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1
Marks, Barbara A. "Technological advances in biosecurity monitoring." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S306—S309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21036.
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Biosecurity tools are a key aspect of an effective biosecurity system, however, existing surveillance and monitoring programs are often expensive, resource intense, reliant on special expertise, long-term and deliver variable results. Advances in innovation and technology provide opportunity to improve program efficiency, reliability and cost-effectiveness. Chevron Australia developed and deployed tools to help monitor and identify non-indigenous species on Barrow Island, a Class A Nature Reserve and home to the Gorgon Natural Gas Project, operated by Chevron Australia and a joint venture of the Australian subsidiaries of Chevron (47.3%), ExxonMobil (25%), Shell (25%), Osaka Gas (1.25%), Tokyo Gas (1%) and JERA (0.417%). Tools include: The PAWS® (Print Acquisition for Wildlife Sensors) pest identification sensor pad and PAWS® live capture devices for rodent detection and monitoring, EARS (Environmental Acoustic Recognition Sensor) devices that record the male Asian house gecko’s call and can be adapted to incorporate other species if required, LAMP (Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification) assay to identify Asian house gecko scats or tissue samples with an in situ molecular tool, Gecko identification application (app) enabling the workforce to participate in citizen science programs. These technological advances have helped to improve surveillance and biosecurity programs on Barrow Island, realising benefits including: longer monitoring periods for lower costs, resulting in greater confidence in surveillance outcomes, in situ diagnostics providing more rapid identification to enact an immediate response; deployment of live capture devices, reducing non-target captures (consequently, a more ethical tool); wider workforce participation. While these innovative tools target species likely to threaten Barrow Island’s unique biodiversity, the technology can be adapted for other environmental monitoring programs.
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Ngereja, Bertha, and Bassam Hussein. "Critical Soft Factors for Optimum Performance of Maintenance Operations." Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeppm-2019-0012.
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Abstract Over the past three decades, an increasing trend has been observed in research related to the consideration of human factors instead of solely based on the traditional aspects of project and operations management. However, much of the research done to date on human aspects has been conducted in developed countries in Europe, America and Australia, leaving developing countries, especially those in Africa, deprived of similar research. The purpose of the paper is to bridge this gap in knowledge by comparing the soft factors in the two contexts in order to provide an understanding of whether they have the same level of importance, regardless of their differences in economic, social and environmental aspects. The authors used semi-structured interviews to identify the critical soft factors for optimum performance of maintenance operations at a natural gas processing plant in Tanzania. The uncovered soft factors included top management engagement and oversight, trainings, ergonomics, collaboration, safety and security, recognition programs, and education and career growth. There was a high degree of conformity between the soft factors uncovered in the Tanzanian context and those in other African countries and other developing countries around the world. However, there was also conformity between the soft factors uncovered in developing and developed countries, which only differed in the level of the emphasis they placed on implementation.
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May, Craig, and Herb Jacklin. "The Gorgon Project: bringing Australia's largest single resource development to life." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09055.
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The Chevron-operated Gorgon Project is located off the northwest coast of Western Australia and encompasses a number of mega-projects including an all-subsea upstream development of the Greater Gorgon gas fields, a greenfield gas processing facility including a 15MTPA liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant and a 300TJ/d domestic gas plant, and the world’s largest commercial scale carbon dioxide injection project. Due to its sheer size, scale and complexity, in addition to a number of unique characteristics, the Gorgon Project has required an extraordinary level of project execution planning. One aspect is the processing plant’s location on Barrow Island—a remote Class A nature reserve. Core to the project’s planning and success is a meticulous and robust environmental management system designed to protect Barrow Island’s unique flora and fauna. This includes stringent environmental measures such as limits on worker population and movement, quarantine requirements for all personnel, and materials and work adjustments for seasonal flora and fauna life cycles. The project’s scope of work is also being executed from three centres: LNG facilities centered in London, infrastructure centered in Perth and construction operations centered in London, Perth and Barrow Island (according to the phase and priorities of the project). This paper explores the following factors: the remote location of the gas fields; cohabiting industry with Barrow Island; minimising environmental impacts using efficient construction management methods such as modularisation; and working together as one team across multiple locations and time zones to demonstrate how the extraordinary can be achieved.
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Xia, Jinzhu. "Operability of a floating LNG production facility." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11044.
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The advantages of offshore floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) production include reduced environmental footprints and potential reduced costs for remote and marginal field development. Moving a conventional land-based LNG plant offshore, however, does not come without its fair share of challenges. Ensuring operability—and hence availability—is one of those challenges. While offshore natural gas process technology selection is largely dictated by limited deck space and high safety focus, a crucial aspect in the design and operation of any of the equipment onboard an FLNG facility is the motion characteristics of the hull in the metocean environment. In fact, hull motions affect the performance of the LNG storage tanks, cargo offloading systems, module structural connections, and nearly every single piece of topsides equipment. Determining the required performance of the hull, however, involves an iterative process between the design of topsides equipment and the configuration of the hull. On one hand, the hull is optimised to minimise its responses to the operating environment and to best suit any operational limitations of process systems and equipment. On the other hand, the process systems and equipment are modified to perform under greater hull motions. The cryogenic transfer of LNG between an offshore floating production facility and its designated LNG carriers is one of the weakest links in the total chain of offshore floating LNG development. It involves two floating systems, working in close proximity, in the dynamic offshore environment. The operability of this greatly affects the availability for LNG offloading and overall delivery. The purpose of this paper is to review the operability aspects of an FLNG project, particularly those affected by hull motions. State-of-the-art operability design and assessment methods will be discussed, including outcomes of some of the dedicated research and development programs that have made FLNG a foreseeable reality for Australian and worldwide offshore natural gas projects and prospects.
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Willcocks, R. M. "COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE IN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 27, no. 1 (1987): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj86003.
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Underground gas storage is becoming increasingly important in Australia with the discovery of significant gas reserves, mostly in places distant from the expanding markets for gas.Gas has been stored in the offshore Barracouta Field since 1971 and storage projects are either being considered or underway in New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory.Although not a great deal of attention has been paid to the legal, tax and administrative aspects of underground gas storage, the position is likely to change the more it becomes apparent that such storage is commercially and technically viable.The applicable legal regime will depend on the location of the storage. Offshore gas storage on the continental shelf beyond the coastal waters of a state is subject to Commonwealth jurisdiction. In state coastal waters, it is subject to state laws. Onshore, it is subject to the jurisdiction of the state or territory in which the storage occurs.Offshore beyond state coastal waters the Australian government has sovereign rights over the continental shelf for the purposes of exploring the continental shelf and exploiting its natural resources.There are a number of legal uncertainties which arise from gas storage which will be of concern to financiers as well as gas storers. With certain exceptions, there is doubt as to ownership of stored gas, and the right to inject and store gas. The right of withdrawal however would appear to fall under the right which normally exists under a production lease to 'mine' petroleum, or to conduct 'petroleum mining operations'. Except in Victoria, and to a significantly lesser extent South Australia, there is very little legislative guidance on the topic and related issues.The question whether stored gas is trading stock is the subject of Income Tax Ruling 2190 of 10 September 1985. This puts at rest, in practical terms, in any event, some of the doubts which existed as to the characterisation for income tax purposes of gas stored near the place of original extraction — the ruling concluded that 'reinjected processed gas should not be treated as trading stock for income tax purposes'.It is concluded that there is a good case for those Australian jurisdictions in which gas storage is occurring, or is about to occur, to provide legislation to eliminate the uncertainties.
