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Ashcroft, Alexander T. "Methane conversion over oxide catalysts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305983.
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Bengtsson, Simon. "Economic and environmental implications of a conversion to natural gas." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Energivetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-27274.
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Swartz, Matthew M. "Nitric oxide conversion in a spark ignited natural gas engine." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=4009.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 79 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-70).
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Zeng, Fan. "Catalytic processes for conversion of natural gas engine exhaust and 2,3-butanediol conversion to 1,3-butadiene." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32777.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Chemical Engineering
Keith L. Hohn
Extensive research has gone into developing and modeling the three-way catalyst (TWC) to reduce the emissions of hydrocarbons, NOx and CO from gasoline-fueled engines level. However, much less has been done to model the use of the three-way catalyst to treat exhaust from natural gas-fueled engines. Our research address this gap in the literature by developing a detailed surface reaction mechanism for platinum based on elementary-step reactions. A reaction mechanism consisting of 24 species and 115 elementary reactions was constructed from literature values. All reaction parameters were used as found in the literature sources except for steps modified to improve the model fit to the experimental data. The TWC was simulated as a one-dimension, isothermal plug flow reactor (PFR) for the steady state condition and a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) for the dithering condition. This work describes a method to quantitatively simulate the natural gas engine TWC converter performance, providing a deep understanding of the surface chemistry in the converter. Due to the depletion of petroleum oil and recent volatility in price, synthesizing value-added chemicals from biomass-derived materials has attracted extensive attention. 1, 3-butadiene (BD), an important intermediate to produce rubber, is conventionally produced from petroleum. Recently, one potential route is to produce BD by dehydration of 2, 3-butanediol (BDO), which is produced at high yield from biomass. This reaction was studied over two commercial forms of alumina. Our results indicate acid/base properties greatly impact the BD selectivity. Trimethylamine can also modify the acid/base properties on alumina surface and affect the BD selectivity. Scandium oxide, acidic oxide or zirconia dual bed systems are also studied and our results show that acidic oxide used as the second bed catalyst can promote the formation of BD, while 2,5-dimethylphenol is found when the zirconia is used as the second bed catalyst which is due to the strong basic sites.
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Udell, Thomas Gregory. "Reducing emissions of older vehicles through fuel system conversion to natural gas." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19896.
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Park, Talus. "Dual fuel conversion of a direct injection diesel engine." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=460.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 96 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-62).
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Baumhakl, Christoph [Verfasser], and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Karl. "Substitute Natural Gas Production with direct Conversion of Higher Hydrocarbons / Christoph Baumhakl. Gutachter: Jürgen Karl." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2014. http://d-nb.info/1075832462/34.
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Khan, Ashikur R. "Experimental studies of the homogeneous conversion of sulfur di-oxide to sulfur tri-oxide via natural gas reburning." Ohio : Ohio University, 1999. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175798586.
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Oliveira, Maurício Figueiredo de. "Metodologia para aplicação de fontes renováveis de energia elétrica em plataformas marítimas de produção de petróleo e gás natural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-01082013-162018/.
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A utilização de fontes renováveis em plataformas de produção de petróleo e gás natural atualmente é baseada em aplicações experimentais e esparsas. Contudo, a aplicação dessas fontes de forma estruturada permite aumentar a confiabilidade de sistemas críticos e diminuir a emissão de poluentes. Com foco nos projetos para desenvolvimento de produção dos campos petrolíferos do pré-sal no Brasil, esse trabalho apresenta uma proposta de metodologia para avaliação de utilização de fontes renováveis de energia elétrica em plataformas marítimas de produção de petróleo e gás natural. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um fluxograma de projeto e uma metodologia multicritério. O fluxograma de projeto determina as etapas e atividades requeridas para uma adequada aplicação da metodologia de avaliação. Enquanto a metodologia multicritério busca captar os valores e percepções de projetistas, operadores e mantenedores a respeito de características dos dispositivos conversores de energia renovável. A metodologia proposta é aplicada em um caso de plataforma tipo fixa e em outro caso de plataforma tipo FPSO. Esse segundo caso representa características físicas das embarcações utilizadas para desenvolvimento da produção na camada pré-sal, assim como as características ambientais e geográficas de locação. Os resultados permitem comparar as potencialidades de captação de energia renovável, assim como permitem identificar as tecnologias com estado da arte mais adequado para essa aplicação específica. Outras conclusões são apresentadas, como a estimativa de emissão de CO2 evitada e as tecnologias verdes com atratividade para desenvolvimento no âmbito nacional.Nowadays renewable sources applications at offshore petroleum and natural gas production platform are based at experimental and particular cases. However, a structured design system can increase critical systems reliability and decrease pollutant emissions. Focuses at new developing production projects at Brazilian presalt petroleum fields, this work suggest a new methodology to valuate renewable source applications and solutions at offshore petroleum and natural gas production platform. Based at this purpose, a design project workflow and a multicriteria methodology were developed. Technical activities required to a suitable valuation and sequential steps are detailed at project workflow. The multicriteria methodology simulates values and feelings of designers, operators and technical maintenance about renewable source converters appliances features. This proposed methodology is applied at two specific cases, a fixed platform and FPSO platform. The second one represents physical characteristics of pre-salt production units as well environmental and geographic features of site location. The comparison of results indicates potential renewable energy flows to be harvested and the technologies of renewable sources with high attractiveness for this offshore application. Other conclusions are showed, as quantification of avoided carbonic gas emitted and green technologies that should be produced in Brazil.
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Ferraz, Fagner Barbosa. "Análise de desempenho de um motor diesel turboalimentado ottolizado para gás natural." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5384.
