy Research and Reviews 13, no. 4 (April 24, 2023): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2023/v13i4272.
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The quest for natural or white hydrogen exploration and production emanates from the growing interest in clean, carbon-free hydrogen energy. Countries all over the world are beginning to formulate legislation to promote hydrogen production as a way of combating global warming occasioned by climate change. Currently, all avenues for producing hydrogen are either very expensive or environmentally unsustainable. White hydrogen in commercial accumulations might produce cheaper and more environmentally sustainable hydrogen energy, thus providing a viable alternative to other forms of renewable energy. Despite its potential to become the cheapest hydrogen source, published literature on its occurrence, sources, accumulation, generation processes, and recovery methods are scarce. Consequently, little is known regarding white hydrogen sources, accumulation, and extraction. This study reviewed the various sources and forms in which white hydrogen can exist in nature. The various processes by which white hydrogen is produced and extracted have also been presented. This work aimed to offer new perspectives and direction for future research on white hydrogen exploration and production. Furthermore, the current challenges of white hydrogen exploration and production, and its future outlook, were also presented.
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Slobodyanyuk, Ivan, Igor Rusetskyi, Larisa Shcherbakova, Michail Danilov, Gennadiy Kolbasov, and Yuriy Solonin. "The photoelectrochemical cell with hydrogen accumulation at the conditions of natural insolation." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 2 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv6i2p1-8.
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The film photoanodes based on CdSe and NT-TiO2/CdSe have been formed by the electrochemical and painting methods. It is shown that the introduction of graphene oxide into the structure of the semiconductor CdSe film promotes absorption of light and leads to improvement in their characteristics by 25-30 %. The compatibility of the cathode based on composite of hydrogen-sorbing intermetallic alloys LaNi4.5Mn0.5 + LaNi3.5Al0.7Mn0.8 with current-conductive additives in pair with the CdSe photoanode is shown. It was found that 95 – 98 % of the total current generated under the influence of sunlight at the anodes was used on the formation and accumulation of hydrogen by cathodes.
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Prinzhofer, Alain, Cheick Sidy Tahara Cissé, and Aliou Boubacar Diallo. "Discovery of a large accumulation of natural hydrogen in Bourakebougou (Mali)." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 42 (October 2018): 19315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.193.
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Fedotov, Anatoliy V., and Dmitriy A. Kovalev. "Methods of Storage and Accumulation of Hydrogen." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 3, no. 44 (September 2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-3-78-85.
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Due to the depletion of natural fossil energy carriers, hydrogen is becoming a promising alternative fuel, the advantages of which are inexhaustible reserves and its high energy and environmental indicators. The undeveloped infrastructure for the supply of hydrogen fuel to consumers, the problems of storage/accumulation of hydrogen hinder the development of hydrogen energy. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in considering modern methods of storage and accumulation of hydrogen, comparing their advantages and disadvantages. (Materials and methods) The article presents the state of the issue on scientific and information sources and patent information published in the open press. Authors considered storage methods for a number of parameters, the main of which are: volume and mass content of hydrogen; storage conditions and hydrogenation-dehydrogenation processes; cyclic stability and cost. The article presents a patent search in the information search system of the database of the Federal Institute of Industrial Property by keywords. Authors studied the abstracts and applications of Russian inventions, formulas of Russian utility models. Mechanical stresses in capillaries were determined using the moment-free theory of shells. (Results and discussion) The article presents the results of studies on the storage of gaseous and liquid hydrogen, in inorganic and organic carriers, carriers based on nanomaterials, in microspheres and adsorbents, capillary structures and energy storage substances. The hydrides do not require maintaining a low temperature and provide a volume density of 100-150 grams per liter, comparable to liquid hydrogen. A cost-effective method of storing hydrogen in microspheres and adsorbents is one of the promising methods for storing hydrogen gas under pressure in capillary or multicapillary structures made of glass, quartz, basalt and other materials. The density of hydrogen exceeds the density of liquid at a pressure of 200 megapascals. (Conclusions) Depending on the scale, purposes of storage and accumulation, it is possible to give preference to the method of storing hydrogen in liquid form, in multicapillary structures and various types of hydrogen carriers.
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Braverman, V. Ya, and B. K. Ilienko. "CRYOGENIC ACCUMULATION OF ELECTRICITY GENERATED USING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2021.02.
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Possibilities and prospects of accumulation of the electric power generated on objects of renewable energy sources - solar and wind power plants, with use of cryogenic liquids are considered. A comparison of the three most common ways of accumulating electricity: using lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen, liquid air. According to the proposed technology, the efficiency of recovery of electricity from liquid air is from 54 to 70%. The developed technology is based on cryogenic and thermal accumulation and has a high accumulation coefficient. It is shown that energy storage in cryogenic storage devices is the cheapest today. The proposed technology can also be used to generate electricity from liquefied natural gas using standard equipment developed by industry. The technological scheme of the cryoaccumulating station is offered. Bibl. 10, Fig. 1, Table 1.
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Baxter, Clare, Frank La Pedalina, Andrew McMahon, and Toon Hoong Lim. "Early exploration modelling of natural hydrogen systems through the use of existing open source data." Australian Energy Producers Journal 64, no. 2 (May 16, 2024): S320—S324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ep23210.
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Natural hydrogen’s viability as a sustainable energy source will be enhanced through comprehensive geological modelling. This paper integrates existing open-source data to delve into the geological aspects of natural hydrogen exploration and proposes possible workflows. Geological and geophysical modelling entails characterising subsurface formations conducive to natural hydrogen generation and trapping. Utilising geological surveys, field observation, geophysical seismic and gravity data, alongside existing well logs, this analysis looks to identify regions with favourable geological conditions for the generation, migration and structures for accumulation of natural hydrogen. Furthermore, understanding the subsurface geology aids in the development of safe and efficient extraction techniques. By incorporating geological modelling into the evaluation of natural hydrogen, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of its potential as a sustainable energy solution. Leveraging existing open-source data alongside geological insights ensures a robust foundation for decision-making in exploration, production, storage, and utilisation strategies. This integrated approach empowers stakeholders to make informed choices in shaping a greener, more sustainable energy landscape.
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Deronzier, Jean-François, and Hélène Giouse. "Vaux-en-Bugey (Ain, France): the first gas field produced in France, providing learning lessons for natural hydrogen in the sub-surface?" BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 191 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020005.
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The former Vaux-en-Bugey field, first French methane production from early 20th century, is revisited as a case study to address the present generation and accumulation theories for gases like hydrogen and helium. The volume of the initial gas in place is estimated to be 22 million m3. Based on a composition of 5% of hydrogen and 0.096% of helium, the volumes of these gases in the field were respectively around 1.1 million m3 for hydrogen and 24 000 m3 for helium. The different hypotheses of hydrogen sources are reviewed: serpentinization, hydro-oxidation of siderite, water radiolysis, bio-fermentation, mechanical generation, degassing from depth trough faults, steel corrosion. For helium generation, the different sources of radioactive minerals and intermediate accumulations are examined. The most probable scenario is the hydrogen production by water radiolysis and helium production by radioactive decay in or near the basement, migrating trough deep faults, stored and concentrating in an aquifer with thermogenic methane, then flushed by methane into the gas field, during Jura thrusting. New measurements with portable gas detector, incomplete but including hydrogen, on a former exploration well with accessible flux of gas, give the opportunity to comment gas saturation evolution more than a century after the 1906 discovery. The decreasing of hydrogen content since the discovery of the field is probably due to Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria activity.
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Lu, Chao, Bang Wang, Di Zhu, Quanyou Liu, Xuhang Zhang, and Huaiyu He. "High-Spatial-Resolution Helium Detection and Its Implications for Helium Accumulation Mechanisms." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (April 19, 2024): 3453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083453.
