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1
Humphries, Jill. "Ray, the father of taxonomic method." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337711.
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Arthur, Brid Caitrin. "Envisioning Lhasa: 17-20th century paintings of Tibet's sacred city." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437525195.
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Matthews, Charity Christine. "Women writers and the study of natural history in nineteenth-century Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44159.
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During the nineteenth century, women in Britain and Canada read about natural history, wrote about it, drew it, and collected it alongside their male counterparts. Produced during a time when it was widely accepted that, as Charles Darwin succinctly stated in The Descent of Man (1871), “Man is more powerful in mind and body than woman” (597), women’s contributions to the natural sciences were often overshadowed or ignored. However, women in the nineteenth century in Canada contributed greatly to the development of knowledge of meteorology, botany, zoology, and ornithology. Indeed, their work sometimes anticipated the modern ecological critique of a preoccupation with cultivating and controlling nature in the names of science and capitalism.
This dissertation examines the intellectual, literary, and scientific experiences of nature for women in nineteenth-century Canada, namely the geographical region known as Upper Canada (1791-1841), Canada West (1841-1867), or Ontario (1867-present), and investigates the language and scientific systems that were available to women to describe those experiences. Instead of struggling amateurs restricted to domestic pursuits, nineteenth-century women writers were sometimes pioneering naturalists, popularizers of science, and innovators of a hybrid approach to the language of natural history. Naturalist observations and the negotiation of how to understand nature, seeing nature as hostile, neutral, or divine, were central elements in the creation of the nineteenth-century woman’s identity. The writers examined in this study— Anna Jameson, Anne Langton, Susanna Moodie, Mary Ann Shadd, Harriet Sheppard, Frances Stewart, and Catharine Parr Traill— read scientific and literary texts and used the information to shape their understandings of the natural world, the weather, flora, and fauna. As educated, reflective thinkers, they use their letters, journals, emigration pamphlets, and autobiographical narratives to respond to systems of Linnaean classification as well as to participate in discussions which anticipated the shift later in the century to ecological perspectives inspired by Darwinism. This study examines the ways in which women writers were actively exploring shifting conceptions of the natural world as it developed alongside settlement and seeks to offer new ways of approaching the work of Jameson, Langton, Moodie, Shadd, Sheppard, Stewart, and Traill. In chapters devoted to meteorology, botany, zoology, and ornithology, this thesis rethinks both nature writing and women’s writing in Canada.
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Starkey, Janet Catherine Murray. "Examining editions of The Natural History of Aleppo : revitalizing eighteenth-century texts." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7865.
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This thesis revisits the liberal intellectual tradition of the Scottish Enlightenment by comparing two editions of The Natural History of Aleppo (1756: 1794) written and/or edited by Scottish physicians, half-brothers Alexander and Patrick Russell, in which they recorded their observations of Aleppo in northern Syria. There has been only one other monograph written about this text, entitled Aleppo observed by Maurits van den Boogert and published in 2010. As yet no comparative study of the two editions seems to have been made. As a result, this thesis should revitalize interest in The Natural History of Aleppo (1756 and 1794) across academic fields including Levantine and Ottoman studies, subject-specific disciplines and in the Scottish context. This thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part Chapter 1 provides a literature review and outlines the structure of this thesis. Chapter 2 is a synopsis of the authors’ life histories as background for subsequent discussion. In Part II, the popularity of the two editions (1756 and 1794) is assessed (Chapter 3). This assessment is followed by an appraisal of literary aspects of the two editions of an eighteenth-century text (Chapter 4). To assess the quality, originality and relative significance of Aleppo further, selected topics covered variously in the two editions are explored in Part III (Chapter 5 on medicine, Chapter 6 on flora and fauna, and Chapter 7 on aspects of the exotic). The final Part IV provides a range of conclusions to revitalize eighteenth-century texts and suggests topics for further research.
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Morris, Kathryn 1970. "Geometrical physics : mathematics in the natural philosophy of Thomas Hobbes." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37789.
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My thesis examines Thomas Hobbes's attempt to develop a mathematical account of nature. I argue that Hobbes's conception of how we should think quantitatively about the world was deeply indebted to the ideas of his ancient and medieval predecessors. These ideas were often amenable to Hobbes's vision of a demonstrative, geometrically-based science. However, he was forced to adapt the ancient and medieval models to the demands of his own thoroughgoing materialism. This hybrid resulted in a distinctive, if only partially successful, approach to the problems of the new mechanical philosophy.
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Bycroft, Michael Trevor. "Physics and natural history in the eighteenth century : the case of Charles Dufay." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648547.
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Pearse, Harry John. "Natural philosophy and theology in seventeenth-century England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/263362.
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This thesis explores the disciplinary relationship between natural philosophy (the study of nature or body) and theology (the study of the divine) in seventeenth-century England. Early modern disciplines had two essential functions. First, they set the rules and boundaries of argument – knowledge was therefore legitimised and made intelligible within disciplinary contexts. And second, disciplines structured pedagogy, parcelling knowledge so it could be studied and taught. This dual role meant disciplines were epistemic and social structures. They were composed of various elements, and consequently, they related to one another in a variety of complex ways. As such, the contestability of early modern knowledge was reflected in contestability of disciplines – their content and boundaries. Francis Bacon, Thomas White, Henry More and John Locke are the focus of the four chapters respectively, with Joseph Glanvill, Thomas Hobbes, other Cambridge divines, and a variety of medieval scholastic authors providing context, comparison and reinforcement. These case studies offer a cross-section of seventeenth-century thought and belief; they embody different professional and institutional interests, and represent an array of philosophical, theological and religious positions. Nevertheless, each of them, in different ways, and to different effect, put the relationship between natural philosophy and theology at the heart of their intellectual endeavours. Together, they demonstrate that, in seventeenth-century England, natural philosophy and theology were in flux, and that their disciplinary relationship was complex, entailing degrees of overlap and alienation. Primarily, natural philosophy and theology investigated the nature and constitution of the world, and, together, determined the relationship between its constituent parts – natural and divine. However, they also reflected the scope of man’s cognitive faculties, establishing which bits of the world were knowable, and outlining the grounds for, and appropriate degrees of, certainty and belief. Thus, both disciplines, and their relationship with one another, contributed to broad discussions about, truth, certainty and opinion. This, in turn, established normative guidelines. To some extent, the rightness or wrongness of belief and behaviour was determined by particular definitions of, and relationship between, natural philosophy and theology. Consequently, man’s place in the world – his relationship with nature, God and his fellow man – was triangulated through these disciplines.
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Oliver, Ryan. "Aliens and atheists: The Plurality of Worlds and Natural Theology in Seventeenth-Century England." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5134/.
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The plurality of worlds has had a long history in England, which has not gone unnoticed by scholars. Historians have tended to view this English pluralist tradition as similar to those found on the continent, and in doing so have failed to fully understand the religious significance that the plurality of worlds had on English thought and society. This religious significance is discovered through a thorough investigation of plurality as presented by English natural philosophers and theologians, and in so doing reveals much about England in the seventeenth century. As natural philosophers incorporated plurality within the larger framework of natural theology, it became a weapon of science and reason to be used against the unreasonable atheists of late seventeenth-century England.
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Chipman, Gary V. "Robert Boyle and the Significance of Skill and Experience in Seventeenth-Century Natural Philosophy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2652/.
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The purpose of this study is to examine how English natural philosophers of the seventeenth centuryin particular, Robert Boyle (1627-1691) considered and assessed the personal traits of skill and experience and the significance of these characteristics to the practice of seventeenth-century science. Boyle's writings reveal that skill and experience impacted various aspects of his seventeenth-century experimental natural philosophy, including the credibility assessment of tradesmen and eyewitnesses to natural phenomena, the contingencies involved in the making of experiments, and Boyle's statements about the requisite skills of experimental philosophy in contrast to other traditions. Subtopics explored include the popularization of science and Boyle's expectations concerning the future improvement of natural philosophy.
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Feller, David Allan. "The hunter's gaze : Charles Darwin and the role of dogs and sport in nineteenth-century natural history." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252238.
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Douglas, Alexandra Starr. "Natural history, improvement and colonisation : Henry Smeathman and Sierra Leone in the late eighteenth century." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409707.
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Larson, Boyle Jenna. "From Natural History to Orientalism, The Russell Brothers on the Cusp of Empire." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3052.