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A large number of national companies has been using diesel gensets as an alternative to the electricity supplied by the local utility. Therefore, generators are used as an emergency power system or during peak hours. Peak hour in Brazil is between 5 to 10 p. m. As we know diesel engines contribute to the large increase in environmental pollution, since the diesel exhaust may contain fine particles associated with negative health effect, toxic air contaminants, as NOx and SOx. On the other hand, Natural gas is considered as a suitable choice rather than the use of diesel, because it possesses high calorific power, clean burning, and proper octane level for Otto cycle engine. The present work deals with the performance analysis of a Perkins engine turbocharged, diesel, model 1104C-44TA, converted into an Otto cycle engine to run on natural gas, also identifying the limiting factors of power in these types of engines. Giving the importance of the compression rate on the Diesel to Otto cycle conversion, the evaluation of the Perkins processed engine happened under the influence of three different rates: 7.6:1; 8.7:1 and 12.3:1. For each compressed rate, and stoichiometric mixture, the task was to choose the spark advance to guarantee best performances to the engine. All tests were performed with a hydraulic dynamometer. The results showed that, the best combination of those parameters are not sufficient to ensure the highest performance of a diesel converted engine. There was a consubstantial rise in temperature of the exhaust gases and on the turbine walls, due to the increase in the exhaust gases volume, compared to that of the burnt gases withdrawn from the original engine, impairing the efficiency and lifespan of the engine components. It was found, by energetic analysis, the compression ratio of 8.7:1, was the most efficient, among the other two, assuring the engine its best performance. As expected, at the compression rate of 7.6:1 the exhaust gases presented the highest temperatures. At compression ratio of 12.3:1 the gas emissions of the converted engine delivered highest NOx level and the lowest level of unburned hydrocarbons at the exhaust. Keywords: Diesel Turbocharged Engine. Diesel to Otto Cycle Conversion Process. Natural Gas. Performance. Energy Balance
Um grande número de empresas nacionais faz uso de grupos geradores a diesel como opção à eletricidade fornecida pela concessionária local. O emprego de grupos geradores é comum durante as horas de pico, que no Brasil, ocorrem entre as 17 e 22 h. Tais aparatos, juntamente com os motores veiculares a diesel têm contribuído para o grande aumento da poluição ambiental, uma vez que a queima deste combustível se faz com grande emissão de particulados, de NOx e de SOx. O gás natural é considerado uma alternativa ao uso do diesel por possuir um alto poder calorífico, queima limpa, e adequada octanagem para o ciclo Otto. O presente trabalho trata da análise de desempenho de um motor Perkins turboalimentado, a diesel, modelo 1104C-44TA, convertido para funcionar apenas com gás natural, identificando ainda, os fatores limitadores de potência nestes tipos de motores. Considerando a importância da taxa de compressão no processo de ottolização, o motor convertido foi avaliado sob a influência de três diferentes taxas: 7,6:1; 8,7:1 e 12,3:1. Para tanto, foram selecionados avanços de ignição que ao interagir com a mistura próxima da estequiométrica garantisse ao funcionamento do motor as melhores condições de desempenho, para cada taxa de compressão escolhida. Os ensaios foram feitos com o auxílio de um dinamômetro hidráulico e os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que, na prática, tais parâmetros não são suficientes para se assegurar os melhores desempenhos em um motor diesel ottolizado. Foi observado um aumento consubstancial na temperatura dos gases de exaustão e na turbina, em virtude da ampliação do volume dos gases de escapamento com relação àquele observado no motor original, com prejuízos para a eficiência e a própria vida útil do motor. Verificou-se, através das análises energéticas, que a taxa de compressão de 8,7:1 permitiu ao motor seu melhor desempenho, com relação à outras experimentadas. Como esperado, o motor operando na taxa de 7,6:1 produziu as mais elevadas temperaturas dos gases de exaustão. Com respeito às emissões gasosas, o motor convertido com taxa de compressão de 12,3:1 emitiu o maior nível de NOx e o menor nível de hidrocarbonetos não queimados
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Valiante, Daniel. "Análise de viabilidade técnica, econômica, ambiental e mercadológica da instalação original de fábrica de sistema de conversão para uso de gás natural em veículos leves movidos a gasolina e/ou álcool." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3149/tde-26122014-174836/.
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É cada vez maior a busca por fontes de energia alternativas com vistas à substituição dos derivados do Petróleo, em especial após a crise da década de 70. A indústria automotiva segue a mesma tendência, buscando alternativas viáveis frente à incerteza do tempo e quantidade que ainda resta de estoque de combustíveis fósseis líquidos. Além do Álcool como meio de substituição ao Diesel e a Gasolina, a utilização de GNV - Gás Natural Veicular - está entre as tecnologias atualmente consideradas viáveis e eficientes. Segundo a ANP - Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (2006), o Brasil possui reservas comprovadas de 306,4 x 109 m3 de Gás Natural, quantidade estimada para abastecer o mercado nacional, no cenário mais pessimista, pelos próximos cinqüenta anos. A associação desses fatores resulta na busca do consumidor brasileiro pela redução dos gastos cada vez maiores com combustível e no aumento da demanda por veículos movidos a Gás Natural. Apesar da notória demanda de mercado, atualmente existem no Brasil poucas opções de veículos leves com Sistemas de Conversão originalmente instalados pelas montadoras e com manutenção da garantia de fábrica. A falta de opções de oferta abre espaço para o grande aumento do número de oficinas de conversão, freqüentemente ignorando aspectos técnicos e de legislação de conversão, na intenção de apenas obterem lucros com o aumento de demanda. Mais do que pretensiosas conclusões definitivas, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo oferecer uma pequena contribuição à indústria e à sociedade, através da análise da viabilidade técnica, econômica, ambiental e mercadológica da instalação original de fábrica de Sistema de Conversão para uso de Gás Natural em veículos leves movidos a Gasolina e / ou Álcool, frente ao atual mercado de veículos convertidos e ao aumento da demanda por fontes de energia alternativa.The search for alternative energy sources aiming the substitution of derivate Oil products is each time higher, especially after the 70s Petroleum crisis. The automotive industry follows this trend too, looking for possible alternatives in face of the uncertainness of time and quantity available stocks of liquid fossil fuels. Besides the Ethanol as a way of Gasohol and Diesel substitution, the CNG - Compressed Natural Gas - use is nowadays considered one of the most possible and efficient technologies. According to the ANP - National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuel Agency (2006), Brazil owns 306,4 x 109 m3 of Compressed Natural Gas proved reserves, which are considered enough to supply the national market, in the worst case, for the next fifty years. The conjunction of these issues results in the Brazilian customers search for the each higher fuel expenses reduction and the raise of Compressed Natural Gas impelled vehicles demand. Despite the notorious market demand, there are nowadays on Brazil only a few options of light vehicles with Conversion System originally installed by automotive assemblers and warrantys maintenance. This lack of supply options creates a large field to the raise in the quantity of conversion workshops, frequently ignoring the technical aspects and the conversion legislation only with intent of achieving profit with the demand raise. More than pretentious definitive conclusions, the present work aims to offer a small contribution to the industry and society through the technical, economical, environmental and merchandizing practicability analysis of original assemblers installation of Conversion System to the use of Compressed Natural Gas in Gasohol and / or Ethanol impelled light vehicles, in face of the actual converted vehicles market and the demand raise for alternative energy sources.
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Pak, Sun. "Adaptation, combustion et limites pauvres d'un moteur à allumage commandé au gaz naturel obtenu par conversion d'un diesel faible puissance." Valenciennes, 1994. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1d663861-db36-4829-9d80-aa7826a05ebe.
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Un moteur diesel faible puissance a était converti en A. C. Puis alimenté au gaz naturel. Les caractéristiques générales de la combustion (délais, durées de combustion, dispersion cyclique) ont été étudiées en fonction du rapport air-gaz, de l'avance à l'allumage, et du type de bougie ainsi que les performances du moteur. Pour le comportement en mélange très pauvre, nous avons déterminé les limites opératoires, analyse le déroulement de la combustion et observe les variations de pression. En utilisant un générateur de turbulence en forme de cône, nous avons reculé les limites pauvres et réduit la dispersion cyclique et la pollution estimée en fonction de la richesse du mélange, de l'avance à l'allumage, de la vitesse et de la charge du moteur. A la fin de l'étude, nous donnons les conditions opératoires optimum pour différentes charges et vitesses.
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Luciano, Nicola. "An optimized hybrid data reduction strategy in 1D Raman/Rayleigh spectroscopic measurements of turbulent flames." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC026.