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Helium is a scarce strategic resource. Currently, all economically valuable helium resources are found in natural gas reservoirs. Owing to helium’s different formation and migration processes compared to natural gas’s, the traditional method of collecting wellhead gas to detect helium concentration may miss helium-rich layers in the vertical direction, which will not only cause the waste of helium resources, but also restrict the study of helium migration and accumulation mechanisms. To solve this problem, we designed a helium detector based on a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Through the combination of different inlet valves, we avoided gas mixing between different vertical layers during the inlet process and realized high-spatial-resolution helium concentration detection. We applied the helium detector to the Dongsheng gas field in the northern Ordos Basin, and the instrumental detection results were consistent with the laboratory analysis results of the wellhead gas, which demonstrated the stability of the helium detector in the field environment and the reliability of the data. Meanwhile, the results showed that the distribution of helium in the plane is highly heterogeneous, and the natural gas dessert layers and the helium dessert layers do not coincide in the vertical direction. In addition, we found a good correlation between helium and hydrogen concentrations. Combining our results with previous data, we propose a hydrogen–helium migration and accumulation model, which enriches the understanding of helium accumulation mechanisms and provides a basis for future helium resource exploration.
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Boreham, Christopher J., Dianne S. Edwards, Robert J. Poreda, Thomas H. Darrah, Ron Zhu, Emmanuelle Grosjean, Philip Main, Kathryn Waltenberg, and Paul A. Henson. "Helium in the Australian liquefied natural gas economy." APPEA Journal 58, no. 1 (2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17049.
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Australia is about to become the premier global exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG), bringing increased opportunities for helium extraction. Processing of natural gas to LNG necessitates the exclusion and disposal of non-hydrocarbon components, principally carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Minor to trace hydrogen, helium and higher noble gases in the LNG feed-in gas become concentrated with nitrogen in the non-condensable LNG tail gas. Helium is commercially extracted worldwide from this LNG tail gas. Australia has one helium plant in Darwin where gas (containing 0.1% He) from the Bayu-Undan accumulation in the Bonaparte Basin is processed for LNG and the tail gas, enriched in helium (3%), is the feedstock for helium extraction. With current and proposed LNG facilities across Australia, it is timely to determine whether the development of other accumulations offers similar potential. Geoscience Australia has obtained helium contents in ~800 Australian natural gases covering all hydrocarbon-producing sedimentary basins. Additionally, the origin of helium has been investigated using the integration of helium, neon and argon isotopes, as well as the stable carbon (13C/12C) isotopes of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon gases and isotopes (15N/14N) of nitrogen. With no apparent loss of helium and nitrogen throughout the LNG industrial process, together with the estimated remaining resources of gas accumulations, a helium volumetric seriatim results in the Greater Sunrise (Bonaparte Basin) > Ichthys (Browse Basin) > Goodwyn–North Rankin (Northern Carnarvon Basin) accumulations having considerably more untapped economic value in helium extraction than the commercial Bayu-Undan LNG development.
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Abramova, O. P., and D. S. Filippova. "Geobiological features of storage hydrogen-methane mixtures in underground reservoirs." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2021si200548.
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Taking into account the world and domestic experience of studying the ontogenesis of lithospheric hydrogen a combination of coupled hydrochemical, geochemical and microbiological factors of the accumulation of this natural gas together with methane in the terrigenous formations of the sedimentary cover is justified. It is predicted that various hydrochemical and microbiological processes that cause the development of carbon dioxide and sulfate corrosion of engineering structures, as well as cement of reservoir rocks and tires, can occur together with methane at industrial facilities of underground storage of hydrogen. The risks of reducing the volume of injected hydrogen in underground storage in addition to diffusion losses can be associated with geobiological factors, including the conversion of hydrogen into CH4 and H2S due to microbial activity, chemical interaction of hydrogen with minerals of reservoirs and tires, accompanied by changes in filtration-capacity and geomechanical properties, hydrogen embrittlement of metal structures of ground and underground well equipment. Keywords: geobiology; hydrogen; methane; underground storage; methanogenesis; acetogenesis; sulfate reduction.
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Boiko, Galina I., Raushan G. Sarmurzina, Nina P. Galieva, Uzakbay S. Karabalin, Daniyar S. Tiessov, Tanzilya R. Akhanova, and Pavel V. Kenyaikin. "Prospects for the use of energy-accumulating substances in solving environmental problems in the oil industry." Kazakhstan journal for oil & gas industry 5, no. 2 (July 18, 2023): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.54859/kjogi108653.
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The prospects for using new-generation energy-accumulating substances based on aluminum alloys activated with activating metals (indium, gallium, tin, eutectics of low-melting metals) as non-traditional environmentally friendly sources for hydrogen production from water and energy accumulation methods, the formation of various forms of aluminum hydroxides, are discussed, which can be used in solving environmental problems in the oil industry: in technologies for complex oil treatment, destruction of abnormally stable water-oil emulsions and oil sludge, demetallization and desulphurization of hydrocarbon raw materials, for the treatment of industrial waste, recycled and natural waters, as well as the reclamation of oil-contaminated areas with low and average levels of pollution, restoration of their fertility when used together with organomineral (humic) fertilizers.
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Wang, Xiaolin, Yucai Song, I.-Ming Chou, and Ye Qiu. "Raman spectroscopic characterization of cracking and hydrolysis of n-pentane and n-octadecane at 300–375℃ with geological implications." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 4 (December 19, 2017): 955–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598717748762.
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Hydrous and anhydrous isothermal experiments on n-pentane and n-octadecane were conducted at 300–375℃ for durations up to 1094 h to evaluate the cracking and hydrolysis of hydrocarbons, using fused silica capillary capsules as micro-reactors. The chemical compositions of the gaseous products during cracking of n-octadecane at 350 and 375℃ were methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane. The aqueous product in the hydrolysis of n-pentane and n-octadecane at 300–375℃ was alcohol. Alkenes and hydrogen were not detected throughout all the isothermal experiments. Results showed that the gaseous yields were characterized by higher contents of wet gas than those in natural gas accumulations. Mechanisms regulating the enrichment of methane in reservoirs should be further studied. The hydrolysis and oxidation of hydrocarbon were relatively limited in the absence of iron-bearing mineral buffers, suggesting that hydrocarbons might be more stable in iron-poor reservoirs (e.g. carbonate and quartz arenite) than in iron-bearing-mineral-rich ones (e.g. mudstone and arkose) under deep burial conditions. The absence of hydrogen was ascribed to its high diffusion rate in fused silica than in gold tube; any hydrogen produced in the reaction tends to diffuse out of the fused silica capsule with no or limited hydrogen accumulation, similar to those in geological environment. The diffusion of hydrogen should be considered during calculating the volume and pressure changes in the thermal cracking of oil to gas in reservoirs, because the loss of hydrogen would result in a decrease in the conversion rate of oil to gas.
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Yusuf, Mohammad, and Bawadi Abdullah. "Fossil Fuels, Rising Population, and Global Warming: The Interlinked Phenomena." Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences 5, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2020): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojps05.01-02.07.
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Global warming is increasing due to accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth’s atmosphere. This is leading to devastating consequences causing floods and droughts in different areas of the globe. The exploitation and burning of fossil fuels on a tremendous scale is the main reason for rising global warming. The approach of sustainable development may help in controlling the rising temperatures. Hydrogen fuel is one such promising alternative clean fuel, that could change the scenario as per the vision of ‘Hydrogen Economy’. A combined approach of switching to cleaner and greener fuel with increased natural sinks for CO2 can provide a better solution to global warming.
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Shaposhnikov, N. O., Anton S. Tsvetkov, Daria A. Strekalovskaya, Anna Nikolaeva, and Natalya A. Devyaterikova. "Physical Modeling of Steel Resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement." Key Engineering Materials 943 (March 29, 2023): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-g4pg69.
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Hydrogen can be used in the same energy processes as natural gas and become a tool for implementing the transition to a sustainable low-carbon economy. The level of contamination resulting from controlled combustion of hydrogen or methane-hydrogen mixture is relatively low, which will significantly reduce CO2 emissions. However, the use of hydrogen can involve considerable difficulties associated with the hydrogen compatibility of materials. With the increase in the production, storage and transportation of hydrogen gas, including through gas pipelines, hydrogen-resistant materials are needed. The main problem with hydrogen is its embrittling effect. Under the influence of hydrogen, pipelines materials can probably have the following: hydrogen charging of the surface layer under pressure, loss of plasticity at tensile loads, formation of cracks and blisters (by decogesia mechanism), diffusion to the stress concentrator according to adsorption theory, accumulation of hydrogen at the top of the crack (which can lead to cracking) and so on. To assess the possibility of using a pipeline system for transportation of hydrogen gas in large volumes, it is necessary to know hydrogen compatibility of pipe steel. Physical modeling of steel resistance to hydrogen embrittlement can be carried out using electrochemical and gas charging methods.