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Thesis advisor: Dana SajdiThe British physicians Dr. Alexander Russell M.D., FRS (c.1715 - 1768) and Dr. Patrick Russell M.D., FRS (1726/7 - 1805), both British Levant Company servants, wrote and published two editions in 1756 and 1794, respectively. These brothers resided in Aleppo, Syria, when it was a provincial capital of the Ottoman Empire and recorded their observations and empirical observations in a literary work that would later become the two editions of The Natural History of Aleppo. These editions are vital references for modern scholars concerned with Ottoman Syria, Levantine commercial activity and European presence, and the city of Aleppo. However, these very scholars ignore the significant fact that these two editions were written by two different individuals at two different points in history. Thus, this MA thesis aims to investigate the two editions and illustrate how the variations in these publications were the result of both coexisting and correlated processes that culminated in an eighteenth-century phenomenon of the transformation of British global presence from a commercial power to a modern empire. Various socio-economic, political, and cultural changes related to the Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, and the growth of Western, especially British, global hegemony, resulted in a particular attitude towards what became constructed as the "Orient". This thesis examines the ways in which the interrelated processes of the rise of modern scientific disciplines, the quest for order, the emergence of the culture of collecting, and the new emphasis on the value of "useful knowledge" rendered the "Orient" a place to be ordered and studied, hence, to be controlled. The eighteenth century witnessed several decisive events that facilitated this phenomenon; with Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War (1756 - 1763), particularly at the Battle of Plassey (1757), Britain deviated from its previous position as a commercial power and emerged victorious as an imperial empire. The project attempts to demonstrate how the Russell Brothers' book on Aleppo represents a movement from the fascination with natural history, that is, the topography and botany of Aleppo (Alexander Russell's edition), to an attempt at a comprehensive study of a people, language, and culture (Patrick Russell's edition). The change in focus and tenor found in Patrick's edition represents a shift from natural history to ethnographic, a shift that is essentially Orientalist. Though the book is about the relatively marginal city of Aleppo, the shift between the two editions reflects not only the change of the character of British global dominance, which was, after the 1857 Indian Mutiny, officially colonial, but also the very national identity of Britain. This thesis, then, is a study of how Aleppo was conceived and reconceived through the prism of the change of British relationship to India from a commercial entanglement to imperial domination. The variations between the two editions, then, were a result of changing circumstances and consequent shifting attitudes. I not only attempt to illustrate Britain's transformation from a mercantile and commercial power to a colonial and imperial empire, but also how the variations of the Russell brothers' two editions, from a collection of observations to a scientific contribution to a body of specialized knowledge, were the direct results of the two authors' transformations from the botanist to the orientalist
Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: History
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Gibson, Susannah. "The pursuit of nature : defining natural histories in eighteenth-century Britain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244381.
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Many histories of natural history see it as a descriptive science, as a clear forerunner to modern studies of classification, ecology and allied sciences. But this thesis argues that the story of unproblematic progression from eighteenth-century natural history to nineteenth-century and modern natural history is a myth. Eighteenth-century natural history was a distinct blend of practices and theories that no longer exists, though many individual elements of it have survived. The natural history that I discuss was not solely about collecting, displaying, naming and grouping objects. Though these activities played an important part in natural history (and in many histories of natural history) this thesis focuses on some other key elements of natural history that are too often neglected: elements such as experimenting, theorising, hypothesising, seeking causes, and explaining. Usually these activities are linked to natural philosophy rather than natural history, but I show how they were used by naturalists and, by extension, create a new way of understanding how eighteenth-century natural history, natural philosophy and other sciences were related. The first chapter is about the end of eighteenth-century natural history and looks at the role of the Linnean Society of London. It argues that this society tried to homogenise British natural history through the promotion of the Linnean sexual system of plant classification and through the suppression of the kinds of experimental and theoretical work described in this thesis. To understand that experimental and theoretical work, and to see what British natural history really entailed in this period, three central chapters focus on specific case studies. The second chapter shows how English-based naturalists such as John Ellis (1710-1776) approached the problem of distinguishing plants from animals, and especially about how they used chemical experiments to decide whether things such as coral and corallines should be placed in the animal or plant kingdom. The third chapter discusses sensitive plants and the overlaps between natural history and natural philosophy. It draws on case studies of naturalists who investigated things like plant motion and apparent plant sensitivity with different observational and experimental methods, and tried to explain them using various mechanical and vitalist explanations. The fourth chapter focuses on the controversy over whether plants (like animals) can be male or female and shows the theoretical and experimental tools that naturalists used to address this issue. Together, these chapters give a very detailed insight into the everyday practices and theories used by eighteenth-century naturalists and show the variety of activities that made up the field. The next two chapters focus on the identity and interactions of naturalists and show how they created a distinctive science: the fifth chapter is about how someone in England could go about becoming an authority on natural history in the late eighteenth century; and the final chapter looks outwards from Britain and examines how British natural history influenced, and was influenced by, European natural history; it uses correspondence to examine how British naturalists communicated with their overseas counterparts and what each party gained from those exchanges.
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Raphael, Amanda-Jane. "Natural childbirth in twentieth century England : a history of alternative approaches to birth from the 1940s to the 1990s." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1601.
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It is well-established that a medical model of childbirth shaped maternity policy during the second half of the twentieth century. However, alongside this narrative of medicalised childbirth, an idea emerged that was to challenge medical hegemony in maternity care provision. In 1933 British doctor Grantly Dick-Read published his first book, Natural Childbirth, detailing his theories on pain during childbirth and its remedy. Natural childbirth was a controversial idea and was not well-received by the medical profession. Nevertheless, some women were enthusiastic about the nonmedical approach suggested by Dick-Read and by the 1950s natural childbirth was recognised as a distinct method of coping with the rigours of labour and birth. The term later became synonymous with a range of alternative ideas about the management of childbirth. Such ideas were disseminated through literature advising women about childbirth, and through antenatal education, which aimed to inform, enlighten and empower childbearing women. Childbirth alternatives were consistently regarded with scepticism and the medical establishment remained critical of them. Midwifery was surprisingly ambivalent, given that it shared some of its core values with the principles of natural childbirth. Nevertheless, a vocal minority continued to enthuse about childbirth alternatives, and a handful of consumer organisations committed to promoting them emerged. By the 1970s and 1980s, a backlash against medicalised childbirth in contemporary Britain provided a platform for such organisations to push their agenda even further. Natural childbirth discourse provided the means to express dissatisfaction with the medical system of childbirth; it also helped to give form to disillusionment with contemporary maternity services by shaping expectations. By the late 1980s, policy makers attempted to address the groundswell of discontent amongst childbearing women by alluding to childbirth alternatives and offering a choice of services. Still, as their shared history suggests, the relationship between the medical and natural models of childbirth remained complex and littered with paradoxes.
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Wallmann, Elisabeth. "The political economy of eighteenth-century insects : natural history and political economy in France, 1700-1789." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/100285/.
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This dissertation argues that insects provided a crucial lens through which Enlightenment thinkers could reimagine and represent their societies. It demomstrates that the understanding of the functioning of their individual bodies, the close observation of their collective behaviour, and its manipulation and management, helped eighteenth-century scholars to conceptualise, and root in nature, their social orders and the changes that they wished to see in them. While insect collectives such as bee swarms or ant colonies that had long been used to metaphorically model human societies, in the eighteenth century, these metaphors were reformulated and given an empirical basis. Investigating writings on insects on the part of natural historians, agronomists, philosophes and physicians, the thesis contributes to the growing literature on the role of animals in human history in general and in the Enlightenment in particular. It builds on two scholarly traditions: French studies and the cultural history of scientific, economic and political knowledge (mainly written after the 1980s). I take from French studies methods for the close reading of texts and more recent ideas on how ‘to bridge’ different fields of knowledge; the latter discipline will be useful in providing ideas about the history of observation and experimentation, theories of the animal and human body as well as eighteenth-century understanding of political economy. As this dissertation demonstrates, insects helped conceptualise new ideas of the human individual and his or her passions (chapters 1 and 2), of how human collectives are formed (chapter 3) and how governments can manipulate and regulate them in the most profitable ways possible (chapters 4 and 5). By investigating Enlightenment writings on insects, this thesis shows, we can recover part of the rich history of our modern understanding of our own ways of living together.
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Wale, Matthew Robert. "'The sympathy of a crowd' : periodicals and the practices of natural history in nineteenth-century Britain." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40972.
