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Academic literature on the topic 'Natural gas derivatives book'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Natural gas derivatives book"

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Kwon, Sang Jang, and Soo Jong Kwak. "Optimal Hedging Strategy with Natural Ga Futures and Options." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2002): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-01-2002-b0002.

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In this paper, we theoretically examine the optimal hedge strategy for a natural gas company. The use of natural gas derivatives to minimize consumers' per unit cost of natural gas consumed, or to minimize the upside risk associated with extreme bills would be the strategy being considered by local distribution companies (LDCs) and regulators. The objective is, therefore, to stabilize the summer and the winter months' natural gas prices as well as to improve the level of customers' welfare. In general, during the summer injection period, April through October, utility companies purchase a certain amount of natural gas and keep in storage facilities and, hence, during the winter withdrawal months, November through March, utility companies supply natural gas at a predetermined minimal fuel cost rate to residential and commercial customers. Therefore, to manage these conflicts of interests efficiently should natural gas companies be supported by accurate forecast of the natural gas price for the winter months. Otherwise, natural gas companies will trade natural gas derivatives in order to reduce costs charged to customers. The results show that customers benefit from the use of natural gas derivatives. If the natural gas market is deregulated, the typical risk-return trade off shows that natural gas derivatives would provide the most efficient tools for utility companies to minimize the natural gas price volatilities.
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Sweet, Colin. "Book Review: The Political Economy of Natural Gas." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 2, no. 4 (April 1988): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x8800200409.

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Zhang, Gengwu, Bin Hua, Avishek Dey, Munmun Ghosh, Basem A. Moosa, and Niveen M. Khashab. "Intrinsically Porous Molecular Materials (IPMs) for Natural Gas and Benzene Derivatives Separations." Accounts of Chemical Research 54, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00582.

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Schwark, Bastian. "Book Review: The Economics of Natural Gas Storage: A European Perspective." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 10, no. 4 (December 2009): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/178359170901000406.

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Khadzhiev, S. N., N. V. Kolesnichenko, and N. N. Ezhova. "Manufacturing of lower olefins from natural gas through methanol and its derivatives (review)." Petroleum Chemistry 48, no. 5 (September 2008): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544108050010.

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Chizhov, Alexander O., Yury E. Tsvetkov, and Nikolay E. Nifantiev. "Gas-Phase Fragmentation of Cyclic Oligosaccharides in Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Molecules 24, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 2226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122226.

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Modern mass spectrometry, including electrospray and MALDI, is applied for analysis and structure elucidation of carbohydrates. Cyclic oligosaccharides isolated from different sources (bacteria and plants) have been known for decades and some of them (cyclodextrins and their derivatives) are widely used in drug design, as food additives, in the construction of nanomaterials, etc. The peculiarities of the first- and second-order mass spectra of cyclic oligosaccharides (natural, synthetic and their derivatives and modifications: cyclodextrins, cycloglucans, cyclofructans, cyclooligoglucosamines, etc.) are discussed in this minireview.
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Wang, Yanfei, Yaxin Ning, and Yibo Wang. "Fractional Time Derivative Seismic Wave Equation Modeling for Natural Gas Hydrate." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 5901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225901.

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Simulation of the seismic wave propagation in natural gas hydrate (NGH) is of great importance. To finely portray the propagation of seismic wave in NGH, attenuation properties of the earth’s medium which causes reduced amplitude and dispersion need to be considered. The traditional viscoacoustic wave equations described by integer-order derivatives can only nearly describe the seismic attenuation. Differently, the fractional time derivative seismic wave-equation, which was rigorously derived from the Kjartansson’s constant-Q model, could be used to accurately describe the attenuation behavior in realistic media. We propose a new fractional finite-difference method, which is more accurate and faster with the short memory length. Numerical experiments are performed to show the feasibility of the proposed simulation scheme for NGH, which will be useful for next stage of seismic imaging of NGH.
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Correljé, Aad. "Book Review: Security of Energy Supply in Europe: Natural Gas, Nuclear and Hydrogen." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 12, no. 3 (September 2011): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/178359171101200305.

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Łęt, Blanka. "LINKAGES OF NATURAL GAS AND OIL FUTURES PRICES ON THE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN DERIVATIVES MARKET." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 482 (2017): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.482.13.