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Han, Hanlin, Yixin Sun, Weixu Zhang, Zhenya Zhang, and Tian Yuan. "The Effect of Nanobubble Water Containing Cordyceps Extract and Withaferin A on Free Fatty Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells." Nanomaterials 13, no. 15 (August 7, 2023): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13152265.
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Cordyceps extract and withaferin A (Wi-A) are natural compounds that have therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, their efficacy is limited and a long treatment duration is usually required. To enhance their efficiency, the synergistic effects of nanobubble water (NBW) derived from nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen gases were investigated. Results showed that the physical properties of all three NBWs, including nanobubble density (108 particles/mL) and zeta potential (below −22 mV), were stable during 48 h of storage. Hydrogen and nitrogen NBWs did not reduce, but instead promoted, free fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. In contrast, oxygen NBW synergistically enhanced the effects of cordyceps extract and Wi-A. The lipid content decreased by 29% and 33% in the oxygen NBW + cordyceps extract and oxygen NBW + Wi-A groups, respectively, compared to reductions of 22% and 16% by aqueous extracts without NB. This study found that NBW may enhance the lipid-reducing effects of natural compounds, such as cordyceps extract and withaferin A, in hepatic cells. Further studies in animal experiments are needed to determine whether NBW has a potential application in NAFLD.
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Safari, Amir, Joyashree Roy, and Mohsen Assadi. "Petroleum Sector-Driven Roadmap for Future Hydrogen Economy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 10389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110389.
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In the climate change mitigation context based on the blue hydrogen concept, a narrative frame is presented in this paper to build the argument for solving the energy trilemma, which is the possibility of job loss and stranded asset accumulation with a sustainable energy solution in gas- and oil-rich regions, especially for the Persian Gulf region. To this aim, scientific evidence and multidimensional feasibility analysis have been employed for making the narrative around hydrogen clear in public and policy discourse so that choices towards acceleration of efforts can begin for paving the way for the future hydrogen economy and society. This can come from natural gas and petroleum-related skills, technologies, experience, and infrastructure. In this way, we present results using multidimensional feasibility analysis through STEEP and give examples of oil- and gas-producing countries to lead the transition action along the line of hydrogen-based economy in order to make quick moves towards cost effectiveness and sustainability through international cooperation. Lastly, this article presents a viewpoint for some regional geopolitical cooperation building but needs a more full-scale assessment.
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Kreutzmann, Anne-Christin, and Heide N. Schulz-Vogt. "Oxidation of Molecular Hydrogen by a Chemolithoautotrophic Beggiatoa Strain." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 8 (February 19, 2016): 2527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03818-15.
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ABSTRACTA chemolithoautotrophic strain of the familyBeggiatoaceae,Beggiatoasp. strain 35Flor, was found to oxidize molecular hydrogen when grown in a medium with diffusional gradients of oxygen, sulfide, and hydrogen. Microsensor profiles and rate measurements suggested that the strain oxidized hydrogen aerobically when oxygen was available, while hydrogen consumption under anoxic conditions was presumably driven by sulfur respiration.Beggiatoasp. 35Flor reached significantly higher biomass in hydrogen-supplemented oxygen-sulfide gradient media, but hydrogen did not support growth of the strain in the absence of reduced sulfur compounds. Nevertheless, hydrogen oxidation can provideBeggiatoasp. 35Flor with energy for maintenance and assimilatory purposes and may support the disposal of internally stored sulfur to prevent physical damage resulting from excessive sulfur accumulation. Our knowledge about the exposure of natural populations ofBeggiatoaceaeto hydrogen is very limited, but significant amounts of hydrogen could be provided by nitrogen fixation, fermentation, and geochemical processes in several of their typical habitats such as photosynthetic microbial mats and submarine sites of hydrothermal fluid flow.IMPORTANCEReduced sulfur compounds are certainly the main electron donors for chemolithoautotrophicBeggiatoaceae, but the traditional focus on this topic has left other possible inorganic electron donors largely unexplored. In this paper, we provide evidence that hydrogen oxidation has the potential to strengthen the ecophysiological plasticity ofBeggiatoaceaein several ways. Moreover, we show that hydrogen oxidation by members of this family can significantly influence biogeochemical gradients and therefore should be considered in environmental studies.
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Tokmakov, Alexander A., Misaki Awamura, and Ken-Ichi Sato. "Biochemical Hallmarks of Oxidative Stress-Induced Overactivation of Xenopus Eggs." BioMed Research International 2019 (July 2, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7180540.
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Egg overactivation occurs with a low frequency in the populations of naturally ovulated frog eggs. At present, its natural inducers, molecular mechanisms, and intracellular events remain unknown. Using microscopic and biochemical analyses, we demonstrate here that high levels of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress can cause time- and dose-dependent overactivation of Xenopus eggs. Lipofuscin accumulation, decrease of soluble cytoplasmic protein content, and depletion of intracellular ATP were found to take place in the overactivated eggs. Progressive development of these processes suggests that egg overactivation unfolds in a sequential and ordered fashion.
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Zemskov, A. N., A. V. Nikolaev, and D. D. Zhebelev. "A method of predicting hydrogen sulfide accumulation zones in sylvinite layers of potash mines and rapid determination of rock gas content by hydrogen sulfide." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 1/2024 (March 15, 2024): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2024-1-60-64.
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Intensification of potash salt mining, widespread use of high-performance continuous miners, involvement of gasbearing formations in mining are accompanied by release of natural poisonous gases into the atmosphere of mine workings, which explains the need to ensure safe working conditions for the miners. The article presents the researche results that helped to develop a methodology for predicting accumulation zones of one of the most hazardous poisonous gases, i.e. hydrogen sulfide. A correlation was established between the hydrogen sulfide concentration, presence of organic substances and the content of magnesium chloride in the rocks. The article describes methods to determine the accumulation areas of hazardous sulfurcontaining gases based on the trench sampling and laboratory test data, which makes it possible to take timely protective measures to ensure safety of the miners. The developed method is based on creation of the correlation fields for various geochemical attributes such as the NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 content and others. A close correlation between the content of organic carbon in the rocks and magnesium chloride indicates the degree of salt recrystallization, as evidenced by an increase in the hydrogen sulfide content. In addition, the article describes an express method to determine the gas content in rocks, which enables a quick and accurate assessment of hydrogen sulfide concentration directly in the mine workings, thus providing the possibility of prompt response to the hazards. Thus, the methodology proposed by the authors serves not only to identify the potentially hazardous areas, but also to prevent dangerous situations associated with the release of poisonous gases in potash mines. The research and practical approaches described in the article as well as the developed recommendations contribute to enhancing the efficiency of mine ventilation, which in turn leads to minimization of the risks to health and life of the miners.
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Cheng, Pengfei, Jun Wang, Zhushan Zhao, Lingshuai Kong, Wang Lou, Tong Zhang, Dedao Jing, et al. "Molecular Hydrogen Increases Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Rice Grain in Field Trials." Plants 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112331.
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How to use environmentally friendly technology to enhance rice field and grain quality is a challenge for the scientific community. Here, we showed that the application of molecular hydrogen in the form of hydrogen nanobubble water could increase the length, width, and thickness of brown/rough rice and white rice, as well as 1000-grain weight, compared to the irrigation with ditch water. The above results were well matched with the transcriptional profiles of representative genes related to high yield, including up-regulation of heterotrimeric G protein β-subunit gene (RGB1) for cellular proliferation, Grain size 5 (GS5) for grain width, Small grain 1 (SMG1) for grain length and width, Grain weight 8 (GW8) for grain width and weight, and down-regulation of negatively correlated gene Grain size 3 (GS3) for grain length. Meanwhile, although total starch content in white rice is not altered by HNW, the content of amylose was decreased by 31.6%, which was parallel to the changes in the transcripts of the amylose metabolism genes. In particular, cadmium accumulation in white rice was significantly reduced, reaching 52% of the control group. This phenomenon was correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes responsible for Cd entering plants, including down-regulated Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp5), Heavy metal transporting ATPase (HMA2 and HMA3), and Iron-regulated transporters (IRT1), and for decreasing Cd accumulation in grain, including down-regulated Low cadmium (LCD). This study clearly showed that the application of molecular hydrogen might be used as an effective approach to increase field and grain quality of rice.