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MacGregor, J. R., D. A. Friis, and M. Pavic. "Some Aspects in the Design of Compressed Natural Gas Ships." International Journal of Maritime Engineering 148, a3 (2006): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.ijme.2006.a3.8006.
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Yamamoto, Kazuyuki, and Toby Jones. "Jurassic natural gas reservoir in the North West Shelf of Australia." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 127, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): III—IV. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.2021.0024.
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van Merwyk, A. M., and A. L. Disney. "ENVIRONMENTAL UPDATE 2004." APPEA Journal 45, no. 2 (2005): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04069.
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This paper presents the highlights of development activity of 2004 for the petroleum industry within Australia. In the face of declining oil production within Australia there were few new oil field developments in 2004 (Exeter- Mutineer; Jingemia). The start up of liquids stripping at Bayu-Undan in the Timor Sea and other gas/condensate fields such as Apache’s Linda, however, helped to arrest the declining trend. The first oil fields that define a new oil province in the Exmouth Sub-basin were the subject of extensive appraisal programs and Woodside gave the green light for start of the A$1.48 billion Enfield development.The story for natural gas in 2004 is somewhat more buoyant with several developments in domestic supply around Australia, including coal seam methane (CSM) production on-stream on the east coast. The national pipeline grid extended with the opening of the A$500 million SEAgas pipeline between Port Campbell and Adelaide. Minerva gas production followed at the end of the year, leading the way for the approval of gas developments at Thylacine- Geographe (A$1.1 billion) and Casino (A$200 million) in the Otway Basin. The Yolla gas production platform was installed on site in the Bass Basin. Apache and Santos signed an agreement to supply gas from John Brookes, offshore Carnarvon Basin, and Woodside looked to Blacktip, in the Bonaparte, to supply gas to the Northern Territory.2004 was a cornerstone year for LNG. A new carrier was delivered to the NWS Joint Venture and gas flowed from the fourth LNG train for the first time. Deliveries under new contracts started to Japan and Korea and a major contract for supply was signed with China. Other potential LNG projects began significant appraisal programs at fields such as Scarborough on the NWS.
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Banks, Ferdinand E. "Some aspects of natural gas and economic development – a short note." OPEC Review 16, no. 2 (June 1992): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0076.1992.tb00430.x.
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Quintino, Filipe M., Nuno Nascimento, and Edgar C. Fernandes. "Aspects of Hydrogen and Biomethane Introduction in Natural Gas Infrastructure and Equipment." Hydrogen 2, no. 3 (August 10, 2021): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2030016.
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The injection of green hydrogen and biomethane is currently seen as the next step towards the decarbonization of the gas sector in several countries. However, the introduction of these gases in existent infrastructure has energetic, material and operational implications that should be carefully looked at. With regard to a fully blown green gas grid, transport and distribution will require adaptations. Furthermore, the adequate performance of end-use equipment connected to the grid must be accounted for. In this paper, a technical analysis of the energetic, material and operational aspects of hydrogen and biomethane introduction in natural gas infrastructure is performed. Impacts on gas transmission and distribution are evaluated and an interchangeability analysis, supported by one-dimensional Cantera simulations, is conducted. Existing gas infrastructure seems to be generally fit for the introduction of hydrogen and biomethane. Hydrogen content up to 20% by volume appears to be possible to accommodate in current infrastructure with only minor technical modifications. However, at the Distribution System Operator (DSO) level, the introduction of gas quality tracking systems will be required due to the distributed injection nature of hydrogen and biomethane. The different tolerances for hydrogen blending of consumers, depending on end-use equipment, may be critical during the transition period to a 100% green gas grid as there is a risk of pushing consumers off the grid.
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Abd Elhamid, M. H., A. Dailly, and M. Cai. "Environmental Aspects of Using Metal Organic Frameworks as Adsorbents in Natural Gas Storage Systems." ECS Transactions 72, no. 17 (October 11, 2016): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/07217.0123ecst.
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Zhang, Long, and Wuliyasu Bai. "Risk Assessment of China’s Natural Gas Importation: A Supply Chain Perspective." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402093991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020939912.
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With the rapid growth of China’s energy consumption and the great pressure on reduction of carbon emissions, natural gas is an increasingly valuable energy source for enhancing energy and environmental sustainability. To sustain external natural gas supply, China has constructed a series of gas pipelines and liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals for the increasing gas importation. This article identified five gas corridors of China: Central Asia–China gas pipelines, Myanmar–China gas pipelines, Russia–China gas pipelines, Australia/Southeast Asia–China seaborne LNG shipment, and Middle East/North Africa–China seaborne LNG shipment. It then proposed a group of indicators that may influence the security of China’s external gas shipment from a supply chain perspective, and composed them into a Risk Index for assessing the corridors of China’s natural gas importation using the Fuzzy AHP and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. The results indicate that (a) transport distance, geopolitical risk, and resource risk are the major obstacles for China’s natural gas importation; (b) China’s natural gas importation is experiencing a mid-level risk, and the gas pipelines from Central Asia, Myanmar, and Russia are the most secure gas corridors for China, while LNG shipment from Middle East and North Africa has the greatest risk index. (c) China’s diversification strategy has been successful, but a more balanced strategy is suggested to deal with the high gas dependence on Turkmenistan and Australia, as well as Russia when the cross-border gas pipelines are completed and fully utilized in the near future.
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Mathews, Freya. "Environmental struggles in Aboriginal homelands: Indigenizing conservation in Australia." Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2021.01.03.
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Many large remaining areas of high conservation value currently lie within Indigenous homelands. The attempts of conservationists to protect such areas from industrial development sometimes come into conflict with the contrary wish of Indigenous populations to benefit from such development. How, in such cases, can the claims of Earth communities to ecological justice be reconciled with those of Traditional Owner communities to Indigenous justice? The dilemma is here examined via a case study, that of a proposed natural gas installation at James Price Point in the far north of Western Australia. It is argued that resolution of the dilemma may require a significant re-visioning of conservation: environmentalists might need to concede to Aboriginal communities the moral ownership of conservation per se, at least in so far as it applies to Aboriginal homelands, and perhaps more widely.
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Flynn, Christopher, and Emily Tsokos. "Energy security, moratoria and domestic gas: Australia, LNG and its gas policy catch-22." APPEA Journal 57, no. 1 (2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16232.
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In a region undergoing rapid and profound geopolitical change, energy security will be more important than ever. As a key regional energy producer, Australia will play a fundamental role in the energy security of its major trading partners. However, ironically, it also faces energy security challenges of its own. Over the next 12months, as Australia becomes the world’s largest producer of liquefied natural gas (LNG), its own domestic gas demand will also continue to grow. At the same time, one or more of our LNG facilities is expected to start to face significant upstream gas supply constraints. All of them will experience greater global competition. Yet, ever increasing pressure continues to be exerted on Australia’s governments to restrict, curb or even completely stop further exploration and development of hydrocarbons around the country. In New South Wales, Victoria and the Northern Territory that pressure has effectively ended new gas exploration and development for the foreseeable future. Elsewhere, it has resulted in increased regulation and uncertainty. There is a natural tension between Australia’s domestic energy security, its economic and national security interests in remaining at the heart of regional energy security, and important environmental objectives. However, these concepts and priorities do not need to be mutually exclusive, but can be achieved in balance with the right policy settings. This paper will discuss the political impasse we have reached, and the main policy options available to thread the needle between securing an economic domestic supply of gas and allowing our gas explorers, producers and exporters to continue to grow. It will seek to provide a practical analysis against the backdrop of the rapidly changing regional economic and political environment, as well as seeking to inform and stimulate the broader debate.
