Books on the topic 'Natural GOMS language'
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1
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De natura deorum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
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Hu, Xuhui. Non-canonical objects, motion events, and verb/satellite-framed typology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0007.
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Based on the Synchronic Grammaticalisation Hypothesis and the theory of the syntax of events, this chapter explores the syntactic nature of the Chinese non-canonical object construction. The object in this construction is introduced by a null P, which is incorporated into the verbal head position, and a lexical verb serves as a functional item, vDO. This account is extended to the analysis of the motion event construction in Chinese. It involves the incorporation of a P into the verbal head position filled with a vDO in the form of a lexical verb. The only difference is that this P is phonologically overt. Therefore, the [V+Path] chunk in Chinese is a single lexical item. This means that the Chinese motion event construction by nature patterns with its counterpart in verb-framed languages, a conclusion that goes against the common assumption that Chinese is a satellite-framed language.
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Rivett, Sarah. { Coda } remembered forms of a literary nation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492564.003.0010.
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The final chapter of this book explores Cooper’s transformations of colonial approaches to indigenous languages as repositories of knowledge into fiction. In his Leatherstocking Tales, Lenni Lenape appears as the ancient ur language of America, forecasting grand narratives of national rebirth with prophetic certainty. The Lenni Lenape word, unintelligible to characters other than those of Lenape descent and the singular Natty Bumppo, is the sign that makes the world of nature flesh for future generations of Anglo-Americans. Cast at once as prophetic and primitive, the rhetorical rendering of the Indian in Cooper’s novels also strives to efface a Native American present. Cooper was not unique in his effort to fictionalize the Anglo-American language encounter, or in his attempt to reconcile the expansionist ethos of the new nation-state with an indelible indigenous past. For other antebellum writers, the American Indian presence haunts or lingers more emphatically, refusing to leave a landscape that is itself infused with Indian words. As Lydia Sigourney asks at the beginning of her poem “Indian Names” (1838), “How can the red men be forgotten, while so many of our states and territories, bays, lakes, and rivers, are indelibly stamped by names of their giving?” The question is, of course, rhetorical. As Sigourney goes on to explain:...
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Goudriaan, Aza. Biblical Criticism, Knowledge, and the First Commandment in Gisbertus Voetius (1589–1676). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806837.003.0015.
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Voetius’ insistence on the integration of biblical criticism and science rests on a moral valuation of knowledge derived from the first commandment: ‘Thou shalt have no other gods before me’ (Ex. 20:3). Scripture is normative also in secular areas such as nature, history, and law. Voetius encouraged applying biblical texts to natural philosophy, medicine, and so on. This continuity between biblical interpretation and science also implied that theologians should have an extensive knowledge of history, philosophy, and languages. Though he opposed an approach in which human rational judgement saw itself as normative, Voetius did not renounce textual criticism as such. The first commandment encourages scholars to avail themselves of all secular knowledge relevant for a comprehensive study of Scripture. The correct attitude, then, is that of learned ignorance: acknowledging that there is neither sufficient evidence nor enough mental power to decide an interpretive problem in one way or the other.
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Megerdoomian, Karine. Computational Linguistics. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.19.
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This chapter introduces the fields of Computational Linguistics (CL)—the computational modelling of linguistic representations and theories—and Natural Language Processing (NLP)—the design and implementation of tools for automated language understanding and production—and discusses some of the existing tensions between the formal approach to linguistics and the current state of the research and development in CL and NLP. The paper goes on to explain the specific challenges faced by CL and NLP for Persian, much of it derived from the intricacies presented by the Perso-Arabic script in automatically identifying word and phrase boundaries in text, as well as difficulties in automatic processing of compound words and light verb constructions. The chapter then provides an overview of the state of the art in current and recent CL and NLP for Persian. It concludes with areas for improvement and suggestions for future directions.
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Steane, Andrew. A Farewell to Hume. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.003.0014.
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A well-known argument of David Hume is presented and refuted. The argument concerns the notion that the natural world may be self-contained, for all we know, and religious claims are superfluous. This is essentially the position also advocated by Richard Dawkins, in slightly different terms. These arguments are presented, and then it is explained that they fail, owing to what amounts to a false premise. This is subtle because the false premise is in the very way the discussion is framed. If one assumes that when we are talking about God we are talking about abstract intellectual tools, then one goes wrong. Various witnesses are invoked to show that thoughtful religious language operates differently.