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Ewald, Christian-Oliver, Roy Nawar, and Tak Kuen Siu. "Minimal variance hedging of natural gas derivatives in exponential Lévy models: Theory and empirical performance." Energy Economics 36 (March 2013): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.12.004.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural gas derivatives book"

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Wittig, Hagen. "Derivatives in the Gas Industry Valuation of Natural Gas Storage Facilities /." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02607729002/$FILE/02607729002.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Natural gas derivatives book"

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Dodds, Daniel. Natural gas data book. Olympia, WA (809 Legion Way S.E., P.O. Box 43165, Olympia 98504-3165): Washington State Energy Office, 1992.

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Dodds, Dan. Natural gas data book. Olympia, WA (P.O. Box 43165, Olympia 98504-3165): Washington State Energy Office, 1992.

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Gas, Northwest Natural. The natural gas safety activity book. [S.l.]: Culver, 1993.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Oil and gas surface operating standards and guidelines for oil and gas exploration and development: Gold book. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 2005.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Surface operating standards and guidelines for oil and gas exploration and development: The gold book. 2nd ed. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 2005.

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Management, United States Bureau of Land. Surface operating standards and guidelines for oil and gas exploration and development: The gold book. 4th ed. [Washington, D.C. ]: Bureau of Land Management, 2007.

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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Surface operating standards and guidelines for oil and gas exploration and development: The gold book. 4th ed. [Washington, D.C: Bureau of Land Management, 2006.

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Board, Canada National Energy. Reasons for decision in the matter of Emera Brunswick Pipeline Company Ltd: Application by Emera Brunswick Pipeline Company Ltd., dated 12 July 2007 and 7 August 2007 for approval of the plans, profiles, and book of reference which detail the proposed route of the Brunswick Pipeline Certificate GC-100 - detailied route hearing. [Calgary, AB]: National Energy Board, 2008.

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Board, Canada National Energy. Reasons for decision in the matter of Emera Brunswick Pipeline Company Ltd: Application by Emera Brunswick Pipeline Company Ltd., dated 12 July 2007 and 7 August 2007 for approval of the plans, profiles, and book of reference which detail the proposed route of the Brunswick Pipeline Certificate GC-100 - detailied route hearing. [Calgary, AB]: National Energy Board, 2008.

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Baldacci, David. Wish you well. London: Pan, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Natural gas derivatives book"

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Hetemäki, Lauri, Jyrki Kangas, Antti Asikainen, Janne Jänis, Jyri Seppälä, Ari Venäläinen, and Heli Peltola. "The Way Forward: Management and Policy Actions." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 229–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_14.

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AbstractAlong with the evidence and analyses expounded on in this book, this chapter provides conclusions and suggestions concerning policy implications. These are based on a perspective that calls attention to the need for a holistic approach to look at the nexus of forests, the bioeconomy and climate change. Moreover, it is emphasised that, given the different uses of forests and the scarcity of forest resources, it makes sense to try to find ways to maximise synergies and minimise trade-offs between the different usages of forests. The forest-based sector contributes to climate-change mitigation via three channels––forests are a carbon sink, forest-based products can substitute for fossil-based products, and these products can store carbon for up to centuries. However, achieving these mitigation potentials in the future depends on forests being made resilient to the changing climate. Therefore, mitigation and adapting forests to climate change are married, both needing to be advanced simultaneously. Globally and in the EU, around 80–90% of the CO2 emissions originate from the use of coal, oil and natural gas. Consequently, the core issue in the fight against climate change is the phasing out of fossil-based products. Reaching this goal will not be possible without substituting also forest-based bioproducts for the purposes we are using oil, coal and gas for today. In the EU, this implies paying more attention to the need to develop new innovations in the forest bioeconomy, improve the resource efficiency and circularity of the bioproducts already available, and monitor the environmental sustainability of the bioeconomy.
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Odiyo, John Ogony, Peter Bitta Bikam, and Rachel Makungo. "Introduction." In Green Economy in the Transport Sector, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86178-0_1.