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Li, Guangpeng. "Design and Operational Analysis on Natural Gas-fired Cupola." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016501009.
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Due to environmental regulations and social obligation towards society, more and more attention has been paid to the natural gas-fired for its excellent performance of environmental protection, energy saving and green economy. The present paper is devoted to the design and operational analysis aspects of natural gas-fired cupola. The basic structure of natural gas-fired cupola, including combustion section, melting section, preheating section and cupola well, etc has been discussed. The key technologies of burners, water-cooled grates, lining refractory, refractory balls, air preheater and cupola well are analyzed, and the basic parameters are determined. The melting process is briefly introduced, and the thermal balance of the whole furnace is analyzed. Application of the test in the case shows that natural gas-fired cupola has obvious advantages and high practical value.
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Albu, Mădălina. "Considerations Regarding Environmental Aspects of Risk Management in the Oil and Gas Industry." Advanced Engineering Forum 27 (April 2018): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.27.213.
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The current global industry depends to a large extent on oil, gas and products. Hydrocarbons form of oil and its derivatives have become the main source of energy for the majority population. Crude oil, through its many uses is very important because it is cleaner than coal and cheaper and easier to transport than natural gas. Sometimes it called "black gold" and provides nearly half of the energy used in the world. Without it, would block transportation and large industrial equipment or thermal power plants could not operate.All activities of an organization involve risks and risk management is the process of substantiating the decision, taking into account the effects of uncertainty on objectives materialize and the establishment of measures and actions needed. To have the expected effectiveness within the organization, risk management must become an integral part of the administration, politics and culture of the organization. Environmental risk management differs significantly from other types of risk management due to the fact that its particular characteristics reflecting the complexity of the environmentEnvironmental risk management is an integral part of the overall management system. Establishing detailed integration or interaction management system risk management system or environmental management systems implemented by the organization must not lead to increase resources needed for this process.Safety and environmental issues top the agenda remains in the oil and gas companies when it comes to risk management. Oil and natural gas, both extraction and transport, has a range of important risks both to workers from these activities by accidents at work are exposed to people from neighboring villages (major accident) and for the environment.This paper presents theoretical and practical considerations regarding the implementation of the concept of risk management in their activity in the oil and gas industry and emphasizes the aspects of the environmental risks of oil industry. In the first part of the paper theoretical considerations are made on risk management and risk management standard. In the second part also presents practical aspects of how risk management is implemented in the oil and gas industry.
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Qi, Fenjie, Yaxin Zhou, and Shuo Feng. "Strengthening Destinations’ Resilience from Bushfires—A Study of Eastern Australia." Journal of Management and Sustainability 11, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v11n2p43.
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Climate change has brought people’s attention in recent decades, which demonstrates a critical phenomenon of increased natural disaster risks. The consequences of natural hazards are highly potential to bring significant economic, reputational, social, and environmental impacts on Australia’s tourism industry. Considering the close relationship between the unique natural environment and the local tourism industry, natural disasters always play critical roles in terms of the destinations’ resilience. This paper aims to examine the cause-and-effect of natural disaster resilience for the tourism industry in Eastern Australia with the particular concern of bushfire. Representative bushfire events will be studied to locate the industry’s preparedness and the existed action gaps mainly with the focus on government and destination management organizations, as well as discuss the disaster prevention implications, direct/indirect impacts and tourism-related issues. Also, a natural disaster resilience assessment framework for the industry will be developed with the key indicators from multiple aspects. A couple of future directions will be proposed regarding recovery methods, including the needs of destination image recovery, supportive policies for small businesses and cross-functional partnership.
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Smith, S. J. "ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2000." APPEA Journal 41, no. 2 (2001): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00055.
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Last year the petroleum industry witnessed the enactment of new legislation both at Commonwealth and State levels. The principal legislative change to environmental management was the introduction of the Commonwealth Government’s Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act, 2000 (EPBC Act). South Australia and Victoria also implemented new Petroleum Acts and/ or Regulations.Construction of the Eastern Gas Pipeline was also completed last year, whilst preliminary approvals and environmental assessment continues for the Papua New Guinea, Timor Sea and Tasmania Natural Gas pipelines. Offshore exploration continued, particularly in the North West Shelf, Otway Basin, Timor Sea and Bass Strait.Other critical areas of environmental management included greenhouse gases, national pollution inventory reporting and the increasing requirements for environmental approval and management under various state environmental legislation.This paper provides an overview of environmental developments in the petroleum industry during the year 2000, in particular, the implication of new legislation, new technology, e-commerce and a greater focus on environmental reporting.
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Luo, Zhenhua, Yixi Chen, Kang Cen, Haize Pan, Mengfan Zhong, and Jian He. "Research on comprehensive environmental impact assessment of shale gas development." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 1 (July 29, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-11-2018-0205.
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Purpose In recent years, to solve the contradiction between energy supply and demand, the Chinese Government has vigorously promoted shale gas development. With the rapid development of the shale gas industry, the environmental impact problems have become increasingly serious. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out a comprehensive environmental impact assessment of shale gas development. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for enterprises to make development decisions on shale gas projects by constructing a model of comprehensive environmental impact assessment for shale gas development. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the comprehensive environmental impact factors of shale gas development are analyzed from the two aspects of the natural environment and macro environment, and the index system of comprehensive environmental impact assessment for shale gas development including 7 secondary indicators and 24 tertiary indicators is constructed. Owing to the fact that qualitative indicators are difficult to quantify in the evaluation process, the method of intuitionistic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (IFAHP) is adopted for evaluation. This method (IFAHP) can delicately describe the hesitancy degree of the decision-makers in the process of assigning a weight to the indicators, and make the weight assignment of each index more accurate. Furthermore, this method overcomes the shortcomings of the conventional methods, such as the complexity of calculation and the large amount of calculation. Findings The evaluation model is applied to a shale gas platform drilling project in Southwest China. Based on the ratings from 13 experts, the comprehensive environmental impact assessment grade of this project is good, indicating that the shale gas development project is feasible. The result is basically in line with the actual situation. Originality/value Based on the consideration of the natural environmental impacts of shale gas development, this paper also has considered the macro environmental impact of shale gas development, and has established the index system of comprehensive environmental impact assessment for shale gas development from the two aspects of the natural environment and macro environment. To overcome such difficulties as incomplete evaluation by decision-makers, cumbersome calculation process and a large amount of calculation, this paper has adopted the method of IFAHP to evaluate and has established a comprehensive environmental impact assessment model for shale gas development based on IFAHP.
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Bouafia, Abderraouf, Mohammed Bougofa, Bilal Zeroauli, Rabeh Kharzi, Ammar Chakhrit, Amin Baziz, Salah Aberkane, Mohamed Salah Medjram, and Ahmed Mebarki. "Environmental impact assessment Approach to Dynamic Safety Evaluation : A Liquefied Natural Gas Plant Case Study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1098, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1098/1/012011.