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Une variété d’applications techniques dans la conversion d’énergie sont basées sur la combustion turbulente. En dépit du fonctionnement avancé de la technologie, la science de la combustion (turbulente) en est à un stade relativement jeune. Des études détaillées des flammes de référence sont essentielles pour mieux comprendre la physique sous-jacente aux processus mentionnés, ainsi que pour fournir une base de données fiable permettant de valider les modèles numériques développés pour simuler des problèmes de combustion turbulents. La spectroscopie Raman / Rayleigh est une technique extrêmement utile qui permet d’accéder simultanément à des informations sur la température et la concentration en espèces chimiques principales dans les structures de flammes. La data reduction strategy appliquée avec cette technique est cruciale pour extraire des informations fiables des investigations expérimentales. Dans cette thèse, une version modifiée de la stratégie, basée sur la Hybrid Method de Fuest et al., a été développée et testée à l’aide de techniques de résolution de NLP problem, dont des méthodes d’optimisation globale et un algorithme génétique. La stratégie proposée permet une réduction significative du temps de traitement des données, nécessite moins d’expertise de l’utilisateur et réduit l’erreur de mesure. La procédure modifiée a été appliquée à un data set fourni par une étude expérimentale de deux jet flame méthane/air prémélangés turbulentes appartenant au régime flamelet de la combustion prémélangée turbulente. Le data set est composé de plusieurs scalaires, y compris les principales espèces et la température, mesurés simultanément avec la single-shot 1D Raman/Rayleigh spectroscopy. Les résultats des mesures sont analysés et discutésA variety of technical applications in energy conversion are based on turbulent combustion. Despite the advanced contest of operation, (turbulent) combustion science is at a relatively young stage. Detailed investigations of benchmark flames are essential to achieve a better understanding of the physics behind the mentioned processes, as well as to provide reliable database for validating numerical models developed to simulate turbulent combustion problems. Raman/Rayleigh spectroscopy is a highly valuable technique which allows to access simultaneous information on temperature and main chemical species concentration within the flame structures. The data reduction strategy applied with this technique is crucial, in order to extract reliable information from the experimental investigations. In this this thesis, a modified version of the strategy, based on the Hybrid Method by Fuest et al., has been developed and tested using NLP problem solving techniques, including global optimization methods and a genetic algorithm. The proposed strategy allows for a significant reduction of the data processing time, requires less user’s expertise and returns better results in reduced measurements error. The modified routine has been applied to data set provided by an experimental investigation of two turbulent premixed methane/air jet flames belonging to the flamelet regime of turbulent premixed combustion. The data set is composed by multiple scalars, including major species and temperature, simultaneously measured with single-shot 1D Raman/Rayleigh spectroscopy. The results of the measurements are analyzed and discussed
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Arce, Vicente Jimmy. "Sistema de financiamiento para conversión de vehículos a gas natural." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/274160.
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El presente proyecto de tesis desarrollará e implementará un software que permita la
atención, aprobación, activación, desembolso y seguimiento de solicitudes de financiamiento de créditos para la conversión de vehículos a gas natural, así como también, la cobranza de estos créditos en la empresa Financiera TFC. En la actualidad no existe una herramienta que permita realizar la atención de solicitudes de financiamiento y recaudación de las cobranzas de manera optimizada y controlada.
El propósito y objetivo fundamental es tener en forma inmediata la información que permita un control y seguimiento de los créditos otorgados, y una recuperación adecuada mediante las cobranzas para mantener controlado el nivel de endeudamiento del cliente. En el presente documento se hallará la fundamentación teórica que será la base sobre la cual se desarrollará el proyecto, la descripción de la organización, la revisión de los procesos de negocio y las políticas que las rigen, el análisis de la situación problemática y la propuesta de solución indicando los objetivos generales, objetivos específicos y beneficios que se esperan lograr. Se espera que luego de la implementación del aplicativo, la atención de las solicitudes de financiamiento se realice en forma estandarizada y controlada, se optimicen los tiempos de atención al cliente y la recuperación de la cobranza sea óptima para mantener el nivel de
morosidad de los clientes al mínimo.Tesis
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Wu, Dien-yeh. "Evaluation of light duty vehicle conversions to natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas : speciated and off-cycle emissions /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Telles, Luiz Henrique Engracia. "\"Impactos da Conversão de Indústrias ao Gás Natural na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-18012012-162235/.
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A importação de gás natural da Bolívia possibilitará considerável aumento de consumo deste combustível na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Estudo de mercado recente concluiu pela viabilidade econômica de uma demanda industrial na região acima de 6 milhões de m\'/dia no ano 2000, quase o dobro do consumo atual. Neste trabalho procuramos avaliar, do ponto de visita da demanda , o impacto sobre o meio ambiente resultante desta mudança de combustível e, também, uma investigação sobre eventual mudança da eficiência energética do setor industrial convertido ao gás natural. Grande parte deste gás natural será consumido na substituição de óleo combustível (50%), na ampliação de sua utilização atual (40%) e no deslocamento da eletricidade (7,3%) e da biomassa (2,7%). Com os dados disponíveis sobre as emissões na RMSP , considerando os deslocamento dos outros combustíveis e o aumento de consumo de gás natural , adotando-se os coeficientes de emissão reconhecidos, efetuamos um balanço das emissões resultantes desta mudança. Para a avaliação da eficiência energética fazemos uma investigação direta das mudanças de consumo junto às indústrias já convertidas ao gás natural. O balanço realizado indica uma grande redução das emissões industriais dos óxidos de enxofre (94%) e uma redução apreciável da geração de gás carbônico nas indústrias convertidas ao gás natural ( 13,4%). Apresenta uma modesta redução de material particulado (7,6%) e de monóxido de carbono (4%) e uma considerável redução na geração de óxidos de nitrogênio (13,7%). A nossa investigação indica a possibilidade de redução de consumo energético nos setores pesquisados e nítidos ganhos na operação e manutenção das instalações industriais convertidas ao gás natural.With the Brazilian importation of natural gas from Bolívia, it will be feasible a considerable increase in the consumption of this fuel in the Great São Paulo Area. Recent evaluations concluded by the feasibility of the industrial demand of natural gas in this area, higger than 6 million m3/day on year 2000 , more than two times the current consumption. In this work we carried out an evaluation , from the demand point of view, of the environmental impact due to fuel substitution and natural gas market increase. Also the investigation related to possible changes in energy efficiency of industrial sectors converted to natural gas users is developped here. The largest share of this natural gas will be utilised in the substituition of fuel oil (50%), increase on natural gas utilisation (40%), as well as replacement of eletricity (7,3%) and biomass (2,7%). Based in the available air quality data for this urban area, in the replacement of other fuels, and the acceptable emissions coefficients, we present a balance of the final situation. For the evaluation of energy efficiency , a direct investigation about the change in consumption at industries already converted to natural gas was performed. The study indicates a scenario where considerable reduction on industrial emissions of sulfur oxides (94%), a significant reduction of carbonic dioxide (13,4%), a modest reduction on particulates (7,6%) and carbon monoxide (4%), and a considerable reduction too on nitrogen oxides (13,7%). Our investigation indicated the possibility of reduction on the energy comsumption , of the industrial sectors investigated and clear earnings on operation and maintenance of industrial instalations converted to natural gas.