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AbstractThis book provides policy framework on “towards a Green Economy in the Transport Sector” draws inspiration from the UNEP report on Green Economy Modeling (2014), which focused on South Africa with respect to Transport, Natural Resource Management, Agriculture, and Energy sectors. This is because in the last 10 years natural resources, environmental risks and ecological issues have come to the attention of the international community because the subject is fundamentally important for overarching sustainable growth. It is important to note that environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions and climate change in different regions of the world including South Africa result in significant problems. However, the challenges can provide an opportunity to do things differently. Further to this in 2010, South Africa hosted the Green Economy Summit to set up the stage for the formulation of a Green Economy Plan. In line with this, the choice for a New Growth Path (NGP) was formulated and it was aimed at creating new green jobs in their thousands by 2020. It was in this context that the NGP policy framework on green economy in the transport sector was envisaged to respond to the request by Transport Education and Training Authority (TETA) to assess potential opportunities and policy levers to inform a green economy in the transport sector. The findings from the desktop research, the stakeholder workshop and the field survey reports form the basis from which the policy framework recommendations in this report were made.
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"Natural Gas." In Commodity Derivatives, 149–80. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118467237.ch6.

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Lee, Sunggyu. "Natural Gas Engineering." In Methane and its Derivatives, 311–60. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203747469-5.

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"Natural Gas." In Agricultural and Mineral Commodities Year Book, 197–212. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203403556-29.

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Mutluer, Mustafa, and Atalay Mutluer. "Turkey’s role in the world natural gas trade and natural gas geopolitics." In 1st Istanbul International Geography Congress Proceedings Book, 776–89. Istanbul University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26650/pb/ps12.2019.002.077.

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Pottachola, Sumayya, Arifa Kaniyantavida, and Muraleedharan Karuvanthodiyil. "DFT Study of Structure and Radical Scavenging Activity of Natural Pigment Delphinidin and Derivatives." In Density Functional Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98647.

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A theoretical evaluation of the antioxidant activity of natural pigment delphinidin (1a) and derivatives 1b, 1c, 1d & 1e was performed using the DFT-B3LYP/6–311 + G (d, p) level of theory. Three potential working mechanisms, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), stepwise electron transfer proton transfer (SET-PT), and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET), have been investigated. The physiochemical parameters, including O–H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), ionization potential (IP), proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE), proton affinity (PA), and electron transfer enthalpy (ETE), have been calculated in the gas phase and aqueous phase. The study found that the most suitable mechanism for explaining antioxidant activity is HAT in the gas phase and SPLET in the aqueous medium in this level of theory. Spin density calculation and delocalization index of studied molecules also support the radical scavenging activity. When incorporated into natural pigment delphinidin, the gallate moiety can enhance the activity and stability of the compounds.
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Bethke, Craig M. "Equilibrium Models of Natural Waters." In Geochemical Reaction Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0010.

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Having derived a set of equations describing the equilibrium state of a multicomponent system and devised a scheme for solving them, we can begin to model the chemistries of natural waters. In this chapter we construct four models, each posing special challenges, and look in detail at the meaning of the calculation results. In each case, we use program REACT and employ an extended form of the Debye-Hückel equation for calculating species' activity coefficients, as discussed in Chapter 7. In running REACT, you work interactively following the general procedure: • Swap into the basis any needed species, minerals, or gases. Table 6.1 shows the basis in its original configuration (as it exists when you start the program). You might want to change the basis by replacing SiO2(aq) with quartz so that equilibrium with this mineral can be used to constrain the model. Or to set a fugacity buffer you might swap CO2(g) for either H+ or HCO-3. • Set a constraint for each basis member that you want to include in the calculation. For instance, the constraint might be the total concentration of sodium in the fluid, the free mass of a mineral, or the fugacity of a gas. You may also set temperature (25°C, by default) or special program options. • Run the program by typing go. • Revise the basis or constraints and reexecute the program as often as you wish. In this book, input scripts for running the various programs are set in a "typewriter" typeface. Unless a script is marked as a continuation of the previous script, you should start the program anew or type reset to clear your previous configuration. For a first chemical model, we calculate the distribution of species in surface seawater, a problem first undertaken by Garrels and Thompson (1962; see also Thompson, 1992). We base our calculation on the major element composition of seawater (Table 6.2), as determined by chemical analysis. To set pH, we assume equilibrium with CO2 in the atmosphere (Table 6.3).
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Sharma, Deepika, Vasudevan Dhayalan, Chitrarasu Manikandan, and Rambabu Dandela. "Recent Methods for Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives and Their New Applications." In Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Heterocycles and Their Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108563.