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Abstract Industrial discharges pose global ecological risks. This study investigates Algeria’s GL1K (gas liquification complex of Skikda) plant’s hazardous effluents. The impact assessment evaluates the environmental repercussions of the researched facilities, including the effects on populations and their way of life. Thus, it is possible to stress suggestions to improve facility design to remove or restrict negative effects and to minimize or compensate for the current facility’s unfavorable repercussions. This technique is consistent with establishing and monitoring the industrial plant’s environmental management system. The method utilized to determine impacts in this EIA can be used to evaluate the EMS’s significant aspects and effects and provide improvement options. An evaluation matrix can rate impacts, the grid and criteria are based not regulation but on “good practices” for this type of assessment, and results obtained from modelling the effects using PHAST software. Therefore, they can be modified to fit the facility’s activity. Based on examining activities and identifying elements likely to interact with the environment, environmental aspects are identified using the proposed grid and criteria. This study describes a section-by-section approach. Each determined environmental impact can be graded based on environmental factor criteria.
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Page, K. L., and R. C. Dalal. "Contribution of natural and drained wetland systems to carbon stocks, CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes: an Australian perspective." Soil Research 49, no. 5 (2011): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11024.
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) flux from wetland systems, both in their natural state and following drainage, has not been well accounted for in the carbon accounting process. We review GHG production from both natural and drained wetlands, and estimate the likely GHG emissions from these systems in Australia. Only a small number of studies have quantified GHG emissions from undisturbed Australian wetland environments. Consequently, in order to estimate GHG flux for Australia, it was necessary to collate data collected overseas from similar climatic zones. Using this approach, it appears that undisturbed, vegetated wetlands in Australia are likely to be net GHG sinks, with the greatest rates of sequestration occurring in mangrove ecosystems (–2669 g CO2-e/m2.year) where biomass production is high but CH4 emissions are limited by salinity. The uncertainty surrounding these values is high, however, due to (a) the low number of measurements from Australia, (b) the low number of measurements for CO2 flux, and (c) the low number of studies where all GHGs have been measured concurrently. It was estimated that the drainage of melaleuca and mangrove forest wetlands in Australia would turn them from carbon sinks into carbon sources, and that in the first 50 years since drainage, this has increased global warming potential by 1149 Tg CO2-e or 23 Tg CO2-e/year. This is significant given that GHG emissions due to land-use change in 2007 totalled 77.1 Tg CO2-e. However, data surrounding the area of wetlands drained, carbon stocks in drained wetlands, and the effect of drainage on CH4 and N2O flux are limited, making the uncertainty surrounding these estimates high. Further study is clearly required if Australia wishes to accurately incorporate wetland systems into national carbon and greenhouse gas accounting budgets.
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Weeks, Brian. "New Jersey Oil and Gas Update." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 19, no. 2 (March 2013): 441–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v19.i2.20.
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This Article discusses the proposed rules, focusing on provisions that may be the most important to NJ. It describes the geographic and cultural significance of the Delaware River Basin; relevant aspects of the natural gas development industry, including the practice of hydraulic fracturing ("hydrofracturing" or "fracking"); economic and environmental issues related to this industry; the DRBC and its regulatory scheme; the environmental concerns that the draft DRBC regulations are intended to address; and potential issues that the DRBC rules will not address at this time.
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Sattler, Tobias, Matthias Sörgel, Julian Wittmer, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Torsten Krause, Elliot Atlas, Simon Benk, et al. "Natural Formation of Chloro- and Bromoacetone in Salt Lakes of Western Australia." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110663.
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Western Australia is a semi-/arid region known for saline lakes with a wide range of geochemical parameters (pH 2.5–7.1, Cl− 10–200 g L−1). This study reports on the haloacetones chloro- and bromoacetone in air over 6 salt lake shorelines. Significant emissions of chloroacetone (up to 0.2 µmol m−2 h−1) and bromoacetone (up to 1. 5 µmol m−2 h−1) were detected, and a photochemical box model was employed to evaluate the contribution of their atmospheric formation from the olefinic hydrocarbons propene and methacrolein in the gas phase. The measured concentrations could not explain the photochemical halogenation reaction, indicating a strong hitherto unknown source of haloacetones. Aqueous-phase reactions of haloacetones, investigated in the laboratory using humic acid in concentrated salt solutions, were identified as alternative formation pathway by liquid-phase reactions, acid catalyzed enolization of ketones, and subsequent halogenation. In order to verify this mechanism, we made measurements of the Henry’s law constants, rate constants for hydrolysis and nucleophilic exchange with chloride, UV-spectra and quantum yields for the photolysis of bromoacetone and 1,1-dibromoacetone in the aqueous phase. We suggest that heterogeneous processes induced by humic substances in the quasi-liquid layer of the salt crust, particle surfaces and the lake water are the predominating pathways for the formation of the observed haloacetones.
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Vairo, Tomaso, Marco Pontiggia, and Bruno Fabiano. "Critical aspects of natural gas pipelines risk assessments. A case-study application on buried layout." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 149 (May 2021): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.10.050.
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Buława, Piotr, Bartłomiej Buława, and Maciej Borsa. "Environmental Personhood as a Landscape Planning Tool." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 19, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-19030003.
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Abstract In the face of increasing human impact on the environment, it is necessary to look for new tools for sustainable landscape planning. One of them may be the institution of environmental personhood. The conducted studies based on an analysis of legal texts show that environmental personhood has evolved into a more complex institution. Increasing emphasis is placed on the intangible, cultural, and even spiritual aspects of granting legal personality to natural objects. The first implementations of environmental personhood in Ecuador, Bolivia, Australia, and India did not concern landscape, but the other cases in Colombia, New Zealand, and Canada did and have features typical of a landscape planning tool.
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Zueva, Svetlana, Andrey A. Kovalev, Yury V. Litti, Nicolò M. Ippolito, Valentina Innocenzi, and Ida De Michelis. "Environmental and Economic Aspects of Biomethane Production from Organic Waste in Russia." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175244.
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According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), only a tiny fraction of the full potential of energy from biomass is currently exploited in the world. Biogas is a good source of energy and heat, and a clean fuel. Converting it to biomethane creates a product that combines all the benefits of natural gas with zero greenhouse gas emissions. This is important given that the methane contained in biogas is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2). The total amount of CO2 emission avoided due to the installation of biogas plants is around 3380 ton/year, as 1 m3 of biogas corresponds to 0.70 kg of CO2 saved. In Russia, despite the huge potential, the development of bioenergy is rather on the periphery, due to the abundance of cheap hydrocarbons and the lack of government support. Based on the data from an agro-industrial plant located in Central Russia, the authors of the article demonstrate that biogas technologies could be successfully used in Russia, provided that the Russian Government adopted Western-type measures of financial incentives.
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Fialko, Nataliia, Raisa Navrodska, Malgorzata Ulewicz, Georgii Gnedash, Sergii Alioshko, and Svitlana Shevcuk. "Environmental aspects of heat recovery systems of boiler plants." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000015.
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The results of studies on improving the environmental characteristics of boiler plants of municipal heat-power engineering in the application of technologies for the deep recovery of heat from exhaust-gases of gas-fired boilers are presented. The data on the reduction of environment by reducing the amount and temperature of harmful emissions resulting from fuel combustion are given. The data are given for boiler plants equipped with complex heat-recovery systems characterized by cooling the exhaust-gases below the dew point of the water vapor contained in them. It is shown that the decrease in emissions is due to a decrease in fuel consumption in boilers due to the beneficial use of the heat of exhaust-gases in these systems and the dissolution of nitrogen and carbon oxides in the condensate, formed in the heat-recovery equipments. The analysis of improving the environmental safety of boiler plants when used in heat-recovery technologies of corrosion protection systems for chimneys has been performed. Anticorrosion protection is provided by preventing condensate formation in the exhaust-gas ducts of boiler plants when using technologies for the deep recovery of exhaust-gas heat. To prevent condensate formation, the method of pre-drying cooled exhaust-gases in a heat exchanger-preheater installed after heat-recovery equipment is used. It is also shown that the use of complex heat-recovery systems provides in the boiler plant additional water in the form of condensate formed during condensation of moisture from exhaust-gases. Receipt of this condensate is another ecological effect of heat-recovery, which allows reducing the consumption of natural water resources for supply municipal heat networks.
