Journal articles on the topic 'Natural GOMS language'
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1
Kirom, Makhi Ulil. "اللغة الهجين واللغة المولدة." LUGAWIYYAT 3, no. 2 (November 21, 2021): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/lg.v3i2.14022.
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Language is speech, as Ibn Jinni defined it. This definition goes to the growth of the spoken language in society. It is well known that the spoken language is more developed and used than the written language. This research aims to explain the conditions of the spoken language and its changes. First of all, we divide this spoken language into two parts, pidgin language and creole language. While a pidgin language arises from efforts to communicate between speakers of different languages, a creole language is born from the natural language that develops from the simplifying and mixing of different languages into a new one. This phenomenon is found in many languages, including Arabic. The pidgin language in Arabic is spoken by workers from outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Philippines and other countries. They try to converse among themselves in Arabic according to their ability and understanding, this is where the pidgin language originates. And there are many languages was established among peoples for a long time, and the frequent circulation of it among them made it natural to them, so this language became a creole language.
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Rein, Andrew. "Frege and Natural Language." Philosophy 60, no. 234 (October 1985): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100042546.
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It is a commonplace that Frege thought ordinary language to be seriously defective. Yet his remarks about ordinary language are not always unflattering. Comparing the relation between his formal language and ordinary language to the relation between the microscope and the eye, Frege remarked: ‘[the eye], because of the range of its applicability and because of the ease with which it can adapt itself to the most varied circumstances, has a great superiority over the microscope’. The point, of course, is that, for Frege, the deficiencies of ordinary language arise in connection with the scientific endeavour: ordinary language is not an acceptable medium in which to pursue truth. As he goes on to observe: ‘… viewed as an optical instrument [the eye] reveals many imperfections … as soon as scientific purposes place strong requirements upon sharpness of resolution, the eye proves to be inadequate. On the other hand, the microscope is perfectly suited for just such purposes’.
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Wolfe-Quintero, Kate. "Nativism does not equal Universal Grammar." Second Language Research 12, no. 4 (October 1996): 335–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200402.
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This article is about nativist theories of language learning and how they apply to SLA. I am seeking a nativism that goes beyond the scope of Universal Grammar (UG), that explains the human cognitive capacity for language learning (language knowledge, learning, and processing), the learning of all language structures found in natural languages (both core and peripheral), and SLA (learnability, development, transfer, and differential success). Such a theory does not yet exist, but current nativist theories (linguistic, developmental, general and connectionist) suggest ways in which such a theory might be developed.
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Kparou, Hanoukoume Cyril. "Étude comparée des interrogateurs en lama et en français." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 26 (September 30, 2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n26p332.
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Interrogation is a Language Universal (LU), i.e., it exists in all natural languages. However, every language has undeniable particularities. Lama3 and French4, two languages from different language families, are a good illustration of these realities. A comparative study of interrogatives of both languages shows many similarities as well as dissimilarities. This article is aimed at presenting a comparative typology of interrogative markers and constructions in Lama and French. It consists of a morphosyntactic analysis of the interrogative markers and their different functions implied in the construction of interrogative sentences. French uses an interrogative copula est-ce que and the verbal inversion to form total interrogation, while Lama makes use of postpositional morphemes to formulate fundamental interrogation. Both languages form partial interrogation with adverbial and relative markers, but Lama goes further with the use of noun class interrogative markers. This study contributes to establish language universals and particularities in both languages at formal and functional levels.
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Navigli, Roberto, Rexhina Blloshmi, and Abelardo Carlos Martínez Lorenzo. "BabelNet Meaning Representation: A Fully Semantic Formalism to Overcome Language Barriers." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 11 (June 28, 2022): 12274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21490.
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Conceptual representations of meaning have long been the general focus of Artificial Intelligence (AI) towards the fundamental goal of machine understanding, with innumerable efforts made in Knowledge Representation, Speech and Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, inter alia. Even today, at the core of Natural Language Understanding lies the task of Semantic Parsing, the objective of which is to convert natural sentences into machine-readable representations. Through this paper, we aim to revamp the historical dream of AI, by putting forward a novel, all-embracing, fully semantic meaning representation, that goes beyond the many existing formalisms. Indeed, we tackle their key limits by fully abstracting text into meaning and introducing language-independent concepts and semantic relations, in order to obtain an interlingual representation. Our proposal aims to overcome the language barrier, and connect not only texts across languages, but also images, videos, speech and sound, and logical formulas, across many fields of AI.
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Sharma, Purushottam, Devesh Tulsian, Chaman Verma, Pratibha Sharma, and Nancy Nancy. "Translating Speech to Indian Sign Language Using Natural Language Processing." Future Internet 14, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14090253.
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Language plays a vital role in the communication of ideas, thoughts, and information to others. Hearing-impaired people also understand our thoughts using a language known as sign language. Every country has a different sign language which is based on their native language. In our research paper, our major focus is on Indian Sign Language, which is mostly used by hearing- and speaking-impaired communities in India. While communicating our thoughts and views with others, one of the most essential factors is listening. What if the other party is not able to hear or grasp what you are talking about? This situation is faced by nearly every hearing-impaired person in our society. This led to the idea of introducing an audio to Indian Sign Language translation system which can erase this gap in communication between hearing-impaired people and society. The system accepts audio and text as input and matches it with the videos present in the database created by the authors. If matched, it shows corresponding sign movements based on the grammar rules of Indian Sign Language as output; if not, it then goes through the processes of tokenization and lemmatization. The heart of the system is natural language processing which equips the system with tokenization, parsing, lemmatization, and part-of-speech tagging.
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Canagarajah, Suresh. "The plurilingual tradition and the English language in South Asia." AILA Review 22 (November 16, 2009): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.22.02can.
