Journal articles: 'Natural hazards'

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Mitchell, James K., and Edward A. Bryant. "Natural Hazards." Geographical Review 82, no. 4 (October 1992): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215207.

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Lipman, Peter W. "Natural hazards." Nature 365, no. 6449 (October 1993): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365795a0.

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Barrett, E. C. "Natural hazards." Endeavour 16, no. 3 (September 1992): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(92)90098-a.

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Scheidegger, A. "Natural Hazards." Earth-Science Reviews 33, no. 1 (August 1992): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(92)90076-6.

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Read, Laura K., and Richard M. Vogel. "Hazard function theory for nonstationary natural hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 11, 2016): 915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-915-2016.

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Abstract. Impact from natural hazards is a shared global problem that causes tremendous loss of life and property, economic cost, and damage to the environment. Increasingly, many natural processes show evidence of nonstationary behavior including wind speeds, landslides, wildfires, precipitation, streamflow, sea levels, and earthquakes. Traditional probabilistic analysis of natural hazards based on peaks over threshold (POT) generally assumes stationarity in the magnitudes and arrivals of events, i.e., that the probability of exceedance of some critical event is constant through time. Given increasing evidence of trends in natural hazards, new methods are needed to characterize their probabilistic behavior. The well-developed field of hazard function analysis (HFA) is ideally suited to this problem because its primary goal is to describe changes in the exceedance probability of an event over time. HFA is widely used in medicine, manufacturing, actuarial statistics, reliability engineering, economics, and elsewhere. HFA provides a rich theory to relate the natural hazard event series (X) with its failure time series (T), enabling computation of corresponding average return periods, risk, and reliabilities associated with nonstationary event series. This work investigates the suitability of HFA to characterize nonstationary natural hazards whose POT magnitudes are assumed to follow the widely applied generalized Pareto model. We derive the hazard function for this case and demonstrate how metrics such as reliability and average return period are impacted by nonstationarity and discuss the implications for planning and design. Our theoretical analysis linking hazard random variable X with corresponding failure time series T should have application to a wide class of natural hazards with opportunities for future extensions.

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Read, L. K., and R. M. Vogel. "Hazard function theory for nonstationary natural hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 11 (November 13, 2015): 6883–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-6883-2015.

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Abstract. Impact from natural hazards is a shared global problem that causes tremendous loss of life and property, economic cost, and damage to the environment. Increasingly, many natural processes show evidence of nonstationary behavior including wind speeds, landslides, wildfires, precipitation, streamflow, sea levels, and earthquakes. Traditional probabilistic analysis of natural hazards based on peaks over threshold (POT) generally assumes stationarity in the magnitudes and arrivals of events, i.e. that the probability of exceedance of some critical event is constant through time. Given increasing evidence of trends in natural hazards, new methods are needed to characterize their probabilistic behavior. The well-developed field of hazard function analysis (HFA) is ideally suited to this problem because its primary goal is to describe changes in the exceedance probability of an event over time. HFA is widely used in medicine, manufacturing, actuarial statistics, reliability engineering, economics, and elsewhere. HFA provides a rich theory to relate the natural hazard event series (X) with its failure time series (T), enabling computation of corresponding average return periods, risk and reliabilities associated with nonstationary event series. This work investigates the suitability of HFA to characterize nonstationary natural hazards whose POT magnitudes are assumed to follow the widely applied Generalized Pareto (GP) model. We derive the hazard function for this case and demonstrate how metrics such as reliability and average return period are impacted by nonstationarity and discuss the implications for planning and design. Our theoretical analysis linking hazard event series X, with corresponding failure time series T, should have application to a wide class of natural hazards with rich opportunities for future extensions.

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Kappel, Ellen. "Undersea Natural Hazards." Oceanography 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.53.

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Kreibich, Heidi, Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh, Laurens M. Bouwer, Philip Bubeck, Paolo Ciavola, Colin Green, Stephane Hallegatte, et al. "Costing natural hazards." Nature Climate Change 4, no. 5 (April 25, 2014): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2182.

