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1
Kelly, Matthew, and Yuriy Kuleshov. "Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping: A Case Study from Australia’s Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment." Sensors 22, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 6251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166251.
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Floods are among the costliest natural hazards, in Australia and globally. In this study, we used an indicator-based method to assess flood hazard risk in Australia’s Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment (HNC). Australian flood risk assessments are typically spatially constrained through the common use of resource-intensive flood modelling. The large spatial scale of this study area is the primary element of novelty in this research. The indicators of maximum 3-day precipitation (M3DP), distance to river—elevation weighted (DREW), and soil moisture (SM) were used to create the final Flood Hazard Index (FHI). The 17–26 March 2021 flood event in the HNC was used as a case study. It was found that almost 85% of the HNC was classified by the FHI at ‘severe’ or ‘extreme’ level, illustrating the extremity of the studied event. The urbanised floodplain area in the central-east of the HNC had the highest FHI values. Conversely, regions along the western border of the catchment had the lowest flood hazard risk. The DREW indicator strongly correlated with the FHI. The M3DP indicator displayed strong trends of extreme rainfall totals increasing towards the eastern catchment border. The SM indicator was highly variable, but featured extreme values in conservation areas of the HNC. This study introduces a method of large-scale proxy flood hazard assessment that is novel in an Australian context. A proof-of-concept methodology of flood hazard assessment developed for the HNC is replicable and could be applied to other flood-prone areas elsewhere.
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Chaudhary, Muhammad T., and Awais Piracha. "Natural Disasters—Origins, Impacts, Management." Encyclopedia 1, no. 4 (October 30, 2021): 1101–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040084.
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Natural hazards are processes that serve as triggers for natural disasters. Natural hazards can be classified into six categories. Geophysical or geological hazards relate to movement in solid earth. Their examples include earthquakes and volcanic activity. Hydrological hazards relate to the movement of water and include floods, landslides, and wave action. Meteorological hazards are storms, extreme temperatures, and fog. Climatological hazards are increasingly related to climate change and include droughts and wildfires. Biological hazards are caused by exposure to living organisms and/or their toxic substances. The COVID-19 virus is an example of a biological hazard. Extraterrestrial hazards are caused by asteroids, meteoroids, and comets as they pass near earth or strike earth. In addition to local damage, they can change earth inter planetary conditions that can affect the Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. This entry presents an overview of origins, impacts, and management of natural disasters. It describes processes that have potential to cause natural disasters. It outlines a brief history of impacts of natural hazards on the human built environment and the common techniques adopted for natural disaster preparedness. It also lays out challenges in dealing with disasters caused by natural hazards and points to new directions in warding off the adverse impact of such disasters.
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Read, Laura K., and Richard M. Vogel. "Hazard function theory for nonstationary natural hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 11, 2016): 915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-915-2016.
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Abstract. Impact from natural hazards is a shared global problem that causes tremendous loss of life and property, economic cost, and damage to the environment. Increasingly, many natural processes show evidence of nonstationary behavior including wind speeds, landslides, wildfires, precipitation, streamflow, sea levels, and earthquakes. Traditional probabilistic analysis of natural hazards based on peaks over threshold (POT) generally assumes stationarity in the magnitudes and arrivals of events, i.e., that the probability of exceedance of some critical event is constant through time. Given increasing evidence of trends in natural hazards, new methods are needed to characterize their probabilistic behavior. The well-developed field of hazard function analysis (HFA) is ideally suited to this problem because its primary goal is to describe changes in the exceedance probability of an event over time. HFA is widely used in medicine, manufacturing, actuarial statistics, reliability engineering, economics, and elsewhere. HFA provides a rich theory to relate the natural hazard event series (X) with its failure time series (T), enabling computation of corresponding average return periods, risk, and reliabilities associated with nonstationary event series. This work investigates the suitability of HFA to characterize nonstationary natural hazards whose POT magnitudes are assumed to follow the widely applied generalized Pareto model. We derive the hazard function for this case and demonstrate how metrics such as reliability and average return period are impacted by nonstationarity and discuss the implications for planning and design. Our theoretical analysis linking hazard random variable X with corresponding failure time series T should have application to a wide class of natural hazards with opportunities for future extensions.
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Read, L. K., and R. M. Vogel. "Hazard function theory for nonstationary natural hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 11 (November 13, 2015): 6883–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-6883-2015.
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Abstract. Impact from natural hazards is a shared global problem that causes tremendous loss of life and property, economic cost, and damage to the environment. Increasingly, many natural processes show evidence of nonstationary behavior including wind speeds, landslides, wildfires, precipitation, streamflow, sea levels, and earthquakes. Traditional probabilistic analysis of natural hazards based on peaks over threshold (POT) generally assumes stationarity in the magnitudes and arrivals of events, i.e. that the probability of exceedance of some critical event is constant through time. Given increasing evidence of trends in natural hazards, new methods are needed to characterize their probabilistic behavior. The well-developed field of hazard function analysis (HFA) is ideally suited to this problem because its primary goal is to describe changes in the exceedance probability of an event over time. HFA is widely used in medicine, manufacturing, actuarial statistics, reliability engineering, economics, and elsewhere. HFA provides a rich theory to relate the natural hazard event series (X) with its failure time series (T), enabling computation of corresponding average return periods, risk and reliabilities associated with nonstationary event series. This work investigates the suitability of HFA to characterize nonstationary natural hazards whose POT magnitudes are assumed to follow the widely applied Generalized Pareto (GP) model. We derive the hazard function for this case and demonstrate how metrics such as reliability and average return period are impacted by nonstationarity and discuss the implications for planning and design. Our theoretical analysis linking hazard event series X, with corresponding failure time series T, should have application to a wide class of natural hazards with rich opportunities for future extensions.
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Britton, Neil R. "Uncommon Hazards and Orthodox Emergency Management: Toward a Reconciliation." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 10, no. 2 (August 1992): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709201000206.
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Effective emergency management requires a close fit between state of risk and stale of hazard management. If these components get out of phase, a marked increase in societal vulnerability is likely to prevail. Recognizing that the major burden for developed societies has shifted from risks associated with natural processes to those arising from technological development and application, disaster-relevant organizational networks have adopted a Comprehensive Emergency Management “all-hazards” approach. However, in Australia, as elsewhere, technological hazards present major problems for emergency managers because they pose different and often more difficult predicaments than do the more familiar natural hazards. While CEM is a good “in principle” strategy, the practices needed to pratect society from a diversity of disaster-producing agents are more difficult to achieve. Two explanations are given for this: misperceptions about common features of hazard types; and differential progress between social components. The concept of cultural lag provides an explanatory framework as to why predicaments like this occur; and the concept of disaster subculture may provide a solution.
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Llasat-Botija, M., M. C. Llasat, and L. López. "Natural Hazards and the press in the western Mediterranean region." Advances in Geosciences 12 (July 30, 2007): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-12-81-2007.
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Abstract. This study analyses press articles published between 1982 and 2005 in an attempt to describe the social perception of natural hazards in Catalonia. The articles included in the database have been classified according to different types of risk. In addition, the study examines the evolution of each type of risk in the press coverage during the study period. Finally, the results have been compared to data provided by insurance companies with respect to compensations paid out for damages. Conclusions show that floods are the most important natural hazard in the region, but that the number of headlines for each event is greater in the case of snowfalls and forest fires. Factors such as the season of the year, the proximity of the affected region to the capital, the topical issues at the time, and the presence of other important news must be considered when the impact in the press is analysed.
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Hussain, Muhammad Awais, Shuai Zhang, Muhammad Muneer, Muhammad Aamir Moawwez, Muhammad Kamran, and Ejaz Ahmed. "Assessing and Mapping Spatial Variation Characteristics of Natural Hazards in Pakistan." Land 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010140.
