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Academic literature on the topic 'Natural Diets'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Natural Diets"

1

Beatrice Mukandungutse, Isabelle, James K. Tuitoek, Anthony M. King’ori, and Meshack A. Obonyo. "The Effect of Fermented Aflatoxins Contaminated Feed on Digestibility and Performance of Broiler Chickens." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 22, no. 1 (September 17, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2020.22.1.3.

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Poultry is susceptible to mycotoxicoses caused by aflatoxins. Two experiments were carried out, where twenty-four, 28days old and 144 one-day-old broilers were assigned to six diets respectively. The diets were: diet1 (no aflatoxin and not fermented), diet2 (no aflatoxin and fermented without yeast), diet3 (no aflatoxin and fermented with yeast), diet4 (contained aflatoxin and not fermented), diet5 (contained aflatoxin and fermented without yeast) and diet6 (contained aflatoxin fermented with yeast). The aflatoxins were 20.034 and 30.08ppb for the first and second experiments respectively. In the first experiment, each diet was assigned to 4 chickens for 7days adaptation and 7days for feces and leftover collection. The feces were oven dried for the determination of dry matter digestibility (DMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and nitrogen (MN). In the second experiment, each diet was assigned to six chicks, replicated 4 times for 21days. Leftovers and mortalities were recorded daily and chicks were weighed on a weekly basis. The results showed that DMD and MN were significantly (p<0.05) affected by fermentation. Natural fermentation improved DMD of the clean and contaminated diets. No difference found in feed intake and body weight gain. However, gain: feed ratio was significantly (p=0.048) better in broilers fed diets fermented naturally. The mortality rate was 75.0% in chicks fed on aflatoxin diet which was not fermented. Therefore, natural fermentation is the best method of improving the quality of aflatoxin contaminated feed for broilers.

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Argumedo Hernández, U. "HÁBITOS ALIMENTARIOS DE Haliotis spp. Y BASES NUTRICIONALES PARA SU MANEJO." CICIMAR Oceánides 22, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2007): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v22i1-2.34.

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La mayor parte del conocimiento sobre la dieta de abulón emana de bases empíricas bajo condiciones de cultivo, sobre todo en las primeras etapas de vida. Así mismo la mayoría de estos estudios se hacen con adultos y enfocados sobre macroalgas, las cuales albergan un gran número de especies de diatomeas epifitas que podrían estar enriqueciendo la dieta del abulón. Sin embargo, al segregarse de los estudios de contenido intestinal éstas podrían estar subestimadas. El suministro empírico de pocos taxa de diatomeas en la dieta de juveniles de abulón en cultivo no corresponde con el gran número de diatomeas encontradas en contenidos intestinales de organismos del medio natural. De tal forma, su uso como alimento en cultivo requiere de mayor base científica; observaciones hechas con dietas combinadas a base de macroalga y diatomeas parecen ser mejor opción. Por otro lado, una dieta artificial para abulones adultos que busque sustituir el uso de macroalgas disminuyendo costos de producción, dependerá de la información de los requerimientos nutricionales y del aprovechamiento de la fuente de alimento por las distintas especies de abulón, lo cual se desconoce, sobre todo en relación con su dieta natural. Las dietas mixtas proveen más nutrientes esenciales, a diferencia de dietas monoespecíficas en las cuales se puede presentar deficiencia en uno o más nutrientes. Finalmente el sabor del músculo de abulón al ser alimentado con dietas artificiales puede ser diferente al que se obtiene con dietas naturales, reflejándose en una menor aceptación del producto en el mercado. Feeding habits of Haliotis spp. And nutritional basis for its Management Most of the knowledge on abalone diet rises from empirical bases under cultured conditions,especially during its early life stages. Likewise, most of these studies have been made on adults and are focused on macroalgae, which harbor a large number of epiphytic diatom species that could enrich the abalone diet. Nevertheless, when these are segregated its diet contribution could be underestimated. The empiric supply of few diatom taxa on juvenile cultured abalone do not correspond to the large number of diatoms observed in intestinal contents of wild specimens. Likewise, their use as food for cultured abalone needs a larger scientific base; meanwhile combined diets using macroalgae and diatoms seems to be a better alternative. On the other hand, an artificial diet for adult abalones as an alternative for the macroalgal diet with lower production costs, will depend on the information about nutrimental requirements and the use of food sources by different abalone species, which is unknown, especially in relation with their natural diet. On the plus side, mixed diets provide more essential nutrients than the mono-specific diets which can be lacking in one or more nutrients. Also, it has to be taken into account that the flavor of abalone meat fed with artificial diets could be different than that obtained with natural diets and could result in less acceptance of the product in the market

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3

Argumedo Hernández, U. "HÁBITOS ALIMENTARIOS DE Haliotis spp. Y BASES NUTRICIONALES PARA SU MANEJO." CICIMAR Oceánides 22, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2007): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v22i1-2.34.