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This thesis examines the close relationship between periodicals and the scientific practices of natural history in Britain during the second half of the nineteenth century. It argues that the remarkable expansion of the periodical press from the 1850s onwards had profound implications for the ways in which scientific knowledge was produced, changing how naturalists circulated information, opinions, and specimens. Focussing on four specific practices of natural history - correspondence, collecting, classifying, and associating - the thesis demonstrates how periodicals were informed by these practices and, in turn, the ways these practices were facilitated and shaped by periodicals. Much of this thesis draws upon the correspondence archive of Henry Tibbats Stainton (1822-92), one of the most eminent entomologists of the nineteenth century. He established and edited three natural history periodicals: the Entomologist's Annual (1855-74), the Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer (1856-61), and the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (1864-present). Stainton's letters, held by the Natural History Museum in London, are therefore among the largest collections of material relating to the running of scientific journals outside of the Royal Society. Despite this, neither Stainton's correspondence nor the periodicals he produced have been subject to sustained analysis by historians. This thesis therefore employs these sources to reveal how different kinds of scientific community were formed by periodicals, and how these communities utilised the periodical medium to articulate a shared sense of identity. The Intelligencer serves as a particularly instructive case study, as this weekly periodical applied newly developed printing technologies to the established mode of letter-writing, industrialising scientific correspondence and encouraging active participation in natural history amongst a wide range of individuals. The thesis thereby engages with key historiographical debates over 'popular science' and professionalisation of the life sciences in this period.
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Hollsten, Laura. "Knowing nature : knowledge of nature in seventeenth century French and English travel accounts from the Caribbean /." Åbo : Institutionen för språk och kulture, Humanistiska fakulteten, Åbo Akademi, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0713/2006499859.html.
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Bowman, Bayles R. M. "Science in its local context : the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society in the mid nineteenth century." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419462.
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Priebe, Janina. "Greenland's future : narratives of natural resource development in the 1900s until the 1960s." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142073.
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This doctoral thesis identifies and analyzes narratives of Greenland's future that emerged in the context of developing and modernizing the dependency's natural resources industries in the 1900s until the 1960s. After almost two centuries of Danish colonial rule, the turn of the 20th century witnessed a profound change in Greenland's governance. Although contested at first, the notion of cultural progress increasingly linked developing a modern industry to a productive economy under Danish auspices. Ideas of modernity that connected rationalities of the market with political power and science were unparalleled in the colonial discourse on Greenland's future. How were the development of Greenland's natural resource industries and its role in Danish governance debated? Which narratives emerged in this context? As the studies in this compilation thesis suggest, the rationalities of science, markets, and power became entangled in an unprecedented way during these decades, creating new ways to imagine Greenland's future. The first paper analyzes the application of a private stakeholder group of Copenhagen's financial and economic elite for access to Greenland as a private, for-profit venture to extract and trade with the colony's living resources in 1905. The motif of an Arctic scramble was constructed through the authority of science, still resonating in the debate on rare earth mining today. The second paper identifies the business relationships between the group's members, connecting major Danish financial institutes and private economic interests in the late 19th and early 20th century. The third paper focuses on the commercialization of Greenlandic fisheries in the 1910s until the late 1920s and the fisheries scientist Adolf Severin Jensen (1866-1953). Jensen's work is an example of how applied sciences connected both scientific and political agendas, carried out in a colonial setting. The fourth paper focuses on the narrative analysis of (Danish-language) Greenlandic newspaper coverage of Qullissat between 1942 and 1968. Representations of the coal mine and nearby settlement on Greenland's west coast, which were closed down in 1972, are at the center of this study. While the coal mine was presented as a Danish success to establish an independent energy supply and to introduce modernization measures, it was presented as a Greenlandic failure to adapt to modern demands of economic productivity in the years leading up to its closure.
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Smith, Kelly M. "The Science of Astrology: Schreibkalender, Natural Philosophy, and Everyday Life in the Seventeenth-Century German Lands." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1522057810431579.
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Walmsley, Jonathan Craig. "John Locke's natural philosophy (1632-1671)." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.286485.
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Barker, Ryan. "For Natural Philosophy and Empire: Banks, Cook, and the Construction of Science and Empire in the Late Eighteenth Century." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3551.
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Using part of James Cook’s first voyage of discovery in which he explored the Australian coast, and Joseph Banks’s 1772 voyage to Iceland as case studies, this thesis argues that late eighteenth-century travelers used scientific voyages to present audiences at home with a new understanding and scientific language in which to interpret foreign places and peoples. As a result, scientific travelers were directly influential not only in the creation of new forms of knowledge and intellectual frameworks, but they helped direct the shape and formation of the Empire. The thesis explores the interplay between institutional influence and individual agency in both journeys. As a result, it will argue that the scientific voyages that were most influential in the imperial process were those directed and funded by the state.
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Börekçi, Günhan. "Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603-17) and His Immediate Predecessors." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1278971259.
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Serrath, Pablo Oller Mont. "O Império Português no Atlântico: poderio, ajuste e exploração (1640-1808)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-06112013-094942/.
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O império português, formado por conquistas espalhadas pelas mais diversas regiões do globo terrestre, teve o pluralismo administrativo, a promoção de ajustes e a capacidade inventiva como soluções de governabilidade e importantes sustentáculos da dominação. Estendendo-se por terras além-mares, dependeu de mecanismos de mando capazes de conviver com os poderes locais e com as dificuldades impostas pela distância e por diferentes conjunturas. O período entre a Restauração de Portugal, em 1640, e a Abertura dos Portos do Brasil para as nações estrangeiras, em 1808, caracterizou-se por longo movimento de planos e práticas para promover e melhorar a exploração econômica lusitana no ultramar. O trabalho ora apresentado tem o Atlântico como espaço destacado e visa estudar as ações propostas e efetivadas pela Coroa portuguesa para manter, reordenar e ampliar o seu império, consolidadas na lógica de um sistema mercantil imperial; composto pelo centro e pelas distintas partes à volta dele, visando garantir o comércio ultramarino e os subsequentes ganhos da e na metrópole, e cuja gestão teve como principal característica a adaptabilidade.The Portuguese Empire, formed by conquests spread over most regions of the globe, had the administrative pluralism, promotion of adjustments and inventiveness as solutions to governance and important pivot of domination. Extending for lands beyond the seas, it depended on mechanisms of command able to deal with local authorities and with the difficulties imposed by distance and different conjunctures. The period between Portugals Restoration in 1640, and the opening of Brazilian Ports to foreign friendly nations, in 1808, was characterized by intense planning movement and practices to promote and improve the economic Lusitanian exploitation overseas. This work has the Atlantic as main scenario and aims to study the actions proposed and effected by the Portuguese Crown to maintain, rearrange and expand the Empire, consolidated in the logic of an imperial mercantile system, composed of the center and the many different parts around it, aiming to ensure the overseas trade and subsequent gains for the metropolis and also inside it, and whose management had as main characteristic adaptability.
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Gellera, Giovanni. "Natural philosophy in the graduation theses of the Scottish universities in the first half of the seventeenth century." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3285/.
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The graduation theses of the Scottish universities in the first half of the seventeenth century are at the crossroads of philosophical and historical events of fundamental importance: Renaissance and Humanist philosophy, Scholastic and modern philosophy, Reformation and Counterreformation, the rise of modern science. The struggle among these tendencies shaped the culture of the seventeenth century. Graduation theses are a product of the Scholasticism of the modern age, which survived the Reformation in Scotland and decisively influenced Scottish philosophy in the seventeenth century, including the reception of early modern philosophy. We can therefore speak of a ‘Scottish Scholasticism’, characterised by an original reception and interpretation of the long traditions of Scholastic philosophy and Aristotelianism. The aim of the thesis is the analysis of the general physics of the graduation theses: the two central theories are prime matter and movement. Natural philosophy is a particularly interesting case, and the main features of the graduation theses are the reception of Scholasticism alongside innovation within Scholasticism. Graduation theses adhere to the Scholastic tradition, especially Scotism, while being innovative in their opposition to Catholic forms of Scholasticism. Scottish Scholasticism can be then further qualified as an example of ‘Reformed Scholasticism’.
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Davidson, Matthew J. "Interaction on the Frontier of the 16th-17th Century World Economy: Late Fort Ancient Hide Production and Exchange at the Hardin Site, Greenup County, Kentucky." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/20.
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This study assesses the organization and intensity of hide processing from sequential occupations at the Late Fort Ancient (A.D. 1400-1680) Hardin Site located in the central Ohio Valley. Historical and archaeological sources were drawn on to develop expectations for production intensification: 1) an increase in production tool quantity, 2) an increase in production debris quantity, and 3) an increase in tool utilization intensity. Many Native groups situated on the periphery of early European colonies intensified hide production to meet demand generated by an emerging global trade in hides. As this economic activity intensified in the 16th and 17th centuries it incorporated and ever greater network of native communities. By documenting production intensification at the Hardin Site, this study evaluates the degree to which global markets incorporated regions beyond the colonial periphery before A.D. 1680. This study also examines the social dimensions of economic activity by asking who processed hides, who may have benefited from the products of this labor, and whether or not either of these were influenced by participation in the tumultuous interaction sphere of the eastern North American Contact Period.