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One nation with the highest risk of climate catastrophes is Pakistan. Pakistan’s geographical nature makes it susceptible to natural hazards. Pakistan is facing regional differences in terms of climate change. The frequency and intensity of natural hazards due to climate change vary from place to place. There is an urgent need to recognize the spatial variations in natural hazards inside the country. To address such problems, it might be useful to map out the areas that need resources to increase resilience and accomplish adaptability. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to create a district-level map that illustrates the multi-hazard zones of various regions in Pakistan. In order to comprehend the geographical differences in climate change and natural hazards across Pakistan, this study examines the relevant literature and data currently available regarding the occurrence of natural hazards in the past. Firstly, a district-level comprehensive database of Pakistan’s five natural hazards (floods, droughts, earthquakes, heatwaves, and landslides) was created. Through consultation with specialists in related areas, hazard and weighting factors for a specific hazard were specified based on the structured district-level historical disaster database of Pakistan. After that, individual and multi-hazard ratings were computed for each district. Then, using estimated multi-hazard scores, the districts of Pakistan were classified into four zones. Finally, a map of Pakistan’s multi-hazard zones was created per district. The study results are essential and significant for policymakers to consider when making decisions on disaster management techniques, that is, when organizing disaster preparedness, mitigation, and prevention plans.
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Paterson, Barbara, and Anthony Charles. "A global comparison of community-based responses to natural hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 2465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2465-2019.
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Abstract. Community-based disaster preparedness is an important component of disaster management. Knowledge of interventions that communities utilize in response to hazards is important to develop local-level capacity and increase community resilience. This paper systematically examines empirical information about local-level responses to hazards based on peer-reviewed, published case studies. We developed a data set based on 188 articles providing information from 318 communities from all regions of the world. We classified response examples to address four key questions: (i) what kinds of responses are used by communities all over the world? (ii) Do communities in different parts of the world use different kinds of responses? (iii) Are communities using hazard-specific responses? (iv) Are communities using a multi-hazard approach? We found that within an extensive literature on hazards, there is relatively little empirical information about community-based responses to hazards. Across the world, responses aiming at securing basic human needs are the most frequently reported kinds of responses. Although the notion of community-based disaster preparedness is gaining importance, very few examples of responses that draw on the social fabric of communities are reported. Specific regions of the world are lacking in their use of certain hazard responses classes. Although an all-hazard approach for disaster preparedness is increasingly recommended, there is a lack of multi-hazard response approaches on the local level.
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Hasan Zaid, Hussein Ahmed, T. A. Jamaluddin, and Mohd Hariri Arifin. "Overview Of Slope Stability, Earthquakes, Flash Floods And Expansive Soil Hazards In The Republic Of Yemen." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 71 (May 31, 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm71202106.
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Yemen has harsh natural conditions that increase certain geological processes more than other regions, leading to a variety of geological hazards. Yemen’s typical topography is distinguished by coastal plains of the Red Sea and cliff foothillls, followed by mountains of the Arabian Shield. These types of geological hazards can be classified into slope stability, earthquakes, flash floods and expansive soils. The current literature review presents a description backed with examples of the certain geological hazards in Yemen. The obtained results indicate that further consideration and thought are highly required for semi-arid regions. National and foreign organizations have to collaborate together with other individuals to maintain the adjusted environmental system and reduce the potential geological hazards. Therefore, mitigation measures should be implemented to avoid and minimize these geological hazards.
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Tuo, Fei, Xuan Peng, Qiang Zhou, and Jing Zhang. "ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS AND RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN BUILDING MATERIALS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 188, no. 3 (January 20, 2020): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz289.
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Abstract Radioactivity of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were measured in a total of 92 samples, including eight commonly used types of building materials that were obtained from local manufacturers and suppliers in Beijing. Concentrations were determined using high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometry. The 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K activity concentrations in all samples varied from 10.1 to 661, 3.3 to 555 and 3.2 to 2945 Bq per kg with an average of 127.8, 114.8, and 701.5 Bq per kg, respectively. The potential radiological hazards were estimated by calculating the absorbed dose rate (D), radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard (Hex), and internal hazard (Hin) indices. The investigated building materials were classified into different types according to the radioactivity levels. Results from this research will provide a reference for the acquisition, sales, and use of building materials. Attention should be paid to the use of coal cinder brick, ceramic, and granite in the construction of dwellings.
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Welle, Torsten, and Joern Birkmann. "The World Risk Index – An Approach to Assess Risk and Vulnerability on a Global Scale." Journal of Extreme Events 02, no. 01 (August 2015): 1550003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737615500037.
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The demand for information and understanding on natural hazard related risk on a global scale has grown in recent years. Such information is crucial for stakeholders who are working in the field of disaster risk reduction, spatial planning and (re-)insurance. This article provides a new approach to assess risk and vulnerability towards natural hazards on country scale and allows the comparison of countries at global scale. The concept of the WorldRiskIndex focuses on the understanding of risk which is defined as the interaction of physical hazards and the vulnerability of exposed elements. The exposure to natural hazards was assessed by using five indicators that describe the expsoure of people towards earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts and sea level rise. Whereas vulnerability consists of susceptibility, coping capacity and adaptive capacity was calculated on the basis of 23 indicators which comprise social, economic and environmental conditions of a society. The method and the results of the WorldRiskIndex were validated by using statistical analysis such as reliability, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The results of the WorldRiskIndex were mapped and classified by means of a GIS system to show different patterns of exposure, vulnerability and risk on global scale. The global perspective of risk clearly shows that the vulnerability of a society or a country is not the same as exposure to natural hazards.
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Milanes, Celene B., Marina B. Martínez-González, Jorge Moreno-Gómez, Ana Saltarín J., Andres Suarez, Samuel E. Padilla-Llano, Alex Vasquez, Allan Lavell, and Seweryn Zielinski. "Multiple Hazards and Governance Model in the Barranquilla Metropolitan Area, Colombia." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052669.
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The Barranquilla Metropolitan Area is exposed and often vulnerable to various natural and anthropogenic hazards. The paper’s main objective is to identify the level of understanding that local and regional institutions have of such a multi-hazard scenario, as well as the effectiveness of governance arrangements in minimizing impacts. Research employed a questionnaire applied to 115 stakeholders from government and a survey of 391 households from four communities in the study area. Four focus groups were held during the update of the Barranquilla Development Plan 2020–2023. The results allowed the identification of an updated set of hazards and the levels of government response capacity. The overall level of capacity and effectiveness of local government to respond to hazards was classified as regular. Seventy-seven percent of epistemic ‘experts considered that the institutions responsible for risk management did not undertake sufficient analysis for identifying and managing multiple hazards. Finally, the research team developed a new model of risk management.
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Salzmann, N., C. Huggel, P. Calanca, A. Díaz, T. Jonas, C. Jurt, T. Konzelmann, et al. "Integrated assessment and adaptation to climate change impacts in the Peruvian Andes." Advances in Geosciences 22 (October 13, 2009): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-35-2009.
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Abstract. The Andes as mountain regions worldwide, provide fundamental resources, not only for the local population. Due to the topographic characteristics, the potential for natural hazards is higher than elsewhere. In these areas, assessments of climate change impacts and the development of adequate adaptation strategies therefore become particular important. The data basis, however, is often scarce. Moreover, perceptions of changes and needs are often divergent between national and local levels, which make the implementation of adaptation measures a challenge. Taking the Peruvian Andes as an example, this paper aims at initiating a discussion about scientific baseline and integrative concepts needed to deal with the adverse effects of climate change in mountain regions.
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Buslima, F. S., R. C. Omar, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, and Hairin Taha. "Flood and Flash Flood Geo-Hazards in Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.23103.