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Pham, Tuan Anh, Hoang Thi Ngoc Trang, Phung Thi Thuy, and To Kim Anh. "FACTORS ENHANCING THE ACCUMULATION OF BETA-CAROTENE IN RHODOTORULA TAIWANENSIS CT1." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 58, no. 6A (March 31, 2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/58/6a/15636.
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β-carotene known as an antioxidant, immunostimulant, provitamin A and natural colour is a popular additive used in food, cosmetics, and animal feed. Microbial β -carotene currently attracts attention thanks to its short production time and controllable process in comparing to the plant source. This study investigates the influences of the factors that enhance the accumulation of b-carotene in yeast strain Rhodotorula taiwanensis CT1. The addition of stressors including ethanol (0.2%), hydrogen peroxide (10mM) and NaCl (1M) to the 48h CT1 cultures improved the intracellular b-carotene to 2.2; 2.05 and 1.35 folds, respectively. Volumetric productivity of CT1 increased respectively 2.1; 2.0 and 1.1 folds. As a metabolism regulator, citric acid (1%) added into 48h CT1 culture had a positive effect on intracellular b-carotene in CT1, resulted in its increase 1.78 folds. The highest β-carotene in CT1 was obtained when 1% Tween 80 was added in the culture: The intracellular b-carotene reached 337.56 ± 1.30 µg/g dry biomass, increased 2.84 folds; volumetric productivity achieved 15.38 ± 0.30 mg/L, increased 2.64 folds. However, the influence of addition time and appropriate concentration of study factors remained undetermined and need to be deeply investigated in further study.
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Donzé, Frédéric-Victor, Laurent Truche, Parisa Shekari Namin, Nicolas Lefeuvre, and Elena F. Bazarkina. "Migration of Natural Hydrogen from Deep-Seated Sources in the São Francisco Basin, Brazil." Geosciences 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090346.
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Hydrogen gas is seeping from the sedimentary basin of São Franciso, Brazil. The seepages of H2 are accompanied by helium, whose isotopes reveal a strong crustal signature. Geophysical data indicates that this intra-cratonic basin is characterized by (i) a relatively high geothermal gradient, (ii) deep faults delineating a horst and graben structure and affecting the entire sedimentary sequence, (iii) archean to paleoproterozoïc basements enriched in radiogenic elements and displaying mafic and ultramafic units, and (iv) a possible karstic reservoir located 400 m below the surface. The high geothermal gradient could be due to a thin lithosphere enriched in radiogenic elements, which can also contribute to a massive radiolysis process of water at depth, releasing a significant amount of H2. Alternatively, ultramafic rocks that may have generated H2 during their serpentinization are also documented in the basement. The seismic profiles show that the faults seen at the surface are deeply rooted in the basement, and can drain deep fluids to shallow depths in a short time scale. The carbonate reservoirs within the Bambuí group which forms the main part of the sedimentary layers, are crossed by the fault system and represent good candidates for temporary H2 accumulation zones. The formation by chemical dissolution of sinkholes located at 400 m depth might explain the presence of sub-circular depressions seen at the surface. These sinkholes might control the migration of gas from temporary storage reservoirs in the upper layer of the Bambuí formation to the surface. The fluxes of H2 escaping out of these structures, which have been recently documented, are discussed in light of the newly developed H2 production model in the Precambrian continental crust.
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Jeong, Chang Hee, Haram Ryu, Do Hyun Kim, Wei Nee Cheng, Jee Eun Yoon, Sukyung Kang, and Sung Gu Han. "Piperlongumine Induces Cell Cycle Arrest via Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation and IKKβ Suppression in Human Breast Cancer Cells." Antioxidants 8, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110553.
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Piperlongumine (PL), a natural product derived from long pepper (Piper longum L.), is known to exhibit anticancer effects. However, the effect of PL on cell cycle-regulatory proteins in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells is unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether PL can modulate the growth of ER-positive breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. We found that PL decreased MCF-7 cell proliferation and migration. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that PL induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Moreover, PL significantly modulated the mRNA levels of cyclins B1 and D1, cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 4, and 6, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. PL induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide) accumulation and glutathione depletion. PL-mediated inhibition of IKKβ expression decreased nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Furthermore, PL significantly increased p21 mRNA levels. In conclusion, our data suggest that PL exerts anticancer effects in ER-positive breast cancer cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration via ROS accumulation and IKKβ suppression.
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Sprehe, M., S. U. Geißen, and A. Vogelpohl. "Photochemical oxidation of iodized X-ray contrast media (XRC) in hospital wastewater." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0315.
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Iodized X-ray contrast media (XRC) for medical applications are responsible for the high concentration of AOX (halogenated organic compounds adsorbable on activated carbon) in hospital wastewater exceeding the legal German discharge limit. The refractory properties of these substances lead to an accumulation in the natural waterbody. The elimination of contrast media from hospital wastewater by photochemical oxidation with hydrogen peroxide was investigated. The mechanism and the kinetics of the degradation of XRC were examined. These experiments demonstrate that a complete removal of the organically bonded iodine and a partial mineralization is feasible. The degradation in the UV reactor could be enhanced by adding hydrogen peroxide and by using a bubble column to remove the formed elemental iodine from the solution by stripping. Furthermore, the influence of various operating parameters such as gas flowrate, H2O2 input, XRC concentration and kind of XRC were investigated. Experiments showed that a recycling of elemental iodine from the exhaust gas is technically and economically possible.
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BOYKO, Serhiy, Oleksiy KOTOV, Svyatoslav VYSHNEVSKY, Olga MELNYK, and Nadia PODHORNYH. "ANALYSIS OF THE PROSPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HYDROGEN ENERGY IN THE ENERGY BALANCE OF COMPANIES IN THE AVIATION INDUSTRY." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 315, no. 6(1) (December 29, 2022): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-315-6-282-286.
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Hydrogen energy technologies, such as hydrogen storage of energy from renewable sources of electricity, by storing hydrogen as a battery for autonomous and distributed generation and refueling for hydrogen transport, are actively being introduced into the transport industry of developed countries. The transport industry of Ukraine is inextricably linked with the energy industry and has its own characteristics. World experience shows that the introduction of the latest technologies in the transport sector definitely gives a number of unambiguous bonuses for further stable development. Meanwhile, the objects of the transport industry of Ukraine have significant territories that are technologically not involved in the agricultural industry and cannot be used for the development of the cultural and social sphere. In turn, the objects of the transport industry of Ukraine make up its transport infrastructure and are located throughout the territory of Ukraine. Today, hydrogen energy includes a set of technologies for production, transportation, accumulation and use of the universal secondary energy carrier – hydrogen. Thus, in the concept of hydrogen energy, hydrogen complements the most important secondary energy carrier – electricity, the energy use of hydrogen is determined by the possibility of environmentally clean production of electricity and long-term storage with the minimization of losses, including in large volumes. The development of renewable energy, which receives energy from variable natural resources of solar and wind energy, as well as the active implementation of technologies of distributed generation and “smart” networks stimulate the urgency of solving the problem of long-term energy storage. The approach is also designed to settle the issue of the use of wind turbines and SPPs in power supply systems by stabilizing the return of the electric energy generated by them to the network. Undoubtedly, WPPs and SPPs can be connected to the network if necessary, meanwhile, using the proposed approach there is an opportunity to reduce the loss of energy obtained from natural sources and to use it rationally and efficiently. In the conditions of aviation industry enterprises, it is relevant and possible to introduce into the general structure of power supply systems based on renewable energy sources. The proposed approach to the introduction of hydrogen energy in the conditions of aviation industry enterprises allows to effectively use sources of electrical energy based on renewable energy sources both in autonomous power supply systems and to integrate them into existing power supply systems
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Albina, Pierre, Nadège Durban, Alexandra Bertron, Achim Albrecht, Jean-Charles Robinet, and Benjamin Erable. "Influence of Hydrogen Electron Donor, Alkaline pH, and High Nitrate Concentrations on Microbial Denitrification: A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 5163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205163.