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There has been a plurilingual tradition of communication in South Asia since precolonial times. Local scholars consider pluringualism as ‘natural’ to the ecology of this region. In plurilingualism, proficiency in languages is not conceptualized individually, with separate competencies developed for each language. The different languages constitute an integrated system to constitute a repertoire. After distinguishing plurilingualism from other forms of multilingual communication, the article shows how English has been accommodated in this tradition. What I label Plurilingual English is not an identifiable code or a systematized variety of English. It is a highly fluid and variable form of language practice. Speakers negotiate their different Englishes for intelligibility and effective communication. The article goes on to define plurilingual competence. For communication to work across such radical differences, it is important that acquisition and use go hand and hand. Such a competence is always in a state of becoming and, therefore, acquisition is emergent. Plurilingual communication works because competence does not rely solely on a form of knowledge, but rather, encompasses interaction strategies. In the final section, the article discusses how learner strategy training and language awareness go some way toward facilitating such interactional strategies and repertoire development.
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Nunes de Castro, Leandro, Rafael Silveira Xavier, Rodrigo Pasti, Renato Dourado Maia, Alexandre Szabo, and Daniel Gomes Ferrari. "The Grand Challenges in Natural Computing Research." International Journal of Natural Computing Research 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jncr.2011100102.
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An important premise of Natural Computing is that some form of computation goes on in Nature, and that computing capability has to be understood, modeled, abstracted, and used for different objectives and in different contexts. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a new language capable of describing and allowing the comprehension of natural systems as a union of computing phenomena, bringing an information processing perspective to Nature. To develop this new language and convert Natural Computing into a new science it is imperative to overcome three specific Grand Challenges in Natural Computing Research: Transforming Natural Computing into a Transdisciplinary Discipline, Unveiling and Harnessing Information Processing in Natural Systems, Engineering Natural Computing Systems.
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Chao, Feng-Mei, and Qiao Yu Cai. "A Retrospective View of Using Translation in Chinese Teaching." International Educational Research 2, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ier.v2n1p1.
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For non-native Chinese speaking adult immigrants, learning Chinese as a second language with the help of translation is cognitively natural. Such learners, already versed in their mother tongue, can well justify themselves to have “the ability to move appropriately between languages” when translation can be seen as a natural language skill to use, often being used with these learners’ scant awareness. Moreover, what goes on in learners’ mind is an on-going process that not only draws on analytical and associative resources but also a more elaborated analysis of the new input in an effort to turn the input into intake. Meanwhile, translation is a communicative tool that both the teacher and students find it practical to use in a class. Understanding how to maximize this tool to enhance learners’ learning becomes indispensable. The present investigation focuses on classroom observation of two classes where non-native speakers of different proficiency take Chinese lessons for three months. Both teacher-learner and learner-learner interaction indicates translation is a handy medium that learners use to assist learning a new language. Learners with the same language background readily use their mother tongue to help one another grasp the linguistic concepts under study. Other than that, English serves as a common denominator for the interaction between a teacher and his/ her learners.
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McNeill, David. "Gesture–speech unity." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 5, no. 2 (December 22, 2014): 137–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.5.2.01mcn.
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This paper outlines an argument for how development in child speech and gesture could shed light on language evolution: child acquisition can be thought of as two types of acquisition, one of which goes extinct (gesture-first, Acquisition 1) and is replaced by another (gesture–speech unity, Acquisition 2). For ontogenesis, this implies that children acquire two languages, one of which is extinct, and which again goes extinct in ontogenesis (it continues as “gestures of silence” rather than as gestures of speech). There is no way to get from Acquisition 1 to Acquisition 2. They are on different tracks. Even when they converge in the same sentence, as they sometimes do, they alternate and do not combine. I propose that the 3~4 year timing of Acquisition 2 relates to the natural selection of a kind of gestural self–response I call “Mead’s Loop”, which took place in a certain psychological milieu at the origin of language. This milieu emerges now in ontogenesis at 3~4 years and with it Mead’s Loop. It is self-aware agency, on which a self-response depends. Other developments, such as theory of mind and shared intentionality, likewise depend on it and also emerge around the same time. The prefrontal cortex, anchoring a ring of language centers in the brain, matures at that point as well, another factor influencing the late timing. On the other hand, a third acquisition, speech evoking adult attachment, begins at (or even before) birth, as shown by a number of studies, and provides continuity through the two acquisitions and extinction.
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BARKER, KEN, TERRY COPECK, STAN SZPAKOWICZ, and SYLVAIN DELISLE. "Systematic construction of a versatile case system." Natural Language Engineering 3, no. 4 (December 1997): 279–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324997001460.
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Case systems abound in natural language processing. Almost any attempt to recognize and uniformly represent relationships within a clause – a unit at the centre of any linguistic system that goes beyond word level statistics – must be based on semantic roles drawn from a small, closed set. The set of roles describing relationships between a verb and its arguments within a clause is a case system. What is required of such a case system? How does a natural language practitioner build a system that is complete and detailed yet practical and natural? This paper chronicles the construction of a case system from its origin in English marker words to its successful application in the analysis of English text.
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HADAS, DANIEL. "ST AUGUSTINE AND THE DISAPPEARANCE OF VARRO." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 60, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-5370.12058.
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Abstract: This paper argues that St Augustine's presentation of Varro's Antiquitates rerum divinarum in City of God was pivotal to the latter text's disappearance. It shows how Augustine used the Antiquitates' tripartite theology (poetic, civil, and natural) to destroy Varro's authority on traditional Roman religion. In Augustine's reading, Varro's open criticism of the gods of myth and poetry implied an equal rejection of the civil cult. This left the natural gods of the philosophers, but Augustine derided Varro's attempts at philosophical theology. The result was that, to readers of the City of God, the Antiquitates rerum divinarum appeared as a failure: Varro had been incapable of justifying traditional Roman religion, while lacking the courage to attack it openly. Readers could then turn to the City of God itself as a better guide to the Roman gods, and there was no further need to read or copy the Antiquitates.
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Sholeh, Muhammad Badrus. "Task-Based Learning in the Classroom for EFL Learners: A Review." LINGUA : Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 17, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v17i2.641.
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In language teaching and learning, there are several methodologies and approaches; one of them is TBL. Since the 1980s, this approach has had the most pedagogical attention in second language pedagogy. TBL is becoming increasingly common worldwide, particularly in English classes in Indonesia. The task's goal is to establish a clear reason for language use and create a natural meaning for language learning. The ideas and principles of TBL have proven to be effective in classrooms. This paper aims to explain why teachers should implement TBL (TBL) in the language classroom and how to implement TBL during classroom instruction. The discussion begins with the introduction and the description of TBL. Then, it goes on TBL characteristics and continues with the approaches, the benefits, and framework of TBL.