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Floods are natural phenomena of geo-hazards that usually happened when experiencing prolonged heavy rainfalls. Floods in Malaysia can be categorized into monsoon floods and flash floods. Monsoon floods is caused of Northeast Monsoon season commences in early November and ends in March that brings heavy rainfall, particularly to the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia and western Sarawak. Flash floods usually occur in areas with rapid development by a rapid rise in water level, high velocity, and large amounts of debris. Flooding that occurred in December 2014 can be classified as worst floods that affected several states in Peninsular Malaysia, and the worst affected is Kelantan state. This disaster was recorded more than 200,000 people were affected with 21 people were killed and gives a massive impact on people, properties, agriculture, livestock, and infrastructure facilities. Following the worst floods that hit Malaysia in 2014, the opinions and views from various parties such as subject matter experts was needed to produce mitigations and prevents of the flood disaster at once to minimize vulnerability to hazard.
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Nguyen, Duyen Thi My, and Hai Quang Ha. "Flash floods potential area mapping at Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh prov." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 1, T4 (December 31, 2017): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1it4.487.
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Ha Tinh is one of the provinces most affected by natural hazards, especially flash floods. Sloping hilly terrain conditions, reduced covering density of forest and unfavorable weather conditions are potential hazards to flash floods. Flash floods potential area mapping at Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province was carried out using Remote Sensing and GIS technologies. Factors causing flash floods was indentified and classified basing n their afecting level. Component maps of flash flood–causing factors were overlayed. Factors causing flash floods as noted by Greg Smith included: slope, soil type, forms of using land, covering density of forest. Potential areas of flash floods and the potential level of each part were indentified. The resulted maps can be used for forecasting risk regions of flash floods at the district.
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Holub, M., and J. Hübl. "Local protection against mountain hazards – state of the art and future needs." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 15, 2008): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-81-2008.
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Abstract. During the last decades, settlement activities increased in European mountain regions. Due to the scarceness of areas suitable for development, residential estates were extended into areas endangered by natural hazards such as mass movements. These settlements generally show a considerable vulnerability to tangible assets. Integral risk management strategies to reduce the vulnerability to tangible assets are presented for the assessment of such endangered areas. Conventional mitigation and local structural measures are discussed with respect to the necessary delimitation of endangered areas, the preparedness of people and possible financial prevention. According to different natural hazard processes (flash floods with and without bedload transport, debris flows, land slides, rock falls and avalanches) and various structural elements of buildings, a catalogue of local structural measures is presented with respect to occurring process impacts and protection objectives. Thereby, different local structural measures are classified and recommended according to a possible implementation for newly-erected buildings and for upgrading existing buildings, respectively. Based on these recommendations, future needs for a sustainable and comprehensive reduction of risk in settlement areas endangered by mass movements are outlined. Above all, this includes a prescription of building codes and the re-introduction of an obligatory final inspection of buildings.
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Wang, Fangtian, Bin Zhao, and Gang Li. "Prevention of Potential Hazards Associated with Marine Gas Hydrate Exploitation: A Review." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2018): 2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092384.
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Marine gas hydrates (MGHs), which have great potential for exploitation and utilization, account for around 99% of all global natural gas hydrate resources under current prospecting technique. However, there are several potential hazards associated with their production and development. These are classified into four categories by this paper: marine geohazards, greenhouse gas emissions, marine ecological hazards, and marine engineering hazards. In order to prevent these risks from occurring, the concept of “lifecycle management of hazards prevention” during the development and production from MGHs is proposed and divided into three stages: preparation, production control, and post-production protection. Of these stages, economic evaluation of the resource is the foundation; gas production methods are the key; with monitoring, assessment, and early warning as the guarantee. A production test in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea shows that MGH exploration and development can be planned using the “three-steps” methodology: commercializing and developing research ideas in the short term, maintaining economic levels of production in the medium term, and forming a global forum to discuss effective MGH development in the long term. When increasing MGH development is combined with the lifecycle management of hazards prevention system, and technological innovations are combined with global cooperation to solve the risks associated with MGH development, then safe access to a new source of clean energy may be obtained.
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Wu, Siduo, Ruishan Chen, and Michael E. Meadows. "Evolution of an Estuarine Island in the Anthropocene: Complex Dynamics of Chongming Island, Shanghai, P.R. China." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 6921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246921.
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Islands are known to be vulnerable to many natural and anthropogenic hazards, especially estuarine islands, which are affected at rates and intensities above those found elsewhere around the globe. The sustainable development of estuarine islands has been a part of their evolution, which has been a continuous integration of human impact and response to natural processes. This study reviews the complex dynamics of Chongming Island, an estuarine island in Shanghai, with an emphasis on the nature of human intervention. We conclude that the island is an example of a coupled human-environment system, as it has been throughout its formation and evolution, which is integrated at the local (intracoupled), regional (pericoupled), and global (telecoupled) scale. This conceptual framework reveals Chongming Island to be an exemplar of—and indeed a test-case for—China’s vision of eco-civilization development, in which it is reimagined as an ‘eco-island’. Accordingly, we argue that islands are benchmarks for building sustainability in the Anthropocene, and a more complete understanding of their dynamics, and the factors that influence them in a metacoupled world, is critical for future development.
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Nakatani, Ryota. "Fiscal Rules for Natural Disaster- and Climate Change-Prone Small States." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 3135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063135.
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How should small states formulate a countercyclical fiscal policy to achieve economic stability and fiscal sustainability when they are prone to natural disasters, climate change, commodity price changes, and uncertain donor grants? We study how natural disasters and climate change affect long-term debt dynamics, and we propose cutting-edge fiscal policy rules. We find the primacy of a recurrent expenditure rule based on non-resource and non-grant revenue, interdependently determined by government debt and budget balance targets with expected disaster shocks. This innovative fiscal rule is classified as a natural disaster-resilient fiscal rule, which comprises a plethora of new advantages compared to existing fiscal rules. This new type of fiscal rule can be called as the third-generation fiscal rule. It encompasses natural disasters and climate change, uses budget data only, avoids the need for escape clauses, and operates on a timely basis. Our rule-based fiscal policy framework is practically applicable for many developing countries facing an increasing frequency and impact of devastating natural hazards, and climatic change.
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Sunkar, Arzyana, Anindika Putri Lakspriyanti, Eko Haryono, Mohsen Brahmi, Pindi Setiawan, and Aziz Fardhani Jaya. "Geotourism Hazards and Carrying Capacity in Geosites of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst, Indonesia." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031704.
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The protection of resources and the safety of visitors are two essential elements in the sustainability of any tourism destination. The Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat karst has the potential to be developed as a UNESCO Global Geopark based on the diversity and unique nature of its geological heritage. Proper management efforts should be carefully planned to ensure sustainability of the geosite. Intact natural conditions can be a potential hazard to visitors and, conversely, the presence of visitors can interfere with the natural preservation of the sensitive karst area. Physical, biological, and human activities that may endanger visitors should be identified and limiting the number of visitors received by each geosite should also be considered. This paper aims to identify the potential tourism hazards of physical, biological, and human activities and to calculate the tourist’s carrying capacity of three geosites (Tewet cave, Nyadeng lake, and Bloyot cave) in the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat karst. The identification of potential hazards was conducted in each geosite and analyzed and assessed using management options referencing UNEP, NPSA, and APEC, whereas the carrying capacity was assessed with reference to the Cifuentes formulation. Meanwhile, the carrying capacity was assessed at three levels, namely physical carrying capacity (PCC), real carrying capacity (RCC), and effective carrying capacity (ECC). The highest physical and biological hazards were the ravines in the Tewet cave, as well as a moderate level of risk, such as slippery, steep terrain and the presence of crocodiles. Meanwhile, the potential hazards faced by Nyadeng lake and Bloyot cave were classified as low risk. The carrying capacity assessments indicated that Bloyot cave is able to accommodate the largest number of visitors on a daily basis. Therefore, the carrying capacity results of each geosite can serve as a reference for managers to limit the number of visitors to the site in order to ensure the sustainability of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat geosites.
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Butler, David R., Stephen J. Walsh, and Daniel G. Brown. "Three‐dimensional displays for natural hazards analysis, using classified Landsat thematic mapper digital data and large‐scale digital elevation models." Geocarto International 6, no. 4 (December 1991): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049109354341.