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Petryshyn, Igor, Denis Serediuk, Olexandr Bas, and Roman Manulyak. "Aspects of the introduction of alternative gas fuels and their influence on the quality of natural gas." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.2.2022.263892.
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The paper announces that the Ministry of Energy and Environmental Protection of Ukraine has developed the “Ukrainian Green Deal”, the ambitious goal of which is the transition to a climate-neutral economy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decarbonizing the economy by 2070. The “European Green Deal” provides for the achievement of similar goals by 2050. It is mentioned that the share of biomethane and “green” methane in the overall system of transmission and consumption of natural gas is planned to increase. The process of biomethane production by biogas enrichment and carbon dioxide separation is described. The perspective course of pure hydrogen production by water electrolysis due to the use of excess “green” energy from solar and wind power plants is noted. The way of complex integration of biomethane and “green” hydrogen production is suggested. The process of “methanation”, i.e. the conversion of “green” hydrogen and carbon dioxide as a waste product in the production of biomethane is described. The readiness of the NAAU to accredit verification bodies of greenhouse gas emission due to the introduction of the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading in Ukraine was stated. The calculation of the combustion heat values, density and Wobbe number for natural gas when mixed with pure hydrogen has been simulated. It is pointed that when the heat of combustion decreases and exceeds the permissible limits, the Wobbe number does not exceed the minimum set value, which indicates the absence of the need to replace gas-consuming equipment. It is argued that if it is necessary to increase the combustion heat of a mixture of natural gas with hydrogen, it is necessary to enrich it with “heavy” hydrocarbon gases.
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Xie, Ying Bai, Bing Li, Shao Heng Wang, and Yun Liu. "Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Performance of the Natural Gas Driven Vuilleumier Cycle Heat Pump." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1102.
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. In order to research the overall performance of the natural gas driven Vuilleumier (VM) cycle heat pump deeply, we adopt the fuzzy mathematical theory, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of performance of the natural gas driven VM cycle heat pump has been discussed in this paper from five aspects: technology, economy, safety, maintainability and environmental protection. Combine fuzzy comprehensive evaluation with performance study of the natural gas driven VM cycle heat pump; it is a effective way to improve scientific of the comprehensive evaluation and the reliability of the results.
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MARSDEN, SIMON. "PROTECTING HERITAGE ON AUSTRALIA'S COASTS: A ROLE FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT?" Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333213500142.
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This article examines two experiences with strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in Australia, one complete the other in progress. The first applied SEA to a plan for a liquefied natural gas hub precinct on the National Heritage listed Kimberley coast of Western Australia, and the second applies SEA to a coastal management, planning and development framework for the World Heritage listed Great Barrier Reef on the coast of Queensland. Both cases illustrate the approach of the Australian governments to SEA, highlighting the benefits of the approach yet certain flaws in application and process. The research consists of an extensive evaluation of the relevant legislation, its application and reform, together with a thorough literature review. Results highlight concerns in relation to the objective of SEA in Australia, its initiation and timing, consideration of alternatives, and governance. Conclusions are that SEA in Australia will be enhanced if the purpose is more explicitly focused on environmental protection, if SEA is applied early to a reasonable range of alternative sites, and if the Australian Government continues to play an active role in relation to matters of national environmental significance.
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J. Mason, T., W. M. Lonsdale, and K. French. "Environmental weed control policy in Australia: current approaches, policy limitations and future directions." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 4 (2005): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050233.
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Plant invasions of natural systems threaten biodiversity and ecosystem processes across many biomes. Historically most plant invasions have been facilitated by human activities such as industry, transport and landscape modification. Consequently, both causes and management of weed invasion are dependent on human behaviour and management advice provided by ecologists needs to take account of this fact. This paper assesses current environmental weed control policy in Australia and asks: are government, land managers and the scientific community using available social levers to achieve optimal weed management? We do this by comparing aspects of weed policy with a generalized natural resource policy framework. Adequacy of issue characterization and policy framing are discussed with particular reference to public perceptions of the weed problem, policy scaling and defining policy principles and goals. The implementation of policy Instruments, including regulation, VOluntary incentives, education, Information, motivational instruments, property-right instruments and pricing mechanisms are reviewed. Limitations of current instruments and potential options to improve instrument effectiveness are discussed. Funding arrangements for environmental weed control are also reported: environmental weed invasion generally represents an external cost to economic markets which has resulted in relatively low funding levels for control operations. Finally, review and monitoring procedures in weed programmes and policy are addressed. Rigorous monitoring systems are important in effective, adaptive weed management where control techniques are continually refined to improve ecological outcomes. The utility of maintaining links between project outcomes and policy inputs along with methods of implementing appropriate monitoring are discussed.
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Stajić, Ljubomir, Nenad Radivojević, and Vladan Mirković. "Geopolitical aspects of energy security and environmental security in the Republic of Serbia." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, no. 1 (2020): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-25689.
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Endangering of the environment today is largely due to the pursuit of energy security, respectively the need for a large amount of it. In this regard, the subject of our research is to determine the interdependence and impact of energy security on environmental security, and vice versa, as well as identifying the sources, forms and carriers of endangering energy security and environment security. In order to determine this, bearing in mind that "race for remaining resources" in the world in the last few decades has been particularly intensified; it is necessary to consider contemporary geopolitical trends and their impact on the security of small countries, including the Republic of Serbia. Namely, the key factors of energy security are the existence, production (exploitation), transit and use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). The Republic of Serbia has significant quantities of coal reserves, while in the case of oil and natural gas, its energy needs are largely met by imports. The geographical and geo-strategic positions of the Republic of Serbia in the area of Southeastern Europe (and the Western Balkans) indicate its extremely favorable position as a transit country. Achieving its energy security depends largely on viewing and understanding contemporary geopolitical trends. The geopolitical (and hegemonic) aspirations of large countries have often led (and still do) to provoking certain conflicts, crises, and even open armed conflicts that, among other things, have impact on endangering the environment.
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Raab, Matthias, Charles Jenkins, Roman Pevzner, and Abdul Qader. "Enabling a CCS industry through research at the CO2CRC National Otway Research Facility." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18180.
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The CO2CRC Otway Research Facility is Australia’s first demonstration of carbon capture and storage. The Otway Research Facility was established in 2007 to demonstrate scientific, technical, legal, regulatory and social aspects of successfully operating a carbon capture and storage (CCS) project. The facility is also globally unique as it has its own CO2 production well (Buttress-1) on site. For more than a decade, experiments with strong national and international collaboration at the Otway Research Facility continue to provide strong value to an emerging global CCS industry, not only due to the activities taking place, but also because of the specific scientific, social, political and regulatory environments at the time of execution. The Otway facility has one of world’s most comprehensive characterisation, injection, monitoring and verification programs, and its successful project outcomes have not only met and helped further guide CCS legislation within Australia, but also assisted underpinning the regulatory and business case for large commercial CCS projects in Australia and overseas. In addition, the Otway Capture Facility is a hub for CO2 capture research for high pressure and high CO2 content natural gases. Tests are being conducted using adsorption and three different types of membrane-based gas separation technologies. These technologies have the potential to become available for natural gas processing on production platforms and floating production storage and offloading vessels.