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Chavez, Ñahuinripa Ángel. "Proyecto de conversión al consumo de gas natural en la planta textil." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2005. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2005/chavez_na/html/index-frames.html.
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Cornelio, Garcia Richard Edwin. "Conversión a gas natural de un caldero de 400 BHP que usa petróleo residual." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9132.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autorDescribe los beneficios operativos, energéticos y ambientales que se pueden conseguir con el uso del gas natural en calderas de vapor, así como los pasos que se tienen que seguir para realizar una conversión de las calderas de vapor que queman combustibles líquidos a gas y un estimado del costo que ello representa. El presente proyecto también servirá como referencia para motivar a las empresas industriales al consumo masivo de gas natural, el cual permitirá reestructurar una nueva matriz energética en el Perú, eso dará independencia energética o disminución de la dependencia del petróleo, cuyos precios son cada vez más altos y cuya producción mundial está en etapa de declinación.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
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Pérez, Palomino Patricia Carol. "Propuesta de conversión del parque automotor de Lima y Callao para el uso de gas natural." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2010. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/324.
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El presente estudio realiza un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo del parque automotor de Lima y Callao que permite conocer su situación actual y definir una metodología para evaluar la factibilidad de conversión a gas natural y dar los lineamientos para una planificación estratégica con la finalidad de hacer posible dicha conversión.Tesis
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Herrera, Vera-Tudela José Alejandro. "Especificaciones técnicas de un taller de conversión de vehículos a GNV y GLP." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2009. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/575.
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La descripción detallada de los procesos principales que se llevan a cabo en el
taller de conversiones, tales como la recepción de vehículos, la evaluación de pre
conversión, la conversión misma, la prueba de ruta y calibración, los planes de
mantenimiento, reparaciones y seguridad, la facturación y la entrega de los vehículos
terminados, disminuye el espacio a cometer errores por falta de conocimiento. El
objetivo de lo mencionado anteriormente es dejar claro las funciones y los
procedimientos que deben seguir cada una de las personas involucradas en el taller
de conversiones implementado dentro de un taller automotriz ya existente.
La determinación de las características del taller se llevó a cabo mediante el
planteamiento de la capacidad operativa deseada del mismo durante los primeros
meses de su funcionamiento. Considerando 40 conversiones para el primer mes de
trabajo, se determinó que el espacio del piso de taller necesario para realizarlas es no
menor a 430m2 dentro de un taller de más de 2700m2. Estos valores cumplen con la
norma NTP 111.018 que enuncia las principales características con las que debe
contar un taller de conversiones para ser certificado. Los trabajos a realizarse en cada
zona de trabajo fueron especificados y éstas apropiadamente señalizadas para
cumplir totalmente con la norma.
Se definió cuales serán las tecnologías de los equipos a instalarse en los
vehículos para los distintos tipos de conversiones disponibles. Asimismo se detalló
una explicación técnica del funcionamiento de las herramientas y equipos que serán
utilizados para la conversión y la evaluación de pre conversión de cada auto.
Conociendo los equipos y herramientas requeridos, se determinó la necesidad de
realizar instalaciones eléctricas adicionales a las existentes. La demanda de
alimentación eléctrica de los equipos necesarios para realizar las conversiones, obliga
a incluir en la inversión inicial el pago a un contratista para realizar cableados
eléctricos e instalación de tableros adicionales necesarios para cubrir con la demanda
del servicio (aproximadamente 36kW). Asimismo el uso de herramientas neumáticas
obliga el contar con una compresora que alimente una línea de aire comprimido. El
caudal necesario es de 20 l/s a una presión de 7 bares.
La cantidad de mecánicos necesarios para el taller se define mediante el
cálculo del número de horas operativas del taller mensuales y dividirla entre el
número de horas efectivas necesarias para realizar una conversión. Se necesitan 3
equipos, de dos mecánicos cada uno, para lograr cumplir con la demanda de 40
conversiones mensuales. Adicionalmente un jefe de taller deberá llevar el control de
las pruebas de ruta y las calibraciones realizadas. Un asesor de servicios capacitado
apropiadamente para resolver cualquier tipo de duda sobre las conversiones se
encargará de las recepciones y del cierre de las ordenes de trabajo facturables. El
personal de logística y almacenes del taller será el mismo para la división de
conversiones.
Con una tasa de crecimiento de ventas de estimado de 3% mensual, se pudo
proyectar el volumen de ventas para los próximos 5 años. Conociendo los datos de
inversión inicial ($52.500,00) y la proyección de los ingresos y costos directos e
indirectos, variables y fijos, según volumen de conversiones realizadas, se obtuvo
márgenes positivos de flujo de caja que indican que la inversión sería recuperada
durante el primer año de funcionamiento. Finalmente los valores del VPN y el TIR
son de $2.536.074,00 y de 544% respectivamente, muestran una la alta rentabilidad
al realizar del proyecto.Tesis
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MACIEL, Leonardo José Lins. "Processos Catalíticos Associados de Conversão do Gás Natural Em Hidrogênio e Coprodutos." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2012. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/11880.
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CAPES, CTPetro e CNPq
Produção de hidrogênio de elevadas purezas e coprodutos têm sido objeto de desenvolvimentos de tecnologias usando o gás natural como matéria-prima com processamento catalítico como a desidroaromatização (DAM) associada à reforma seca (RSM) em um leito duplo com ocorrência de coprodutos em condições não oxidativas. As produções de hidrogênio previstas objetivam a utilização do monóxido de carbono de efluentes de reformas do gás natural, via reação water gas shift (WGS) e o desenvolvimento de catalisadores avançados de metais preciosos em fases dispersas sobre um suporte. Como objetivo desta pesquisa pode-se citar: i) Desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia usando o gás natural como matéria-prima para produção de hidrogênio de alta pureza, e coprodutos tais como gás de síntese e acetileno como intermediários para formulação de aromáticos, principalmente o benzeno, via desidroaromatização e a reforma seca, em condições não oxidativas, com utilização de reator de leito fixo. ii) Desenvolvimento de novos catalisadores de Pt e Au (formulação e caracterização) e o estudo detalhado dos parâmetros cinéticos, mecanisticos e em diversos suportes e seus efeitos para reação de WGS. Operações de processamento do metano em reator de leito fixo nas condições: 525°C, 550°C, 575°C, 1 atm, 155-180 cm3/min, fração molar Ar :CH4, 0,5:0,5 de metano e argônio para DAM e relação molar Ar :CH4:CO2, 0,57:0,27:0,16 para DAM/RSM. As operações em reator de leito fixo na presença da mistura dos catalisadores (2,60%)Mo-(0,5%)Ru/HZSM e (11,23%)Ni/ -Al2O3, como resultado principal apresentaram uma acentuada produção de acetileno (42,91%) e moderadas produções de hidrogênio e monóxido de carbono (16%-56% H2 e 1,45% CO, 575°C). No processo catalítico de WGS foram estudados catalisadores de platina e ouro em baixas temperaturas (120°C – 300°C) para manter a conversão total de CO nas condições diferenciais abaixo de 10%. O fluxo total de entrada foi mantido constante com uma composição padrão de gás de 6,8% CO, 8,5% CO2, 21,9% H2O e 37,4% H2. A temperatura foi variada numa faixa entre 20° e 30°C, para determinação da energia de ativação aparente. Aplicações de metodologia da cinética de processos catalíticos permitiram estimar valores de baixas energias de ativação (catalisador Pt: 53 kJ/mol – 63 kJ/mol; catalisador Au:11 kJ/mol –95 kJ/mol), os quais confirmaram os bons níveis de atividade dos catalisadores formulados para o processo WGS, com destaque para os catalisadores 2%Pt/TiO2, 2%Au/ZrO2 e 2%Au/TiO2.