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Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) and its heterocyclic derivatives are widely used as lactone scaffolds used by innovative methods for the preparation of heterocyclic molecules. Nowadays, significant biological activities, as well as properties of unique nature coumarin derivatives, have played an important role in the development of novel drugs. This chapter entitles numerous methods of one-pot construction of coumarin derivatives, together with well-known name reactions and other type reactions as well, in the presence of various metal-based homogenous and heterogeneous catalyst system. Coumarin is one of the very important heterocycles and its analogs like natural product and pharmaceutically active drug molecules are extracted/isolated from a plants, animals, and microbes. Coumarin precursors have a wide range of biological activities Hence, the synthesis of coumarins and their heterocyclic analogs have become among the most interesting compound over the last many years in the growth of improved synthetic methodologies to form different types of functional groups that are present in coumarins derivatives. The synthesis of coumarins enabled by current approaches and their most recent bio-applications are discussed in this book chapter. Corresponding complex heterocycles-based coumarin analogs are produced from substituted alkyne substrates and other starting materials as well.
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Essington, Timothy E. "Mathematics Refresher." In Introduction to Quantitative Ecology, 183–86. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843470.003.0011.

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The chapter “Mathematics Refresher” provides a brief reminder of operations with logarithms, matrices, and calculus, for student reference. It starts off by reviewing the differences between regular logarithms and natural logarithms and provides some examples of common operations with logarithms. It then introduces derivatives and integrals (although it is never necessary to compute an integral in this book, it is still useful to know what an integral is) and explains the sum rule, the product rule, the quotient rule, and the chain rule. Next, it provides a brief overview of matrices and matrix operations, including matrix dimensions, and addition and multiplication of matrices. It concludes with a discussion of the identity matrix.
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Conference papers on the topic "Natural gas derivatives book"

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Codeceira Neto, Alcides, and Pericles Pilidis. "An Assessment Method of Power Plants Using Genetic Algorithms." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0560.

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The performance assessment of power plants is a complex task, which involves many calculations. Increasing the number of plant components with the introduction of new technologies available in the international market, it increases the complexity of performance analysis of power cycles. The present paper describes a process for optimising a conventional gas turbine combined cycle power plant. In this paper the method of assessing thermal power plants takes into account the exergy method and carries out along with optimisation of the whole plant based on maximising overall plant exergetic efficiency and minimising energy loss rejected to the atmosphere. The performance assessment of power plants using the exergy method considers the overall plant exergetic efficiency and the exergy destruction in the various components of the plant. The exergy method highlights irreversibility within the plant components, and it is of particular interest in this investigation. Due to the large number of equations with many variables taking part in the whole calculation and also considering constraints imposed to some variables, a genetic algorithm is recommended as the optimisation tool for the assessment method. Genetic Algorithms are adaptive methods which may be used to solve search and optimisation problems. They are based on the genetic processes of biological organisms. Over many generations, natural populations evolve according to the principles of natural selection and “survival of the fittest”, first clearly stated by Charles Darwin in his book “The Origin of Species”. Genetic algorithms do not require complicate mathematical calculations like the evaluation of derivatives necessary to be considered in conventional optimisation techniques.
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Barnard, A., W. W. Sager, J. E. Snow, and M. D. Max. "A New Look at Seafloor Venting: Natural Gas Hydrate Derivatives." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/27283-ms.

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de Oliveira, Erica Vanessa Albuquerque, and Priscila Raquel Kazmierczak. "Oil and Gas Production Pipelines: Current Status of Brazil Safety Regulation." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33158.

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The Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (Agência Nacional do Petróleo Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis - ANP) is the regulatory body responsible to regulate, contract and supervise the activities that integrates oil, natural gas and biofuels industry in Brazil, including the onshore and offshore pipelines. With this intent, ANP’s Resolution n° 06/2011, Technical Regulation of Onshore Pipelines for the Transport of Petroleum, its Derivatives and Natural Gas (Regulamento Técnico de Dutos Terrestres para Movimentação de Petróleo, Derivados e Gás Natural - RTDT), was published, establishing the essential critical requirements and the minimum safety directives for onshore pipelines, aiming at the protection of human life, facilities, and environment. The Technical Regulation covers onshore pipelines, new and existing ones, acting on the transference of the oil and gas production in the Brazilian jurisdiction and it is also applied on design, construction, assembling, operation, inspection, maintenance, integrity management, emergency response and decommissioning of the pipelines. Currently, ANP is elaborating a normative instrument applied to offshore pipelines, intending to establish the essential critical requirements for its safety management system. This paper presents an evaluation of the RTDT after its publication, including the improvements that will be concern with the review of the Resolution, and also gives an overview of the elaboration of the normative instrument for offshore pipelines.
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Martinez, Guillermo. "Industrial Power Augmentation Technologies for Aero-Derivatives GT Used as Natural Gas Compressor Drives." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/183313-ms.