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Horwich, Paul. Wittgenstein’s Global Deflationism. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.35.
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This article explores Ludwig Wittgenstein’s ideas about the nature of philosophy, with particular emphasis on his rejection of “T-philosophy”—a traditionally dominant form of philosophy that, although self-consciosly a priori, is shaped by theoretical goals and methods of reasoning that closely resemble those of the sciences. After discussing the goals and methods that characterize T-philosophy, the article presents a formidable Wittgensteinian argument against that practice. It proceeds to describe the sort of treatment of particular philosophical problems that is called for by this argument; and it assesses the common complaint against Wittgenstein that his overall position is self-undermining—an anti-theoretical theory. It goes on to consider whether Wittgenstein’s perspective involves an objectionable prioritization of language over reality, that is, an objectionable “linguistic turn”. Finally, it compares Wittgenstein’s arguments with the Oxonian “ordinary language philosophy” of philosophers such as Austin, Ryle, and Strawson.
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Simmons, Keith. Revenge, I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 is the first of two chapters on the phenomenon of revenge paradoxes, paradoxes which, roughly speaking, are constructed out of the very terms of a purported solution. The chapter begins by exploring the difficulties that revenge presents for Kripke’s theory of truth, in either of two versions: a version that admits truth value gaps, and a paracomplete version which rejects the law of excluded middle. The chapter goes on to critically examine Field’s paracomplete theory of truth and its treatment of revenge, arguing that Field’s theory is couched in terms that are artificial and too far removed from natural language. The chapter concludes with a critical discussion of Priest’s dialetheist approach to the Liar paradox, according to which there are true contradictions. It is argued that Priest’s theory is itself subject to revenge paradoxes.
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Hutchinson, G. O. Motion in Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855620.001.0001.
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Ancient literature is full of people, gods, and animals in impressive motion. But while the importance of space has been realized recently, motion has had little attention, for all its prominence in literature, and its interest to ancient philosophy. Motion is bound up with decisions, emotions, character; its specific features are expressive. The book starts with motion in visual art: this leads to the characteristics of literary depiction. Literary works discussed are: Homer’s Iliad; Ovid’s Metamorphoses; Tacitus’ Annals; Sophocles’ Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus; Parmenides’ On Nature; Seneca’s Natural Questions. The two narrative poems here diverge rewardingly, as do philosophical poetry and prose; in the prose narrative, as in the philosophical poem, the absence of motion, and metaphorical motion, are important; the dramas scrutinize motion verbally and visually. Each discussion pursues the general roles of motion in a work, with detail on its language of motion; then passages are analysed closely, to show how much emerges when this aspect is scrutinized. A conclusion brings works and passages together. It considers the differences made by genre and by the time of writing. Among aspects of motion which emerge as important are speed, scale, shape of movement, motion and fixity, movement of one person and a group, motion willed and imposed, motion in images and unrealized possibilities. A companion website makes it easier to see passages and analyses together; it offers videos of readings to convey the vitality and subtlety with which motion is portrayed.
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Owenson, Sydney. The Wild Irish Girl. Edited by Kathryn Kirkpatrick. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199552498.001.0001.
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`I long to study the purely national, natural character of an Irishwoman.' When Horatio, the son of an English lord, is banished to his father's Irish estate as punishment for gambling debts and dissipated living, he adopts the persona of knight errant and goes off in search of adventure. On the wild west coast of Connaught he finds remnants of a romantic Gaelic past a dilapidated castle, a Catholic priest, a deposed king and the king's lovely and learned daughter, Glorvina. In this setting and among these characters Horatio learns the history, culture and language of a country he had once scorned, but he must do so in disguise for his own English ancestors are responsible for the ruin of the Gaelic family he comes to love. Written after the Act of Union, The Wild Irish Girl (1806) is a passionately nationalistic novel and a founding text in the discourse of Irish nationalism. The novel proved so controversial in Ireland that Sydney Owenson, later Lady Morgan, was put under surveillance by Dublin Castle.