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Bacterial respiration of nitrate is a natural process of nitrate reduction, which has been industrialized to treat anthropic nitrate pollution. This process, also known as “microbial denitrification”, is widely documented from the fundamental and engineering points of view for the enhancement of the removal of nitrate in wastewater. For this purpose, experiments are generally conducted with heterotrophic microbial metabolism, neutral pH and moderate nitrate concentrations (<50 mM). The present review focuses on a different approach as it aims to understand the effects of hydrogenotrophy, alkaline pH and high nitrate concentration on microbial denitrification. Hydrogen has a high energy content but its low solubility, 0.74 mM (1 atm, 30 °C), in aqueous medium limits its bioavailability, putting it at a kinetic disadvantage compared to more soluble organic compounds. For most bacteria, the optimal pH varies between 7.5 and 9.5. Outside this range, denitrification is slowed down and nitrite (NO2−) accumulates. Some alkaliphilic bacteria are able to express denitrifying activity at pH levels close to 12 thanks to specific adaptation and resistance mechanisms detailed in this manuscript, and some bacterial populations support nitrate concentrations in the range of several hundred mM to 1 M. A high concentration of nitrate generally leads to an accumulation of nitrite. Nitrite accumulation can inhibit bacterial activity and may be a cause of cell death.
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Zhang, Xinshuang, Yan Sun, Hao Wu, Ying Zhu, Xin Liu, and Songchong Lu. "Tobacco Transcription Factor NtWRKY70b Facilitates Leaf Senescence via Inducing ROS Accumulation and Impairing Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7 (March 26, 2024): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073686.
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Leaf senescence is the terminal stage of leaf development, and its initiation and progression are closely controlled by the integration of a myriad of endogenous signals and environmental stimuli. It has been documented that WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play essential roles in regulating leaf senescence, yet the molecular mechanism of WRKY-mediated leaf senescence still lacks detailed elucidation in crop plants. In this study, we cloned and identified a tobacco WRKY TF gene, designated NtWRKY70b, acting as a positive regulator of natural leaf senescence. The expression profile analysis showed that NtWRKY70b transcript levels were induced by aging and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and downregulated upon hydrogen sulfide (H2S) treatment. The physiological and biochemical assays revealed that overexpression of NtWRKY70b (OE) clearly promoted leaf senescence, triggering increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased H2S content, while disruption of NtWRKY70b by chimeric repressor silencing technology (SRDX) significantly delayed the onset of leaf senescence, leading to a decreased accumulation of ROS and elevated concentration of H2S. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of various senescence-associated genes and ROS biosynthesis-related genes (NtRbohD and NtRbohE) were upregulated in OE lines, while the expression of H2S biosynthesis-related genes (NtDCD and NtCYSC1) were inhibited in OE lines. Furthermore, the Yeast one-hybrid analysis (Y1H) and dual luciferase assays showed that NtWRKY70b could directly upregulate the expression of an ROS biosynthesis-related gene (NtRbohD) and a chlorophyll degradation-related gene (NtPPH) by binding to their promoter sequences. Accordingly, these results indicated that NtWYKY70b directly activated the transcript levels of NtRbohD and NtPPH and repressed the expression of NtDCD and NtCYCS1, thereby promoting ROS accumulation and impairing the endogenous H2S production, and subsequently accelerating leaf aging. These observations improve our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of WRKY TFs controlling leaf senescence and provide a novel method for ensuring high agricultural crop productivity via genetic manipulation of leaf senescence in crops.
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Nozhevnikova, A. N., S. Rebak, O. R. Kotsyurbenko, S. N. Parshina, C. Holliger, and G. Lettinga. "Anaerobic production and degradation of volatile fatty acids in low temperature environments." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 12 (June 1, 2000): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0236.
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Anaerobic conversion of organic matter leads to the intermediate formation of volatile fatty acids (VFA), primarily butyrate, propionate and acetate. The present investigation examined methanogenesis from the VFA by microbial populations associated with natural and man-made cold habitats. Sites that were investigated included lake sediments, tundra wetland soil, sludge lagoons, manure store and anaerobic reactors operated at 3–9°C. Sharp increases in methanogenesis from VFA were observed as incubation temperatures were increased to 30°C. Low temperatures resulted in significant methane production, and butyrate was identified as an important VFA intermediate formed and degraded during sample incubations. The addition of butyrate and propionate to samples indicated that butyrate is degraded preferentially over propionate. Dilution of samples and, hence, microbial populations led to the accumulation of acetate and hydrogen when butyrate and propionate were degraded. Thus, at low temperatures, a highdensity of hydrogen- and acetate-utilizing methanogens is needed for methanogenesis from VFA to occur. An aggregation of proton-reducing acetogenic bacteria and methanogens accelerates this process.
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Wang, Jing, Meixia Chen, Sixin Wang, Xu Chu, and Haifeng Ji. "Identification of Phytogenic Compounds with Antioxidant Action That Protect Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Oxidative Damage." Antioxidants 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112134.
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Oxidative stress contributes to intestinal dysfunction. Plant extracts can have antioxidant action; however, the specific phytogenic active ingredients and their potential mechanisms are not well known. We screened 845 phytogenic compounds using a porcine epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) oxidative stress model to identify oxidative-stress-alleviating compounds. Calycosin and deoxyshikonin were evaluated for their ability to alleviate H2O2-induced oxidative stress by measuring their effects on malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and antioxidant defense. Nrf2 pathway activation and the effect of Nrf2 knockdown on the antioxidative effects of hit compounds were investigated. Calycosin protected IPEC-J2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage, likely by improving the cellular redox state and upregulating antioxidant defense via the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. Deoxyshikonin alleviated the H2O2-induced decrease in cell viability, ROS production, and MMP reduction, but had no significant effect on MDA accumulation and apoptosis. Nrf2 knockdown did not weaken the effect of deoxyshikonin in improving cell viability, but it weakened its effect in suppressing ROS production. These results indicate that the mechanisms of action of natural compounds differ. The newly identified phytogenic compounds can be developed as novel antioxidant agents to alleviate intestinal oxidative stress in animals.
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Smaglichenko, T. A. "The natural barrier to retention of the high concentration of gases: methane and carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen under hydrothermal vents." Actual Problems of Oil and Gas, no. 27 (December 25, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29222/ipng.2078-5712.2019-27.art11.
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The assumed seismic model of the area around fields having high concentrations of CH4 and CO2, CH4 and H2 dissolved in hydrothermal vents is first introduced. The model of so-called natural barrier to retention of gases accumulation has been revealed using outcomes of 3D seismic tomography method, which has been developed by the author and utilizing geochemical data that were earlier obtained by other researchers in scientific cruises and university laboratories. The built model is in agreement with a distribution of seismicity (M 2.5–4.5) that occurred during last 5 years. A comparison of diffusion parameters of methane for thermal reservoirs and rocks, and corresponding comparison of geological structures permits to suppose that the presented model can be used to find appropriated area for underground storage of gases mentioned above.
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Guo, Zhang, Zhao, Tang, and Liu. "Accumulation Conditions and an Analysis of the Origins of Natural Gas in the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation from Well Anye 1, Northern Guizhou Province." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 26, 2019): 4087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214087.
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The origin of natural gas and the mechanisms that lead to gas accumulation in the marine calcareous mudstone of the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation in northern Guizhou province are special and complicated. According to a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including the reconstruction of hydrocarbon generative potential and gas content’s measurement, in the context of some geochemistry information—the origins of the natural gas of Shiniulan Formation is suggested to be mixed gas. Furthermore, the accumulation of the natural gas can be proposed combined with some geological information. Results indicated that the volume of the in-place gas content of Shiniulan samples, reinstated by the formulas’ computation, reaches a yield of 3.67 m3·t−1 in rock. The theoretical gas content for Shiniulan Formation mudstone ranges from 1.6 to 5.8 m3·t−1 using the indirect calculation of gas content, and the total gas contents of those samples range from 0.065 to 0.841 m3/t, according to the United States Bureau of Mines’ (USBM) direct method. According to the combination of the reconstructed in-place gas content and the gas content, even mudstone in the Shiniulan Formation has potential to generating gas but could not satisfy the actual gas content in Shiniulan Formation. In addition, according to the composition, the carbon and hydrogen isotope charts of gaseous hydrocarbons further indicate that the gas origin of Shiniulan Formation is a mixed gas, which also means that the gas is not just generated in the layer, but has partly migrated from other formations, such as the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation. The lower Shiniulan Formation in the study area is characterized by frequent interbed of limestone and calcareous mudstone. The geological information shows that well-developed fractures of mudstone and faults can be used as main pathways for the upward migration of gases from the underlying strata to the Shiniulan Formation. The limestone with fairly low porosity and permeability hinders the migration of natural gas as much as possible and keeps that efficiently reserved in the horizontal fractures of calcareous mudstone. This migration pattern implies that the interbedded rock association is also favorable for gas accumulation in the Shiniulan Formation.