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FARHADY, Morteza, and Rahil GOLGIRI. "A politics of the Performativity in Forming of the Gender Identity." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 6, no. 2 (December 7, 2015): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v6i2.5173.
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This study is an attempt to examine the role of performativity in forming and determining gender identity in a society. This study included articles and books that were written about language, gender, identity of a gender and also politics of performativity. These studies were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The result of these analyzing shows gender identity is not natural or innate. Rather it takes its meaning from the inside of a person. This formation is influenced by the thoughts and ideas of society about gender and identity. It is clear gender and also gender identity constructed by language, then language goes into behavior, it, finally, begins to shape peoples identities. It means that gender and identity of gender are formed and determined by language and behavior; peoples acts.
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Antipenko, L. G. "Natural science assessment of postmodern approach to linguistics and literary creativity." Язык и текст 5, no. 2 (2018): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2018050203.
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There are two lines of ascent to understanding the essence of the word and language. One line is gnoseological, it can be represented as a line that goes from the sensual perception to the representation, from the representation to the concept, from the concept to the idea. It has been brilliantly designed by the outstanding Russian linguist A. A. Potebnya. The second line leads from top to bottom, the beginning of it is to be just Platonic idea. This line could now be called an ontological line, taking into account its explication by Martin Heidegger΄s fundamental ontology. The article shows how the synthesis of these two lines allows to confront the postmodern doctrine of arbitrariness (F. Saussur, Jacques Derrida) in the solution of the question of relationship between the signifier and signified, the sign (word) and thing (object).
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Tian, Bing, Yixin Cao, Yong Zhang, and Chunxiao Xing. "Debiasing NLU Models via Causal Intervention and Counterfactual Reasoning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 10 (June 28, 2022): 11376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21389.
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Recent studies have shown that strong Natural Language Understanding (NLU) models are prone to relying on annotation biases of the datasets as a shortcut, which goes against the underlying mechanisms of the task of interest. To reduce such biases, several recent works introduce debiasing methods to regularize the training process of targeted NLU models. In this paper, we provide a new perspective with causal inference to find out the bias. On one hand, we show that there is an unobserved confounder for the natural language utterances and their respective classes, leading to spurious correlations from training data. To remove such confounder, the backdoor adjustment with causal intervention is utilized to find the true causal effect, which makes the training process fundamentally different from the traditional likelihood estimation. On the other hand, in inference process, we formulate the bias as the direct causal effect and remove it by pursuing the indirect causal effect with counterfactual reasoning. We conduct experiments on large-scale natural language inference and fact verification benchmarks, evaluating on bias sensitive datasets that are specifically designed to assess the robustness of models against known biases in the training data. Experimental results show that our proposed debiasing framework outperforms previous state-of-the-art debiasing methods while maintaining the original in-distribution performance.
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Ren, Juan, Yu Liu, and Gang Zheng. "Interpretation of Transparency in the Design of Green Office Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 742 (August 2013): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.742.131.
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Green buildings have caught increasing attention in the global context. For green office building (GOB), the design should satisfy both the natural and working environmental considerations. Noticing that while a wide range of eco-technologies have been applied in existing GOBs, comparatively less than enough attentions have been put on the art performance of such buildings, this paper introduces and discusses how transparency, as an important visual language in modern architecture, can be used as a tool to bridge and emphasize the inseparable connection between art and technology in the architectural design area. The purpose of this paper is not only to explore and discuss new concepts regarding design of GOBs, but also to provide references for sustainable design in a larger perspective.
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Kilián, Imre. "Contralog: a Prolog conform forward-chaining environment and its application for dynamic programming and natural language parsing." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Informatica 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausi-2016-0003.
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Abstract The backward-chaining inference strategy of Prolog is inefficient for a number of problems. The article proposes Contralog: a Prolog-conform, forward-chaining language and an inference engine that is implemented as a preprocessor-compiler to Prolog. The target model is Prolog, which ensures mutual switching from Contralog to Prolog and back. The Contralog compiler is implemented using Prolog's de facto standardized macro expansion capability. The article goes into details regarding the target model. We introduce first a simple application example for Contralog. Then the next section shows how a recursive definition of some problems is executed by their Contralog definition automatically in a dynamic programming way. Two examples, the well-known matrix chain multiplication problem and the Warshall algorithm are shown here. After this, the inferential target model of Prolog/Contralog programs is introduced, and the possibility for implementing the ReALIS natural language parsing technology is described relying heavily on Contralog's forward chaining inference engine. Finally the article also discusses some practical questions of Contralog program development.
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Kulyapin, Alexander. "Was there Nevsky? Ideology and Poetics of V. M. Shukshin’s Story “Conversations under a Clear Moon”." Philology & Human, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2021)2-10.
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The article deals with the problematic issues and poetics of Shukshin’s story “Conversations under a Clear Moon”. Despite the fact that the title of the story contains the word “conversations”, there is no truly dialogical relations between the characters. The characters of the story, in fact, speak different languages. They need an interpreter, since they themselves do not understand interlocutor's speech well. The emergence of a language barrier between compatriots is natural. This is a consequence of the story’s character loss of identity: national, social and even gender. The writer focuses on the features of “non-Russianness” in the appearance, speeches, mentality of the main character - old man Baev. The process of losing national identity goes so far for Baev that he even puts forward an absurd hypothesis about his American origin. The interlocutor of Baev, Marya Selezneva, generally loses not only social, but also gender identity. The artistic world of the story “Conversations under a Clear Moon” is largely simulative. It is so illusory that the characters in the story cannot distinguish day from night, the moon from the sun. The line between (pseudo)life and death is practically erased in the story.
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Till, Dietmar. "Affekt contra ars: Wege der Rhetorikgeschichte um 1700." Rhetorica 24, no. 4 (2006): 337–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2006.24.4.337.
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Abstract This paper pursues the thesis that there was a break in the history of rhetoric around 1700, when the traditional concept of rhetoric as an ars was replaced by that of a rhetoric of emotion. The argument goes back to Quintilians notion of an artificiosa eloquentia. It is demonstrated how, in the early enlightenment, the ars-centered concept of rhetoric was carried over into that of a natural rhetoric which placed the fertile power of emotion above rhetorical tradition. As a result, the currency of ancient theories was permanently diminished.