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Hamouda, Amr, Nader El-Gendy, Ahmed El-Shishtawy, Suzan El-Gharabawy, and Ahmed Fekry. "Submergence of the Western Greco-Roman Archaeological Site at the Eastern Harbor of Alexandria: Emerged from High Resolution Geophysical Mapping." Quaternary 4, no. 3 (July 23, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat4030022.
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Marine geophysical surveys were carried out at the underwater site in the south-western sector of the Eastern Harbor of Alexandria, opposite to the Egyptian Sea Scout Club. Survey works aimed to detect and study the surface and subsurface geomorphological changes caused by historic sea-level rise and natural hazards, by integrating the results of high-resolution geophysical mapping for the seafloor textures and the subsurface layers with previously published core data and sea-level records, the survey works employed echo-sounder, side scan sonar, and sub-bottom profiler. Acoustic data were ground-truthed using an ROV camera and sediment grab sampler. Results of bathymetric mapping and sonar imaging outlined two breakwaters and quay corresponding to a submerged ancient port; also, sediment types were classified according to variation in the magnitude of the backscattered intensities. Interpretation of sub-bottom profiles illustrated the depositional sequence of the topmost sedimentary layers where the sediment thicknesses were thickened by rates that perfectly matched with the recorded sea-level rise rate during the last two millennia, as indicated by isopach maps. Anthropogenic activities were noticed in particular outcropping areas on the sub-bottom profiles. The results explained the role of natural hazards and sea-level rise in changing the geomorphology of the coastline and seabed features.
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Ali, Maisarah, Mohd Syafiq Fadzil, and Siti Asmahani Saad. "Effect of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) on Physical Property and Mechanical Strength of Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.150.
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Fast depleting natural resources, huge consumption of energy, and environmental hazards involved in the production of cement has inspired researchers to find partial replacement of cement using other or similar materials. Rice husk ash (RHA), an agricultural waste, is classified as “a highly active pozzolan” because it contains a very high amount of amorphous silica and a large surface area. Rice husk is natural fiber that has the advantages of low density, low cost and biodegradable. In Malaysia paddy is grown locally especially in northern states of Peninsular Malaysia. Rice husk is a by-product of paddy being process into rice. These make it a natural candidate for cement replacement agent especially in Paddy producing countries. In this paper, RHA was introduced as the micro filler in concrete mixtures. The replacement of RHA which is lighter as compared to the Ordinary Portland Cement results in decreasing density of cement fiber composite and less permeable concrete.
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Penabei, S., D. Bongue, P. Maleka, T. Dlamini, Saïdou, C. J. Guembou Shouop, Y. I. Halawlaw, A. Ngwa Ebongue, and M. G. Kwato Njock. "Assessment of natural radioactivity levels and the associated radiological hazards in some building materials from Mayo-Kebbi region, Chad." Radioprotection 53, no. 4 (October 2018): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2018030.
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In order to assess the levels of natural radioactivity and the associated radiological hazards in some building materials of the Mayo-Kebbi region (Chad), a total of nineteen samples were collected on the field. Using a high resolution γ-ray spectrometry system, the activity concentrations of radium (226Ra), thorium (232Th) and potassium (40K) in these samples have been determined. The measured average activity concentrations range from 0.56 ± 0.37 Bq kg−1 to 435 ± 7 Bq kg−1, 1.3 ± 0.6 Bq kg−1 to 50.6 ± 1.1 Bq kg−1 and 4.3 ± 2.0 Bq kg−1 to 840 ± 9 Bq kg−1, for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. The highest 226Ra average activities is found in soil brick samples of Zabili. The highest mean value of 232Th and 40K concentrations are found in soil brick samples of Madajang. The activity concentration and the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) have been compared to other studies done elsewhere in the world. Their average values are lower than most of those of countries with which the comparison has been made. Were also evaluated, the external radiation hazard index, the internal radiation hazard index, the indoor air absorbed dose rate, the outdoor air absorbed dose rate, the activity utilization index, the annual effective dose, the annual gonadal dose equivalent, the representative level index, as well as, the excess lifetime cancer risk. In accordance with the criterion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, our results show that soil brick samples of Zabili and Madajang increases the risk of radiation exposure, thereby the possibility of developing cancer by people living in this environment. Based on these findings, brick samples from Zabili and Madajang are not recommended for construction purposes. All other sample materials have properties that are acceptable for use as building materials in terms of radiation hazard.
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Mondal, Kartick Chandra, Sutapa Saha, and Pritam Aitch. "Flood hazards and risk prediction by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process on GIS platform: a case study in lower Ajay basin, India." Disaster Advances 16, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1601da01013.
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Flood is the most common and natural disaster of the world. Fluvial flood basically occurred by the combination of hydro-geomorphological effect. But during the flood risk assessment, geomorphological condition analysis is ignored. Present research aimed to focus on flood assessment in the lower part of the Ajay river basin on the basis of present hydro-geomorphological conditions. Flood character analysis on the basis of present hydro-geomorphological status of the river also helps in the management strategy formulation. Remote sensing data, traditional topographical sheet and field work reach the present status of the river. Different layers of hydrological and geomorphological parameters are prepared in the Geographic Information System (GIS) field as per objective. By using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a decision based on comparison matrix, weighted score is extracted and in the field of GIS, the flood area is predicted. According to the categories of hazards, the extracted flood area is classified into three zones. Result depicts that 5 blocks lie in the high hazards prone area and 5 blocks are moderate. Hazards prone and validation prove that the model is 87 % correct in case of overall accuracy assessment and 81 % correct in case of Kappa statistics. Both the results of validation prove the suitability of the model.
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Sternberg, Ernest, George C. Lee, and Danial Huard. "Counting Crises: US Hospital Evacuations, 1971–1999." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 19, no. 2 (June 2004): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001667.
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AbstractObjectives:To investigate the relative distribution of hazards causing hospital evacuations, thereby to provide rudimentary risk information for hospital disaster planning.Methods:Cases of hospital evacuations were retrieved from newspaper and publication databases and classified according to hazard type, proximate and original cause, duration, and casualties. Both partial and full evacuations were included. The total number of evacuation incidents for all hazards were compared to the total number of hospital incidents for the one hazard, fire, for which national data is available.Results:There were 275 reported evacuation incidents from 1971–1999, with an annual average of 21 in the 1990s, the period for which databases were more reliable. The most, 33, were recorded in 1994, the year of the Northridge Earthquake. Of all incidents, 63 (23%) were attributable primarily to internal fire, followed by internal hazardous materials (HazMat) events (18%), hurricane (14%), human threat (13%), earthquake (9%), external fire (6%), flood (6%), utility failure (5%), and external HazMat (4%).Conclusions:More than 50% of the hospital evacuations occurred because of hazards originating in the hospital facility itself or from human intruders. While natural disasters were not the preponderant causes of evacuations, they caused severe problems when multiple hospitals in the same urban area were incapacitated simultaneously. Clearly, as hospitals are vulnerable to many hazards, mitigation investments should be assessed not in terms of single-hazard risk-cost-benefit analysis, but in terms of capacity to mitigate multiple hazards. In view of the many qualifications and limitations of the dataset used here, but value of such data for disaster planning, hospitals should be asked to submit standardized incident reports to permit national data gathering on major disruptions.
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Mundhe, Nitin. "Multi-Criteria Decision Making for Vulnerability Mapping of Flood Hazard: A Case Study of Pune City." Journal of Geographical Studies 2, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.18020105.