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Kasperson, Roger E., and K. David Pijawka. "Societal Response to Hazards and Major Hazard Events: Comparing Natural and Technological Hazards." Public Administration Review 45 (January 1985): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3134993.

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Liu, Baoyin, Yim Ling Siu, and Gordon Mitchell. "Hazard interaction analysis for multi-hazard risk assessment: a systematic classification based on hazard-forming environment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-629-2016.

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Abstract. This paper develops a systematic hazard interaction classification based on the geophysical environment that natural hazards arise from – the hazard-forming environment. According to their contribution to natural hazards, geophysical environmental factors in the hazard-forming environment were categorized into two types. The first are relatively stable factors which construct the precondition for the occurrence of natural hazards, whilst the second are trigger factors, which determine the frequency and magnitude of hazards. Different combinations of geophysical environmental factors induce different hazards. Based on these geophysical environmental factors for some major hazards, the stable factors are used to identify which kinds of natural hazards influence a given area, and trigger factors are used to classify the relationships between these hazards into four types: independent, mutex, parallel and series relationships. This classification helps to ensure all possible hazard interactions among different hazards are considered in multi-hazard risk assessment. This can effectively fill the gap in current multi-hazard risk assessment methods which to date only consider domino effects. In addition, based on this classification, the probability and magnitude of multiple interacting natural hazards occurring together can be calculated. Hence, the developed hazard interaction classification provides a useful tool to facilitate improved multi-hazard risk assessment.

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Liu, B., Y. L. Siu, and G. Mitchell. "Hazard interaction analysis for multi-hazard risk assessment: a systematic classification based on hazard-forming environment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 7203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-7203-2015.

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Abstract. This paper develops a systematic hazard interaction classification based on the geophysical environment that natural hazards arise from – the hazard-forming environment. According to their contribution to natural hazards, geophysical environmental factors in the hazard-forming environment were categorized into two types. The first are relatively stable factors which construct the precondition for the occurrence of natural hazards, whilst the second are trigger factors, which determine the frequency and magnitude of hazards. Different combinations of geophysical environmental factors induce different hazards. Based on these geophysical environmental factors for some major hazards, the stable factors are used to identify which kinds of natural hazards influence a given area, and trigger factors are used to classify the relationships between these hazards into four types: independent, mutex, parallel and series relationships. This classification helps to ensure all possible hazard interactions among different hazards are considered in multi-hazard risk assessment. This can effectively fill the gap in current multi-hazard risk assessment methods which to date only consider domino effects. In addition, based on this classification, the probability and magnitude of multiple interacting natural hazards occurring together can be calculated. Hence, the developed hazard interaction classification provides a useful tool to facilitate improved multi-hazard risk assessment.

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Tosic, Radislav, Slavoljub Dragicevic, Novica Lovric, and Ivica Milevski. "Multi-hazard assessment using GIS in the urban areas: Case study - Banja Luka municipality, B&H." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 93, no. 4 (2013): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1304041t.

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The research presents a techniques for natural hazard assessment using GIS and cartographic approaches with multi-hazard mapping in urban communities, because natural hazards are a multi-dimensional phenomena which have a spatial component. Therefore the use of Remote Sensing and GIS has an important function and become essential in urban multi-hazard assessment. The first aim of this research was to determine the geographical distributions of the major types of natural hazards in the study area. Seismic hazards, landslides, rockfalls, floods, torrential floods, and excessive erosion are the most significant natural hazards within the territory of Banja Luka Municipality. Areas vulnerable to some of these natural hazards were singled out using analytical maps. Based on these analyses, an integral map of the natural hazards of the study area was created using multi-hazard assessment and the total vulnerability was determined by overlapping the results. The detailed analysis, through the focused research within the most vulnerable areas in the study area will highlight the administrative units (urban centres and communes) that are vulnerable to various types of natural hazard. The results presented in this article are the first multi-hazard assessment and the first version of the integral map of natural hazards in the Republic of Srpska.

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McIvor, David, Douglas Paton, and David Johnston. "Modelling Community Preparation for Natural Hazards: Understanding Hazard Cognitions." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2009): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/prp.3.2.39.