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Soares Rodrigues, Alexandra. "Phonotactic conditions and morphotactic transparency in Mirandese word formation." Folia Linguistica 56, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 87–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2021-2005.
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Abstract This paper first describes the prefixation and circumfixation processes of Mirandese word formation and determines the general conditions of phonotactic correspondence between Portuguese and Mirandese. It then analyses the permeability of Mirandese to Portuguese in word formation, specifically concerning these affixation processes, and goes on to identify the specific phonological conditions that concern the allomorphy of each affix while quantifying their morphotactic transparency. Using Natural Morphology as a framework, data from this analysis demonstrate a relationship between morphotactic transparency and the actualisation of either specific allomorphic conditions or the general conditions of phonotactic correspondence.
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Sanchez, Luis. "Darwin, artificial selection, and poverty:Contemporary implications of a forgotten argument." Politics and the Life Sciences 29, no. 1 (March 2010): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/29_1_61.
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This paper argues that the processes of evolutionary selection are becoming increasingly artificial, a trend that goes against the belief in a purely natural selection process claimed by Darwin's natural selection theory. Artificial selection is mentioned by Darwin, but it was ignored by Social Darwinists, and it is all but absent in neo-Darwinian thinking. This omission results in an underestimation of probable impacts of artificial selection upon assumed evolutionary processes, and has implications for the ideological uses of Darwin's language, particularly in relation to poverty and other social inequalities. The influence of artificial selection on genotypic and phenotypic adaptations arguably represents a substantial shift in the presumed path of evolution, a shift laden with both biological and political implications.
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Vileiniskis, Tomas, and Rita Butkiene. "Applying Semantic Role Labeling and Spreading Activation Techniques for Semantic Information Retrieval." Information Technology And Control 49, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.49.2.24985.
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Semantically enhanced information retrieval (IR) is aimed at improving classical IR methods and goes way beyond plain Boolean keyword matching with the main goal of better serving implicit and ambiguous information needs. As a de-facto pre-requisite to semantic IR, different information extraction (IE) techniques are used to mine unstructured text for underlying knowledge. In this paper we present a method that combines both IE and IR to enable semantic search in natural language texts. First, we apply semantic role labeling (SRL) to automatically extract event-oriented information found in natural language texts to an RDF knowledge graph leveraging semantic web technology. Second, we investigate how a custom flavored graph traversal spreading activation algorithm can be employed to interpret user’s information needs on top of the prior-extracted knowledge base. Finally, we present an assessment on the applicability of our method for semantically enhanced IR. An experimental evaluation on partial WikiQA dataset shows the strengths of our approach and also unveils common pitfalls that we use as guidelines to draw further work directions in the open-domain semantic search field.
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Konieczna, Ewa. "Inflectional diagrammaticity in Polish: A case study of Polish children." Word Structure 4, no. 1 (April 2011): 20–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2011.0003.
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This paper constitutes an attempt to describe the early stages of morphological development of three Polish children on the basis of the language corpus collected in the form of parental diaries and audio recordings in the course of three-year-long longitudinal studies. The onset of morphological development is accounted for within the framework of Natural Morphology ( Galeas 1998 , Wurzel 1994 , Dressler et al. 1987 ). It is suggested that the premorphological stage is followed by the protomorphological stage which marks the beginning of morphological productivity, which is characterized by a significant degree of constructional iconicity defined by parameters of morphological naturalness, such as diagrammaticity, morphosemantic transparency and transparency of encoding. It is amply demonstrated that the language of children is far more regular than the language of adults due to its tendency to avoid alternation, which goes in line with previous research into the nature of the acquisition of Polish (see e.g. Smoczyńska 1985 ).
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Tanwar, Mona, Sunil Kumar Khatri, and Ravi Pendse. "A Framework for Feature Selection Using Natural Language Processing for User Profile Learning for Recommendations of Healthcare-Related Content." International Journal of Business Analytics 9, no. 3 (July 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijban.292059.
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This paper presents the work done on recommendations of healthcare related journal papers by understanding the semantics of terms from the papers referred by users in past. In other words, user profiles based on user interest within the healthcare domain are constructed from the kind of journal papers read by the users. Multiple user profiles are constructed for each user based on different categories of papers read by the users. The proposed approach goes to the granular level of extrinsic and intrinsic relationship between terms and clusters highly semantically related relevant domain terms where each cluster represents a user interest area. The semantic analysis of terms is done starting from co-occurrence analysis to extract the intra-couplings between terms and then the inter-couplings are extracted from the intra-couplings and then finally clusters of highly related terms are formed. The experiments showed improved precision for the proposed approach as compared to the state-of-the-art technique with a mean reciprocal rank of 0.76.
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Pezzini, Isabella. "Shadow Writing. W.G. Sebald’s Syncretic Discourse." Recherches sémiotiques 28, no. 1-2 (October 7, 2010): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044590ar.
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The article examines the interrelation of photograph and text in W.G. Sebald’s On the Natural History of Destruction (2001). This intermediality is, indeed, characteristic of Sebald’s work in both fiction and non-fiction. On the Natural History... belongs to the latter category, an involved and emotional examination of the collective repression in the consciousness of the German people of the carpet-bombing of Germany at the end of World War II. Here too the photographs have a function which goes far beyond that of testimony, the images constructing a complex plot within and with the text, on the level of both expression and content. What they produce is a new and singular “third language”, the only idiom capable of dealing with such complex issues of pain and blame, repression and memory.
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Müller, Alfons. "Message Becomes Incarnate in Song: Church Hymns in the Diocese of Kenge." Mission Studies 7, no. 1 (1990): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338390x00100.
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AbstractAs one cannot dance without music, so there is no music without dancing - so goes the popular thinking in Zaire. The Zairean Catholics have shown in the past admirable patience to imported European melodies and imposed language structures and their songs, robbed of their natural rhythm, were stilled until vernacular liturgy was approved in 1965. There is now music in the land, rich in the variety of various African traditions. The Catholic Church in Zaire is at last able to express itself in its own culture, and the Christian message becomes incarnate in songs and hymns.