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Cheu, Tsu-Chien, Bo Ping Wang, and Ting-Yu Chen. "Design Optimization of Gas Turbine Blades With Geometry and Natural Frequency Constraints." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-105.

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In this paper an automated procedure is presented to obtain the minimum weight design of gas turbine blades with geometry and multiple natural frequency constraints. The objective is achieved using a combined finite element-sequential linear programming, FEM-SLP technique. Thickness of selected finite elements are used as design variables. Geometric constraints are imposed on the thickness variations such that the optimal design has smooth aerodynamic shape. Based on the natural frequencies and mode shapes obtained from finite element analysis an assumed mode reanalysis technique is used to provide the approximate derivatives of weight and constraints with respect to design variables for sequential linear programming. The results from SLP provide the initial design for the next FEM-SLP process. An example is presented to illustrate the interactive system developed for the optimization procedure.
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DeCorso, Mario, Richard Newby, Don Anson, Richard Wenglarz, and Ian Wright. "Coal/Biomass Fuels and the Gas Turbine: Utilization of Solid Fuels and Their Derivatives." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-076.

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This paper discusses key design and development issues in utilizing coal and other solid fuels in gas turbines. These fuels may be burned in raw form or processed to produce liquids or gases in more or less refined forms. The use of such fuels in gas turbines requires resolution of technology issues which are of little or no consequence for conventional natural gas and refined oil fuels. For coal, these issues are primarily related to the solid form in which coal is naturally found and its high ash and contaminant levels. Biomass presents another set of issues similar to those of coal. Among the key areas discussed are effects of ash and contaminant level on deposition, corrosion, and erosion of turbine hot parts, with particular emphasis on deposition effects.
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Song, Lina, Hongcheng Xu, Qiqi Wanyan, Wei Liao, Shijie Zhang, Lei Shi, and Kai Zhao. "Inventory Verification in Underground Gas Storage Rebuilt from Depleted Gas Reservoir: A Case Study from China." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208134-ms.

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Abstract Inventory verification is one of vital tasks in underground gas storage (UGS) management process. For one reason, it is possible to know exactly how much natural gas is actually in the gas storage and ensure that it can be produced and supplied to the market in winter season when needed. For another, possible natural gas leakage can be discovered in time by inventory verification, to ensure the safe and economic operation of the gas storage. HTB UGS is a gas storage facility rebuilt from a depleted gas reservoir in China, which has been commissioning in June 2013. After 7 years injection-withdrawal cycles, we calculated and analyzed the inventory of this gas storage. First and foremost, we analyzed the data of 13 observation wells, including monitoring of gas-water interface, caprocks, and faults of the HTB UGS. In addition, we carried out core experiments in the laboratory to simulate the multi-cycle injection and withdrawal of gas storage, and analyzed the microscopic pore seepage characteristics of the reservoir during the UGS operation. Next, based on the operating pressure test data of the gas storage, we corrected the formation pressure and calculated the effective inventory. Furthermore, combined with the simulation results that we have carried out in the previous period, the effective inventory of HTB UGS was comprehensively evaluated. The result shows that: 1) The complete monitoring system indicates that the HTB UGS has no gas escaping from the storage field through faults, caprocks or wellbore. 2) The experimental result shows that in the process of gas withdrawal, various forms of natural gas such as jams and bypasses in some areas of the reservoir cannot participate in the flow, leading to this part of natural gas cannot be used. 3) Inventory calculation shows that as of the end of gas withdrawal in March 2020, the book inventory of HTB UGS is 99.8×108m3，while the effective inventory is 91.8×108m3 and the working gas is 39.9×108m3. 4) By acidification or other measures to improve the geological conditions, intensifying the well pattern and extending the gas production time, HTB UGS can increase its effective inventory. With the great efforts in constructing underground gas storage in China and the market-oriented operation of UGS, inventory verification of gas storage will become increasingly important. The inventory analysis method established in this article can provide a certain reference.
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Botros, Kamal K., and Larry Jensen. "Performance of Twelve Different Equations of State for Natural Gas and Hydrogen Blends." In 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-86297.