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POPA, Robert Marian, Rodica NICULESCU, Adrian CLENCI, and Victor IORGA SIMAN. "Overview on the Use of Natural Gas in Spark Ignition Engines." University of Pitesti. Scientific Bulletin - Automotive Series 31 (February 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26825/bup.ar.2021.004.
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As air pollution and global warming become a priority in sustainable mobility, the evolution of vehicles is facing many regulations that are becoming increasingly stringent in terms of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, forcing the automotive industry to search for solutions to make their products more environmentally friendly. In this environmental and legislative context, considerable attention has been given to natural gas (NG) in spark ignition (SI) engines. Many studies have been conducted to assess the impacts of NG use on engine operation.This overview paper discusses some aspects of recent studies on Natural Gas(NG)production, its physico-chemical properties, and also, on the influence of the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in SI engines: combustion characteristics, performance, and emissions.
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Nuss, Philip. "Losses and environmental aspects of a byproduct metal: tellurium." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 4 (2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en18282.
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Environmental contextStudies involving modelling are increasingly being performed to better understand how technology-critical elements such as tellurium are transported and accumulated in man-made technological systems. The resulting ‘anthropogenic cycles’ provide estimates of current and anticipated future material releases to the environment, and their associated environmental implications. This information complements data on natural cycles in which the subsequent transport and fate of tellurium in the environment can be examined. AbstractGlobal demand for tellurium has greatly increased owing to its use in solar photovoltaics. Elevated levels of tellurium in the environment are now observed. Quantifying the losses from human usage into the environment requires a life-cycle wide examination of the anthropogenic tellurium cycle (in analogy to natural element cycles). Reviewing the current literature shows that tellurium losses to the environment might occur predominantly as mine tailings, in gas and dust and slag during processing, manufacturing losses, and in-use dissipation (situation in around 2010). Large amounts of cadmium telluride will become available by 2040 as photovoltaic modules currently in-use reach their end-of-life. This requires proper end-of-life management approaches to avoid dissipation to the environment. Because tellurium occurs together with other toxic metals, e.g. in the anode slime collected during copper production, examining the life-cycle wide environmental implication of tellurium production requires consideration of the various substances present in the feedstock as well as the energy and material requirements during production. Understanding the flows and stock dynamics of tellurium in the anthroposphere can inform environmental chemistry about current and future tellurium releases to the environment, and help to manage the element more wisely.
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Vega Puga, Estefania, Gkiokchan Moumin, Nicole Carina Neumann, Martin Roeb, Armin Ardone, and Christian Sattler. "Holistic View on Synthetic Natural Gas Production: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Analysis." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051608.
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Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) is the most researched option for a Power-to-Fuel pathway in Germany after hydrogen, having the advantage of being compatible with the existing infrastructure. However, it is not clear under which conditions SNG is economically and environmentally advantageous compared to natural gas usage, since this is determined by a complex interplay of many factors. This study analyzes the technical, economic and environmental aspects of a pilot SNG plant to determine the key parameters for profitable and sustainable operation. The SNG plant was simulated in Aspen Plus® with CO2 from biogas production as a feedstock and with hydrogen provided by a 1 MWel electrolyzer unit. A life cycle analysis (LCA) was undertaken considering several impact categories with a special focus on global warming potential (GWP). An SNG cost of 0.33–4.22 €/kWhth was calculated, depending on factors such as operational hours, electricity price and type of electrolyzer. It was found that the CO2 price has a negligible effect on the SNG cost, while the electricity is the main cost driver. This shows that significant cost reductions will be needed for SNG to be competitive with natural gas. For the investigated scenarios, a CO2 tax of at least 1442 €/t was determined, calling for more drastic measures. Considering the global warming potential, only an operation with an emission factor of electricity below 121 g CO2-eq/kWhel leads to a reduction in emissions. This demonstrates that unless renewable energies are implemented at a much higher rate than predicted, no sustainable SNG production before 2050 will be possible in Germany.
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Slater, Sue. "PESA industry review—2009 environmental update." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09010.
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This paper provides a brief update on some of the key environmental issues that arose during 2009. In Queensland, activity is dominated by coal seam gas projects and specifically coal seam gas (CSG) to liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects. Environmental milestones for these projects are discussed, and the State Government’s response policy and regulation development response is reviewed. The progress of the more conventional LNG projects in Western Australia and the Northern Territory is also discussed. The final report on the mandated ten year review of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 was released in December 2009. Seventy-one recommendations were made, and some key recommendations related to our industry are discussed here. Climate change has again dominated the media, with the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Copenhagen in December 2009. In Queensland, the Government released a paper that presented a range of strategies and policies, building on a number of existing schemes and introducing new measures. Gas is identified as a key transitional fuel while low emission coal technology and emerging renewable energy sources are being developed. Greenhouse gas legislation is continuing to be developed across several states, but subordinate legislation is yet to be finalised. In Victoria, submissions on the Greenhouse Gas Geological Sequestration Regulations closed in October 2009, and the Greenhouse Gas Geological Sequestration Act 2008 came into effect on 1 December 2009. In March 2009, ten offshore acreage releases were made under the Commonwealth legislation; however, the closing date for submissions is dependent upon the development of the regulations. South Australia passed an Act amending the Petroleum and Geothermal Act 2000 on 1 October 2009 to allow geosequestration. A number of reviews of the regulatory framework or the administrative systems associated with the upstream oil and gas sector have been completed in the last decade. All these reviews make similar findings and recommendations, and most recently the Jones Report, tabled in Western Australian Parliament on 12 August 2009, found that most key recommendations from previous reports and reviews had not been addressed or properly implemented. There seems to be little point in undertaking regulatory and system reviews that consistently make similar findings, if these findings are never addressed. The hurdles to implementation of key recommendations need to be identified, so that progress can be made in improving the approvals processes for the industry, and improving the environmental outcomes.
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Grose, I. J. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF GORGON AREA GAS." APPEA Journal 42, no. 2 (2002): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj01063.
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Australia will increasingly need to turn to natural gas to offset declining oil production and meet an expanding global need for clean energy. The Gorgon Development Joint Venture Participants, (ChevronTexaco/Exxon- Mobil/Shell), are poised to develop the significant Gorgon gas reserves located 130 km offshore the North West Australian coast to help fulfil this need.The Gorgon Development has access to extensive proved reserves of 13.8 Tcf and a development plan that can supply gas to a Barrow Island landfall at world competitive prices. Several concepts are being considered for development of the Gorgon reserves.Technology will play a key role, with the extensive use of subsea production facilities and innovative LNG design concepts being considered.The focus is on a design that would have a low unit cost and also provide new benchmarks in safety and environmental performance. The development of the Gorgon reserves could also facilitate the establishment of other gas-based industries in Western Australia and offers the opportunity for new gas-to-liquid (GTL) plants to lead Australia’s transition to a gas-based economy.The Gorgon Development is expected to attract nearly A$4 billion investment for an LNG development and a further A$2 billion for a major industrial gas consumer. Total export income could reach A$2,500 million per year for 30 years.
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Howard, N. H. "Recreational Use Considerations of the Sugarloaf Reservoir (Melbourne, Australia)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0059.