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AbstractThis article examines how personal beliefs about hazard events interact with social context factors to influence how individuals interpret their relationship with their environment, assign meaning to natural hazards and their consequences, and make preparedness decisions. Building on earlier work applying the same theoretical model to volcanic hazard preparedness, this article examines earthquake and flood hazard preparedness. The study incorporates both quantitative and qualitative approaches to elicit more detailed information regarding the influences underlying individuals' decisions to adopt preparation activities to minimise the effects of natural hazards. Findings indicate that preparedness decisions are not made in isolation. Through community level discourse and processes importance is attached to natural hazards and protective measures. It is only when natural hazards are perceived as having greater salience than other threats that people are motivated to prepare for their effects. A major finding is a distinction between trust and distrust of civic authorities. The data suggest that preparedness decisions were strongly influenced by the relevance people attached to information provided by these civic authorities. Delivering hazard mitigation strategies involves engaging with community members in order to understand their needs and to render meaningful assistance to their preparedness decisions.

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Chaudhary, Muhammad T., and Awais Piracha. "Natural Disasters—Origins, Impacts, Management." Encyclopedia 1, no. 4 (October 30, 2021): 1101–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040084.

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Natural hazards are processes that serve as triggers for natural disasters. Natural hazards can be classified into six categories. Geophysical or geological hazards relate to movement in solid earth. Their examples include earthquakes and volcanic activity. Hydrological hazards relate to the movement of water and include floods, landslides, and wave action. Meteorological hazards are storms, extreme temperatures, and fog. Climatological hazards are increasingly related to climate change and include droughts and wildfires. Biological hazards are caused by exposure to living organisms and/or their toxic substances. The COVID-19 virus is an example of a biological hazard. Extraterrestrial hazards are caused by asteroids, meteoroids, and comets as they pass near earth or strike earth. In addition to local damage, they can change earth inter planetary conditions that can affect the Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. This entry presents an overview of origins, impacts, and management of natural disasters. It describes processes that have potential to cause natural disasters. It outlines a brief history of impacts of natural hazards on the human built environment and the common techniques adopted for natural disaster preparedness. It also lays out challenges in dealing with disasters caused by natural hazards and points to new directions in warding off the adverse impact of such disasters.

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Khatakho, Rajesh, Dipendra Gautam, Komal Raj Aryal, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, Rajesh Rupakhety, Suraj Lamichhane, Yi-Chung Liu, et al. "Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 5369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105369.

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Natural hazards are complex phenomena that can occur independently, simultaneously, or in a series as cascading events. For any particular region, numerous single hazard maps may not necessarily provide all information regarding impending hazards to the stakeholders for preparedness and planning. A multi-hazard map furnishes composite illustration of the natural hazards of varying magnitude, frequency, and spatial distribution. Thus, multi-hazard risk assessment is performed to depict the holistic natural hazards scenario of any particular region. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, multi-hazard risk assessments are rarely conducted in Nepal although multiple natural hazards strike the country almost every year. In this study, floods, landslides, earthquakes, and urban fire hazards are used to assess multi-hazard risk in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is then integrated with the Geographical Information System (GIS). First, flood, landslide, earthquake, and urban fire hazard assessments are performed individually and then superimposed to obtain multi-hazard risk. Multi-hazard risk assessment of Kathmandu Valley is performed by pair-wise comparison of the four natural hazards. The sum of observations concludes that densely populated areas, old settlements, and the central valley have high to very high level of multi-hazard risk.

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Lee, Dalbyul. "Neighborhood Change Induced by Natural Hazards." Journal of Planning Literature 32, no. 3 (March 10, 2017): 240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885412217696945.

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This article seeks to understand neighborhood change induced by natural hazards in the context of neighborhood change dynamics. Based on the underlying systematic mechanism of neighborhood change, it suggests conceptual and methodological models in which a natural hazard, as a “transient, exogenous shock,” affects neighborhood change trends over time. The models also consider that natural hazards alter neighborhoods differentially according to their basic characteristics. After a natural hazard, two factors exogenous to neighborhoods, physical damages and rehabilitation process, are important to understand the rebuilding process and the shift in the neighborhood change pattern.