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Floods are natural risk with a very high frequency, which causes to environmental, social, economic and human losses. The floods in the town happen mainly due to human made activities about the blockage of natural drainage, haphazard construction of roads, building, and high rainfall intensity. Detailed maps showing flood vulnerability areas are helpful in management of flood hazards. Therefore, present research focused on identifying flood vulnerability zones in the Pune City using multi-criteria decision-making approach in Geographical Information System (GIS) and inputs from remotely sensed imageries. Other input data considered for preparing base maps are census details, City maps, and fieldworks. The Pune City classified in to four flood vulnerability classes essential for flood risk management. About 5 per cent area shows high vulnerability for floods in localities namely Wakdewadi, some part of the Shivajinagar, Sangamwadi, Aundh, and Baner with high risk.
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Gibson, A. J., D. C. Verdon-Kidd, and G. R. Hancock. "Characterising the seasonal nature of meteorological drought onset and termination across Australia." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 72, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es21009.
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Drought, and its associated impacts, represents one of the costliest natural hazards worldwide, highlighting the need for prediction and preparedness. While advancements have been made in monitoring current droughts, prediction of onset and termination have proven to be much more challenging. This is because drought is unlike any other natural hazard and cannot be characterised by a single weather event. There is also a high degree of spatial variability in this phenomenon across the vast expanse of the Australian continent. Therefore, by characterising regionally specific expressions of drought, we may improve drought predictability. In this study, we analyse the timing of onset and termination of meteorological droughts across Australia from 1900 to 2015, as well as their local and regional climate controls. We show that meteorological drought onset has a strong seasonal signature across Australia that varies spatially, whereas termination is less seasonally restricted. Using a Random Forest modelling approach with predictor variables representative of large-scale ocean-atmosphere phenomena and local climate, up to 75% of the variance in the Standardised Precipitation Index during both onset and termination could be explained. This study offers support to continued development in long-lead forecasting of local and large-scale ocean/atmosphere conditions to improve drought prediction in Australia and elsewhere.
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Lato, Matthew J., D. Jean Hutchinson, Dave Gauthier, Thomas Edwards, and Matthew Ondercin. "Comparison of airborne laser scanning, terrestrial laser scanning, and terrestrial photogrammetry for mapping differential slope change in mountainous terrain." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 2 (February 2015): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0051.
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Traditional mapping and monitoring of active slope processes in mountainous terrain is challenging, given often difficult site accessibility, obstructed visibility, and high complexity of the terrain. For example, the rockfall hazard evaluation system employed by Canadian railways relies partly on visibility of the rockfall source zone from track level, which is often impossible for large or complex slopes, in the mountains and elsewhere. Recent advancements in remote sensing, data collection, and analysis algorithms have helped resolve some of these issues by allowing the slope processes to be mapped, and thereby understood, with a greater degree of accuracy and confidence than was previously possible. For example, a better understanding of the rate of movement of material around a natural rock slope affecting a transportation corridor would certainly improve any assessment of the hazards caused by those movements. Various remote sensing technologies have the capability to be used to assess these processes; however, the optimal conditions under which the technology should be deployed are not clearly defined. Between December 2012 and December 2013 the efficacy of three remote sensing technologies (terrestrial and aerial LiDAR (light detection and ranging) and terrestrial photogrammetry) were compared for their ability to detect natural and anthropogenic changes at a location along the CN railway, in British Columbia, Canada. The results demonstrate a high degree of interoperability between the different technologies, the ability to map topographical change with all three technologies, and the limitations and (or) weaknesses of each technology with respect to mapping change. The project location and site accessibility represent a real world situation with nonideal facets, which challenge the capabilities of these state-of-the-art technologies. These results will aid decision-making with respect to implementation of remote sensing technologies to monitor changes to rock slopes adjacent to transportation corridors, which will lead to better understanding and assessment of hazards.
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Zielinski, O., J. A. Busch, A. D. Cembella, K. L. Daly, J. Engelbrektsson, A. K. Hannides, and H. Schmidt. "Detecting marine hazardous substances and organisms: sensors for pollutants, toxins, and pathogens." Ocean Science 5, no. 3 (September 11, 2009): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-5-329-2009.
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Abstract. Marine environments are influenced by a wide diversity of anthropogenic and natural substances and organisms that may have adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Real-time measurements of pollutants, toxins, and pathogens across a range of spatial scales are required to adequately monitor these hazards, manage the consequences, and to understand the processes governing their magnitude and distribution. Significant technological advancements have been made in recent years for the detection and analysis of such marine hazards. In particular, sensors deployed on a variety of mobile and fixed-point observing platforms provide a valuable means to assess hazards. In this review, we present state-of-the-art of sensor technology for the detection of harmful substances and organisms in the ocean. Sensors are classified by their adaptability to various platforms, addressing large, intermediate, or small areal scales. Current gaps and future demands are identified with an indication of the urgent need for new sensors to detect marine hazards at all scales in autonomous real-time mode. Progress in sensor technology is expected to depend on the development of small-scale sensor technologies with a high sensitivity and specificity towards target analytes or organisms. However, deployable systems must comply with platform requirements as these interconnect the three areal scales. Future developments will include the integration of existing methods into complex and operational sensing systems for a comprehensive strategy for long-term monitoring. The combination of sensor techniques on all scales will remain crucial for the demand of large spatial and temporal coverage.
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Zielinski, O., J. A. Busch, A. D. Cembella, K. L. Daly, J. Engelbrektsson, A. K. Hannides, and H. Schmidt. "Detecting marine hazardous substances and organisms: sensors for pollutants, toxins, and pathogens." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 2 (May 14, 2009): 953–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-953-2009.
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Abstract. Marine environments are influenced by a wide diversity of anthropogenic and natural substances and organisms that may have adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Real-time measurements of pollutants, toxins, and pathogens across a range of spatial scales are required to adequately monitor these hazards, manage the consequences, and to understand the processes governing their magnitude and distribution. Significant technological advancements have been made in recent years for the detection and analysis of such marine hazards. In particular, sensors deployed on a variety of mobile and fixed-point observing platforms provide a valuable means to assess hazards. In this review, we present state-of-the-art of sensor technology for the detection of harmful substances and organisms in the ocean. Sensors are classified by their adaptability to various platforms, addressing large, intermediate, or small areal scales. Current gaps and future demands are identified with an indication of the urgent need for new sensors to detect marine hazards at all scales in autonomous real-time mode. Progress in sensor technology is expected to depend on the development of small-scale sensor technologies with a high sensitivity and specificity towards target analytes or organisms. However, deployable systems must comply with platform requirements as these interconnect the three areal scales. Future developments will include the integration of existing methods into complex and operational sensing systems for a comprehensive strategy for long-term monitoring. The combination of sensor techniques on all scales will remain crucial for the demand of large spatial and temporal coverage.
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Ullah, Hammad, Yaseen Hussain, Cristina Santarcangelo, Alessandra Baldi, Alessandro Di Minno, Haroon Khan, Jianbo Xiao, and Maria Daglia. "Natural Polyphenols for the Preservation of Meat and Dairy Products." Molecules 27, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061906.
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Food spoilage makes foods undesirable and unacceptable for human use. The preservation of food is essential for human survival, and different techniques were initially used to limit the growth of spoiling microbes, e.g., drying, heating, salting, or fermentation. Water activity, temperature, redox potential, preservatives, and competitive microorganisms are the most important approaches used in the preservation of food products. Preservative agents are generally classified into antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-browning agents. On the other hand, artificial preservatives (sorbate, sulfite, or nitrite) may cause serious health hazards such as hypersensitivity, asthma, neurological damage, hyperactivity, and cancer. Thus, consumers prefer natural food preservatives to synthetic ones, as they are considered safer. Polyphenols have potential uses as biopreservatives in the food industry, because their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities can increase the storage life of food products. The antioxidant capacity of polyphenols is mainly due to the inhibition of free radical formation. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of plants and herbs is mainly attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds. Thus, incorporation of botanical extracts rich in polyphenols in perishable foods can be considered since no pure polyphenolic compounds are authorized as food preservatives. However, individual polyphenols can be screened in this regard. In conclusion, this review highlights the use of phenolic compounds or botanical extracts rich in polyphenols as preservative agents with special reference to meat and dairy products.