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Roberts, David A. "The Changes in American Society from the 17th to 20th Century Reflected in the Language of City Planning Documents." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1410888727.
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Mnyaka, Phindezwa Elizabeth. "Re-tracing representations and identities in twentieth century South African and African photography: Joseph Denfield, regimes of seeing and alternative visual histories." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/540.
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The thesis examines the photographic collection of Joseph Denfield, an archivist and historian who experimented with photography over a twenty-year period. The study is located within the field of critical visual studies that focuses on historical photography in its depiction of identities and groups in the context of social change. The thesis pays attention to the manner and extent to which Denfield participated in regional visual economies at various moments during his photographic career in order to establish his contribution towards a visual history in Africa and more broadly Southern Africa. It follows Denfield’s career trajectory chronologically. It begins with a study of his photographic work in Nigeria which was oriented around so-called ‘pagan tribes’ and which was framed within the discourse of ethnography. It then pays attention to his growth as an artist in photography that resulted from years of exhibiting in salons. I read these photographs and texts in relation to his earlier work in Nigeria given the extent to which he drew on anthropological discourses. It is through his involvement with photographic art circles that Denfield developed as a historian as a result of his research into the history of photography and regional visual histories. This took the form of both unearthing historical photographs as well as photographing historical sites to construct the past in particular ways through the visual. At each stage he translated these histories into public forms of representation and power thus he figures among a small group of ‘colonial’ photographers that shaped the visual economy of Southern Africa. Through a detailed study of his work, the thesis thus aims to re-think through new dimensions of visual culture.
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McFarland, Sarah Elizabeth. "Engendering the wild : the construction of animals in twentieth century nature writing /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3181112.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-179). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Manning-Sterling, Elise Helene. "Great Blue Herons and River Otters: The Changing Perceptions of All Things Wild in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626993.
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Begon, Sabine. "De iure hospitalium : das Recht des deutschen Spitals im 17. Jahrhundert unter Berücksichtigung der Abhandlungen von Ahasver Fritsch und Wolfgang Adam Lauterbach /." Marburg : Tectum, 2002. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010061922&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Hart, Hilary 1969. "Sentimental spectacles : the sentimental novel, natural language, and early film performance." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/297.
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Advisor: Mary E. Wood.
xii, 181 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. Print copy also available for check out and consultation in the University of Oregon's library under the call number: PS374.S714 H37 2004.The nineteenth-century American sentimental novel has only in the last twenty years received consideration from the academy as a legitimate literary tradition. During that time feminist scholars have argued that sentimental novels performed important cultural work and represent an important literary tradition. This dissertation contributes to the scholarship by placing the sentimental novel within a larger context of intellectual history as a tradition that draws upon theoretical sources and is a source itself for later cultural developments. In examining a variety of sentimental novels, I establish the moral sense philosophy as the theoretical basis of the sentimental novel's pathetic appeals and its theories of sociability and justice. The dissertation also addresses the aesthetic features of the sentimental novel and demonstrates again the tradition's connection to moral sense philosophy but within the context of the American elocution revolution. I look at natural language theory to render more legible the moments of emotional spectacle that are the signature of sentimental aesthetics. The second half of the dissertation demonstrates a connection between the sentimental novel and silent film. Both mediums rely on a common aesthetic storehouse for signifying emotions. The last two chapters of the dissertation compare silent film performance with emotional displays in the sentimental novel and in elocution and acting manuals. I also demonstrate that the films of D. W. Griffith, especially The Birth of a Nation, draw upon on the larger conventions of the sentimental novel.
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Parker, Mark M. (Mark Mason). "Transposition and the Transposed Modes in Late-Baroque France." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331880/.
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The purpose of the study is the investigation of the topics of transposition and the transposed major and minor modes as discussed principally by selected French authors of the final twenty years of the seventeenth century and the first three decades of the eighteenth. The sources are relatively varied and include manuals for singers and instrumentalists, dictionaries, independent essays, and tracts which were published in scholarly journals; special emphasis is placed on the observation and attempted explanation of both irregular signatures and the signatures of the minor modes. The paper concerns the following areas: definitions and related concepts, methods for singers and Instrumentalists, and signatures for the tones which were identified by the authors. The topics are interdependent, for the signatures both effected transposition and indicated written-out transpositions. The late Baroque was characterized by much diversity with regard to definitions of the natural and transposed modes. At the close of the seventeenth century, two concurrent and yet diverse notions were in evidence: the most widespread associated "natural" with inclusion within the gamme; that is, the criterion for naturalness was total diatonic pitch content, as specified by the signature. When the scale was reduced from two columns to a single one, its total pitch content was diminished, and consequently the number of the natural modes found within the gamme was reduced. An apparently less popular view narrowed the focus of "natural tone" to a single diatonic pitch, the final of the tone or mode. A number of factors contributed to the disappearance of the long-held distinction between natural and transposed tones: the linking of the notion of "transposed" with the temperament, the establishment of two types of signatures for the minor tones (for tones with sharps and flats, respectively), the transition from a two-column scale to a single-column one, and the recognition of a unified system of major and minor keys.
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Ferreira, Breno Ferraz Leal. "Economia da natureza: a história natural, entre a teologia natural e a economia política (Portugal e Brasil, 1750-1822)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-03082016-151919/.
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Esta tese versa sobre as diferentes funções para as quais a História Natural foi mobilizada em Portugal e na América Portuguesa entre 1750 e 1822. Defende-se aqui que esse domínio do saber se constituiu entre dois paradigmas ilustrados: o da Teologia Natural e o da ideia de utilidade da natureza para uso humano, sendo este segundo paradigma predominante a partir novos Estatutos da Universidade de Coimbra (1772). Para tanto, analisamos discursos de homens de ciência que fizeram parte do quadro de sócios da Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa (1779). Em um primeiro momento, a questão é debatida por meio da análise dos novos Estatutos. Examinamos as concepções de História Natural na Ilustração e a opção dos legisladores de enfatizar um ensino voltado para a utilidade. Em seguida, atentamos para a maneira como a História Natural foi mobilizada pelo padre oratoriano Teodoro de Almeida e pelos frades franciscanos José Mayne e Manuel do Cenáculo com o intuito oferecer uma resposta pública às ideias radicais da Ilustração. Além disso, discutimos a maneira como Cenáculo apresentou uma reflexão sobre os usos que os homens poderiam tirar da natureza. Na sequência, esmiuçamos a importância de Domingos Vandelli no panorama da História Natural da segunda metade do século XVIII. Destacamos especialmente a maneira como mobilizou a Academia das Ciências para o seu projeto de inventariação \"física\" e \"econômica\" da natureza de Portugal e suas colônias, incorporando princípios da economia política. Por fim, abordamos as concepções de História Natural e o papel atribuído à providência divina no funcionamento da natureza por parte de dois naturalistas luso-brasileiros com claros vínculos aos projetos políticos do Estado português de finais do século XVIII e início do XIX: Frei José Mariano da Conceição Veloso e José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva.This dissertation discusses the different roles of the concept of Natural History in Portugal and Portuguese America among 1750 and 1822. We propose here that this field of knowledge has been built up from two enlightened paradigms: Natural Theology and the idea of nature usefulness for human apropriation. This second paradigm prevails as from the publication of the Statutes of the University of Coimbra (1772). Therefore, we analyze the texts of men of science who integrated the board of members of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon (1779). In a first moment, this issue is debated through the analysis of the new Statutes. We examined the conceptions of Natural History in Enlightenment and the option to emphasize an education oriented by the idea of utility. Then, we attend to the manner how Oratorian priest Teodoro de Almeida and Franciscan friars José Mayne and Manuel do Cenáculo resorted to Natural History concepts, providing a public answer to the radical ideas of Enlightenment. Also, we discuss the way Cenáculo presented a reflection about the uses men could make from nature. After that, we debate the importance of Domingos Vandelli in the context of the Natural History studies in the second half of the XVIII century. We emphasize especially the way he mobilized The Royal Academy of Sciences around his project of creating an inventory of \"physics\" and \"economics\" of nature in Portugal and its colonies, incorporating principles of Political Economy. Lastly, we debated the conceptions of Natural History and the role attributed to divine providence in the working of nature by two Luso-Brazilian naturalists clearly identified to the Portuguese State\'s political projects of the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries: Friar José Mariano da Conceição Veloso and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva.