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Shim, Jae, and Chun-Il Kim. "Measuring Resilience to Natural Hazards: Towards Sustainable Hazard Mitigation." Sustainability 7, no. 10 (October 20, 2015): 14153–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su71014153.

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Hussain, Muhammad Awais, Zhang Shuai, Muhammad Aamir Moawwez, Tariq Umar, Muhammad Rashid Iqbal, Muhammad Kamran, and Muhammad Muneer. "A Review of Spatial Variations of Multiple Natural Hazards and Risk Management Strategies in Pakistan." Water 15, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030407.

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Natural hazards are dynamic and unpredictable events that are a continuous threat to global socio-economic development. Humans’ reactions to these catastrophes are influenced by their proximity to the hazards and their ability to anticipate, resist, cope with, and recover from their consequences. Due to climatic changes, the risk of multiple natural hazards is expected to increase in several regions of Pakistan. There is a pressing need to understand the spatial discrepancies of natural hazards due to climate change and identifying the regions that require special measures to increase resilience, achieve adaptation, and sustainable development goals. This paper synthesizes the related literature to understand spatial variations of natural hazards due to climate changes across Pakistan. The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Landslide Catalog (NASA-GLC), National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), and Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) are utilized to analyze spatial discrepancies and vulnerabilities to natural hazards. This study unveils that Pakistan’s current risk analysis and management strategies seem to be obsolete compared to global trends. Because of spatial variations of hazards, most research work on hazard risk assessments and risk management focuses on a single hazard, neglecting the co-occurrence impact of different natural hazards. Very limited studies are included in comprehensive multi-hazard risk strategies. Therefore, in Pakistan, risk management would require integrated multi-hazard risk assessment approaches to detect, analyze, measure, and evaluate various natural hazards, their effects, and interconnections. Moreover, the Pakistan governmental institutes dealing with natural hazards should focus on pre-disaster mitigation and resilience techniques instead of investing only in post-disaster relief activities.

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Malamud, Bruce D. "Tails of natural hazards." Physics World 17, no. 8 (August 2004): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/17/8/35.

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Gares, Paul A., Douglas J. Sherman, and Karl F. Nordstrom. "Geomorphology and natural hazards." Geomorphology 10, no. 1-4 (August 1994): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-555x(94)90004-3.

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Akhtar, Afia. "Natural Hazards in Bangladesh." Gondwana Research 4, no. 4 (October 2001): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70364-6.

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Astrade, Laurent, Céline Lutoff, Rachid Nedjai, Céline Philippe, Delphine Loison, and Sandrine Bottollier-Depois. "Periurbanisation and natural hazards." Revue de géographie alpine, no. 95-2 (June 30, 2007): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rga.132.

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Rouhban, Badaoui. "Natural Hazards, Second Edition." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 86, no. 32 (2005): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005eo320007.

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Caraka, Rezzy Eko, Youngjo Lee, Rung Ching Chen, Toni Toharudin, Prana Ugiana Gio, Robert Kurniawan, and Bens Pardamean. "Cluster Around Latent Variable for Vulnerability Towards Natural Hazards, Non-Natural Hazards, Social Hazards in West Papua." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 1972–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3038883.

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Bang, Henry Ngenyam. "A Concise Appraisal of Cameroon’s Hazard Risk Profile: Multi-Hazard Inventories, Causes, Consequences and Implications for Disaster Management." GeoHazards 3, no. 1 (February 11, 2022): 55–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards3010004.

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The paucity of a comprehensive document on Cameroon’s hazard/disaster risk profile is a limitation to the country wide risk assessment and adequate disaster resilience. This article narrows this gap by retrospectively exploring Cameroon’s hazard/disaster profile. This has been achieved through an investigative approach that applies a set of qualitative methods to derive and articulate an inventory and analysis of hazards/disasters in Cameroon. The findings indicate that Cameroon has a wide array and high incidence/frequency of hazards that have had devastating consequences. The hazards have been structured along four profiles: a classification of all hazard types plaguing Cameroon into natural, potentially socio-natural, technological, and social and anthropogenic hazards; occurrence/origin of the hazards; their impacts/effects to the ‘at risk’ communities/populace and potential disaster management or mitigation measures. In-depth analysis indicate that natural hazards have the lowest frequency but the potential to cause the highest fatalities in a single incident; potentially socio-natural hazards affect the largest number of people and the widest geographical areas, technological hazards have the highest frequency of occurrence; while social/anthropogenic hazards are the newest in the country but have caused the highest population displacement. Arguably, the multi-hazard/disaster inventory presented in this article serves as a vital preliminary step to a more comprehensive profile of Cameroon’s disaster risk profile.