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Abstract The aspiration for blending hydrogen (H2) into natural gas (NG) in gas transmission systems is high and is happening globally. However, the principal properties of the blended mixtures and their thermodynamic derivatives can significantly vary depending on the Equation of State (EOS) employed. There is a need to arrive at the best performing EOS for the prediction of the blended mixtures from low to high concentration of H2 in the blend with NG. Twelve different EOS were evaluated against measured data found in the open literature of pure H2, binary mixtures with alkanes and mixtures with NG. Three measured properties were found, namely density, speed of sound and isobaric heat capacity (Cp) in the range of pressures up to 50 MPa and temperatures in the range of −20°C to +80°C and H2 concentration up to 88%(mole). The total number of measured data points are 629 for pure H2 and 1788 for Binaries and NG mixtures with H2. Performance of each EOS is based on the average of the absolute error (deviation%) between predicted vs. measured parameters. These were: density, which represents the principal performance of the EOS with respect the basic formulation of P, ρ and T, the speed of sound, which represents a thermodynamic derivative with respect to entropy, and isobaric heat capacity which represents a thermodynamic derivative with respect to enthalpy. All other thermodynamic derivatives can be related to these three parameters (e.g., J.T coefficient, isochoric heat capacity, enthalpy, internal energy,, compressibility factor and Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies, etc.). Transport properties predictions are based on other empirical and semi-empirical correlations that are independent of the EOS and hence were not considered. It was found that, for the most part and for pure H2, GERG2008 EOS performed best in predicting the above three principal parameters followed by AGA8. For Binary and NG mixtures with H2, again GERG2008 was found to be the best performing EOS for all ranges of P and T, while the second-best performer is BWRS in the range of 0.1–3 MPa and AGA8 in the range of 3–25 MPa, respectively.
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Moritz, Robert R. "Near Term Gas Turbine Program to Enable the Use of “Renewable” Fuels." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-271.

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To be suitable for gas turbine use, renewable energy resources are typically processed to produce a cleaned gaseous fuel which tends to be of low energy density relative to natural gas. Depending on the process and source, the derived fuel gas may also contain a large fraction of Hydrogen. Such gases may require enrichment to permit stable combustion and also carry some hazard of flashback due to the Hydrogen content. Previous experience also suggests that even small traces of ash which could be carried through the gas cleaning have the potential to cause airfoil fouling. Allison Engine Company produces engines for electric power generation in the range up to 7 MW and expects to offer derivatives up to 12 MW by the year 2000. Two series of engines are involved, offering different virtues and challenges in renewable fuels use. It is planned to extend the range of renewable fuels utilized by all these engines by carrying out a rig and engine demonstration program. A major goal is to operate a gas turbine using the product gas from a high quality biomass gasifier.
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Carlucci, Elisa, and Leonardo Tognarelli. "Preventive Maintenance and Spare Parts Management Optimization in Natural Gas Pipelines Operating Under Variable Conditions Across the Year." In ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49326.

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Pipeline architecture consists in several stations in series configuration; hence the unavailability of one station impacts the availability of the whole pipeline. This lead to the need of optimizing the availability of each station in terms of configuration and number of units required in order to be able of satisfying the demand at any time. The loss of production cost in gas supply application is very high. Aero-derivatives gas Turbines are typically used as drivers in pipeline applications since they maximize train efficiency, minimizing gas consumption. PGT25+ aero-derivative Gas Turbines are among the most popular units applied in pipeline services. They merge demonstrated reliability performances together with a very limited outage duration impact that leads to very high Availability. Outage duration is optimized through modular replacement of both GG and HSPT that is facilitated by light weight of the machine. A Reliability Block Diagram has been built with the aim to optimize the Pipeline PGT25+ Gas Generator scheduled maintenance. Each block represents a Gas Generator while each station is realized taking into account the actual k-out-of-N configuration of each station units. Once the model has been created, a sensitivity analysis has been performed in order to estimate the impact of the Gas Generator cycle time (Gas Generator refurbishment time),that is what if larger or shorter than the baseline 6 months. Further, even a sensitivity study has been carried on to estimate the impact of the number of available spare parts on the delay that some units will suffer due to un-sufficient number of GG spare with consequent higher risk.
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