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Djordjevic, Darja. "The ‘Natural’ History of Cancer in Africa: Tracking Malignancy, Oncology, and Its Ideologies (1957-1984), With a Comparative View to the 21st Century in Rwanda." Thesis, Harvard University, 2017. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:32676119.
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While it is widely accepted that cancer incidence is on the rise in Africa, and global oncology has burgeoned, the history of cancer and cancer research on the continent is generally not discussed. This thesis reviews data original research and policy statements on cancer in Africa from the 1950s til the early 1980s. The analysis herein seeks to unpack the movations for the etiological and epidemiological cancer surveys that seem to have risen to prominence beginning in the 1950s. It also charts the significance of racial difference as it was factored into the categorization, incidence, and outcomes of various cancers, and considers colonial perspectives on the difference between African and European cancer. This work also reviews issues of treatment and therapeutics as they arose (though rarely) during certain regional conferences. It reveals that certain proposals about developing oncology infrastructure bore striking similarity to those advanced in the 21st century in Rwanda. Overall, Africa was a living laboratory for understanding cancer in its ‘natural’ state—it was observable and describable in contexts where the various conditions of European civilized and industrialized life had not taken hold, so that it was easier to isolate environmental exposures related to local ecology and lifestyle. Thus, despite certain gestures toward the future of treatment, knowledge about cancerogenesis was largely extracted from African contexts for the purposes of advancing cancer epidemiology and geographic pathology.
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McBride, George. "Robert Patterson (1802-1872) : an analysis of his contribution to the study of natural history in schools and colleges in Ireland in the nineteenth century." Thesis, Ulster University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.650092.
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This thesis examines the contribution of Robert Patterson of Belfast to popularising the study of natural history and to introducing it into the curriculum of schools and colleges of higher education in Ireland in the nineteenth century. The study is contextualised within a review of the relevant literature, the historical background, science, science education and religion in nineteenth - century Ireland. Succeeding chapters explore Patterson's family origins, family history and his own life and times; some early institutions, schools and colleges teaching science in general and natural history in particular; an examination of his case for the study of natural history and its introduction into the curriculum of schools and colleges of higher education in the period; his contribution to the science of zoology; his standing within his contemporary scientific community; an analysis of his introductory textbooks on zoology for the use of schools and their reception and impact. In the course of research for this thesis, some important topics in the history of science and science education in general in early nineteenth - century Ireland, which have been underdeveloped, have been recovered. The thesis contributes towards addressing one particular gap within the history of Irish science. It throws light upon the nineteenth - century community it describes and, through Patterson, the institutions in which they operated and the circles in which they moved. It emphasises the dependence of natural history upon what would, from modern versions of science, be described as the amateur tradition, and stresses the rigour and dedication of science practitioners in the early nineteenth century. It shows how networks, both familial and collegial, influenced the practice of natural history in the period. Patterson is seen as exemplifying a particular pattern of scientific and cultural activities within the first half of the nineteenth century, when the study of natural history and religion were closely connected, and there was much discussion around their indivisibility. He is considered as belonging to and exemplifying a generation of early middle class civic improvers. He is perceived as part of a broad movement of civic improvers addressing the tensions and deficiencies of Belfast and as offering the education of the poor, by means of instruction in natural history, as a route to social and moral improvement. Through advancing the study of natural history he not only transfers knowledge and understanding of science, but also civic and moral improvement. Thus, his special contribution to reforming and improvement was his successful advocacy for the inclusion of natural history as a branch of general education. His pedagogy is considered as a model for child - centred learning. In the broad context, Patterson's major contribution is his advocacy of natural history in education and his exemplification of the impliance of religion in natural theology and in the practice of science in the early nineteenth century. He is seen not only as part of the history of early nineteenth - century Belfast, but also as part of the history of science and the history of education in Ireland. He is also seen as straddling the gap between the early and middle years of the century.
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Å, kerberg Sofia. "Knowledge and pleasure at Regent's Park : the gardens of the Zoological Society of London during the nineteenth century." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Historiska studier, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-59811.
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The subject of this dissertation is the Zoological Gardens of the Zoological Society of London (f. 1826) in the nineteenth century. Located in Regent s Park, it was the express purpose of the Gardens (f. 1828) to function as a testing-ground for acclimatisation and to demonstrate the scientific importance of various animal species. The aim is to analyse what the Gardens signified as a recreational, educational and scientific institution in nineteenth-century London by considering them from four different perspectives: as a pan of a newly-founded society, as a part of the leisure culture of mid-Victorian London, as a mediator of popular zoology and as a constituent of the Zoological Society's scientific ambitions. After an introduction which describes the devlopment of European zoos, Chapter two recapitulates the early years of the Society and the Gardens. The original aims of the Society—science and acclimatisation located in a museum and zoological garden—as stated in various prospectuses, are examined. The implications of acclimatisation, it being a problematic practice, are outlined and the connections between acclimatisation, the Society, the Gardens and the British Empire are also briefly considered. The founding of the Gardens is extensively described as well as how the animals were obtained and how exhibits were arranged. Chapter three is based primarily on the popular response to the Gardens in the 1850s when, after a period of decline, the institution once again became a common London visiting-place. The most important questions of this chapter concern the public and how it reacted to the Gardens of this period. The financial problems preceding the five years between 1850 and 1855 ^ described as well as how the Society managed to regain its popularity. This process was closely linked to the decision in 1847to let non-members of the Society enter the Gardens, and the implications of this resolution are discussed. As a background to the Gardens' popularity, two other London recreations are also described: the Colosseum Panorama and the Surrey Zoological Garden. The Surrey Zoological Garden especially is interesting, as it was a rival of the Society's Gardens, and the different attractions of these establishments are considered. Chapter four focuses on the official and non-official guidebooks to the Gardens and the implications of these as mediators of popular zoology. The historical and cultural connection between the guidebooks and travel handbooks is oudined and also how the genre as a whole is constructed. The progress and development of the Society's guidebooks during the nineteenth century is described and the differences between these guidebooks and the non-official ones are examined. Finally, with the aid of Victorian children's books, I argue that the guidebooks can literally be considered as travel handbooks since a visit to the Gardens may be regarded as a journey of knowledge. Chapter five is an in-depth study of the zoological science of the Gardens. The scientific work of the Society is briefly described, starting with the Committee of Science and Correspondence, and the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. The Proceedings reports that base their findings on animals in the Gardens are then described together with minor detours into the history of taxonomy and morphology.digitalisering@umu
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Gaubert, Benoit Céline. "Le goût d'écrire et de lire dans le conte de fées français des 17° et 18° siècles. Fantaisies de l'écriture, du livre, de la bibliothèque et de la lecture." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA086.
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L’étude du conte de fées de 1690 à 1789, période de la mode du genre en France, montre que la matière merveilleuse s’est constituée dès ses débuts avec des éléments de pratiques lettrées transposés du réel mais aussi et surtout transformés de manière fantaisiste. Les premiers conteurs (1690-1704) érigent en effet le genre selon une poétique complexe mariant l’oralité des temps naïfs et l’écrit, signe d’une pratique sociale et culturelle du conte. Les conteurs suivants en apportent des infléchissements plus parodiques, des imitations et des variations notamment orientalisantes. L’ensemble des auteurs est concerné mais à des degrés divers, Perrault, Choisy et Fénelon étant moins prolixes en la matière que Madame d’Aulnoy, Pétis de la Croix ou le chevalier de Mailly.Le pays merveilleux dévoile ses arcanes, son secret de fabrication métatextuelle à travers des scènes plus ou moins fugaces de lecture, d’écriture et d’évocations de bibliothèques féériquesThe study of the fairy tale over the years 1690-1789, when the genre was in fashion in France, shows that, from its inception, the subject matter grew up with elements of realistic literary practice which were largely reshaped by imagination. The first storytellers (1690-1704) set up the literary genre according to a complex poetics allying the orality of naive times with literacy, which is the mark of a social and cultural practice of the story. The contributions of the forthcoming storytellers are imitations, parodies or are tinged with Orientalism. All the writers are affected, but to varying degrees: Perrault, Choisy and Fénelon are less inventive in this respect than Madame d’Aulnoy, Pétis de la Croix or the Chevalier de Mailly. The wonderland reveals its mysteries and the secret of its metatextual layout through more or less fleeting scenes of book reading or writing conjuring up a magical library
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Ford, Oliver. "From the Ritz to the rubble? : the asistente of Seville, urban government and disaster, 1621-1700." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c75d690d-f5cb-4bfa-95f6-99777deb36b2.