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Gohari, Gholamreza, Sanaz Molaei, Azizollah Kheiry, Mahshid Ghafouri, Farhang Razavi, Jose M. Lorenzo, and Antonio Juárez-Maldonado. "Exogenous Application of Proline and L-Cysteine Alleviates Internal Browning and Maintains Eating Quality of Cold Stored Flat ‘Maleki’ Peach Fruits." Horticulturae 7, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110469.
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The postharvest life of flat peach fruit is limited by the appearance of chilling injury symptoms, especially internal browning. In this study, impacts of the exogenous application of proline (0, 5, 10, and 15 mM) and L-cysteine (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) on attenuating chilling injury of flat peach fruit were evaluated all over the cold storage. The results demonstrated that the fruits treated with 15 mM proline and 0.4 % L-cysteine showed lower levels of internal browning and these treatments prevented the excess enhancement of total soluble solids (TSS), the decline of titratable acidity (TA) content and the loss of fruit firmness during storage time. A lower accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage, and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes, along with higher ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity, were observed in treated fruits. Treated fruits also showed higher activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and conversely lower activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which led to a higher accumulation of total phenols and flavonoids. Moreover, a higher accumulation of endogenous proline was observed in 15 mM proline treated fruits. Eventually, according to our results, the exogenous administration of proline and L-cysteine as safe, natural and environmentally friendly treatments, preserved the nutritional quality of flat peach fruits during long-term cold storage.
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Carpéné, Christian, Pénélope Viana, Zsuzsa Iffiú-Soltesz, Pál Tapolcsányi, Anna Ágota Földi, Péter Mátyus, and Petra Dunkel. "Effects of Chemical Structures Interacting with Amine Oxidases on Glucose, Lipid and Hydrogen Peroxide Handling by Human Adipocytes." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 6224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196224.
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Benzylamine is a natural molecule present in food and edible plants, capable of activating hexose uptake and inhibiting lipolysis in human fat cells. These effects are dependent on its oxidation by amine oxidases present in adipocytes, and on the subsequent hydrogen peroxide production, known to exhibit insulin-like actions. Virtually, other substrates interacting with such hydrogen peroxide-releasing enzymes potentially can modulate lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. Inhibition of such enzymes has also been reported to influence lipid deposition. We have therefore studied in human adipocytes the lipolytic and lipogenic activities of pharmacological entities designed to interact with amine oxidases highly expressed in this cell type: the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO also known as PrAO or VAP-1) and the monoamine oxidases (MAO). The results showed that SZV-2016 and SZV-2017 behaved as better substrates than benzylamine, releasing hydrogen peroxide once oxidized, and reproduced or even exceeded its insulin-like metabolic effects in fat cells. Additionally, several novel SSAO inhibitors, such as SZV-2007 and SZV-1398, have been evidenced and shown to inhibit benzylamine metabolic actions. Taken as a whole, our findings reinforce the list of molecules that influence the regulation of triacylglycerol assembly/breakdown, at least in vitro in human adipocytes. The novel compounds deserve deeper investigation of their mechanisms of interaction with SSAO or MAO, and constitute potential candidates for therapeutic use in obesity and diabetes.
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Yakovlev, Yu A., V. A. Polyanskiy, Yu S. Sedova, and A. K. Belyaev. "Models of hydrogen influence on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys." PNRPU Mechanics Bulletin, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 136–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.mech/2020.3.13.
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The article yields a survey of the key models of mechanics that are used to describe the effects of hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen cracking, and hydrogen-induced destruction. The main attention is paid to models which are used to calculate the stress-strain state of metal samples, parts and machine components and have the potential for specific engineering applications. From a mechanical perspective, the effect of hydrogen on the material properties is a classic problem of the influence of a small parameter, since the hydrogen concentrations critical for the strength and ductility of metals are usually small. In the vast majority of models this effect is reduced to the hydrogen redistribution within the material volume and localization of concentrations in the critical fracture zones. The authors identified four main approaches that allow one to take into account the influence of a small parameter: (i) hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE), (ii) hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP), (iii) account for additional internal pressure due to the hydrogen dissolved in metals, and (iv) bi-continuum approach that takes into account the internal hydrogen pressure and weakening of material in the framework of a special model of a solid. The links between the main approaches are established. Systematization of publications was carried out, similarities and differences in the description of the internal transport and accumulation of hydrogen in metals are highlighted. It is indicated that the predominant number of publications is devoted to the HEDE model, but so far there is no published data on the application of this model to real problems of engineering practice; only modeling the results of mechanical tests of cylindrical and prismatic samples were considered. In fact, other less popular approaches have more practical applications. The main unresolved issue in the verification of all models is the local concentration of hydrogen, which is a source of premature destruction of metals under load. All the methods for measuring local concentrations are indirect. Even in the case of applying sophisticated physical methods, mechanical surface preparation is required, which destroys the initial natural concentration of hydrogen. The lack of reliable data on the distribution of hydrogen concentration excludes the possibility of unambiguously determination of all the model parameters. On the one hand, it allows fitting to any experimental data, and on the other hand, it reduces the predictive engineering value of all models, since a qualitative fitting is not sufficient for engineering strength analysis.
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Wang, Zhe, and Mingde Hao. "Effects of Spent Drilling Fluids from Natural Gas Fields on Seed Germination and Root Development of Maize (Zea mays L.)." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031510.
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The use of drilling waste for land reclamation is a cost-effective way to improve soil fertility and to decrease landfills. However, the potential phytotoxic and cytotoxic effects of this waste on crops have not been investigated in detail. Here, we evaluated the toxicity of spent drilling fluids (SDFs) from a natural gas field using the non-target plant Zea mays L. (maize). Four different concentrations of SDFs (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, w/w) were used to test the toxic effects in two soils (aeolian and loessal). Different endpoints, including germination, root elongation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, antioxidant activity, mitotic index, and chromosomal abnormalities, were used to test the effects of SDFs after four days of exposure. Higher levels (≥6%) of SDFs inhibited seed germination and root growth, and altered the oxygen status by increasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and inhibiting superoxide ion (O2−) accumulation in the roots. SDFs-induced oxidative stress caused member damage, exacerbated cell injury, and reduced cell viability in the roots, compared with those untreated plants. The plants responded to high SDFs levels (≥6%) by upregulating antioxidants such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase ascorbate peroxidase, and proline. A reduction in the mitotic index and induction of chromosomal abnormalities in root meristematic cells were indicators of the cytotoxicity of SDFs in maize seedlings. The upregulation of antioxidants due to the change of ROS and the induction of chromosomal abnormalities were more severe in roots grown in aeolian soil than in those grown in loessal soil. The present results provide insight into the mechanism underlying the phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of SDFs and have implications for land reclamation to minimize deleterious effects on non-target crops.
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Hovorukha, Vira, Oleksandr Tashyrev, Olesia Havryliuk, and Larysa Iastremska. "High Efficiency of Food Waste Fermentation and Biohydrogen Production in Experimental-industrial Anaerobic Batch Reactor." Open Agriculture Journal 14, no. 1 (October 8, 2020): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331502014010174.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Multicomponent organic waste is a significant environment hazard. Natural mechanisms can no longer ensure the processing of increasing volumes of such waste. The accumulation of multicomponent organic waste to environment pollution with toxic gases and leachate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective technologies for the rapid treatment of huge volumes of toxic waste. Moreover, multicomponent organic waste can be used as the substrate for the production of green energy - biohydrogen. Objective: To scale up the technology of biohydrogen production from multicomponent organic waste in experimental-industrial anaerobic batch reactor and to establish fermentation parameters of its operation. Methods: An experimental-industrial anaerobic batch reactor was designed and the method of thermodynamic prognosis was applied to determine the most effective microbial pathway for hydrogen synthesis. The efficiency of the fermentation was evaluated by the pH and redox potential (Eh, mV) of culture medium, the concentration and volume of synthesized gas. Results: The experimental-industrial anaerobic batch reactor with a volume of 240 L was successfully applied to scale up the process of obtaining hydrogen via fermentation of organics. The duration of the technological cycle (T) was 1.5-4 days. The coefficient of waste destruction (Kd) that is the ratio between the initial and final weight of waste was high and ranged from 86 to 140. Hydrogen yield was 45-90 L/kg of dry weight of waste. The maximum concentration of hydrogen (H2max) was 50-58%. Conclusion: The developed approach and scaling of the biotechnology is promising for industrial application for effective hydrogen production via dark fermentation of multicomponent organic waste. Its industrial application might help to solve the problem of toxic multicomponent organic waste destruction and simultaneously to produce green energy H2.