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Baca, Badajos Wilman Charles. "Proyecto de conversión a gas natural seco para una sala de calderas de la Planta Pesquera Diamante: acometida, ERMP y red interna." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11799.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autorEl documento digital no refiere asesor
Describe la metodología a seguir para el diseño, el cálculo, selección y montaje de las redes internas de tuberías a Gas Natural para la planta pesquera ubicada en Pisco. Explica el planteamiento del problema lo cual permita encontrar otra alternativa de solución de las que ya existen con la finalidad de mejorarlo y contribuir con la ejecución del Informe. Desarrolla los fundamentos teóricos necesarios para el diseño, las formulas y selección del presente estudio, indicando los parámetros del cálculo para las redes de gas natural, además de la descripción y selección de equipos para la ERMP (Estación de Regulación y Medición Primaria) y las ERS’s. (Estación de Regulación Secundaria). La investigación es en base al marco conceptual de las redes internas de tuberías a Gas Natural para la planta, para el cual se determinara el consumo a Gas Natural, determinación de los parámetros de diseño, cálculo del diámetro de las tuberías, velocidad, caídas de presión y selección de los equipos que componen la Red de Gas Natural para llevar a cabo este proyecto. Se describe los montajes de la Estación de Regulación y Medición Primaria dentro del recinto, montaje de las Estaciones Secundarias y especificaciones para el montaje de las redes internas de tuberías, ensayos y pruebas necesarias basándose en las recomendaciones de las Normas Peruana y los reglamentos del suministrador de Gas. Se expone el presupuesto de la inversión, análisis económica del proyecto y tiempo de retorno de la inversión de acuerdo al costo y consumo del Gas Natural en diferencia con el costo y consumo Residual 500, para el tiempo de uso del combustible puesto que existe un tiempo de veda en la cual se deja de utilizar dicho combustible.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
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Meléndez, Gómez Sixto Antonio. "Conversión a gas natural seco de una caldera pirotubular con potencia de 500 BHP que trabaja con diesel -2." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2006. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2006/melendez_gs/html/index-frames.html.
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Santella, Giuseppe. "Valorizzazione energetica di una linea di decompressione gas in assetto cogenerativo." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
Il gas naturale è per eccellenza il combustibile di transizione verso una nuova visione dell’energia, che ci traghetterà verso una diminuzione dei consumi di combustibili fossili e di emissioni in aria di anidride carbonica. Affinché si possa trasportare il gas per lunghe distanze, è necessario comprimerlo ad elevate pressioni e l’energia spesa, che non interessa l’utente finale ma che viene pagata, tutt’oggi è dissipata attraverso dei semplici processi di laminazione che richiedono il preriscaldamento del gas per evitare la formazione di idrati, pericolosi per le utenze a valle delle centrali di riduzione. Il salto di pressione può essere sfruttato utilizzando un sistema di turbo-espansione affinché si possa recuperare l’energia meccanica e quindi elettrica attraverso dei generatori collegati all’albero. In questo caso è previsto un sistema di riscaldamento più articolato delle attuali configurazioni. Questa tesi presenta una simulazione di un modello in grado di analizzare il processo appena descritto, valutando gli aspetti energetici ed economici, garantendo la possibilità di ottenere i benefici della normativa CAR. In particolare, sono state confrontate tre differenti configurazioni per il riscaldamento del gas all’ingresso degli stadi di espansione, una caldaia a gas naturale adibita al riscaldamento del metano per la sola espansione, una caldaia in assetto cogenerativo con produzione di calore utile ed un gruppo di cogenerazione applicate ad un caso reale. Si sono ottenuti risparmi annui di energia primaria notevoli per gli ultimi due scenari e una considerevole diminuzione di emissione di anidride carbonica. In fine si è valutato il potenziale recupero energetico che si otterrebbe se ogni impianto industriale e di produzione elettrica del Paese fosse fornito di un sistema simile a quello analizzato nello studio, arrivando a calcolare l’eventuale energia primaria risparmiata e il contributo all’efficientamento energetico.
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Marques, João Erivando Soares. "Aplicação da lógica fuzzy no controle da cristalização de um sistema de refrigeração por absorção com par brometo de lítio." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5400.
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Previous issue date: 2010-12-01Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This work presents theoretical and experimental study of a system of control for a steam generator. This system was developed to control the crystallization of a cooling system for absorption. The control system maintains the pressure generator above the zone of crystallization of diagram temperature pressure-saturated solution concentration of LiBr-water. The control is accomplished through simultaneous use of the relay and the frequency converter. The frequency converter acts in engine speed of pump firing of condenser cooling tower, while the relay operates directly into the burner of the generator, consecutively in thermal power of combustion. The control system can act in any pressure reference values above the zone of crystallization of absorption cooling system. In the control flow control techniques were used and fuzzy Modeling and control power thermal combustion, on-off control. Ten different experiments were conducted, which proved the efficiency of the system of control.
Neste trabalho apresenta-se o estudo teórico e experimental de um sistema de controle para um gerador de vapor. Este sistema foi desenvolvido para controlar a cristalização de um sistema de refrigeração por absorção. O sistema de controle mantém a pressão do gerador acima da zona de cristalização do diagrama temperatura-pressãoconcentração de solução saturadas do LiBr-água. O controle é realizado por meio do uso simultâneo do relé e o conversor de freqüência. O conversor de freqüência atua na velocidade do motor de acionamento da bomba da torre de resfriamento do condensador, enquanto o relé opera no queimador do gerador, consecutivamente na potência térmica de combustão. O sistema de controle pode atuar em quaisquer valores de referência de pressão acima da zona de cristalização do sistema de refrigeração por absorção. No controle da vazão foram utilizados técnicas de controle e modelagem Fuzzy e para controlar a potência térmica combustão, o controle on-off. Foram realizados dez experimentos diferentes, que comprovam a eficiência do sistema de controle.
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Martínez, Negrón José, and Novoa Ana Teresa Zimmermann. "Adecuación y efectividad de los mecanismos de Consulta Ciudadana en el proyecto de Conversión a Gas Natural y Transformación a Ciclo Combinado de la Central Termoeléctrica Ventanilla S.A. por Cambio de Punto de Vertimiento del Río Chillón al Mar en Ventanilla - Callao 2017 - 2018." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/14348.