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Seventeenth-century Seville, one of early modern Spain's most populous cities and the mercantile hub of its imperial trade, endured repeated and severe flooding of the Guadalquivir River, events that have been largely overlooked by historians. Additionally, Seville's boom-then-bust history and the allure of the 'decline of Spain' thesis have ensured that the second half of the seventeenth century for both the urban and the national context remains similarly neglected. This thesis, by conducting research into the city's flooding from 1621 to 1700 presents an alternative narrative of continuity, at the same time as asserting the value to be gained from a historical study of the environment and disasters. I argue that urban responses - political and cultural - to disaster provide fundamental evidence of the impact of wider historical processes and structures. The asistente - the royal governor - of Seville likewise lacks sustained or detailed study. These men, as the king's appointees, had a vital role in the performance of the government of the Habsburg monarchy. The city's equivalent of the corregidor in other Spanish cities and towns, and previously understood as a legal and administrative official, the asistente was, I argue, responded to a broader set of political attitudes, which prioritised conservation and discouraged novelty. I also stress the hands-on and practical aspects to the post, which demanded a working appreciation of urban space. By connecting a study of royal government in one of the most significant of early modern Spanish cities to an environmental history of flooding, I address important gaps in the scholarship and suggest new avenues of research into the history of environmental disaster. Spanish 'decline' might be reinterpreted as a failure to deal with specific local environmental issues, and environmental disaster acknowledged as an issue of central political importance.
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Lanier-Shipp, Elizabeth. "Investigating Nature: John Bartram's Evolution as a Man of Science." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1180703760.
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Chimni, Ravinder Singh. "The modern language of the law of nature : rights, duties and sociality in Grotius, Hobbes and Pufendorf." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0023/NQ50130.pdf.
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Svensson, Anna. "A Utopian Quest for Universal Knowledge : Diachronic Histories of Botanical Collections between the Sixteenth Century and the Present." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Historiska studier av teknik, vetenskap och miljö, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217554.
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This thesis explores the history of botany as a global collection-based science by tracing parallels between utopian traditions and botanical collecting, from their sixteenth-century beginnings to the present. A range of botanical collections, such as gardens, herbaria and classification systems, have played a central role in the struggle to discover a global or universal scientific order for the chaotic, diverse and locally shaped kingdom of plants. These collections and utopia intersect historically, and are characterised by the same epistemology of collecting: the creation of order through confined collecting spaces or “no-place.” They are manipulations of space and time. Between chaos and order, both seek to make a whole from – often unruly – parts. The long history of botanical collecting is characterised by a degree of continuity of practice that is unusual in the sciences. For instance, the basic technology of the herbarium – preserving plants by mounting and labelling dried specimens on paper – has been in use for almost five centuries, from sixteenth-century Italy to ongoing digitisation projects. The format of the compilation thesis is well-suited to handling the historiographical challenge of tracing continuity and discontinuity with such a long chronological scope. The thesis is structured as a walled quadripartite garden, with the Kappa enclosing four research papers and an epilogue. The papers take a diachronic approach to explore different perspectives on botanical collections: botanical collecting in seventeenth-century Oxford, pressed plants in books that are not formally collections; and the digitisation of botanical collections. These accounts are all shaped by the world of books, text and publication, historically a male-dominated sphere. In order to acknowledge marginalisation of other groups and other ways of knowing plants, the epilogue is an explanation of an embroidered patchwork of plant-dyed fabric, which forms the cover of the thesis.Denna avhandling behandlar historien om botanik som en global samlingsbaserad vetenskap genom att följa paralleller mellan utopiska traditioner och botaniskt samlande från dess början på femtonhundratalet till idag. Olika sorters botaniska samlingar, till exempel trädgårdar, herbarier och klassifikationssystem, har historiskt spelat en central roll i sökandet efter en global eller universell vetenskaplig ordning i växtrikets lokalt rotade och till synes kaotiska mångfald. Det finns historiska kopplingar mellan dessa botaniska samlingar och utopi, som båda även präglas av vad man kan kalla samlandets epistemologi: skapandet av ordning genom avgränsade samlingsutrymmen eller ”icke-platser”. De är manipulationer av tid och rum. Det botaniska samlandets långa historia utmärks av en praktisk kontinuitet som är ovanlig inom naturvetenskapen. Herbariets grundläggande teknik att bevara växter genom att pressa, identifiera och montera dem på pappersark har varit i bruk i nästan fem sekel. Avhandlingen utnyttjar sammanläggningsformatet för att hantera den historiografiska utmaning det innebär att studera en så lång tidsperiod, genom att de ingående artiklarna behandlar skilda tidsepoker och disciplinära perspektiv samtidigt som de alla delar avhandlingens centrala tematik: ordnande genom avgränsade samlingsutrymmen. Avhandlingens struktur är baserad på den muromgärdade fyrdelade trädgården, med kappan som inneslutande fyra artiklar och en epilog. Artiklarna är diakrona analyser av botaniska samlingar: om samlande i Oxford på sextonhundratalet, om pressade växter i böcker som inte formellt utgör del av samlingar, och om digitaliseringen av botaniska samlingar. Dessa sammanhang är alla formade i en värld av böcker, text och publicering – en värld som historiskt har dominerats av män. Epilogen belyser den marginalisering av andra grupper och deras kunskaper om växter som detta har inneburit, genom att förklara avhandlingens omslag, ett lapptäcksbroderi av växtfärgade tyger.
QC 20171115
Saving Nature: Conservation Technologies from the Biblical Ark to the Digital Archive
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Pataca, Ermelinda Moutinho. "Terra, agua e ar nas viagens cientificas portuguesas (1755-1808)." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287411.
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Orientador: Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça FigueiroaAcompanha anexo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: O presente trabalho refere-se ao mapeamento e à análise das expedições científicas portuguesas despachadas para as diversas colônias do Império lusitano entre 1755 e 1808. Analisamos as expedições científicas em três momentos determinantes na dinâmica das viagens: a elaboração e preparação dos viajantes; a execução das expedições nas colônias; e o retorno à metrópole. A preparação das viagens compreendeu algumas atividades, como a elaboração de instruções e a execução de viagens preparatórias no Reino, essenciais para o direcionamento dos viajantes nas colônias. Esta fase ocorreu em instituições portuguesas, como o Jardim Botânico da Ajuda, a Universidade de Coimbra e a Academia de Ciências de Lisboa. Outras foram completamente planejadas na colônia, como é o caso da Expedição Botânica comandada por Fr. José Mariano da Conceição Veloso no Rio de Janeiro. Nas pesquisas, constatamos uma diferenciação entre as viagens científicas concebidas e executadas durante as administrações dos Ministros da Marinha e Negócios Ultramarinos, Martinho de Melo e Castro (1777-1795) e D. Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho (1796-1802). Elaboramos um quadro geral das viagens divididas pelas administrações indicadas, ressaltando as áreas geográficas exploradas, os produtos naturais pesquisados, a composição técnico-científica, a correspondência durante as viagens, o comando científico realizado por naturalistas como Júlio Mattiazzi, Domingos Vandelli, Félix de A. Brotero e Fr. Veloso. Para traçar este quadro utilizamos a documentação textual e imagética resultante das viagens, como instruções, correspondências, roteiros, mapas, desenhos, memórias e diários. As viagens foram analisadas em suas particularidades e generalidades, considerando-se a complementaridade entre a metrópole e as colônias, e as interações entre as diversas regiões coloniais. Subdividimos as áreas geográficas percorridas pelos viajantes em relação à dinâmica do espaço colonial. Analisamos as questões hidrográficas do espaço oceânico ressaltando as travessias marítimas dos viajantes e as condições de navegação fluvial da Viagem Filosófica de Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira. As investigações terrestres dos naturalistas, principalmente as mineralógicas, foram analisadas em cada região colonial: Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Bahia, colônias africanas (Angola e Moçambique) e Pernambuco. Após a finalização das viagens alguns dos naturalistas e artistas viajantes trabalharam em Portugal nas atividades de determinação e catalogação sistemática das amostras dos três Reinos da Natureza encontrados nas colônias e na incorporação dos dados em obras científicas. Este esforço fazia parte do projeto de Vandelli de produção de uma História Natural das Colônias, dirigido por Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira no Jardim Botânico da Ajuda, que não chegou a ser concluído, apesar de terem sido preparadas várias chapas em metal para as gravuras. Mas algumas das obras dos viajantes foram publicadas por Fr. Veloso na Tipografia do Arco do Cego, com o intuito de fomentar o desenvolvimento econômico Português