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Amalric, Marie, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Cortical circuits for mathematical knowledge: evidence for a major subdivision within the brain's semantic networks." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1740 (January 2018): 20160515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0515.
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Is mathematical language similar to natural language? Are language areas used by mathematicians when they do mathematics? And does the brain comprise a generic semantic system that stores mathematical knowledge alongside knowledge of history, geography or famous people? Here, we refute those views by reviewing three functional MRI studies of the representation and manipulation of high-level mathematical knowledge in professional mathematicians. The results reveal that brain activity during professional mathematical reflection spares perisylvian language-related brain regions as well as temporal lobe areas classically involved in general semantic knowledge. Instead, mathematical reflection recycles bilateral intraparietal and ventral temporal regions involved in elementary number sense. Even simple fact retrieval, such as remembering that ‘the sine function is periodical’ or that ‘London buses are red’, activates dissociated areas for math versus non-math knowledge. Together with other fMRI and recent intracranial studies, our results indicated a major separation between two brain networks for mathematical and non-mathematical semantics, which goes a long way to explain a variety of facts in neuroimaging, neuropsychology and developmental disorders. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities’.
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Pettersson, Olof. "The Legacy of Hermes: Deception and Dialectic in Plato’s Cratylus." Journal of Ancient Philosophy 10, no. 1 (May 22, 2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-9471.v10i1p26-58.
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Against the background of a conventionalist theory, and staged as a defense of a naturalistic notion of names and naming, the critique of language developed in Plato’s Cratylus does not only propose that human language, in contrast to the language of the gods, is bound to the realm of myth and lie. The dialogue also concludes by offering a set of reasons to think that knowledge of reality is not within the reach of our words. Interpretations of the dialogue’s long etymological sections often neglect this critique and tend to end up with an overly optimistic assessment of the theory of language on offer. In the light of one of the dialogue’s central etymological accounts, Socrates’ etymology of the name Hermes, this paper discusses two recent and influential versions of such a view: David Sedley’s theory of onomatopoetic encapsulation and Franco Trivigno’s qualified referentialism. It argues that the complex relation between language and reality expressed in the Cratylus cannot be exhaustively captured by either of these theories because Plato considers all names to be semantically underdetermined until they are put to use. It suggests that Plato rather works with a functionalistic notion of names and naming, and that the dialogue’s account of natural and correct naming is to be understood in these terms.
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Kamen, Deborah. "The Manumission of Socrates." Classical Antiquity 32, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 78–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2013.32.1.78.
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This article argues we can better interpret key aspects of Plato's Phaedo, including Socrates' cryptic final words, if we read the dialogue against the background of Greek manumission. I first discuss modes of manumission in ancient Greece, showing that the frequent participation of healing gods (Apollo, Asklepios, and Sarapis) reveals a conception of manumission as “healing.” I next examine Plato's use of manumission and slavery as metaphors, arguing that Plato uses the language of slavery in two main ways: like real slavery, metaphorical slavery could be good, if it reflected a natural hierarchy, or bad, if it entailed an inversion thereof. Accordingly, metaphorical manumission from good and bad “slavery” are shown to be bad and good, respectively. Finally, I reread Plato's Phaedo, showing that Socrates, a willing “slave” of the gods, seeks the “manumission”/healing of his soul. It is in exchange for his complete “manumission,” attainable only through the death of his body, that Socrates offers a cock to the healing/manumission god Asklepios.
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Vostrikova, Ekaterina V., and Petr S. Kusliy. "Triviality and grammatical correctess: contemporary issues in intensional semantics." Philosophy Journal 13, no. 4 (2020): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2020-13-4-52-68.
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The article is devoted to the study of the semantics of embedded questions (interrogative subordinate clauses), as well as the nature of restrictions on the licensing of declarative and interrogative clauses as complements of propositional attitude verbs. The authors show that this topic goes back to the key aspects of the semantic and cognitive program of G. Frege and is of key importance for the philosophy of language. Using the analytical apparatus of contemporary semantics, the authors investigate this topic on the material of the most recent theoretical works. They show how the semantics of embedded questions contributes to the development of a new perspective on the structure of meaning and the cognitive potential of natural language users. The authors also identify a number of theoretical shortcomings and empirical limitations of several theories of the semantics of embedded questions and point at some directions for future research.
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Duncker, Dorthe. "Chatting with chatbots: Sign making in text-based human–computer interaction." Sign Systems Studies 48, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2020.48.1.05.
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This paper investigates the kind of sign making that goes on in text-based human–computer interaction, between human users and chatbots, from the point of view of integrational linguistics. A chatbot serves as a “conversational” user interface, allowing users to control computer programs in “natural language”. From the user’s perspective, the interaction is a case of semiologically integrated activity, but even if the textual traces of a chat may look like a written conversation between two humans the correspondence is not one-to-one. It is argued that chatbots cannot engage in communication processes, although they may display communicative behaviour. They presuppose a (second-order) language model, they can only communicate at the level of sentences, not utterances, and they implement communicational sequels by selecting from an inventory of executable skills. Instead of seeing them as interlocutors in silico, chatbots should be seen as powerful devices for humans to make signs with.
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Gordon, Neil, Natalya Kemerova, Lyudmila Bolsunovskaya, and Sergey Osipov. "Sustainable Language Training for Engineering Students: Integrating Resource-Efficiency into the Course Content through the Educational Process." Education Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13020176.
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The sustainable use of the Earth’s resources is recognized as increasingly important on a global scale, especially in relation to natural resource management, and is effectively addressed under the auspices of resource efficiency within engineering education. This has led to an increased demand for engineers able to carry out professional activities whilst considering sustainable issues, as well as adopting state-of-the-art technologies, and applying the best domestic and foreign practices. The study of resource efficiency encompasses a range of aspects, from natural resources, through information management, technological tools, time, and other resources. Effective engineering education should include resource efficiency, whilst enabling students to become autonomous lifelong learners, and to develop as potential researchers and professionals, able to take account of emerging issues and approaches for resource efficiency. This paper begins by analyzing the concept of resource efficiency and key research in this area. It goes on to provide a framework to demonstrate how resource-efficiency can be delivered as part of the teaching of year one engineering students, with a theoretical and methodological scaffolding. The paper presents a case study which utilizes resource efficiency within language training. The paper defines the notion of language training resources and their classification. The case study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed approach and includes a formal assessment to show its effectiveness.