Full textAbstract:
La participación ciudadana en proyectos de inversión ha venido en ascenso en
los últimos años. Desde 2016 el SENACE ha centralizado la revisión y
aprobación de los instrumentos de gestión que hacen posible la ejecución de
estos proyectos. Este organismo recibió 476 expedientes en el año 2017 para
evaluación, de los cuales 60 correspondieron al Sector Electricidad. Del total de
expedientes recibidos, SENACE evaluó 413, aprobó 268, desaprobó 29 y derivó
el resto a otros canales resolutivos. Asimismo, representantes del SENACE
dirigieron 231 eventos de participación ciudadana entre talleres y audiencias
públicas. Todo ello nos da una noción del gran esfuerzo que se está realizando
por sacar adelante proyectos de inversión, considerando los aspectos
ambientales y también la participación de la población involucrada.
En la presente tesis se investiga el proceso de participación ciudadana,
específicamente del asociado al proyecto Central Termoeléctrica de Ventanilla,
realizado entre los años 2017 y 2018. Ello incluyó la realización de mecanismos
obligatorios y complementarios de participación con población del área de
influencia del proyecto.
El objetivo es conocer los factores y procesos que influyeron en la ejecución del
Plan de participación ciudadana del proyecto Central Térmica Ventanilla, durante
los años 2017 – 2018.
La investigación responde a las siguientes preguntas de investigación: ¿Cómo
los mecanismos del Plan de participación ciudadana generan mayor interés en
los participantes?, ¿En qué medida los mecanismos del Plan de Participación
Ciudadana responden a las necesidades y expectativas de los participantes?, y
¿De qué manera los recursos humanos, técnicos y materiales contribuyen a
lograr los objetivos del Plan de Participación Ciudadana?
Para absolver estas preguntas, utilizamos una metodología mixta, que incluyó la
revisión de información secundaria disponible y el recojo de información primaria
de los grupos de interés como son 23 usuarios de derecho de las localidades del
área de influencia del proyecto y de un representante de la consultora encargada
del proceso participativo del proyecto.
Entre los principales hallazgos podemos mencionar los siguientes: i) los
mecanismos participativos generaron interés entre los principales grupos de
interés, como son las directivas de las localidades, principalmente porque fueron
involucrados en reuniones y consultas desde un principio del diseño del proceso
participativo. ii) De acuerdo a la percepción de un importante número de usuarios
de derecho, los mecanismos participativos tomaron en cuenta sus necesidades y
expectativas, recibiendo la información sobre las actividades del proyecto, sus
impactos y el plan de manejo para mitigarlos, así como la contratación de mano
de obra local. Muchos expresaron sus inquietudes y preguntas, pero algunos,
especialmente las mujeres, no lo hicieron por inseguridad principalmente. iii) El
recurso humano fue el factor que contribuyó de mejor manera al entendimiento
del proyecto. La amabilidad y buenas maneras de los representantes de
SENACE, ENEL y la consultora ambiental, quienes expusieron y atendieron las
preguntas, fue resaltada por los usuarios de derecho como el elemento más
importante del proceso.Citizen participation in infrastructure investment projects has been on the rise in recent years. Since 2016, the review and approval of management instruments that make the execution of these projects possible has been conducted by SENACE. According to the 2017 Annual Report of SENACE, in that year this agency received 476 records for evaluation, 60 of them corresponded to the Electricity Sector. SENACE evaluated 413 projects, approving 268 of them, disapproving 29 and referring the remaining ones to other resolution channels. 18 Environmental Impact Assessment studies and Modifications of Environmental Impact Assessments Studies were approved during the period. SENACE representatives participated and directed 231 citizen participation events, workshops and public hearings. This thesis researches the process of citizen participation, focusing on the case of the Ventanilla Thermoelectric Plant project, carried out between 2017 and 2018. ENEL is the company in charge of the project. This process comprehended the implementation of mandatory and complementary participatory mechanisms with population of the area of influence. The goal of this research is to identify the issues and processes that influenced the implementation of the Citizen Participation Plan of the mentioned project, in the 2017 – 2018 period. Our main research questions are: How do the mechanisms of the Citizen Participation Plan generate interest in the right holders? To what extent do the mechanisms of the Citizen Participation Plan respond to the needs and expectations of the right holders? How do human, technical and material resources contribute to achieving the goals of the Citizen Participation Plan? In order to absolve these questions, we used a mixed methodology. We reviewed secondary available information and gathered primary information from key stakeholders as the social specialist from the consultancy company in charge of the participatory process and from 23 rights holders from the localities of the area of influence of the project. The main results of the research are the following: i) citizen participatory mechanisms generate interest in the key stakeholders, such as the localities representatives, because they have been involved in meetings and consultancy since the very beginning of design of the participatory process. ii) The perception of a great number of right holders was that the participatory mechanisms took in account their needs and expectations, and that they received information about the project activities, its impacts and the management plan to reduce them and to ensure that local labor will be hired. Most of them could ask any question, but some of them, especially women, referring a lack of self-confidence. iii) The most important resources that contributed to a better understanding of the project, were the human ones. The kindness and good manners of the representatives of SENACE, ENEL, and the environmental consultancy company, who made the exposition and answers the questions, were highlighted by the users of right as the most important factor to understand the project.
Tesis
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Peris, Chanzá Ernesto José. "Estudio de catalizadores microporosos Mo/zeolita en la reacción de deshidroaromatización de metano." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/59441.
Full textAbstract:
[EN] This doctoral thesis shows the study carried out on Mo/zeolite
catalysts in the dehydroaromatization reaction of methane (MDA) with
the intention to contribute to this technical approximation regarding the
valorisation of said reactant. As it is observed from the information
contributed in the introductory chapter, methane (main component in
natural gas deposits, but also present in those of oil and coal) may be
considered, in a near future, as an alternative source to oil in obtaining
primary hydrocarbons for the petrochemical industry. Taking into
account the state-of-art previous to the start this thesis, it was
proposed to develop a series of studies adressed to surpass and
improve some of the difficulties referenced in the consulted literature.