Abstract: is work refers to the survey and analysis of Portuguese scientific expeditions with departure to the Lusitanian Empire Colonies between 1755 and 1808. We have analyzed the scientific expeditions in three determinant moments in the dynamics of those travels: planning and preparation of travelers, performance of the expeditions in the colonies, and return to Portugal. The preparation of the travels has comprised some activities, such as instructions¿ elaboration and execution of preparatory travels in the Reign, which were essential to the travelers¿ directives in the Colonies. That stage has been carried out in Portuguese institutions, such as Botanic Garden of Ajuda, Coimbra University, and Science Academy of Lisbon. Other activities have been totally planned in the Colony, as it is the case for the Botanic Expedition lead by Fr. José Mariano da Conceição Veloso, in Rio de Janeiro. In our research, we have noticed a different approach between the scientific travels conceived and executed under the management of two Ministers, Navy Minister and Oversea Trade Minister, Martinho de Melo e Castro (1777-1795) and D. Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho (1796-1802). We have then elaborated a general picture of the travels divided by the administrations indicated, highlighting the explored geographic areas, the investigated natural products, the techno-scientific composition, the letters exchanged during the travels, and the scientific leadership practiced by naturalists such as Júlio Mattiazi, Domingos Vandelli, Félix de A. Brotero, and Fr. Veloso. To assemble that picture, we have used documents with texts and images resultant from the travels, such as instructions, letters, rode-maps, maps, drawings, memories, and diaries. The travels have been analyzed under their specific and general aspects, by considering the complementarities between the Reign and the Colonies and the interactions between the diverse colonial regions. We have subdivided the geographic areas crossed by the travelers in terms of the dynamics of the colonial space. We have analyzed the hydrographic aspects of the oceanic space, emphasizing the maritime voyages and the fluvial navigation conditions for the Philosophical Travel of Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira. The terrestrial investigations carried out by the naturalists, mainly the mineralogical ones, have been analyzed at each colonial region: Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Bahia, African Colonies (Angola and Moçambique), and Pernambuco. After the end of the travels, some naturalists and artists worked in Portugal to determine and systematically catalogue the samples of Three Nature Reigns collected in the Colonies, and to incorporate that data in scientific work. Such effort was part of Vandelli¿s project of producing a Natural History of the Colonies, supervised by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira in the Botanic Garden of Ajuda, which has not been concluded, despite of the preparation of many metal plates for the illustrations. However, Fr. Veloso has published some work of the travelers, in the Arco do Cego Typography, to promote the Portuguese economic development
Doutorado
Educação Aplicada as Geociencias
Doutor em Ciências
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Nordbäck, Carola. "Samvetets röst : Om mötet mellan luthersk ortodoxi och konservativ pietism i 1720-talets Sverige." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Historical Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-265.
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This dissertation deals with the encounter between Lutheran orthodoxy and conservative pietism 1720–1730. The aim has been to compare their views on society and man.
In the pietistic conflict, orthodoxy gave rise to attitudes which proved to be key to its view on society and man. It was a deeply rooted traditionalism, patriarchal order of society, demand for confessional uniformity and a corporativistic view on society. The above mentioned contained a specific view on the relationship between the church, state and individual. By using the Organism Metaphor, i.e. society depicted as a body, orthodoxy made visible the church’s collective unity. This body was also identical to the Swedish kingdom. If uniformity in faith and ceremonies was to be dissolved, it implied a disintegration of the social body and breaking of the bonds which held together both church and country. Uniformity was upheld through confessionalism and the partiarchal order of the church. The priests’ monopoly on official functions, and the legal calling created a barrier protecting this relationship to power. Where the views on society and man intersected, one specific theme can be identified – conscience. This spiritual function connected man to law, society’s patriarchal order and God.
I have emphasised five distinct traits of pietism: its polarizing tendencies, strong emotionalism, its reformist attitude towards church and social life, its egalitarianism and religious individualism. All of these traits collided with orthodoxy’s view on society and man. Pietism can be described as a massive christianization project, which included moral and ethic education of the people on an individual and collective level. Where pietism and religious individualism coincided with egalitarianism, a new discourse for conscience was established, where conscience became both an internal court of law – with God acting as judge – and a spiritual authority whose integrity grew in proportion to authority and church.
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Silva, Nei da. "Um estudo sobre o salitre na Inglaterra do século XVII." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13436.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-07Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
In seventeenth-century England, the saltpeter was one of the most studied materials, for its commercial value and the issues involving its origin and obtaining. At mid-century, the British dependence in saltpetre export took several science men to engage attempt in the studies and researchs on this material. Among these scholars, we will accent important studies groups worried about commonweal, as Samuel Hartlib and his associates; which would become the Royal Society of London; and, still, scholars as Benjamin Worsley , Robert Boyle and Thomas Henshaw
Na Inglaterra do século XVII, o salitre era um dos materiais mais estudados, por seu valor comercial e pelas questões que envolviam sua origem e sua obtenção. Em meados do século, a dependência inglesa na exportação de salitre levou vários homens de ciência a empenharem esforços nos estudos e pesquisas sobre esse material. Entre esses estudiosos, daremos ênfase a importantes grupos de estudo que se preocupavam com o bem-comum como foi o de Samuel Hartlib e seus associados; o do que se transformaria na Royal Society de Londres; e, ainda, o de estudiosos como Benjamin Worsley, Robert Boyle e Thomas Henshaw
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Roberts, Gabriel C. B. "Historical argument in the writings of the English deists." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f4f32628-8e30-49b4-b2ab-449dc0b94b64.
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This study examines the role of history in the writings of the English deists, a group of heterodox religious controversialists who were active from the last quarter of the seventeenth century until the middle of the eighteenth century. Its main sources are the published works of the deists and their opponents, but it also draws, where possible, on manuscript sources. Not all of the deists were English (one was Irish and another was of Welsh extraction), but the term ‘English Deists’ has been used on the grounds that the majority of deists were English and that they published overwhelmingly in England and in English. It shows that the deists not only disagreed with their orthodox opponents about the content of sacred history, but also about the relationship between religious truth and historical evidence. Chapter 1 explains the entwining of theology and history in early Christianity, how the connection between them was understood by early modern Christians, and how developments in orthodox learning set the stage for the appearance of deism in the latter decades of the seventeenth century. Each of the following three chapters is devoted to a different line of argument which the deists employed against orthodox belief. Chapter 2 examines the argument that certain propositions were meaningless, and therefore neither true nor false irrespective of any historical evidence which could be marshalled in their support, as it was used by John Toland and Anthony Collins. Chapter 3 traces the argument that the actions ascribed to God in sacred history might be unworthy of his goodness, beginning with Samuel Clarke’s first set of Boyle Lectures and then progressing through the writings of Thomas Chubb, Matthew Tindal, Thomas Morgan, and William Warburton. Chapter 4 charts the decline of the category of certain knowledge in the latter half of the seventeenth century, the rise of probability theory, and the effect of these developments on the deists’ views about the reliability of historical evidence. Chapter 5 is a case-study, which reads Anthony Collins’s Discourse of the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion (1724) in light of the findings of the earlier chapters. Finally, a coda provides a conspectus of the state of the debate in the middle decades of the eighteenth century, focusing on the work of four writers: Peter Annet, David Hume, Conyers Middleton, and Edward Gibbon.
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Lewis, Elizabeth Faith. "Peter Guthrie Tait : new insights into aspects of his life and work : and associated topics in the history of mathematics." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6330.
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In this thesis I present new insights into aspects of Peter Guthrie Tait's life and work, derived principally from largely-unexplored primary source material: Tait's scrapbook, the Tait–Maxwell school-book and Tait's pocket notebook. By way of associated historical insights, I also come to discuss the innovative and far-reaching mathematics of the elusive Frenchman, C.-V. Mourey. P. G. Tait (1831–1901) F.R.S.E., Professor of Mathematics at the Queen's College, Belfast (1854–1860) and of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh (1860–1901), was one of the leading physicists and mathematicians in Europe in the nineteenth century. His expertise encompassed the breadth of physical science and mathematics. However, since the nineteenth century he has been unfortunately overlooked—overshadowed, perhaps, by the brilliance of his personal friends, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865) and William Thomson (1824–1907), later Lord Kelvin. Here I present the results of extensive research into the Tait family history. I explore the spiritual aspect of Tait's life in connection with The Unseen Universe (1875) which Tait co-authored with Balfour Stewart (1828–1887). I also reveal Tait's surprising involvement in statistics and give an account of his introduction to complex numbers, as a schoolboy at the Edinburgh Academy. A highlight of the thesis is a re-evaluation of C.-V. Mourey's 1828 work, La Vraie Théorie des quantités négatives et des quantités prétendues imaginaires, which I consider from the perspective of algebraic reform. The thesis also contains: (i) a transcription of an unpublished paper by Hamilton on the fundamental theorem of algebra which was inspired by Mourey and (ii) new biographical information on Mourey.