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Mauranen, Anna. "Will 'translationese' ruin a contrastive study?" Languages in Contrast 2, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.2.2.03mau.
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Translated texts have been known as source material for contrastive analyses for a long time. Their value as suitable data has tended to be controversial throughout, and a new controversy is springing up now that corpus linguistics offers new perspectives for contrastive studies as well. Now that we can access large databases in any language, is there much point in drawing on the traditional kind of data that translations offer? This paper argues that corpora of translated texts constitute a valuable source of evidence for contrastive research, since they fulfil many of the criteria that have generally been seen as strengths in corpus study — for example language that has been used in its normal communicative contexts by a large number of users. Translations should be recognised as the normal part of a natural language that they are. The paper goes on to investigate a lexical item — English think — and its translation equivalents in Finnish, showing how sense categories of even frequent items can be drawn up with the help of another language. Unsuspected semantic prosodies may also come up in this process, and connections of particular senses with specific meanings. It demonstrates that a parallel corpus can capture relations of sense as well as form, which would be very hard to capture without such data.
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García-Silva, Andrés, Víctor Rodríguez-Doncel, and Oscar Corch. "Semantic Characterization of Tweets Using Topic Models." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 9, no. 3 (July 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2013070101.
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In the entertainment domain users tweet about their expectations and opinions regarding upcoming, current and past experiences, while companies advertise and promote the shows. This characterization, important for customers and companies, goes beyond traditional sentiment analysis where the polarity of the sentiments expressed in opinions is usually identified as positive, negative or neutral. The authors investigate different tweet representation models, including bags of words and probabilistic topic models, to shed light on the semantics of the messages. Their experiments show that topic-based models generated with Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) yield, most of the times, better categorizations when compared to TF-IDF based features, particularly when these models are enriched with natural language features and specific Twitter slang.
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Sverdlova, Nataliya A. "Hermeneutic Aspects of Bilingualism: the Role of Interlingual Interference." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-3-602-609.
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The article is devoted to the problem of studying bilingualism. The object of study is the mechanism of acquiring a non-native language, considered in the context of the hermeneutic approach. For a deeper analysis of the process of acquiring a non-native language, the role of mental and metapsychic categories on the way to bilingual understanding of new knowledge about the world is considered. The activity of a person in the conditions of personal choice is a complex one, where the central place is given to consciousness. Understanding, as a function of consciousness, becomes a key issue in the interpretation of the reality where the bilingual is. The interpretation of all components of the “new” (other) culture and the world goes through language. The native language of the bilingual is associated through a particular set of “presetting” and “pre-understanding”. Gaining new experience in the conditions of conscious choice leads to the emergence of a double format of perception of the world, which does not contradict human nature, is a condition of completeness of the world view. The tasks of the researcher included the representation of linguistic personality in terms and concepts of hermeneutics; the definition of the basic mental processes that are characteristic of the formation of bilingual linguistic personality; the study of interference as a natural process and the result of the interpretation of the phenomena of reality. The article attempts to explain the role of consciousness and understanding in bilingual speech activity and to define the essence of interlanguage interference in the light of the applied approach. In interaction of conceptual and linguistic spheres of the system, appears for the interference systems. Due to irreversible changes in the structure of linguistic consciousness, interlingual interference becomes a natural process that can disrupt decoding under certain communication conditions.
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Solo, Ashu M. G. "Warren, McCain, and Obama Needed Fuzzy Sets at Presidential Forum." Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/319718.
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During a presidential forum in the 2008 US presidential campaign, the moderator, Pastor Rick Warren, wanted Senator John McCain and then-Senator Barack Obama to definerichwith a specific number. Warren wanted to know at what specific income level a person goes from being not rich to rich. The problem with this question is that there is no specific income at which a person makes the leap from being not rich to being rich. This is becauserichis a fuzzy set, not a crisp set, with different incomes having different degrees of membership in therichfuzzy set. Fuzzy logic is needed to properly ask and answer Warren's question about quantitatively definingrich. An imprecise natural language word likerichshould be considered to havequalitative definitions, crisp quantitative definitions,andfuzzy quantitative definitions.
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Anisa, Ilma Siti, Retno Triwoelandari, and Yono Yono. "PENGEMBANGAN MODUL PEMBELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM BERBASIS STEM (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA SD/MI." Refleksi Edukatika : Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan 12, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/re.v12i2.6840.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of developing natural science learning modules based on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) to improve critical thinking and suitable for use for learning natural sciences in grade IV SD/MI. This research method uses research and development or is called Research and Development (RD) which refers to the ASSURE development model. The subject of this research is class IV SDIT Khoiru Ummah. This learning module goes through the stages of expert validation. The result show based on the results of the validation of the learning module, it was declared feasible to use, seen from the results of design validation, which obtained 76.31%, language validation 87.5% and material validation 71.5%. In addition, the increase in students' critical thinking was declared effective. Based on the results of the large group which was divided into 2, namely the experimental class got greater results than the control class. From the results presented, the STEM-based natural science learning module (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) is suitable for use by fourth graders and is effective in improving critical thinking of fourth grade elementary/MI students.
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Coleman, John. "The phonetic interpretation of headed phonological structures containing overlapping constituents." Phonology 9, no. 1 (May 1992): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001482.
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In this paper I shall present a theory of phonetic interpretation of headed phonological representations. The phonological representations in question are non-segmental, hierarchical, graphical objects similar to those in common use in autosegmental, metrical, dependency and ‘government and charm’ phonology, although the details of the phonological formalism I employ are different in some respects from each of these. The theory of phonetic interpretation is based on a parametric, dynamic model of phonetic representation. The distinction between ‘head’ and ‘non-head’ constituents is central to the phonetic interpretation model. As well as being formally explicit, I have developed a computational implementation of this theory, constituting a novel speech synthesis program, ‘YorkTalk’. Consequently, although the theory, like any other, is likely to contain certain faults, it goes beyond pencil-and-paper phonological theories, in that it is capable of algorithmically generating quite natural-sounding speech-like signals of a superior quality to other methods of generating synthetic speech, albeit only for isolated words.