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Sugarloaf Reservoir, one of Melbourne's newer storages, draws an increasing proportion of its water from the unprotected and polluted lower Yarra requiring all supply to be comprehensively treated before being supplied to consumers. Because of this special situation, compared to harvesting from protected catchments, a recreational use study of the reservoir and its small natural catchment was initiated. The first phase of this study was undertaken by Dr J Forsyth of the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, University of Melbourne which recommended that, from the public health point of view, the present nominal recreational use (passive) at Sugarloaf Reservoir could be extended to include shore based fishing, establishment of a catchment nature trail, sailing, rowing, youth club and model yacht sailing. A Phase 2 study reported on the financial, managerial aspects, etc, not addressed by Dr Forsyth, while the “implementation stage” is being currently considered in a third phase. A report on this last phase is to be submitted to the Board and Minister for Water Resources for consideration for the summer of 1988.
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Volchyn, I. A., A. O. Yasynetskyi, and Wlodzimierz Przybylski. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GREEN AMMONIA ROLE IN UKRAINIAN ENERGY SECTOR." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2022.07.
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Ammonia production using traditional Haber-Bosch technology using natural gas or coal emits large amounts of carbon dioxide and consumes a significant amount of electricity, its generation consumes a lot of fossil fuel and produces a large amount of emissions of pollutants and CO2. The transition to the production of "green" ammonia with the help of electricity from renewable energy sources and nuclear power plants will require a significant increase in their capacity. This will not only avoid CO2 emissions from NH3 production, but also avoid emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases at thermal power plants by replacing their capacity with "green" capacity. Ammonia as a fuel has environmental advantages over traditional fuels, as it does not emit dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Only nitrogen oxides are formed, the emissions of which are reduced by the use of selective reduction technologies. Promising combustion of mixtures of ammonia and hydrogen. Co-combustion of coal and ammonia in existing boilers can significantly reduce emissions of pollutants and CO2. Bibl. 18, fig. 2, table. 2.
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Di Martino, Gianluca, Roumen Sankoff, Craig Marshall, and Bobby Chopra. "The Coniston development: another offshore challenge in Western Australia." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13048.
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This extended abstract discusses the key challenges associated with the Coniston development; particular emphasis is on engineering, operations, and project management aspects. The Coniston development will produce oil and gas from the Coniston and Novara hydrocarbon accumulations, located in permit WA-35-L, about 100 km north of Exmouth, in water depths of about 400 m. The Coniston development will consist of a sub-sea tieback to the existing Van Gogh sub-sea infrastructure and the Ningaloo Vision FPSO, currently producing from the Van Gogh Field. The project was sanctioned by Apache in 2011 and will be on production in 2Q 2014. To maximise reservoir exposure, multilateral wells will be drilled, and completed, employing inflow control devices of latest generation and monitoring production with the installation of tracers. To take advantage of project synergies, gas lift will be provided by Van Gogh wells through a dedicated gas production manifold. The Coniston development represents a remarkable multidisciplinary effort to develop a relatively small-size oil reservoir offshore WA. Some of the challenges achieved are the high oil viscosity, the complexity of the engineering to install new sub-sea infrastructure while minimising the impact on Van Gogh production and maximising the synergies of the tie back, the constant increase in drilling and facilities costs while maintaining attractive project economics, and the more stringent regulations environmental permits and the ability to optimise drilling and operation to achieve production as quickly as possible.
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Kondratov, Dmitriy Igorevich. "Does the global natural gas market have a future?" Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2202-03.
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The article presents an analysis of the current state and forecasts of the long-term development of the global natural gas market. Regional and sectoral aspects of gas production and consumption are considered. Particular attention in the article is paid to the priorities for the development of the gas industry in East and South Asia. Increased demand for gas will be driven by higher electricity consumption. In developing Asian countries, industrial gas consumption is expected to grow rapidly until 2050 in parallel with the development of the respective industries. By the end of this period, demand in these countries, according to long-term energy projections (by IHS Markit), will have grown 2.0 times to 1277.8 bln cubic meters. The environmental benefi ts of natural gas will support, but not determine, its role in individual markets, because the price of gas in power generation will primarily determine its prospects. In times of economic slowdown, an imbalance of supply and demand in the global hydrocarbon market leads to its destabilisation. In order to predict such situations in advance, experts from international and Russian organisations (International Energy Agency, BP plc, Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Energy Economics of Japan) and consultancy companies (IHS Markit) periodically prepare papers on the evolution of global energy markets and the implications for Russia. Virtually all studies are not yet ready to name a period of peak gas demand in the foreseeable future, even for the world’s largest economies (with the exception of the European Union and developed Asian countries), which gives reason to call the 21st century a gas century.
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Omar, Ahmed I., Ziad M. Ali, Mostafa Al-Gabalawy, Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem, and Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah. "Multi-Objective Environmental Economic Dispatch of an Electricity System Considering Integrated Natural Gas Units and Variable Renewable Energy Sources." Mathematics 8, no. 7 (July 5, 2020): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8071100.
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This paper presents a multi-objective economic-environmental dispatch (MOEED) model for integrated thermal, natural gas, and renewable energy systems considering both pollutant emission levels and total fuel or generation cost aspects. Two cases are carried out with the IEEE 30-bus system by replacing thermal generation units into natural gas units to minimize the amount of toxin emission and fuel cost. Equality, inequality like active, reactive powers, prohibited operating zones (POZs) which represents poor operation in the generation cost function, and security constraints are considered as system constraints. Natural gas units (NGUs) are modeled in detail. Therefore, the flow velocity of gas and pressure pipelines are also considered as system constraints. Multi-objective optimization algorithms, namely multi-objective Harris hawks optimization (MOHHO) and multi-objective flower pollination algorithm (MOFPA) are employed to find Pareto optimal solutions of fuel or generation cost and emission together. Furthermore, the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is proposed to obtain the best value of Pareto optimal solutions. Three scenarios are investigated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model applied to the IEEE 30-bus system with the integration of variable renewable energy sources (VRESs) and natural gas units. The results obtained from Scenario III with NGUs installed instead of two thermal units reveal that the economic dispatching approach presented in this work can greatly minimize emission levels as 0.421 t/h and achieve lower fuel cost as 796.35 $/h. Finally, the results obtained show that the MOHHO outperforms the MOFPA in solving the MOEED problem.
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Gao, Yu, and Maksim Viktorovich Bolotov. "Legal aspects of ensuring national security in the sphere of subsoil use of natural gas in Russia and China." Юридические исследования, no. 2 (February 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2022.2.37382.
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In the current context, the goals of Russia and China in achieving "carbon neutrality" by 2060 and strengthening their own energy resource and environmental security, the comparative study of the laws on transition towards low-carbon energy sources and new environmental standards declared by both countries is relevant and urgent. The subject of this research is measures to reform legislation in the sphere of exploration and extraction of natural gas in Russia and China, which can be divided into the following aspects: reform of the legislative system on the mineral resources and competitive transfer of the right to use the subsoil plots, reform of the law "On Foreign Investment" and definition of state strategic mineral resources, legal system of environmental protection, and reform regarding the protection of environmental resources in the mining districts. Based on comparative research in various legal disciplines, the author generalizes and analyzes the similarities and differences in ensuring resource and environmental security in Russia and China. This article summarizes the experience and shortcomings of Russia and China in maintaining balance between the national resource security and environmental security aimed at the achievement of "carbon neutrality". Stemming from the fact that both countries manage the appropriate resource and environmental security, China should adopt the Russian experience and transform the administrative provisions of the lower level associated with the protection of resources and environmental security into legislative acts, in order to enhance their law enforcement, compulsory and deterrent authority. Russia, in turn, should also resort to the experience of China in implementation of the factors of market competition in the sphere of exploration of oil and gas, as well as encourage and motivate foreign or domestic private capital to contribute to oil and gas exploration and help Russia to upgrade its equipment and boost production.