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Hussain, Muhammad Awais, Shuai Zhang, Muhammad Muneer, Muhammad Aamir Moawwez, Muhammad Kamran, and Ejaz Ahmed. "Assessing and Mapping Spatial Variation Characteristics of Natural Hazards in Pakistan." Land 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010140.

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One nation with the highest risk of climate catastrophes is Pakistan. Pakistan’s geographical nature makes it susceptible to natural hazards. Pakistan is facing regional differences in terms of climate change. The frequency and intensity of natural hazards due to climate change vary from place to place. There is an urgent need to recognize the spatial variations in natural hazards inside the country. To address such problems, it might be useful to map out the areas that need resources to increase resilience and accomplish adaptability. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to create a district-level map that illustrates the multi-hazard zones of various regions in Pakistan. In order to comprehend the geographical differences in climate change and natural hazards across Pakistan, this study examines the relevant literature and data currently available regarding the occurrence of natural hazards in the past. Firstly, a district-level comprehensive database of Pakistan’s five natural hazards (floods, droughts, earthquakes, heatwaves, and landslides) was created. Through consultation with specialists in related areas, hazard and weighting factors for a specific hazard were specified based on the structured district-level historical disaster database of Pakistan. After that, individual and multi-hazard ratings were computed for each district. Then, using estimated multi-hazard scores, the districts of Pakistan were classified into four zones. Finally, a map of Pakistan’s multi-hazard zones was created per district. The study results are essential and significant for policymakers to consider when making decisions on disaster management techniques, that is, when organizing disaster preparedness, mitigation, and prevention plans.

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Ward, Philip J., Veit Blauhut, Nadia Bloemendaal, James E. Daniell, Marleen C. de Ruiter, Melanie J. Duncan, Robert Emberson, et al. "Review article: Natural hazard risk assessments at the global scale." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 1069–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1069-2020.

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Abstract. Since 1990, natural hazards have led to over 1.6 million fatalities globally, and economic losses are estimated at an average of around USD 260–310 billion per year. The scientific and policy communities recognise the need to reduce these risks. As a result, the last decade has seen a rapid development of global models for assessing risk from natural hazards at the global scale. In this paper, we review the scientific literature on natural hazard risk assessments at the global scale, and we specifically examine whether and how they have examined future projections of hazard, exposure, and/or vulnerability. In doing so, we examine similarities and differences between the approaches taken across the different hazards, and we identify potential ways in which different hazard communities can learn from each other. For example, there are a number of global risk studies focusing on hydrological, climatological, and meteorological hazards that have included future projections and disaster risk reduction measures (in the case of floods), whereas fewer exist in the peer-reviewed literature for global studies related to geological hazards. On the other hand, studies of earthquake and tsunami risk are now using stochastic modelling approaches to allow for a fully probabilistic assessment of risk, which could benefit the modelling of risk from other hazards. Finally, we discuss opportunities for learning from methods and approaches being developed and applied to assess natural hazard risks at more continental or regional scales. Through this paper, we hope to encourage further dialogue on knowledge sharing between disciplines and communities working on different hazards and risk and at different spatial scales.

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Papadopoulos, Gerassimos A. "Natural Hazards – Nonlinearities and Assessment." Research in Geophysics 1, no. 1 (December 21, 2011): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rg.2011.e2.