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Rongali, Subendhu, Beiye Liu, Liwei Cai, Konstantine Arkoudas, Chengwei Su, and Wael Hamza. "Exploring Transfer Learning For End-to-End Spoken Language Understanding." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 15 (May 18, 2021): 13754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i15.17621.
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Voice Assistants such as Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant typically use a two-stage Spoken Language Understanding pipeline; first, an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) component to process customer speech and generate text transcriptions, followed by a Natural Language Understanding (NLU) component to map transcriptions to an actionable hypothesis. An end-to-end (E2E) system that goes directly from speech to a hypothesis is a more attractive option. These systems were shown to be smaller, faster, and better optimized. However, they require massive amounts of end-to-end training data and in addition, don't take advantage of the already available ASR and NLU training data. In this work, we propose an E2E system that is designed to jointly train on multiple speech-to-text tasks, such as ASR (speech-transcription) and SLU (speech-hypothesis), and text-to-text tasks, such as NLU (text-hypothesis). We call this the Audio-Text All-Task (AT-AT) Model and we show that it beats the performance of E2E models trained on individual tasks, especially ones trained on limited data. We show this result on an internal music dataset and two public datasets, FluentSpeech and SNIPS Audio, where we achieve state-of-the-art results. Since our model can process both speech and text input sequences and learn to predict a target sequence, it also allows us to do zero-shot E2E SLU by training on only text-hypothesis data (without any speech) from a new domain. We evaluate this ability of our model on the Facebook TOP dataset and set a new benchmark for zeroshot E2E performance. We release the audio data collected for the TOP dataset for future research.
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Shih, Stephanie S. "Constraint conjunction in weighted probabilistic grammar." Phonology 34, no. 2 (August 2017): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675717000136.
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This paper examines a key difference between constraint conjunction and constraint weight additivity, arguing that the two do not have the same empirical coverage. In particular, constraint conjunction in weighted probabilistic grammar allows for superadditive constraint interaction, where the effect of violating two constraints goes beyond the additive combination of the two constraints’ weights alone. A case study from parasitic tone harmony in Dioula d'Odienné demonstrates superadditive local and long-distance segmental feature similarities that increase the likelihood of tone harmony. Superadditivity in Dioula d'Odienné is formally captured in Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar by weighted constraint conjunction. Counter to previous approaches that supplant constraint conjunction with weight additivity in Harmonic Grammar, information-theoretic model comparison reveals that weighted constraint conjunction improves the grammar's explanatory power when modelling quantitative natural language patterns.
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Tutin, Agnès. "INTEX pour l’annotation semi-automatique d’un corpus d’anaphores." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 22, no. 1-2 (December 31, 1999): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.22.1-2.11tut.
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Anaphors constitute a well-known problem in automatic text generation and natural language understanding. Using corpora to deal with such phenomena could help to develop robust processing techniques. Building such resources is, though, a tedious and time-consuming task and could more easily be accomplished by partial automation. In this paper, we show how the intex system can be used for this task. We show that in a newspaper corpus (in this case, le Monde Diplomatique), discursive grammatical anaphors can easily be located via associated linguistic features. A series of transducers generating tags for categories and functions can thus be built, and constitutes an efficient pre-processing stage (though manual checking remains necessary). The heuristics, quickly and easily developed, are specific to the task. The study goes on to show, however, that discarding non-anaphoric pronouns is not straightforward in the case of non-referential personal pronouns or indefinite pronouns, and that the tagging of the grammatical function seems limited in the absence of real syntactic processing.
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Li, Fa, and Ken-ichi Takashima. "Sacrifice to the wind gods in late Shang China – religious, paleographic, linguistic and philological analyses: An integrated approach." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 6, no. 2 (June 2022): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25138502211063232.
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There is a bewildering array of rituals and sacrifices performed by the aristocratic, ruling elite in late Shāng China (c. 13th–11th centuries BC). They range from major, regularly scheduled, ritual observances to unscheduled rituals and sacrifices directed to the ancestors and the nature gods such as the wind, rivers, mountains and other deities. They were often accompanied with apotropaic prayers. What might have been their rationale is a question that remains to be answered. Sacrificing to the wind gods, for example, is often encountered in oracle-bone inscriptions. Scholars do not seem to have examined the deeper, ontological problem of the raison d’être of various rituals and sacrifices. A closer reading of the inscriptions containing fēng 風 ‘wind’, fèng 鳳 ‘phoenix’ and other collocated words may restore their original meanings. This paper distinguishes the ‘wind’ as a natural phenomenon from the ‘wind god’, even though they are written by the same graph. It also distinguishes between dì fēng 禘風 ‘dì-sacrifice to the wind (god)’ and níng fēng 寧風 ‘appease (unwanted) winds’. Identifying collocations of the words involved is an effective way for the distinctions we will be making. The paper also explores the need for the wind sacrifices accompanied by various other sacrifices. By addressing these issues, the paper is intended to stimulate further, in-depth discussion of the ritual and sacrificial system of late Shāng China. It covers a wide-ranging topic on late Shāng religious beliefs. They are analyzed in terms of paleography, linguistics and philology in an integrated manner.
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Nakatsuji, Makoto, and Sohei Okui. "Conclusion-Supplement Answer Generation for Non-Factoid Questions." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 8520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6373.
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This paper tackles the goal of conclusion-supplement answer generation for non-factoid questions, which is a critical issue in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), as users often require supplementary information before accepting a conclusion. The current encoder-decoder framework, however, has difficulty generating such answers, since it may become confused when it tries to learn several different long answers to the same non-factoid question. Our solution, called an ensemble network, goes beyond single short sentences and fuses logically connected conclusion statements and supplementary statements. It extracts the context from the conclusion decoder's output sequence and uses it to create supplementary decoder states on the basis of an attention mechanism. It also assesses the closeness of the question encoder's output sequence and the separate outputs of the conclusion and supplement decoders as well as their combination. As a result, it generates answers that match the questions and have natural-sounding supplementary sequences in line with the context expressed by the conclusion sequence. Evaluations conducted on datasets including “Love Advice” and “Arts & Humanities” categories indicate that our model outputs much more accurate results than the tested baseline models do.