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Conway, Stephen. British Empire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808701.003.0007.
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This chapter pursues further the theme of British direction. It argues that, despite the involvement of other Europeans, the empire remained essentially British. After having considered the case for Europeanization, it goes on to show that many of those foreigners who became involved in or with the empire were at least partially Anglicized by the experience. Large numbers of foreign settlers, scientists, and technical experts learned English for public purposes, adapted to British norms, and consumed British goods, even if they continued to use their native language in their family lives. The same was true of many foreign European soldiers in British pay. More importantly, the empire remained British not only because British needs determined the nature and extent of most types of continental European participation, but also because Britons imposed some degree of control over the process.
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Collins, John. Linguistic Pragmatism and Weather Reporting. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851134.001.0001.
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Linguistic pragmatism claims that what we literally say goes characteristically beyond what the linguistic properties themselves mandate. In this book, John Collins provides a novel defence of this doctrine, arguing that linguistic meaning alone fails to fix truth conditions. While this position is supported by a range of theorists, Collins shows that it naturally follows from a syntactic thesis concerning the relative sparseness of what language alone can provide to semantic interpretation. Language–and by extension meaning–provides constraints upon what a speaker can literally say, but does not characteristically encode any definite thing to say. Collins then defends this doctrine against a range of alternatives and objections, focusing in particular on an analysis of weather reports: ‘it is raining/snowing/sunny’. Such reporting is mostly location-sensitive in the sense that the utterance is true or not depending upon whether it is raining/snowing/sunny at the location of the utterance, rather than some other location. Collins offers a full analysis of the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of weather reports, including many novel data. He shows that the constructions lack the linguistic resources to support the common literal locative readings. Other related phenomena are discussed such as the Saxon genitive, colour predication, quantifier domain restriction, and object deletion.
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Orr, David W. The Nature of Design. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148558.001.0001.
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The environmental movement has often been accused of being overly negative--trying to stop "progress." The Nature of Design, on the other hand, is about starting things, specifically an ecological design revolution that changes how we provide food, shelter, energy, materials, and livelihood, and how we deal with waste. Ecological design is an emerging field that aims to recalibrate what humans do in the world according to how the world works as a biophysical system. Design in this sense is a large concept having to do as much with politics and ethics as with buildings and technology. The book begins by describing the scope of design, comparing it to the Enlightenment of the 18th century. Subsequent chapters describe barriers to a design revolution inherent in our misuse of language, the clockspeed of technological society, and shortsighted politics. Orr goes on to describe the critical role educational institutions might play in fostering design intelligence and what he calls "a higher order of heroism." Appropriately, the book ends on themes of charity, wilderness, and the rights of children. Astute yet broadly appealing, The Nature of Design combines theory, practicality, and a call to action.
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Halpern, Joseph Y. Actual Causality. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035026.001.0001.
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Causality plays a central role in the way people structure the world; we constantly seek causal explanations for our observations. But what does it even mean that an event C “actually caused” event E? The problem of defining actual causation goes beyond mere philosophical speculation. For example, in many legal arguments, it is precisely what needs to be established in order to determine responsibility. The philosophy literature has been struggling with the problem of defining causality since Hume. In this book, Joseph Halpern explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression. Halpern applies and expands an approach to causality that he and Judea Pearl developed, based on structural equations. He carefully formulates a definition of causality, and building on this, defines degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. He concludes by discussing how these ideas can be applied to such practical problems as accountability and program verification.
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Jary, Mark. Nothing Is Said. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863188.001.0001.
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Abstract While there has been much debate between minimalists and contextualists about the nature of what is said, both sides assume that some such notion must be appealed to in modelling linguistic communication. This book challenges that assumption, arguing that from the perspective of basic linguistic interpretation, nothing is said. To do this, the book draws a distinction between linguistic communication proper and behavioural communication, and then draws on Situation Theory and Relevance Theory to develop a model of the former that makes no appeal to any notion of what is said. Rather, what is said is introduced later as part of a reflective competence underlying sophisticated behavioural communication, such as irony and insinuation. The notions of implicature employed in these two types of communication are shown to be distinct, and to play different explanatory roles. With the division between linguistic and behavioural communication established, the book goes on to reconsider a number of areas of linguistic investigation that have received considerable attention in recent years. These include lexical modulation, scalar implicature, lying vs. otherwise misleading, and the correct characterisation of assertion and asserted content. The final chapter of the book relates the ideas developed to the discursive-commitment framework proposed by Robert Brandom. In doing so it considers, among other things, the notion of public language in relation to linguistic theorising, and the developmental relationship between language use and theory of mind.