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Geosciences are developing and applying a wide range of methodologies to assess natural hazards. Significant advances in the site characterization and models development have been achieved in the last decade, but many challenges still remain. Several disastrous earthquakes in the past decade accompanied with tsunamis have required a rapid assessment of the underlying causes of the tragic loss of life and property. Natural disasters risk reduction and control as a crucial criterion for sustainable development and minimizing social and economic loss and disruption due to earthquakes, tsunamis and other hazards requires reliable assessment of the seismic and tsunami hazard, as well as mitigation actions of the vulnerability of the built environment and risk. All of these provide the critical basis for improved building codes and construction emergency response plans for the people and infrastructure safety and protection.

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ROŞIAN, GHEORGHE, CSABA HORVATH, and LIVIU MUNTEAN. "Natural hazards of Izvorul Crișului." Risks and Catastrophes Journal 28, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/rcj2021_8.

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" The presence of the Izvorul Crisului local territorial administrative unit (commune), in the western part of the Transylvanian Depression, not far from its border with the Apuseni Mountains, implies the existence of various natural hazardous processes. Their manifestation, in the presence of anthropic components and their activities and goods, determines their hazard attributes. Of the possible natural hazards (geological, geomorphological, atmospheric, hydrological, biological, etc.), only the geomorphological, hydrological, and meteorological ones will be addressed in this paper. The presence of these natural processes may cause material damage and victims, for this it is necessary to know their magnitude. Thus, the present study aims to identify the potential hazards which exist in the Izvorul Crisului administrative unit and to assess the susceptibility to these natural processes. To achieve this objective, specific maps will be made, which finally, beside the supporting role for the analysis of natural processes, will become tools for the management of these conditions, tools to reduce the induced risks."

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Srivastava, Pankaj, Rajeev Rajput, Mukesh Ruhela, Priyanka Sisodia, and Dheeraj Kumar. "Natural disaster: Earthquake." Environment Conservation Journal 9, no. 3 (December 18, 2008): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2008.090322.

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A disaster is the impact of a natural or man- made hazard that unconstructively affects society or environment.Earthquakes are most destructing among all the known disasters as their prediction is not yet possible. Depending on earthquake severity, a quake can pose hazards to people’s lives, property and li feline infrastructure such as highways, water supply and electricity generating facilities.

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Perez, Eddie, and Paul Thompson. "Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects: Lesson 1—Introduction to Natural Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9, no. 1 (March 1994): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00040917.

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This course is an introduction to the topic of natural hazards, their causes and their consequences. The subject is so vast that this course cannot begin to provide a definitive treatment of all aspects of these hazards. Instead, it seeks to present an overview of the general subject.The course begins with a definition of each major natural hazard that disaster managers may encounter in developing countries. Historical examples are presented to give perspective to the potential scope of these natural events and their actual effects within a community or country. The geographical distribution of the hazard type, indicating the possibility of its occurrence in all parts of the world, is shown. The natural pre-conditions that must exist for the phenomenon to occur are described. The actual event is described in its physical/natural manifestation, with a detailed account of what happens and why, before, during, and after the event. The impact on the natural and human-produced environment—the reason it becomes a “disaster” rather than simply a natural phenomenon—is reviewed. Each lesson then discusses what disaster managers, in particular, and the public, in general, can do to respond.

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Phoompanich, S., S. Barr, and R. Gaulton. "DEVELOPMENT OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES FOR NATURAL HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT IN THAILAND." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W8 (August 22, 2019): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w8-315-2019.

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Abstract. In order to mitigate environmental risk in Thailand it is essential to understand where and when specific geographic areas will be exposed to individual and multiple natural hazards. However, existing national scale approaches to natural hazard risk assessment are poorly adapted to deal with multiple hazards where significant uncertainties are associated with input variables and prior knowledge of the spatiotemporal nature of hazards is limited. To overcome these limitations, a geospatial approach has been developed that integrates machine learning within a GIS environment. Four hazards were investigated by Naïve Bayes while multiple hazards and their causalities were analysed via a Bayesian Network. Geospatial and Earth observation data representing past hazard events and their trigger variables were analysed to derive the probability of a hazard. Results revealed that lowland areas covering 22,868 and 139,193 km2, or 5% and 29% of total lowland areas were at-risk at a 90% probability-level of floods in rainy-seasons and droughts in the summer. High mountains and the plateaus were exposed to landslides over 90% probability in rainy, and forest fires in summer with over 60% probability, covering 37,727 and 40,069 km2, respectively. Within the Bayesian Network four relations of multiple hazards were investigated. At a 90% significance level approximately 190,250 km2 was at risk from a combination of forest fires and droughts. At a 80% or greater probability, 161,450, 120,027, and 102,628 km2 of land were at risk from a combination of 1) floods and landslides, 2) forest fires, floods, and landslides, and 3) all four hazards, respectively. The results were then used to produce the first fine-spatial scale multi-hazard assessment to support national policies on risk mitigation.