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Vejerano, Eric P., Jeonghyeon Ahn, Junaid Latif, and Mustafa M. amun. "Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals as Sources of POPs." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 02, no. 02 (January 17, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2102010.
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Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a new class organic pollutant sharing some of the attributes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This opinion/short review aims to describe the properties of EPFRs that merit their recognition as an additional and potentially significant source of POPs. EPFRs are ubiquitous in diverse environments because of multiple factors: (1) organic precursors from anthropogenic, biogenic, and other natural emission sources are abundant; multiple mechanisms in PM and soils form (2) EPFRs; and (3) EPFRs are stable and persist for a long time, thereby, accumulate in the environment and potentially transported long range. The hazards of EPFRs arise from their ability to induce oxidative stress and the formation of hazardous byproducts. EPFRs are ultimately deactivated by reactive processes, yielding molecular recombination byproducts that are structurally similar to those classified as POPs. It is plausible that EPFRs may form POPs in vivo in organisms; therefore, they are potential additional sources of exogenous POPs. Understanding the formation of EPFRs and extensive investigation of the pollutants generated from their recombination will add to the growing body of knowledge on their environmental and health hazards.
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Söderström, Lisa, Andreas Rosenblad, Eva Thors Adolfsson, and Leif Bergkvist. "Malnutrition is associated with increased mortality in older adults regardless of the cause of death." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517000435.
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AbstractMalnutrition predicts preterm death, but whether this is valid irrespective of the cause of death is unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine whether malnutrition is associated with cause-specific mortality in older adults. This cohort study was conducted in Sweden and included 1767 individuals aged ≥65 years admitted to hospital in 2008–2009. On the basis of the Mini Nutritional Assessment instrument, nutritional risk was assessed as well nourished (score 24–30), at risk of malnutrition (score 17–23·5) or malnourished (score <17). Cause of death was classified according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, into twenty different causes of death. Data were analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. At baseline, 55·1 % were at risk of malnutrition, and 9·4 % of the participants were malnourished. During a median follow-up of 5·1 years, 839 participants (47·5 %) died. The multiple Cox regression model identified significant associations (hazard ratio (HR)) between malnutrition and risk of malnutrition, respectively, and death due to neoplasms (HR 2·43 and 1·32); mental or behavioural disorders (HR 5·73 and 5·44); diseases of the nervous (HR 4·39 and 2·08), circulatory (HR 1·95 and 1·57) or respiratory system (HR 2·19 and 1·49); and symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (HR 2·23 and 1·43). Malnutrition and risk of malnutrition are associated with increased mortality regardless of the cause of death, which emphasises the need for nutritional screening to identify older adults who may require nutritional support in order to avoid preterm death.
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Sung, Baksun. "A spatial analysis of the association between social vulnerability and the cumulative number of confirmed deaths from COVID-19 in United States counties through November 14, 2020." Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 12, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.0372.
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ObjectivesCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is classified as a natural hazard, and social vulnerability describes the susceptibility of social groups to potential damages from natural hazards. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the association between social vulnerability and the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths (per 100,000) in 3,141 United States counties.MethodsThe cumulative number of COVID-19 deaths was obtained from USA Facts. Variables related to social vulnerability were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Social Vulnerability Index and the 2018 5-Year American Community Survey. Data were analyzed using spatial autoregression models.ResultsLowest income and educational level, as well as high proportions of single parent households, mobile home residents, and people without health insurance were positively associated with a high cumulative number of COVID-19 deaths.ConclusionIn conclusion, there are regional differences in the cumulative number of COVID-19 deaths in United States counties, which are affected by various social vulnerabilities. Hence, these findings underscore the need to take social vulnerability into account when planning interventions to reduce COVID-19 deaths.
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Culberson, Joseph C. "On the Futility of Blind Search: An Algorithmic View of “No Free Lunch”." Evolutionary Computation 6, no. 2 (June 1998): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco.1998.6.2.109.
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The paper is in three parts. First, we use simple adversary arguments to redevelop and explore some of the no-free-lunch (NFL) theorems and perhaps extend them a little. Second, we clarify the relationship of NFL theorems to algorithm theory and complexity classes such as NP. We claim that NFL is weaker in the sense that the constraints implied by the conjectures of traditional algorithm theory on what an evolutionary algorithm may be expected to accomplish are far more severe than those implied by NFL. Third, we take a brief look at how natural evolution relates to computation and optimization. We suggest that the evolution of complex systems exhibiting high degrees of orderliness is not equivalent in difficulty to optimizing hard (in the complexity sense) problems, and that the optimism in genetic algorithms (GAs) as universal optimizers is not justified by natural evolution. This is an informal tutorial paper—most of the information presented is not formally proven, and is either “common knowledge” or formally proven elsewhere. Some of the claims are intuitions based on experience with algorithms, and in a more formal setting should be classified as conjectures.
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Brabhaharan, Pathmanathan. "Integrated Wellington region land transport resilience study." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 54, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.54.2.163-175.
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Wellington region’s transport network has poor resilience to natural hazards, given the rugged terrain, high seismicity and wet climate. This exposes the land access to the region and the capital city to be potentially cut off from the rest of New Zealand for several months, and its cities to be isolated from each other.
This paper reports on a pioneering integrated resilience study of the entire land transport system in the region provided by the state highways, principal and arterial local roads and the railway system. The study considered resilience risks from a range of natural hazards (earthquake, storm and tsunami) using the metrics of availability and outage. The resilience risks and the relative importance of the routes were used to assess the criticality of these risks for future investment in resilience enhancement. The criticality also considered risks to other lifeline utilities - power, water and telecommunications that share these transport corridors. The combined criticality was used to prioritise these resilience risks. The highest criticality resilience risks were classified into extreme, very high and high levels. The extreme criticality risks identified were the state highway between Ngauranga and Petone and the adjacent Ngauranga interchange between the two State Highways 1 and 2, which together provide access between Wellington, Hutt and Porirua cities. A range of very high risks were identified across the region which included both state highways and local roads. This novel resilience study provided the basis for a subsequent business case for future investment to enhance the resilience of the region’s transport network.
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Li, Xueqin, Lindsay C. Stringer, Sarah Chapman, and Martin Dallimer. "How urbanisation alters the intensity of the urban heat island in a tropical African city." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): e0254371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254371.
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Due to the combined effects of urban growth and climate change, rapid urbanisation is particularly challenging in African cities. Areas that will house a large proportion of the urban population in the future coincide with where natural hazards are expected to occur, and where hazard risk management institutions, knowledge, and capacity are often lacking. One of the challenges posed by rapid urbanisation is the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, whereby urban areas are warmer than the surrounding rural areas. This study investigates urbanisation patterns and alterations in surface UHI (SUHI) intensity for the Kampala urban cluster, Uganda. Analyses show that between 1995 and 2017, Kampala underwent extensive changes to its urban built-up area. From the centre of the city to adjoining non-built up areas in all directions, the urban land cover increased from 12,133 ha in 1995 to 25,389 ha in 2016. The area of SUHI intensity in Kampala expanded significantly over the 15-year period of study, expanding from 22,910 ha in 2003 to 27,900 ha in 2016, while the annual daytime SUHI of 2.2°C in 2003 had decreased to 1.9°C by 2017. Although SUHI intensity decreased in some parts of the city, elsewhere it increased, suggesting that urbanisation does not always lead to a deterioration of environmental conditions. We postulate that urban development may therefore not necessarily create an undesirable impact on local climate if it is properly managed. Rapidly growing cities in Africa and elsewhere should ensure that the dynamics of their development are directed towards mitigating potentially harmful environmental impacts, such as UHI effect through careful planning that considers both bluespaces and greenspaces.
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White, T. D., T. A. Payne, M. R. McNeill, and D. T. Bewsell. "The problem with grubby footwear at international borders a New Zealand case study of golfers." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6851.