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Löfving, Josefin. "Djurisk insikt och mänsklig instinkt : Konstruktionen av relationen mellan människor och djur i Albertus Magnus verk." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för kultur och estetik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-185573.
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In 13th century Europe, the German bishop and scholastic philosopher Albertus Magnus was one of the most influential writers on the natural world and theology. This thesis investigates the relationship between humans and animals in his Quaestiones super de animalibus and De animalibus. In writings on medieval history the theologically enforced boundary between humans and animals is both emphasized and treated as a given. This study nuances the picture presented by previous scholars by highlighting an alternative natural philosophical discourse on humans and animals. Using discourse analysis, I argue that the differences that Albertus used to differentiate humans from animals were based on an understanding of similarities rather than opposites. To Albertus, the human was one species in the animal kingdom, thus sharing many basic functions with other animals. His understandings entailed a theory of essential differences between species but also allowed for divisions based on gradation and relativity. This study sheds new light on the complex relationship between humans and animals in medieval Europe.
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Pouthier, Tristan. "Droit naturel et droits individuels en France au dix-neuvième siècle." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020050/document.
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Les droits individuels consacrés en France par les déclarations des droits de la période révolutionnaire ont engendré tout au long du XIXe siècle un corps de droit positif destiné à organiser leur exercice légal. La doctrine de droit public a fourni à cette époque, par le biais des ouvrages, des revues et de l’enseignement, un important effort de théorisation de ce corps de droit inédit. Or il est frappant de constater le peu de souvenirs qui ont été conservés aujourd’hui de cet effort théorique. Les divers discours sur les droits individuels qui ont émaillé la période révolutionnaire nous demeurent en réalité bien mieux connus que la doctrine du siècle suivant : la pensée contemporaine reste par exemple en terrain connu lorsqu’elle démêle au sein des discours de la fin du XVIIIe siècle les influences croisées de Locke, de l’École moderne du droit naturel ou de l’Encyclopédie. En revanche, la réflexion menée par la doctrine publiciste du XIXe siècle sur les droits individuels est tombée dans l’oubli parce qu’elle nous est devenue culturellement étrangère. Le cadre intellectuel et moral au sein duquel la théorie des droits individuels a pu être élaborée à cette époque s’est en effet désagrégé définitivement au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles, pour laisser la place à une domination sans partage du positivisme juridique. Le but de la présente thèse est de rouvrir l’accès à un moment bien déterminé de la réflexion française sur les droits individuels, en replaçant le travail mené par la doctrine publiciste du XIXe siècle dans le cadre de la culture juridique de l’époque. Elle adopte à cette fin une perspective large incluant l’apport,d’une part, de l’histoire de la philosophie, et, d’autre part, de l’histoire de la doctrine juridique et de l’enseignement du droit. La théorie publiciste des droits individuels au XIXe siècle ne devient en effet pleinement intelligible que mise en rapport avec la doctrine très particulière du droit naturel qui a dominé durant un siècle dans l’université française, et qui a profondément imprégné la culture juridique du tempsThe individual rights which were consecrated in France by the declarations of rights from the revolutionary era brought about all through Nineteenth century a body of law which aimed at organizing the legal exercise of these rights. Public law professors made an important effort at that time to theorize this novel body of law through books, scholarly reviews and teaching. It is striking thus to notice that very few memories were kept of this effort. We have far better knowledge today of the several discourses on individual rights which marked the revolutionary era than of the Nineteenth century thinking on these same rights. For instance,contemporary thought remains familiar with intellectual influences on French revolutionaries such as Locke’s, the Modern School of natural law’s or theFrench Encyclopedia’s. On the contrary, the reflection led by Nineteenth century public law scholars on individual rights has been forgotten because it has become estranged from us from a cultural point of view. Indeed, the intellectual and moral framework within which the theory of individual rights was developed at that time collapsed by the turn of the Twentieth century, thus opening the way tothe unrivaled domination of legal positivism. The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to allow a renewed access to this specific moment of the French thinking on individual rights, by setting the theory of individual rights developed by Nineteenth century public law scholars within the wider framework of the legal culture of their time. To this end, the dissertation adopts a wide perspective which includes contributions of both history of philosophy and history of legal science. Indeed, the Nineteenth century legal theory of individual rights becomes fully intelligible only when related to the very specific doctrine of natural law which dominated during a century within French universities, a doctrine which deeply marked the legal culture of that time
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Scheu, Julia. "Ut pictura philosophia." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17801.
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Die Untersuchung widmet sich der visuellen Thematisierung autoreferentieller Fragestellungen zur Genese sowie den Grundlagen und Zielen von Malerei in der italienischen Druckgraphik des ausgehenden 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. Erstmals wird diese bildliche Auseinandersetzung mit abstrakten kunsttheoretischen Inhalten zum zentralen Untersuchungsgegenstand erklärt und anhand von vier hinsichtlich ihrer ikonographischen Dichte herausragenden druckgraphischen Beispielen - Federico Zuccaris Lamento della pittura, Pietro Testas Liceo della pittura, Salvator Rosas Genio di Salvator Rosa und Carlo Marattas Scuola del Disegno – vergleichend analysiert. Neben der Rekonstruktion der Entstehungszusammenhänge befasst sich die Analyse mit dem Verhältnis von Text und Bild, offenen Fragen der Ikonographie, der zeitgenössischen Verlagssituation sowie dem Adressatenkreis und somit schließlich der Motivation für jene komplexen bildlichen Reflexionen über Malerei. Als zentrale Gemeinsamkeit der kunsttheoretischen Blätter, welche im Kontext der römischen Akademiebewegung entstanden sind, konnte das Bestreben, die Malerei im Sinne einer Metawissenschaft über das neuzeitliche Wissenschaftspanorama hinauszuheben, erschlossen werden. Anhand einer umfassenden Neubewertung der einzigartigen Ikonographien wird erstmals aufgezeigt, dass dem Vergleich zwischen Malerei und Philosophie als der Mutter aller Wissenschaften in der visuellen Kunsttheorie des 17. Jahrhunderts eine vollkommen neuartige Bedeutung zukommt. Dieser hat neue Spielräume für die bildliche Definition des künstlerischen Selbstverständnisses eröffnet, die der traditionelle, aus dem Horazschen Diktum „Ut pictura poesis“ hervorgegangene Vergleich zwischen Malerei und Dichtung nicht in ausreichender Form bereit hielt. Folglich thematisiert die vorliegende Untersuchung auch die Frage nach dem spezifischen reflexiven Potenzial des Bildes, seiner medialen Autonomie und seiner möglichen Vorrangstellung gegenüber dem Medium der Sprache.The study deals with the pictorial examination of self-implicating topics relating to the genesis, the fundamentals and the aims of painting by Italian printmaking of the late 16th and 17th century. For the first time, a research is focussed on the pictorial examination of abstract contents of art theory as shown in the selected and compared examples which are extraordinary regarding their iconographical concentration – the Lamento della pittura by Federico Zuccari, the Liceo della pittura by Pierto Testa, the Genio di Salvator Rosa by Salvator Rosa and the Scuola del Disegno by Carlo Maratta. Besides the reconstruction of the history of origins the research is dealing with the relationship of image and text, problems of iconography, the coeval publishing situation as well as the target audience of these prints and finally the motivation for those very complex visual reflections on painting. As essential similarity of those arttheoretical prints, which all araised within the context of the Roman Art Accademy, has been determined the ambition to specify painting as a kind of Meta-science, which is somehow superior to all other modern age sciences. By means of an extensive reevaluation of the unique iconography of every single sheet it became feasible to illustrate that the comparison between painting and philosophy as the origin of the entire spectrum of sciences has attained a completely new dimension within the pictorial art theory of the 17th century. The novel comparison has opened a wider range and diversity for the visual definition of the artists` self-conception compared to the traditional comparison between painting and poetry, as it emerged from the dictum „Ut pictura poesis“ by Horaz. Accordingly the study deals with the question of the particular reflexive capability of images, their medial autonomy and their potential primacy over language.