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Komac, Blaž, Matija Zorn, Milivoj B. Gavrilov, and Slobodan B. Marković. "Natural hazards – some introductory thoughts." Acta geographica Slovenica 53, no. 1 (September 30, 2013): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ags53300.

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Victorov, A. S. "Remote assessment of natural hazards." Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 20, a (September 8, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2205/2020es000726.

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Dorman, L. I., N. G. Ptitsyna, G. Villoresi, V. V. Kasinsky, N. N. Lyakhov, and M. I. Tyasto. "Space storms as natural hazards." Advances in Geosciences 14 (April 10, 2008): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-14-271-2008.

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Abstract. Eruptive activity of the Sun produces a chain of extreme geophysical events: high-speed solar wind, magnetic field disturbances in the interplanetary space and in the geomagnetic field and also intense fluxes of energetic particles. Space storms can potentially destroy spacecrafts, adversely affect astronauts and airline crew and human health on the Earth, lead to pipeline breaking, melt electricity transformers, and discontinue transmission. In this paper we deal with two consequences of space storms: (i) rise in failures in the operation of railway devices and (ii) rise in myocardial infarction and stroke incidences.

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Palm, Risa, and Michael E. Hodgson. "Natural Hazards in Puerto Rico." Geographical Review 83, no. 3 (July 1993): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215730.

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Mitchell, James K., Graham A. Tobin, and Burrell E. Montz. "Natural Hazards: Explanation and Integration." Economic Geography 75, no. 1 (January 1999): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/144470.

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Grecu, Florina. "INTERCONDITIONALITY GEOMORPHOSITES AND NATURAL HAZARDS." Risks and Catastrophes Journal 20, no. 1/2017 (May 1, 2017): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/rcj2017_03.

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El-Sabh. "Natural Hazards Society (NHS) Founded." Oceanography 1, no. 2 (1988): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1988.24.

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Astafyeva, Elvira. "Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards." Reviews of Geophysics 57, no. 4 (December 2019): 1265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019rg000668.

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Scawthorn, Charles, Philip J. Schneider, and Barbara A. Schauer. "Natural Hazards—The Multihazard Approach." Natural Hazards Review 7, no. 2 (May 2006): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2006)7:2(39).

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Folger, Peter. "Revised position on natural hazards." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 82, no. 3 (January 16, 2001): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/01eo00019.

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KUHLE, MATTHIAS. "Natural hazards and environmental change." Boreas 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03009480301818.

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Davey, Fred. "Natural hazards—the Christchurch earthquakes." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 54, no. 2 (June 2011): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2011.581192.

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Von Holle, Kate. "Natural Hazards Position Statement Revised." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 89, no. 4 (2008): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo040004.

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Lanzerotti, Louis J. "Space Weather and Natural Hazards." Space Weather 10, no. 5 (May 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012sw000810.

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Owens, Ian. "Natural Hazards By D. Chapman." New Zealand Geographer 51, no. 2 (October 1995): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.1995.tb02058.x.

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Pawson, Eric. "Environmental hazards and natural disasters." New Zealand Geographer 67, no. 3 (November 30, 2011): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2011.01207.x.

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Smith, V. Kerry. "Benefit Analysis for Natural Hazards." Risk Analysis 6, no. 3 (September 1986): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1986.tb00225.x.

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Chadha, R. K., G. A. Papadopoulos, and A. N. Karanci. "Disasters due to natural hazards." Natural Hazards 40, no. 3 (November 17, 2006): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9010-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Natural hazards'

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