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Pettit, Philip. The Birth of Ethics. Edited by Kinch Hoekstra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904913.001.0001.
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The Birth of Ethics begins from a counterfactual world, Erewhon, where the residents are like us in various respects, including the use of natural language, but lack any sense of ethics or morality. The claim is that the inhabitants of that society would more or less inevitably develop certain practices and concepts, and that this development would effectively make them into moral creatures: agents versed in concepts like those of good and bad, right and wrong, and ready to apply them in assessing and regulating their own behavior and that of others. Anxious to establish their reputations with one another, they would use language to communicate their attitudes, making commitments not to prove misleading in the avowal of beliefs and desires, and in the pledging of intentions and actions. And as a result of doing that, they would inevitably evolve evaluative, regulative concepts like those of moral desirability and responsibility. This narrative, if persuasive, serves a number of important purposes. It naturalizes morality insofar as it explains how people could enter ethical space as a result of cumulative, naturalistically intelligible steps. It provides the basis for analyzing various moral concepts, since the referents of the concepts that emerge in Erewhon offer plausible candidates for the referents of our corresponding terms. And, finally, it gives morality a distinctive rationale and cast. The practices of commitment that the narrative places at the source of morality are associated with the practices, arguably, that make us persons: they require each of us to speak for a self that we invite others to rely on, and to organize our lives around that bespoken, beholden persona. Morality, in the emerging story, goes hand in hand with personhood in that sense; they are two sides of the one coin.
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Myers, Jane. Managing Horses on Small Properties. CSIRO Publishing, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097902.
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A dream shared by many is to run a few horses on a small property on the fringes of a city or town. This book shows how to combine sustainable land management practices with a style of horse keeping that will protect the health and well-being of your horses, as well as the land and its wildlife.
Good property management does not need to be an expensive undertaking. Improved pasture means less feed bills, reduced mud or dust improves a horse's health and reduces vet bills, better manure management turns a liability into an asset.
The reader is first introduced to the horse's natural behaviour as expressed in body language, intelligence, ability to learn, grazing, herd instincts and social behaviour. The book then goes on to cover all the basics of safe handling, routine care and common health problems.
Property selection, property design, water supply, pasture management, horse facilities, fencing, trees and plants, manure management and equipment and tools are comprehensively dealt with in separate chapters.
This is a practical book written with a minimum of jargon especially for those who are new to horse ownership and small properties. It will deliver real benefits to the landholder, including reduced horse keeping costs, better welfare of horses, increased productivity, and improved land management practices.
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Mann, Jenny C. The Trials of Orpheus. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691219226.001.0001.
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In ancient Greek mythology, the lyrical songs of Orpheus charmed the gods, and compelled animals, rocks, and trees to obey his commands. This mythic power inspired Renaissance philosophers and poets as they attempted to discover the hidden powers of verbal eloquence. They wanted to know: How do words produce action? This book examines the key role the Orpheus story played in helping early modern writers and thinkers understand the mechanisms of rhetorical force. The book demonstrates that the forms and figures of ancient poetry indelibly shaped the principles of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century scientific knowledge. It explores how Ovid's version of the Orpheus myth gave English poets and natural philosophers the lexicon with which to explain language's ability to move individuals without physical contact. These writers and thinkers came to see eloquence as an aesthetic force capable of binding, drawing, softening, and scattering audiences. Bringing together a range of examples from drama, poetry, and philosophy, the book demonstrates that the fascination with Orpheus produced some of the most canonical literature of the age. Delving into the impact of ancient Greek thought and poetry in the early modern era, the book sheds light on how the powers of rhetoric became a focus of English thought and literature.