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Candelaresi, Daniele, and Giuseppe Spazzafumo. "Production of Substitute Natural Gas Integrated with Allam Cycle for Power Generation." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052162.
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The accumulation of energy from non-programmable renewable sources is a crucial aspect for the energy transition. Using surplus electricity from renewable energy sources, power-to-gas plants allow to produce a substitute natural gas (SNG) that can be injected in the existing infrastructure for large-scale and long-term energy storage, contributing to gas grid decarbonisation. The plant layout, the method used for carbon dioxide capture and the possible cogeneration of electricity can increase the efficiency and convenience of SNG synthesis plants. In this work, a system for the simultaneous production of SNG and electricity starting from biomass and fluctuating electricity from renewables is proposed, using a plant based on the Allam thermodynamic cycle as the power unit. The Allam power cycle uses supercritical CO2 as evolving fluid and is based on the oxycombustion of gaseous fuels, thus greatly simplifying CO2 capture. In the proposed system, oxycombustion is performed using biomass syngas and electrolytic oxygen. The CO2 generated by means of oxycombustion is captured, and it is subsequently used together with renewable hydrogen for the production of SNG through thermochemical methanation. The system is also coupled with a solid oxide electrolyser and a biomass gasifier. The whole plant was analysed from an energy-related point of view. The results show overall plant efficiency of 67.6% on an LHV basis (71.6% on an HHV basis) and the simultaneous production of significant amounts of electricity and of high-calorific-value SNG, whose composition could be compatible with the existing natural gas network.
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Wu, Xiaoqi, Chunhua Ni, Quanyou Liu, Guangxiang Liu, Jianhui Zhu, and Yingbin Chen. "Genetic Types and Source of the Upper Paleozoic Tight Gas in the Hangjinqi Area, Northern Ordos Basin, China." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4596273.
Full textAbstract:
The molecular and stable isotopic compositions of the Upper Paleozoic tight gas in the Hangjinqi area in northern Ordos Basin were investigated to study the geochemical characteristics. The tight gas is mainly wet with the dryness coefficient (C1/C1–5) of 0.853–0.951, andδ13C1andδ2H-C1values are ranging from-36.2‰to-32.0‰and from-199‰to-174‰, respectively, with generally positive carbon and hydrogen isotopic series. Identification of gas origin indicates that tight gas is mainly coal-type gas, and it has been affected by mixing of oil-type gas in the wells from the Shilijiahan and Gongkahan zones adjacent to the Wulanjilinmiao and Borjianghaizi faults. Gas-source correlation indicates that coal-type gas in the Shiguhao zone displays distal-source accumulation. It was mainly derived from the coal-measure source rocks in the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation (C3t) and Lower Permian Shanxi Formation (P1s), probably with a minor contribution from P1s coal measures from in situ Shiguhao zone. Natural gas in the Shilijiahan and Gongkahan zones mainly displays near-source accumulation. The coal-type gas component was derived from in situ C3t-P1s source rocks, whereas the oil-type gas component might be derived from the carbonate rocks in the Lower Ordovician Majiagou Formation (O1m).
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Fukuhara, Kiyoshi, Ikuo Nakanishi, Kohei Imai, Mirei Mizuno, Ken-ichiro Matsumoto, and Akiko Ohno. "DTPA-Bound Planar Catechin with Potent Antioxidant Activity Triggered by Fe3+ Coordination." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020225.
Full textAbstract:
In diseases related to oxidative stress, accumulation of metal ions at the site of pathogenesis results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the reductive activation of oxygen molecules catalyzed by the metal ions. If these metals can be removed and the generated ROS can be strongly scavenged, such diseases can be prevented and treated. Planar catechins exhibit stronger radical scavenging activity than natural catechins and can efficiently scavenge hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fenton reaction without showing pro-oxidant effects, even in the presence of iron ions. Hence, in the current study, we designed a compound in which diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), a metal chelator, was bound to a planar catechin with enhanced radical scavenging activity by immobilizing the steric structure of a natural catechin to be planar. This compound showed almost no radical scavenging activity due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding of DTPA with the planar catechins; however, when coordinated with Fe3+, it showed more potent radical scavenging activity than planar catechins. Owing to its potent antioxidant activity triggered by metal coordination and its inhibition of ROS generation by trapping metal ions, this compound might exert excellent preventive and therapeutic effects against oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Zhou, Yu, Yanming Han, Gaiyun Li, and Fuxiang Chu. "Effects of Lignin-Based Hollow Nanoparticle Structure on the Loading and Release Behavior of Doxorubicin." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101694.
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Because of their exceptional absorption capacity, biodegradability, and nontoxicity, nanomaterials fabricated from renewable natural resources have recently become an increasingly important research area. However, the mechanism of drug encapsulation by lignin nanoparticles and the role of nanoparticle structure on the stability and loading performance still remain unknown. Herein, lignin hollow nanoparticles (LHNPs) were prepared and applied as promising vehicles for the antineoplastic antibiotic drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The hydrogen bonding and π−π interactions contributed to the encapsulation of hydrophilic DOX by LHNPs with hydrophobic cavities. The encapsulation of DOX was enhanced by the pore volume and surface area. In addition, the nanoparticles contributed to the cellular uptake and the accumulation of the drug within HeLa cells. This work provides a scientific basis for future studies on the selective entrapment properties of hollow polymer nanoparticles derived from biomass material as vehicles for overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations.
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Subbotina, Yu M., E. I. Pavlova, M. I. Shopinskaya, A. M. Abdullaeva, and A. D. Kudryavtseva. "NATURAL BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF CLEANING AND DESINFECTION OF WASTE WATER AT THE FERGANA POULTRY FARM." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 4 (2020): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202004014.
Full textAbstract:
This article deals with the problem of wastewater treatment at the Fergana poultry farm (FPF). The results of hydrochemical and sanitary-bacteriological studies are analyzed. Treatment facilities were built at the Fergana poultry farm and put on balance, which included the following objects: a grate crusher, horizontal sand traps, 2-tier settlers, biological oxidation and stabilization ponds (otherwise known as BOX ponds). After the accumulation of ten daily volumes of waste water in the BOX ponds, they were transferred to the contact mode of operation, with the introduction of an adapted microalgae complex. Hydrochemical and bacteriological analysis of the selected samples were carried out. The results were analyzed for the content of E. Coli bacteria; the concentration of pH hydrogen ions, COD, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, ambient air temperature, and the amount of alkalinity. The results of hydrochemical studies on self-purification of wastewater in BOX ponds were analyzed. According to the conducted research, poultry farm waste water that was subjected to disinfection processes in BOX ponds becomes epidemiologically safe if the concentration of microalgae introduced into the system to intensify self-purification processes is equal to or exceeds 500 ml. Studies have found that this indicator can be increased at the end of cleaning and disinfection to 99,9% [8, 14]. After the cleaning and the decontamination is completed, waste water prepared in the BOX ponds of the Fergana poultry farm can be used for irrigation, or in fishbreeding and biological ponds for growing fish-planting material.
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Upmacis, Rita K. "Atherosclerosis: A Link between Lipid Intake and Protein Tyrosine Nitration." Lipid Insights 2 (January 2008): LPI.S1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/lpi.s1030.
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Atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by plaque formation in the arterial wall that can lead to heart attack and stroke, is a principal cause of death in the world. Since the 1990's, protein nitrotyrosine formation has been known to occur in the atherosclerotic plaque. This potentially damaging reaction occurs as a result of tyrosine modification by reactive nitrogen species, such as nitrogen dioxide radical, which forms upon peroxynitrite decomposition or nitrite oxidation by hydrogen peroxide-activated peroxidase enzymes. The presence of protein-bound nitrotyrosine can be considered an indicator of a loss in the natural balance of oxidants and antioxidants, and as such, there is an emerging view that protein-bound nitrotyrosine may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review brings together evidence that the accumulation of protein nitrotyrosine during atherogenesis is more widespread than initially thought (as its presence can be detected not only in the lesion but also in the blood stream and other organs) and is closely linked to lipid intake.