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Due to New Zealands geographical isolation the country is free from many pests and diseases that are problematic in agricultural horticultural and natural environments elsewhere To help protect against incursions by new pests and diseases biosecurity officers check and if necessary clean travellers footwear as they enter the country Golf shoes can collect and carry contaminants such as soil and leaf matter If contaminated footwear is not detected at the border it can provide an entry pathway for potential biosecurity hazards such as unwanted pests and diseases This research examined the experiences of golfers returning to New Zealand after playing golf overseas both in terms of their risk awareness and of their biosecurity experiences at the New Zealand border Results show that 36 of respondents were unsure whether soil and leaf material found on golf shoes was a biosecurity risk while 56 of respondents had not seen any information regarding the requirement for clean sport shoes when travelling This may influence their response to biosecurity issues when travelling and returning to New Zealand Raising awareness of the biosecurity risks and encouraging participation among golfers could be achieved through golforientated information packs that include cleaning brushes
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Tibon, Noriza Revaula, and Raniel Mejia Suiza. "Quantification of seismic exposure and vulnerability of historic buildings in Metro Manila." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 9, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-01-2017-0010.
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Purpose Structures such as buildings are at risk to the natural hazards such as earthquakes. Damage and loss of these structures may cause not just human lives but cultural heritage to be lost as well. This study aims to look into the exposure and vulnerability that deal with how many historic buildings there are in Metro Manila, how they are classified and how susceptible these buildings are to damage because of a certain amount of ground motion. Design/methodology/approach Inventories for exposure were conducted according to structural material, height and vintage. The building typologies of HAZARDS US Multi-hazard and UPD Institute of Civil Engineering were used and modified in this study. Three buildings, specifically the Central United Methodist Church (CUMC), Ellinwood Malate Church and Ermita Church, were modeled and analyzed with the aid of ETABS. Using the performance points and capacity curves derived from the nonlinear analysis, vulnerability was quantified by coming up with a vulnerability curve that expresses damage as a function of ground motion. Findings It was concluded that there are 54 historic buildings present in Metro Manila as of 2012. Reinforced concrete moment frames comprised the majority of historic buildings at 44.5 per cent of the population. Among the three buildings, CUMC responded as the strongest and Ermita Church responded as the weakest. Originality/value This paper fulfils the need to quantify the seismic exposure and vulnerability of the historic buildings in Metro Manila, as the more vulnerable these structures are, the more they need to be strengthened against potential hazards.
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Ronco, P., M. Bullo, S. Torresan, A. Critto, R. Olschewski, M. Zappa, and A. Marcomini. "KULTURisk regional risk assessment methodology for water-related natural hazards – Part 2: Application to the Zurich case study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 3 (March 27, 2015): 1561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1561-2015.
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Abstract. The aim of this paper is the application of the KULTURisk regional risk assessment (KR-RRA) methodology, presented in the companion paper (Part 1, Ronco et al., 2014), to the Sihl River basin, in northern Switzerland. Flood-related risks have been assessed for different receptors lying on the Sihl River valley including Zurich, which represents a typical case of river flooding in an urban area, by calibrating the methodology to the site-specific context and features. Risk maps and statistics have been developed using a 300-year return period scenario for six relevant targets exposed to flood risk: people; economic activities: buildings, infrastructure and agriculture; natural and semi-natural systems; and cultural heritage. Finally, the total risk index map has been produced to visualize the spatial pattern of flood risk within the target area and, therefore, to identify and rank areas and hotspots at risk by means of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tools. Through a tailored participatory approach, risk maps supplement the consideration of technical experts with the (essential) point of view of relevant stakeholders for the appraisal of the specific scores weighting for the different receptor-relative risks. The total risk maps obtained for the Sihl River case study are associated with the lower classes of risk. In general, higher (relative) risk scores are spatially concentrated in the deeply urbanized city centre and areas that lie just above to river course. Here, predicted injuries and potential fatalities are mainly due to high population density and to the presence of vulnerable people; flooded buildings are mainly classified as continuous and discontinuous urban fabric; flooded roads, pathways and railways, most of them in regards to the Zurich central station (Hauptbahnhof) are at high risk of inundation, causing severe indirect damage. Moreover, the risk pattern for agriculture, natural and semi-natural systems and cultural heritage is relatively less important mainly because the scattered presence of these assets. Finally, the application of the KR-RRA methodology to the Sihl River case study, as well as to several other sites across Europe (not presented here), has demonstrated its flexibility and the possible adaptation of it to different geographical and socioeconomic contexts, depending on data availability and particulars of the sites, and for other (hazard) scenarios.
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Llasat, M. C., M. Llasat-Botija, and L. López. "A press database on natural risks and its application in the study of floods in Northeastern Spain." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 6 (December 7, 2009): 2049–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-2049-2009.
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Abstract. The aim of this work is to introduce a systematic press database on natural hazards and climate change in Catalonia (NE of Spain) and to analyze its potential application to social-impact studies. For this reason, a review of the concepts of risk, hazard, vulnerability and social perception is also included. This database has been built for the period 1982–2007 and contains all the news related with those issues published by the oldest still-active newspaper in Catalonia. Some parameters are registered for each article and for each event, including criteria that enable us to determine the importance accorded to it by the newspaper, and a compilation of information about it. This ACCESS data base allows each article to be classified on the basis of the seven defined topics and key words, as well as summary information about the format and structuring of the new itself, the social impact of the event and data about the magnitude or intensity of the event. The coverage given to this type of news has been assessed because of its influence on construction of the social perception of natural risk and climate change, and as a potential source of information about them. The treatment accorded by the press to different risks is also considered. More than 14 000 press articles have been classified. Results show that the largest number of news items for the period 1982–2007 relates to forest fires and droughts, followed by floods and heavy rainfalls, although floods are the major risk in the region of study. Two flood events recorded in 2002 have been analyzed in order to show an example of the role of the press information as indicator of risk perception.
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Brahim, Benzougagh, Boudad Larbi, Dridri Abdallah, and Sdkaoui Driss. "Utilisation Du Sig Dans L’analyse Morphometrique Et La Prioritisation Des Sous-Bassins Versants De Oued Inaouene (Nord-Est Du Maroc)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 6 (February 29, 2016): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n6p266.
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The present work focuses on the prioritization of the wadi Inaouène watershed based on morphometric analysis. The river system was extracted and thirteen sub-catchment basins have been delineated from a DTM using open source software. The following morphometric parameters were calculated for each sub-basin stream length (Lu) and the average length (Lsm), flow length ratio (RL), bifurcation ratio (Rb), medium bifurcation ratio (RBM), drainage density (Dd), drainage texture (T), the flow rate (Fs), elongation rate (Re), circularity ratio (Rc), form factor (Ff), topography and terrain ratio. By combining the values of these parameters we have classified the sub-watersheds in three prioritization categories: high grade (SBV01, SBV04, SBV05, SBV06, SBV11 and SBV12), is subject to a maximum soil erosion, which requires immediate action to prevent possible natural hazards, the Average category (SBV02, SBV03, SBV07, SBV08, SBV09 and SBV10) and low grade (SBV13).
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Webb, Geoffrey P. "Nutritional supplements and conventional medicine; what should the physician know?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 4 (October 25, 2007): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005782.