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Szűcs, Orsolya. "Ireland and the Balkans Conflict in Edna O’Brien’s The Little Red Chairs." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 12, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2020-0009.
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Abstract History has always been a major critical exploration point in Edna O’Brien’s works. Notable for its realistic Irish specificity, her fiction interrogates problems of history, memory, and society with an audacious awareness. In her 2015 novel, The Little Red Chairs, O’Brien goes beyond the familiar Irish cultural context and creates a propitious alternative life-story for Radovan Karadžić, a Serbian war criminal from the Balkans conflict of the 1990s. Attending closely to the novel’s factual-fictional narrative strategies and its visceral language, this essay explores how O’Brien combines stereotypical elements from the Irish contemporary reality with Eastern European sagas as well as history to then create a compelling humanitarian plotline. The novel has a particular rendering of natural elements that act as a mnemonic witness device. The essay also looks at how the landscape functions as a reflective tool, often acting as a separate “character” of the narrative.
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Ragazzi, Rossella. "Firekeepers." Journal of Anthropological Films 3, no. 1 (July 9, 2019): e2700. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/jaf.v3i1.2700.
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Sápmi is the term of the imagined nation of the Saami people, covering a territory that goes across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Northern Russia. The joik is the specific form of Saami chanting. It coveys lyrics, melody and throat singing techniques, with a high level of abstraction in rendering the relation to people, natural sites, places, animals and events, that we attempted to understand contextually and historically.
The cultural complexity emerging in this multivocal and multisited project shows the embodiment of verbal recollections, gestures, conversations, lyrics, chants, improvisations, outbursts and secretive features of the Saami chanting endeavor. Among the socio-political issues that the film addressed is the poignant reality of fading away languages: Southern Saami is today spoken by less than 500 speakers in Norway.
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Polzin, Thomas, and Hannes Rieser. "Parsing with Situation Semantics." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 14, no. 2 (December 1991): 141–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500002432.
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This paper integrates several related lines of research in an implemented model. Its main aim is to show how principles of situation semantics concerning meanings, constraints and the preferred ontology can be represented and mapped onto expressions of natural language in a straightforward way. For assembling larger chunks of information a unification-based approach is used. The semantics is grafted upon a shift- reduce parser which does the main work in associating expressions with meanings. In order to capture the much debated difference between sentence and utterance meaning the whole machinery provides first an abstract meaning (conceived as a constraint) where the parameters are non-anchored. Subsequently, a model in the technical sense provides anchors for parameters and thus yields the utterance meaning of the sentence parsed. Finally, it is checked whether this semantic representation of the parsing result can be regarded as a genuine situation semantic object. This is done by showing that it confirms to the axioms of a situation theoretic model. As a result, parses are far more constrained and theory-guided than usual. The idea of parsing used goes back to work originally done by Barwise and Perry, the coding of semantic entities owes much to proposals issued by K. Devlin and D. Westerdåhl. The whole model is implemented in PROLOG
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Barrios Rodríguez, María A., and Cliff Goddard. "‘Degrad verbs’ in Spanish and English." Functions of Language 20, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 219–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20.2.04bar.
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The Lexical Function Degrad is a device used in Meaning-Text Theory (MTT) to select the appropriate verb for expressing ‘to become permanently worse or bad’ in combination with different nouns. For example, in English one says that fruit rots, milk goes off, shoes wear out, flowers wilt, and iron rusts; thus, the verbs rot, go off, wear out, etc. can all be considered “values” of Degrad. Comparing these verbs with their translation equivalents in Spanish shows that verbs in the two languages have somewhat different collocational possibilities. Are such collocational differences arbitrary or do they result from subtle meaning differences between the translation equivalents? In this study we undertake a contrastive semantic analysis of a selection of words in the Degrad domain, using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) method of semantic explication. We conclude that collocational preferences are indeed semantically motivated, but at the same time we recognize that Degrad is a valuable lexicological tool for verb classification, as well as for coordinating translation equivalents across languages at an approximate level. The paper aims to encourage productive engagement between two well developed approaches to lexical semantics, while at the same time demonstrating the explanatory power of the detailed “micro semantic” analysis enabled by the NSM methodology.
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Dong, Huimin. "Logic of defeasible permission and its dynamics." Journal of Logic and Computation 31, no. 4 (May 5, 2021): 1158–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exab022.
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Abstract This paper develops a deontic logic for defeasible permission and studies norm change in various updated semantics. When one grants that $\varphi $ or $\psi $ is permitted, normally, it goes together with the conjunction of a permission of $\varphi $ and that of $\psi $. In the monotonic reasoning on this permission, a permission of $\varphi $ leads to a permission of $\varphi $ and $\psi $; however, if a prohibition of $\psi $ is introduced, we get into trouble. We face a paradox of free choice permission. Many solutions have been proposed, but a systematic account of handling norm change is still needed. This paper first introduces the notion of normality to develop a sound and complete deontic logic for defeasible permission, which can be used to analyse several notions in natural language and in game theory. Further, following Lewis’ idea of norm change, a systematic way to capture various dynamics for updating permission and obligation is proposed.
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He, Shan, and Yuanyao Lu. "A Modularized Architecture of Multi-Branch Convolutional Neural Network for Image Captioning." Electronics 8, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121417.
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Image captioning is a comprehensive task in computer vision (CV) and natural language processing (NLP). It can complete conversion from image to text, that is, the algorithm automatically generates corresponding descriptive text according to the input image. In this paper, we present an end-to-end model that takes deep convolutional neural network (CNN) as the encoder and recurrent neural network (RNN) as the decoder. In order to get better image captioning extraction, we propose a highly modularized multi-branch CNN, which could increase accuracy while maintaining the number of hyper-parameters unchanged. This strategy provides a simply designed network consists of parallel sub-modules of the same structure. While traditional CNN goes deeper and wider to increase accuracy, our proposed method is more effective with a simple design, which is easier to optimize for practical application. Experiments are conducted on Flickr8k, Flickr30k and MSCOCO entities. Results demonstrate that our method achieves state of the art performances in terms of caption quality.