In this sense, the work was oriented to mitigate the processes
involved in the accumulation of coke on the zeolitic acid sites and, this
way, reduce the high deactivation rates registered on the catalysts
usually employed in this reaction. In brief, the control of the density of
zeolitic acid sites (mainly, the excess of Brønsted ones) was designed
from distinct approaches: the reduction/elimination of this possible
excess by dealumination methods (chapter 5), their reduction by
means of selective exchange of the zeolite with mono- and divalent
cations (chapter 6) and their reduction by means of the use of a ZSM-
5 mesoporous sample (chapter 7). In view of the results obtained in
chapter 7, it was considered relevant to analyse the effect that zeolites
with large cavities or intersections could have in the tendency to
accumulate coke, the obtained data being supported by molecular
dynamic modelling (chapter 8). Finally, this thesis incorporates some
general conclusions regarding the shown work and, also, the future of
the MDA process.[ES] En esta tesis doctoral se presenta el estudio llevado a cabo sobre catalizadores Mo/zeolita en la reacción de deshidroaromatización de metano (MDA) con la intención de contribuir a esta aproximación técnica hacia la valorización de dicho reactante. Como se observa de la información aportada en el capítulo de introducción, el metano (componente principal de los yacimientos de gas natural, pero también presente en aquellos de petróleo y carbón) se postula, en un futuro próximo, como fuente alternativa al petróleo en la obtención de hidrocarburos primarios para la industria petroquímica. Teniendo en cuenta el estado del arte previo al inicio de esta tesis, se planteó el desarrollo de un conjunto de estudios dirigidos a superar y mejorar algunas de las dificultades a las que la literatura hacía referencia. En este sentido, se orientó el trabajo a paliar los procesos causantes de la acumulación de coque sobre los centros ácidos zeolíticos y, así, poder reducir las elevadas tasas de desactivación registradas sobre los catalizadores habitualmente empleados en esta reacción. Brevemente, se diseñó el control de la densidad de centros ácidos zeolíticos (concretamente, el exceso de aquellos de tipo Brønsted) desde distintos enfoques: la reducción/eliminación de un posible exceso por métodos de desaluminización (capítulo 5), su reducción mediante intercambio selectivo de la zeolita con cationes mono y divalentes (capítulo 6) y su reducción mediante el uso de una zeolita ZSM-5 con mesoporos (capítulo 7). Por último, en vista de los resultados obtenidos en el capítulo 7, se consideró relevante analizar el efecto que zeolitas con cavidades o intersecciones de grandes dimensiones podrían tener en la tendencia a acumular coque, apoyando los datos obtenidos a este respecto con estudios de modelización molecular (capítulo 8). Finalmente, esta tesis incorpora unas conclusiones generales referidas al propio trabajo presentado y, también, orientadas al futuro del proceso de MDA.
[CAT] En aquesta tesi doctoral es presenta l'estudi dut a terme sobre catalitzadors Mo/zeolita en la reacció de deshidroaromatització de metà (MDA) amb la intenció de contribuir a aquesta aproximació tècnica cap a la valorització d'aquest reactant. Com s'observa de la informació aportada en el capítol d'introducció, el metà (component principal dels jaciments de gas natural, però també present en aquells de petroli i carbó) es postula, en un futur pròxim, com font alternativa al petroli en l'obtenció d'hidrocarburs primaris per a la indústria petroquímica. Tenint en compte l'estat de l'art previ a l'inici d'aquesta tesi, es va plantejar el desenvolupament d'un conjunt d'estudis dirigits a superar i millorar algunes de les dificultats a les quals la literatura feia referència. En aquest sentit, es va orientar el treball a pal·liar els processos causants de l'acumulació de coc sobre el centres ácids zeolítics i, així, poder reduir les elevades taxes de desactivació registrades sobre els catalitzadors habitualmente emprats en aquesta reacció. Breument, es va dissenyar el control de la densitat de centres àcids zeolítics (concretament, l'excés d'aquells de tipus Brønsted) des de distints enfocaments: la reducció/eliminació d'aquest possible excés per métodes de desaluminització (capítol 5), la seua reducció mitjançant intercanvi selectiu de la zeolita amb cations mono- i divalents (capítol 6) i la seua reducció mitjançant l'ús d'una zeolita ZSM-5 amb mesoporus (capítol 7). A partir dels resultats obtinguts en el capítol 7, es va considerar rellevant analitzar l'efecte que zeolites amb cavitats o interseccions de grans dimensions podrien tenir en la tendència a acumular coc, recolzant les dades obtingudes a este respecte amb estudis de modelització molecular (capítol 8). Finalment, aquesta tesi incorpora unes conclusions generals referides al propi treball presentat i, també, orientades al futur del procés de MDA.
Peris Chanzá, EJ. (2015). Estudio de catalizadores microporosos Mo/zeolita en la reacción de deshidroaromatización de metano [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59441
TESIS
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Hwu, Guei-Yu, and 胡珪渝. "Maximum Combustion Flame Temperature Evaluation and Thermal Power Conversion application in Natural Gas Power Plant." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/z24a3e.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
機械工程學系在職專班
105
Natural gas combined cycle power generation is one of the current power generation mainstream, but there are still higher fuel costs, nitrogen oxides emission reduction and other issues. The practical aspect of use the air-fuel ratio (AFR) method to derive the combustion flame temperature and that can be calculated as the function of gas turbine inlet temperature and thermal efficiency. In addition, we also compare with power output conversion thermal efficiency method. They can be correlated with the equipment performance and as a diagnostic method. In this thesis, the application of thermodynamics principle to the first law of thermal balance, the second law entropy increase theorem and natural gas components after combustion of flue gas emissions from excess oxygen are adopted to calculate the air-fuel ratio(AFR) and used to chemical equilibrium reaction derived gas turbine inlet temperature(TIT), combined with the operation example of the gas turbine thermal cycle, to calculate the Brayton cycle efficiency of the gas turbine and to evaluate the performance of the equipment. At the same time, the air-fuel ratio is calculated as a function of the combustion flame temperature, to provide the application of the calculation model and the relationship between nitrogen oxide emissions and AFR adjustment is proposed. Experimental results showed that 501F type GT AFR(kg) is about 46 and 501G GT is about 42 when the gas turbine thermal efficiency is the optimal. And the promotion of fuel and combustion air temperature on the thermal efficiency and nitrogen oxide emission concentration is very promising, and enhancement of the combustion air temperature function has greater impact than that of the fuel temperature. The maximum flame temperature of the combustor is calculated by using the AFR as a function of TIT to further evaluate the working capacity of the gas turbine, and it is highly accurate (favorable) to compare with the actual power output efficiency of the gas turbine. Furthermore, TIT can be used as the diagnostic tool for the early monitoring of defective components or assembly of the power plant. Keywords：Natural gas combined cycle power generation , NOx, Air-fuel ratio (AFR), Gas turbine inlet temperature (TIT), Combustor, Flame temperature
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Yoon, Daeil. "Novel heterogeneous catalyst anodes for high-performance natural gas-fueled solid oxide fuel cells." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28078.