Full textAbstract:
Almost anything that is swallowed in pill or potion form that is not a licensed medicine is, by default, legally classified as a dietary supplement. The present paper is an overview of supplement use and is intended to provide a logical framework for their discussion. Five major supplement categories are identified: essential micronutrients; other metabolites that have vitamin-like roles; natural oils; natural plant or animal extracts; antioxidants, which span the other categories. Supplement usage is also classified into broad categories. Examples of each supplement category and usage are briefly discussed. Some potential hazards of supplement use are also outlined; many substances in supplements are either not found in normal UK diets or consumed in much greater amounts than would be found in food. Many supplements are used for pharmaceutical purposes and sold as supplements to avoid the expense of acquiring a medicinal licence and to avoid the stricter quality-control regulations that apply to medicines. The use of supplements to ensure nutritional adequacy and as possible conditionally-essential nutrients is briefly discussed, as is their essentially pharmaceutical use for the prevention and alleviation of disease. There is critical discussion of whether the use of antioxidant supplements is justified or even if it is reasonable to promote a particular food on the basis of antioxidant content alone. Much of the research on supplements is reductionist, commercially sponsored or has other weaknesses; so, despite decades of use and research there is still uncertainty about their efficacy in many cases.
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Nielsen, Charlene, Carl Amrhein, and Alvaro Osornio-Vargas. "Geographical Analysis of the Distribution of Publications Describing Spatial Associations among Outdoor Environmental Variables and Really Small Newborns in the USA and Canada." Challenges 10, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe10010011.
Full textAbstract:
Newborns defined as being of “low birth weight” (LBW) or “small for gestational age” (SGA) are global health issues of concern because they are vulnerable to mortality and morbidity. Prenatal exposures may contribute to LBW/SGA. In this review, we searched peer-reviewed scientific literature to determine what location-based hazards have been linked with LBW/SGA in the industrialized nations of Canada and the USA. After selecting studies based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, we entered relevant details in to an evidence table. We classified and summarized 159 articles based on type of environment (built = 108, natural = 10, and social = 41) and general category of environmental variables studied (e.g., air pollution, chemical, water contamination, waste site, agriculture, vegetation, race, SES, etc.). We linked the geographic study areas by province/state to political boundaries in a GIS to map the distributions and frequencies of the studies. We compared them to maps of LBW percentages and ubiquitous environmental hazards, including land use, industrial activity and air pollution. More studies had been completed in USA states than Canadian provinces, but the number has been increasing in both countries from 1992 to 2018. Our geographic inquiry demonstrated a novel, spatially-focused review framework to promote understanding of the human ‘habitat’ of shared environmental exposures that have been associated with LBW/SGA.
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Suppawimut, Worawit. "GIS-Based Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using Statistical Index and Weighting Factor Models." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 19, no. 6 (August 25, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/19/2021003.
Full textAbstract:
Floods are one of the most devastating natural hazards, causing deaths, economic losses, and destruction of property. Flood susceptibility maps are an essential tool for flood mitigation and preparedness planning. This study mapped flood susceptibility using statistical index (SI) and weighting factor (WF) models in San Pa Tong District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The conditioning factors used to perform flood susceptibility mapping were elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, rainfall, distance from rivers, stream density, soil drainage, land use, and road density. The flood data were randomly classified as training data for mapping (70% of data) and testing data for model validation (30% of data). The results revealed that the SI and WF models classified 49.49% and 51.74% of the study area, respectively, as very highly susceptible to flooding. In the WF model, the factors with the greatest influence were land use, soil drainage, and elevation. The validation of the models using the area under the curve revealed that the success rates of the SI and WF models were 91.80% and 93.06%, while the prediction rates were 92.05% and 93.52%, respectively. The results from this study can be useful for local authorities in San Pa Tong District for flood preparedness and mitigation.
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Balikuddembe, Joseph Kimuli. "Re-emergency of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo: synergizing the preparedness and response measures with the sustainable development goals." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 29, no. 5 (July 9, 2020): 649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-04-2020-0116.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThis paper attempts to discuss the synergies between the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and Ebola preparedness and response – with a specific outlook about how the five (5) targets in SDG.3 can be prioritized and integrated into the measures taken against the battle of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic Congo (DRC) as well as any other sporadic health disasters and emergencies elsewhere.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on the published literature, including reports, peer-reviewed articles, statistical data and relevant documents identified from authenticated sources.FindingsSustainable development, which is the nitty-gritty of SDGs, is underscored as a germane in almost all regional and international frameworks. However, as traditional natural hazards persist, alongside the persistence of civil conflicts and instability, socioeconomic challenges such as EVD pose serious hindrances to SDGs, and achieving them by 2030 might be a deferred dream, especially in low- and middle-income countries such as DRC.Practical implicationsThis paper will help to inform the decisions of bureaucrats at different levels, especially those aimed at promoting and integrating health into sustainable development.Originality/valueThe recent 2018 EVD outbreaks in DRC, which galvanized the regional and global attention, call for an approach that elucidates an interaction between the SDGs and countermeasures of responding to this deadly disease in the DRC and elsewhere.
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Gearty, Conor. "The Place of Private Nuisance in a Modern Law of Torts." Cambridge Law Journal 48, no. 2 (July 1989): 214–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819730010529x.
Full textAbstract:
It is forty years since Professor Newark wrote despairingly of nuisance that “the subject as commonly taught comprises a mass of material which proves so intractable to definition and analysis that it immediately betrays its mongrel origins.” The “truest dictum in the books” was that of Erle C.J., who had once said in answer to the question, what is a nuisance?, that it was “immersed in undefined uncertainty.” Little has changed since 1949. Public and private nuisance still face life together in the textbooks, the universities and the law reports, despite the convincing evidence all round, much of it gathered in Newark's article, that they have little in common except the accident of sharing the same name. Making hoax bomb calls, obstructing the highway and holding a badly organised pop festival are as vulnerable to a public nuisance action as are the more traditional occurrences of special damage from atmospheric, water and noise pollution. Private nuisance has, if anything, become even more confused and confusing. Its chapter lies neglected in the standard works, little changed over the years, its modest message overwhelmed by the excitements to be found elsewhere in tort. Any sense of direction which may have existed in the old days is long gone. The action now encompasses not only smelly oil depots, noisy speedboats and the like but also dangerous natural hazards on the land and the only slightly less natural “user of premises for prostitution and the perambulations of the prostitutes and their customers.” Sometimes negligence is essential to liability, sometimes it is quite irrelevant.
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Arefin, MT, and MM Rahman. "Contamination Status of Surface Water from the Balu River for Irrigation Usage in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 12, no. 1-2 (February 11, 2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v12i1-2.51986.
Full textAbstract:
An attempt was made to evaluate the contamination status of surface water collected from the Balu river for irrigation. Twenty samples were collected to analyze pH, EC, TDS and ions. Samples were slightly alkaline in nature. Water samples were from low to medium salinity and low alkalinity hazards (C1S1-C2S1). As per TDS values, samples were classified as freshwater. Considering SAR and SSP values, samples were excellent and good to permissible classes, respectively. Most of the water samples were free from RSC and all the samples were under moderately hard. The status of Cr and Mn ions in samples surpassed FAO guideline values indicating contaminants for long-term irrigation. The levels of other metal ions in samples were within acceptable levels and did not pose a threat to irrigated soil. This finding revealed that Cr and Mn ions were considered as contaminants in river water for irrigation posing harmful impact on soils and crops.
Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 12(1&2): 57-65, 2019
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Osanai, Nobutomo, Hideaki Mizuno, and Takahisa Mizuyama. "Design Standard of Control Structures Against Debris Flow in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 5, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2010.p0307.
Full textAbstract:
Countermeasures to prevent or mitigate sedimentrelated hazards, debris flow in this paper are classified as structural measures or nonstructural measures. The structural measures are Sabo dams, leading dikes, and channels for debris flow control. The nonstructural measures are the designation of areas prone to debris flow, proper land use in the areas, the reinforcement of houses, the creation of warning systems and the evacuation of the inhabitants in case of emergency. A technical standard on debris flow control structures of Japan was revised in 2007. Major revision is that check dams called Sabo dams constructed near houses are changed from closed type Sabo dams to open type Sabo dams because the occurrence frequency is low as once for longer than one hundred years, natural torrent environment should be conserved in ordinary days and sediment trap capacity should be kept until debris flow occurs. Points changed are explained such as the opening of open type dams is as equal as the maximum stone size.