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McCauley, Robert N., and George Graham. Hearing Voices and Other Matters of the Mind. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190091149.001.0001.
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This book endorses an ecumenical naturalism toward all cognition, which will illuminate the long-recognized and striking similarities between features of mental disorders and features of religions. The authors emphasize underlying cognitive continuities between familiar features of religiosity, of mental disorders, and of everyday thinking and action. They contend that much religious thought and behavior can be explained in terms of the cultural activation of maturationally natural cognitive systems, which address fundamental problems of human survival, encompassing such capacities as hazard precautions, agency detection, language processing, and theory of mind. The associated skills are not taught and appear independent of general intelligence. Religions’ representations cue such systems’ operations. The authors hypothesize that in doing so they sometimes elicit responses that mimic features of cognition and conduct associated with mental disorders. Both in schizophrenia and in religions some people hear alien voices. The inability of depressed participants to communicate with or sense their religions’ powerful, caring gods can exacerbate their depression. Often religions can domesticate the concerns and compulsions of people with OCD. Religions’ rituals and pronouncements about moral thought-action fusion can temporarily evoke similar obsessions and compulsions in the general population. A chapter is devoted to each of these and to the exception that proves the rule. The authors argue that if autistic spectrum disorder involves theory-of mind-deficits, then people with ASD will lack intuitive insight and find inferences with many religious representations challenging. Ecumenical naturalism’s approach to mental abnormalities and religiosity promises both explanatory and therapeutic understanding.
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Ziogas, Ioannis. Law and Love in Ovid. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845140.001.0001.
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In classical scholarship, the presence of legal language in love poetry is commonly interpreted as absurd and incongruous. Ovid’s legalisms have been described as frivolous, humorous, and ornamental. This book challenges this widespread, but ill-informed view. Legal discourse in Latin love poetry is not incidental, but fundamental. Inspired by recent work in the interdisciplinary field of law and literature, the book argues that the Roman elegiac poets point to love as the site of law’s emergence. The Latin elegiac poets may say ‘make love, not law’, but in order to make love, they have to make law. Drawing on Agamben, Foucault, and Butler, the book explores the juridico-discursive nature of Ovid’s love poetry, constructions of sovereignty, imperialism, authority, biopolitics, and the ways in which poetic diction has the force of law. The book is methodologically ambitious, combining legal theory with historically informed closed readings of numerous primary sources. It aims to restore Ovid to his rightful position in the history of legal humanism. The Roman poet draws on a long tradition that goes back to Hesiod and Solon, in which poetic justice is pitted against corrupt rulers. Ovid’s amatory jurisprudence is examined vis-à-vis Paul’s letter to the Romans. The juridical nature of Ovid’s poetry lies at the heart of his reception in the Middle Ages, from Boccaccio’s Decameron to Forcadel’s Cupido iurisperitus. The current trend to simultaneously study and marginalize legal discourse in Ovid is a modern construction that this book aims to demolish.
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Hillmann, Heinz, and Peter Hühn, eds. Europäische Lyrik seit der Antike. 14 Vorlesungen. Hamburg University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/hup.es.1.66.
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Since ancient Greek-Latin and Judeo-Christian antiquity and also in a constant return to these two traditions the people of Europe have created a great treasure trove of poems. These poems have expressed and shaped the eras of their history. While myth, epic and novel have told the great stories of the world and of the gods, peoples and heroes, the poem created the ego-telling voice at an early age and thus enabled her to make herself heard and accentuated in the great and small events of the time; to try out feelings, attitudes, values and thus to prepare new mentalities. This division of labour between poem and narrative is always kept in view in the lectures of this book, because they use the now developed approaches of narrative research, narratology, to discover the special possibilities of poetry. Thus, one can see more clearly what role poems and songs play in the subjectivization of religion and love since the Reformation, how they promote the liberation of the individual in the Enlightenment, how they promote a new religion of nature and art, how they stimulate the nationalism of the 19th century and how to adopt new attitudes in the process of modern civilization with daring experiments. The specialist disciplines have distributed this common treasure among themselves and thus almost lost sight of it. The public lecture, however, has made it visible to those involved, always using the example and in a language accessible to all, which has been preserved in this book.