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Nkomo, Gokul, Keyster, and Klein. "Exogenous p-Coumaric Acid Improves Salvia hispanica L. Seedling Shoot Growth." Plants 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120546.
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: p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) belongs to a family of natural esters of hydroxycinnamic acid compounds that have been shown to modulate plant growth and metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous p-CA on plant growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage, photosynthetic metabolism, osmolyte content and changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activity. Exogenous p-CA improved Salvia hispanica (chia) growth by significantly enhancing shoot length, fresh and dry weights coupled with augmented levels of total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Furthermore, p-CA also triggered an induction in proline, glycine betaine (GB) and superoxide (O2∙−) levels while no changes were observed for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and downstream malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Also, no change in SOD activity was observed in the p-CA treatment relative to the control. Therefore, the results suggest that exogenous p-CA improves chia seedling growth possibly via activation of a ROS-signalling pathway involving O2∙− under the control of proline accumulation.
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VOROBEL, Mariia, Oleh KLYM, Vasyl KAPLINSKYI, Oksana NYKYFORUK, Viktoriia MOMUT, Stepan GRABOVSKYI, Natalia LOPOTYCH, Oleksandra GRABOVSKA, Halyna DENYS, and Halyna BILOVUS. "REDUCING OF AMMONIA AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE EMISSION FROM CHICKEN LITTER BY THE USE OF INORGANIC AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES." AgroLife Scientific Journal 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2023229.
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The accumulation of chicken litter, due to the excessive emission of gaseous air pollutants, causes a significant load on the environment. Therefore, the basis of research was to find out the level of NH3 and H2S emission from chicken litter by the influence of inorganic and biologically active substances. It is established that the lowest level of NH3 release from litter - by 25.5-32.6% and H2S by 19.7-24.4% is observed with the introduction of a complex preparation for deactivation of enzymatic processes in chicken litter. Of the studied natural sorbents, the best results for reducing NH3 and H2S emission from the litter were obtained by the use of vermiculite - by 24.4-28.7% and 12.6-15.9%. The biopreparation Kapeliukhiv Yarok more effectively affects the reduction of the NH3 release from the substrate (24.3-27.7%) and the Scarabei - H2S (16.1-19.2%). The introduction in chicken litter magnesium acetate and superphosphate helps to reduce NH3 emission by 22.2-22.8% and 22.3- 24.3%, while H2S by 16.0-19.2% and 16.3-17.2%.
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Kalaiyarasi, D., V. Manobharathi, and S. Mirunalini. "Capsaicin in hot chili peppers as a potent free radical scavenger: An in vitro approach." Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1704rjbt6875.
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In humans, countless chronic conditions are connected with the accumulation of free radicals. Antioxidants can scavenge free radicals and reduce their effect. The hunt for natural antioxidants of plant provenance becomes an urgent primary concern. So, the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Capsaicin by using various in vitro assays such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS●+), hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and reducing power. The findings from this study indicated that Capsaicin exhibited significant inhibition of free radical which was calculated as IC50 value compared with standard ascorbic acid. IC50 values of capsaicin and ascorbic acid were found to be 44.12μg/mL and 42.52μg/mL in DPPH radical assay, 39.89μg/mL and 37.75μg/mL in ABTS●+ radical assay, 43.65μg/mL and 48.33μg/mL in hydroxyl radical assay, 39.79μg/mL and 42.16μg/mL in superoxide anion radical assay, 31.37μg/mL and 30.90μg/mL in hydrogen peroxide radical assay, 43.30μg/mL and 42.45μg/mL in nitric oxide radical assay and 39.33μg/mL and 38.79 μg/mL in reducing power assay respectively. Therefore, capsaicin might be a good plant-based pharmaceutical product recommended as a potential antioxidant for various oxidative degenerative diseases and often serve as an effective radical scavenger or blocker.
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Xu, Zhengjian, Biao Peng, Yanjun Feng, Luofu Liu, Chao Fang, Mingli Shao, Kexin Jia, Kangjun Wu, and Yingying Chen. "Characteristics and Origins of the Natural Gas and Implications for Gas-Source Correlation in Deep Formations of the Songliao Basin, NE China." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 4641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244641.
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The Songliao Basin is the most productive petroliferous lacustrine basin in NE China, and numerous large gas fields with large proven reserves occur in its deep formations. However, considerable challenges remain: (1) the origins and genetic types of the natural gases are controversial; (2) the gas-source correlations are poorly studied; and (3) the migration distance is vague. In this study, these problems are addressed by the study of the gas compositions, light hydrocarbons, and stable hydrogen and carbon isotopes. The gases are predominantly of organic and thermogenic origins. The Huoshiling (J3h) and Shahezi (K1sh) gases are mainly mixtures of coal-derived and oil-associated gases and the mixed-sources of primary kerogen degradation and secondary oil cracking, while the Yingcheng (K1yc) gases are mainly coal-derived gases and predominantly derived from primary kerogen degradation. The gases in different sags are derived from the source rocks developed in the same sags where the gases accumulated, characterized by the proximal-source accumulation. Vertically, the gases in the J3h and K1sh are predominantly sourced by the proximal J3h and K1sh mudstones, while the gases in the K1yc are mainly derived from either the J3h or the K1sh source rocks, suggesting the gas migration with short distances.
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Bryukhanov, A. L., and T. V. Khijniak. "Application of Sulfate-reducing Bacteria in Bioremediation from Heavy Metals and Metalloids (Review)." Прикладная биохимия и микробиология 59, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0555109923020034.
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Pollution of the environment with heavy metals, metalloids and radionuclides is a global problem that seriously affects the state of the biosphere. In particular, chromium compounds have a toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effect. The main principle of purification of anthropogenic and natural ecosystems from chromates is the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), the salts of which are significantly less toxic and insoluble. However, currently used electrochemical and ion-exchange cleaning methods are quite expensive and require the use of special reagents. At the same time, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are of particular interest for bioremediation of this kind, since many of them are very resistant to high concentrations of heavy metals and are able to effectively reduce them in the presence of hydrogen as an electron donor. The review summarizes known data on the interaction of heavy metals, metalloids and radionuclides with SRB. The features of the metabolism of these microorganisms, leading to intracellular accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids, are considered. Complex and finely regulated enzymatic mechanisms for the reduction of toxic metals (using various cytochromes, hydrogenases, oxidoreductases, highly specific metal reductases, and thioredoxin/thioredoxin-reductase systems), as well as the possibility of using immobilized cells and biofilms of SRB in the effective bioremediation of natural waters, soils, and industrial effluents, are described.
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Fasih, Majid, and Reza Tavakkol Afshari. "The morphophysiological dormancy of Ferula ovina seeds is alleviated by low temperature and hydrogen peroxide." Seed Science Research 28, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258517000356.
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AbstractFerula ovina is a perennial Apiaceae with great medicinal and economic value. This study was conducted to better understand the dormancy and germination behaviour of its seeds. Experiments included temperature requirements for both embryo growth and germination under field and laboratory conditions, the effects of warm stratification, gibberellic acid (GA3), dry after-ripening, exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) on dormancy, localizing the accumulation of superoxide (O2−) and measuring endogenous contents of H2O2 in embryos during cold and warm stratification. Embryos were under-developed and did not germinate within one month at temperatures higher than 10°C. Among all treatments, cold stratification and exogenous H2O2 could break dormancy. However, the application of DPI reduced growth and the germination of the embryo at 3°C. During cold stratification, the embryonic axes elongated more than the cotyledons, which coincided with earlier production of O2− in the axes. Only these embryos could eventually complete growth and germinate. Moreover, such asymmetric growth between the axes and cotyledons was also observed when seeds were treated with exogenous H2O2. On the other hand, both axes and cotyledons displayed the same growth over treatments with warm stratification and DPI. Overall, seeds of F. ovina exhibit the characteristics of deep complex morphophysiological dormancy. Moreover, the embryos solely require cold to complete growth and to germinate, and this process seems to be mediated by reactive oxygen species. Under natural conditions, seeds germinate during winter in cold soil, and shoots emerge in spring.