Full textAbstract:
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are electrochemical energy conversion devices that directly transform the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy. They generate electricity far more efficiently and with fewer emissions per megawatt-hour compared to any combustion-based power generation system. More remarkably, SOFCs can directly use hydrocarbon fuels without requiring external fuel reforming, employing low-cost Ni catalyst instead of noble-metal catalysts used for low-temperature fuel cells. However, the conventional SOFCs using Ni-based anodes fed with carbon-containing fuels have one pitfall; the carbon produced by hydrocarbon cracking is deposited on the Ni surface, thereby precluding the surface of the Ni-based anodes from being available for further fuel oxidation and consequently impeding SOFC operation. This dissertation focuses on overcoming this critical drawback to allow for the simultaneous use of Ni-based anodes and hydrocarbon fuels. Further work focuses on improving SOFC performance to provide the highest efficiencies possible. To boost the power densities of SOFCs, a novel, facile approach to modify the surface structure of anode powders and thereby enlarge the three-phase boundary (TPB) regions of anodes is presented. One such powder preparation method based on the electric charge variation of oxides depending upon the pH of the solution results in significantly extended TPB regions and thus a remarkable increase in power densities of SOFCs. Another method involves the formation of Ce₁₋[subscript x]Gd₁₋[subscript y]Ni[subscript x+y]VO₄₋[subscript delta] at the phase boundaries between NiO and Ce₀.₈Gd₀.₂O₁.₉ (GDC) by V⁵⁺-incorporation onto NiO surface; this method improves the microstructure of Ni-GDC-based anodes and considerably lowers GDC electrolyte sintering temperature, thereby enhancing the SOFC performance. With these high performance anodes, natural gas-fueled SOFCs are studied through two strategies to alleviate coking: incorporation of catalytic materials onto the Ni surface and the introduction of catalytic functional layers (CFLs) to the outer surface of an anode-supported single cell. Hydrogen tungsten bronze and hydroxylated Sn formed on the Ni surface provide hydroxyls for the deposited solid carbon, removing it from the anodes as CO₂. Moreover, the use of hydrophilic Sn or Sb-incorporated Ni-GDC CFLs prevents the anode from being exposed directly to hydrocarbon fuels and controls the solid carbon accumulation similarly to the former strategy.text
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Arndt, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Stability of lithium doped magnesium oxide and zinc oxide catalysts for the conversion of natural gas / vorgelegt von Sebastian Arndt." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1011021870/34.
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Chang, Yin-Fei, and 張吟妃. "Cost-benefit Assessment and Pollutant Reduction Evaluation on the Installation of Particulate Pollutant Control Equipment and Conversion to Natural Gas Boiler for Small-scale Heavy Oil Boiler." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04181901696466929476.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
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Recently, the Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan has strengthened the regulation on air pollution emissions of stationary source, 100 mg/Nm3, to improve environmental quality. Under the current strengthened emission regulation, industries which employ heavy oil boiler will have biggest impact since most of these factories do not install any air pollution prevention and control equipment. In this study, four heavy oil boilers in different factories with installment of particulate pollutants collector including cyclone separator, scrubber and bag filter, and additional three heavy oil boilers being converted to natural gas boiler were selected for cost-benefit analysis, assessment of pollution reduction and difference on air pollution charges. Furthermore, in the case of Nantou county, the benefit of reduction as the heavy oil boilers being substituted for natural gas boilers was studied as well. Results indicate that the small-scale heavy oil boiler with cyclone separator, scrubber and bag filter or natural gas boiler are all possible control technology for particulate pollutant control. Among these, bag filter and natural gas boiler were confirmed to be the best available control technology. Without considering the fuel cost, heavy oil boiler installed with cyclone separator will produce highest operational cost and the lowest operational cost is from cyclone separator and bag filter installed in series. However, when fuel cost was considered, the natural gas boiler has the highest cost for dealing with particulate removal per kilogram. In the case of Nantou county, if all the heavy oil boilers are being substituted by natural gas boilers, particulate pollutant contributed by manufacturing industry could reduce about 4%, the emission of SOx could reduce about 57.8%, NOx could reduce about 35.7%, VOCs could reduce about 0.1%. Although the replacement of natural gas boilers could potentially increase the fuel cost, it (1) does not have secondary pollution, (2) could fit under BACT, (3) has noticeable pollutant reduction, (4) has less impact from strengthened regulation, also (5) could lower air pollution control fee. In conclusion, natural gas boiler should have the highest installment priority in related factory.
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Sancho, Navarro Silvia. "Biomethanation of syngas: identification of metabolic pathways from CO in a natural anaerobic consortium." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8636.
Full textAbstract:
Au cours des dernières décennies, l’intérêt pour la gazéification de biomasses a considérablement augmenté, notamment en raison de la grande efficacité de recouvrement énergétique de ce procédé par rapport aux autres procédés de génération de bioénergies. Les composants majoritaires du gaz de synthèse, le monoxyde de carbone (CO) et l’hydrogène (H2) peuvent entre autres servir de substrats à divers microorganismes qui peuvent produire une variété de molécules chimiques d’intérêts, ou encore produire des biocarburants, particulièrement le méthane. Il est donc important d'étudier les consortiums méthanogènes naturels qui, en syntrophie, serait en mesure de convertir le gaz de synthèse en carburants utiles.
Cette étude évalue principalement le potentiel de méthanisation du CO par un consortium microbien issu d’un réacteur de type UASB, ainsi que les voies métaboliques impliquées dans cette conversion en conditions mésophiles. Des tests d’activité ont donc été réalisés avec la boue anaérobie du réacteur sous différentes pressions partielles de CO variant de 0.1 à 1,65 atm (0.09 à 1.31 mmol CO/L), en présence ou absence de certains inhibiteurs métaboliques spécifiques. Dès le départ, la boue non acclimatée au CO présente une activité carboxidotrophique relativement intéressante et permet une croissance sur le CO. Les tests effectués avec de l’acide 2- bromoethanesulfonique (BES) ou avec de la vancomycine démontrent que le CO est majoritairement consommé par les bactéries acétogènes avant d’être converti en méthane par les méthanogènes acétotrophes. De plus, un plus grand potentiel de méthanisation a pu être atteint sous une atmosphère constituée uniquement de CO en acclimatant auparavant la boue. Cette adaptation est caractérisée par un changement dans la population microbienne désormais dominée par les méthanogènes hydrogénotrophes. Ceci suggère un potentiel de production à large échelle de biométhane à partir du gaz de synthèse avec l’aide de biofilms anaérobies.Syngas produced through the thermal gasification of biomass for energy recovery has received increased attention in the past decades due to its higher efficiency compared to other bioenergy processes. The gas components of syngas, CO and H2, can serve as substrates for the conversion of desirable chemicals and fuels, namely methane, by a wide range of microorganisms. Meanwhile, anaerobic wastewater-treating sludges have been reported as good sources of carboxidotrophic microorganisms which can be exploited for methane production. Thus it is important to investigate existing methanogenic consortiums which, in syntrophy, are able to convert syngas into useful fuels. This study is mainly focused on the assessment of the carboxidotrophic methanogenic potential present in a natural consortium of microorganisms from a UASB reactor and the identification of CO conversion routes to methane under mesophilic temperatures. To achieve this, a series of kinetic-activity tests with the anaerobic sludge were performed under CO partial pressures varying from 0.1 to 1.65 atm (0.09-1.31 mmol/L) in both the presence and absence of specific metabolic inhibitors. The non-adapted sludge presented an interesting carboxidotrophic activity potential for growing conditions on CO alone. Inhibition experiments with 2- bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES) and vancomycin showed that CO was converted mainly to acetate by acetogenic bacteria, which was further transformed to methane by acetoclastic methanogens. Moreover, it was possible to achieve higher methanogenic potential under 100% CO by acclimation of the sludge. This adaptation led to a shift in the microbial population predominated by hydrogenophilic methanogens. This suggests a possible enrichment potential with anaerobic biofilms for large scale methane production from CO-rich syngas, and further advances the knowledge base for anaerobic reactor development.