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Xie, Mengfan, Yanyan Zou, and Yi Zhou. "Natural Gas Power Generation to Promote the Construction of Ecological City." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124802028.
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As an unsustainable resource, it is of great significance to explore more efficient and low-carbon ways of using energy. With the fast development of China’s economy, most cities are faced with the pressure of ecological environment to varying degrees. The construction of ecological city is not only the need of ecological protection and improvement of natural environment, but also the requirement of urban development. Compared with coal-fired power generation, natural gas power generation has advantages in terms of environmental pollution, energy utilization efficiency and resource occupancy, and is one of the ideal energy sources for eco-city construction. However, at present, there are constraints such as lack of subsidy policy, high fuel price, dependence on import of equipment and high cost of construction and maintenance. In the long run, the development of gas-fired power generation industry should be actively and prudently promoted from the aspects of strengthening the construction of supporting facilities and the guarantee of gas source, perfecting the mechanism of electricity price, and increasing the localization rate of key equipment, so as to achieve the goal of optimizing industrial structure, saving energy and reducing emissions, and facilitating the construction of China’s ecological city.
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Wysokińska, Zofia. "Sustainable Development in the European Union and World Economy-Main Selected Aspects." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 14, no. 3 (January 13, 2012): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-011-0017-z.
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The aim of the paper is to present key theoretical and empirical issues of sustainable development and environmental protection issues from the global and European perspective, with special reference to the implication of this concept for Central and Eastern European members of the EU. Main aspects are discussed in the paper from the EU and global perspective, with special reference to: the global partnership for sustainable development; fighting poverty and promoting social development; sustainable management of natural and environmental resources; trading in greenhouse gas emission allowances; main global and European challenges; goals and challenges facing the European Union member states as stemming from major strategic European Union renewed documents promoting sustainable development; especially promoting consumption and production that is sustainable and environmentally-friendly and green labeling system; a detailed look at "new" environmental policies; with special reference to sustainable transportation; a strategy for the sustainable use of natural resources; preventive strategy (preventing the creation of wastes) and waste recycling; sustainable and competitive tourism.
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Wachtmeister, Henrik, Magdalena Kuchler, and Mikael Höök. "How Many Wells? Exploring the Scope of Shale Gas Production for Achieving Gas Self-Sufficiency in Poland." Natural Resources Research 30, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 2483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-021-09858-w.
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AbstractPoland has been estimated to possess large volumes of technically recoverable shale gas resources, which has raised national hopes for increasing energy security and building export capacity. In this paper, we aim to examine political claims and hopes that Poland could achieve natural gas self-sufficiency and even become a gas exporter by harnessing domestic shale potential. We do so by relying on well-by-well production experience from the Barnett Shale in the USA to explore what scope of shale gas extraction, in terms of the number of wells, would likely be required to achieve such national expectations. With average well productivity equal to the Barnett Shale, at least 420 wells per year would be necessary to meet the domestic demand of 20 Bcm in 2030. Adding Poland’s potential export capacity of five Bcm of gas per year would necessitate at least 540 wells per year. Such a significant amount of drilling and hydraulic fracturing would require reconsideration and verification of national energy security plans and expectations surrounding shale gas production. A more informed public debate on technical aspects of extraction would be required, as extensive fracking operations could potentially have implications in terms of environmental risks and local land-use conflicts.
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Sekret, Robert. "Environmental aspects of energy supply of buildings in Poland." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900097.
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The article presents the assessment of the environmental impact of 9 variants of building heat supply for heating purposes. The building energy standards and the main primary energy carriers being in use in Poland were taken as input data. The subject of analysis was a single-family house characterized by a utility energy demand of 47 kWh/(m2 year). An environmental impact analysis was made using the specification for LCA in damage categories encompassing human health, ecosystem quality and natural resources depletion. From the obtained results it has been found that coal-based technologies in Poland's building energy supply systems are capable of reducing the noxious environmental impact. An example of such a system is the effective heat distribution network with a coal-based cogeneration energy source. From the point of view of radical low emission reduction, an interesting solution is the effective heat distribution network with a gas-based cogeneration energy source. Nevertheless, forecasts about the development of renewable energy source installations in Poland indicate that a significant role in building heat supply systems will be played by solar systems and geothermal systems using heat pumps. Achieving the environmental acceptance of heat pumps in Poland's conditions requires a decisive intensification of efforts to increase the share of renewable energy sources in electric energy generation processes in the central electric power system and in local and individual systems, as well as the continuation of the processes of thermal insulation of already existing buildings.
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Ulchenko, Mikhail V., and Sergey V. Fedoseev. "Trends in the development of the global liquefied natural gas market and prospects for the implementation of Russian Arctic projects." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 25, no. 4/2022 (December 20, 2022): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.4.2022.78.003.
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The environmental agenda, as well as issues of reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, are currently treated as a global trend. In such conditions, developed countries openly and actively declare their plans to switch from coal to natural gas and renewable energy sources in their energy consumption. At the same time, the liquefied natural gas (LNG) market is developing at such a pace that in 10–15 years, according to experts, it will bypass the pipeline market. Nevertheless, a significant increase in prices for “blue fuel” at the end of 2021 and the first half of 2022 called into question the reality of following the chosen course in the near future. The study identified the main LNG importers by the end of 2021 (China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and India), as well as the key exporters (Australia, Qatar, USA, Russia, Nigeria, Algeria, Malaysia, Oman and Indonesia). The analysis showed that in the medium term, Qatar, the United States and Russia will be able to significantly increase the volume of natural gas and LNG production. Australia, despite its status as the largest exporter of LNG by the end of 2021, due to the shortage of natural gas in the domestic market, will not be able to increase export volumes in the near future. The purpose of the study is to analyze the main trends in the development of the global LNG market in new geopolitical conditions and to determine the prospects for the implementation of Russian Arctic LNG projects. The scientific novelty of the work lies in determining the potential of the largest LNG suppliers in terms of increasing the LNG production and export regarding the forthcoming 5–8 years. The next stage of the work will be the assessment of the prospects for the sale of Russian and American LNG in the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region markets.
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Grollman, N. G. "PIPELINES, POLITICS AND PROSPERITY: THE ROLE OF NATURAL GAS IN THE QUEST FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY." APPEA Journal 38, no. 1 (1998): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj97055.
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As the preferred 'growth fuel' at the turn of the millennium, natural gas carries a great weight of expectations. Globally, it offers a partial solution to the problem of greenhouse gas emissions as a substitute for other fossil fuels, while at the same time reducing the security risks attached to dependence on oil by providing greater diversity of energy supply. Regionally, it is envisaged as the 'clean' fuel that will render Asia's burgeoning cities more livable. In Australia, it lies at the heart of a process of energy market liberalisation aimed at improved economic efficiency and expansion of Australia's energy-intensive export industries. This process, however, has yet to internalise the true value of gas in regard to environment and security. Moreover, whether the prosperity promised to the East Asia/Pacific region as a whole by new pipelines and LNG plants will be environmentally and logistically sustainable is a political question linked to events outside the region. As gas infrastructure becomes more regional in concept, and energy markets converge and become more competitive, there is a risk that the security and environmental problems associated with the 'age of oil', far from being ameliorated, will be perpetuated.