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La mayor parte del conocimiento sobre la dieta de abulón emana de bases empíricas bajo condiciones de cultivo, sobre todo en las primeras etapas de vida. Así mismo la mayoría de estos estudios se hacen con adultos y enfocados sobre macroalgas, las cuales albergan un gran número de especies de diatomeas epifitas que podrían estar enriqueciendo la dieta del abulón. Sin embargo, al segregarse de los estudios de contenido intestinal éstas podrían estar subestimadas. El suministro empírico de pocos taxa de diatomeas en la dieta de juveniles de abulón en cultivo no corresponde con el gran número de diatomeas encontradas en contenidos intestinales de organismos del medio natural. De tal forma, su uso como alimento en cultivo requiere de mayor base científica; observaciones hechas con dietas combinadas a base de macroalga y diatomeas parecen ser mejor opción. Por otro lado, una dieta artificial para abulones adultos que busque sustituir el uso de macroalgas disminuyendo costos de producción, dependerá de la información de los requerimientos nutricionales y del aprovechamiento de la fuente de alimento por las distintas especies de abulón, lo cual se desconoce, sobre todo en relación con su dieta natural. Las dietas mixtas proveen más nutrientes esenciales, a diferencia de dietas monoespecíficas en las cuales se puede presentar deficiencia en uno o más nutrientes. Finalmente el sabor del músculo de abulón al ser alimentado con dietas artificiales puede ser diferente al que se obtiene con dietas naturales, reflejándose en una menor aceptación del producto en el mercado. Feeding habits of Haliotis spp. And nutritional basis for its Management Most of the knowledge on abalone diet rises from empirical bases under cultured conditions,especially during its early life stages. Likewise, most of these studies have been made on adults and are focused on macroalgae, which harbor a large number of epiphytic diatom species that could enrich the abalone diet. Nevertheless, when these are segregated its diet contribution could be underestimated. The empiric supply of few diatom taxa on juvenile cultured abalone do not correspond to the large number of diatoms observed in intestinal contents of wild specimens. Likewise, their use as food for cultured abalone needs a larger scientific base; meanwhile combined diets using macroalgae and diatoms seems to be a better alternative. On the other hand, an artificial diet for adult abalones as an alternative for the macroalgal diet with lower production costs, will depend on the information about nutrimental requirements and the use of food sources by different abalone species, which is unknown, especially in relation with their natural diet. On the plus side, mixed diets provide more essential nutrients than the mono-specific diets which can be lacking in one or more nutrients. Also, it has to be taken into account that the flavor of abalone meat fed with artificial diets could be different than that obtained with natural diets and could result in less acceptance of the product in the market

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Avila, C., and A. M. Kuzirian. "Natural Diets for Hermissenda crassicornis Mariculture." Biological Bulletin 189, no. 2 (October 1995): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv189n2p237.

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Kleppel, GS, D. Frazel, RE Pieper, and DV Holliday. "Natural diets of zooplankton off southern California." Marine Ecology Progress Series 49 (1988): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps049231.

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Jelita Sari, Novalia, and Djoko Prijono. "PERKEMBANGAN DAN REPRODUKSI CROCIDOLOMIA PAVONANA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) PADA PAKAN ALAMI DAN SEMIBUATAN." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 4, no. 2 (September 16, 2004): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.2453-61.

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Development and reproduction of Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on natural and artificial diets. Development and reproduction of Crocidolomia pavonana on natural and artificial diets were studied in the laboratory (25.2 ± 0.9 C; 84.6% ± 6.7% RH; ca. 12 h photophase). The natural diets tested were broccoli, cabbage, chinese cabbage, and cauliflower leaves. The artificial diets used were agar–based general lepidopteran diets mixed with red bean or broccoli leaves, and supplemented with vitamins and microbial inhibitors. Observation of insect development was done since the egg stage. After the eggs hatched, larvae were kept singly in plastic cups and fed with appropriate diets. Fifty larvae were used for each diet. Records were kept with regard to the duration of each larval instar, pupal period, and the pupal weight. The emerging adults were paired, and then the number of dead adults and that of eggs laid were recorded daily. On all the natural diets tested, the larval stage of C. pavonana passed through four instars. The egg incubation, total larval developmental, and pupal period of C. pavonana on chinese cabbage were the shortest compared to those on the other natural diets. The pupal weight, however, was the highest on broccoli, followed by that on chinese cabbage, cabbage, and cauliflower. The female fecundity was also the highest on broccoli (average 258 eggs/female) followed by that on chinese cabbage (212), cauliflower (162), and cabbage (102). Broccoli diet also yielded adults with the longest lifespan although the adult lifespan on broccoli was not significantly different from that on the other natural diets, except that of males on cabbage. C. pavonana failed to develop successfully on six kinds of artificial diets tested. The best artificial diet (broccoli–based diet with microbial inhibitors 20% of the normal amount) only yielded two males and five females with deformed wings, but none of the emerging females produced eggs.

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Iji, P. A., and D. R. Tivey. "Natural and synthetic oligosaccharides in broiler chicken diets." World's Poultry Science Journal 54, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps19980010.

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Boyle, David, Kevin V. Brix, Heidi Amlund, Anne-Katrine Lundebye, Christer Hogstrand, and Nic R. Bury. "Natural Arsenic Contaminated Diets Perturb Reproduction in Fish." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 14 (July 2008): 5354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800230w.

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Bielohuby, Maximilian, Karin Bodendorf, Heinz Brandstetter, Martin Bidlingmaier, and Ellen Kienzle. "Predicting metabolisable energy in commercial rat diets: physiological fuel values may be misleading." British Journal of Nutrition 103, no. 10 (January 5, 2010): 1525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711450999345x.

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Knowledge about metabolisable energy (ME) intake is crucial for various experimental settings in rodent studies. ME considers faecal and renal energy losses. In particular, faecal energy excretion can vary considerably between differentially composed diets. Thus determination of faecal energy losses, i.e. apparent energy digestibility, is the most important experimental approach to determine ME. Predictive equations for ME such as Atwater factors or an equation for pigs, which are frequently employed for rodent feed, consider an average energy digestibility for nutrients and average renal losses for protein. Both equations, however, were never validated for rat feed. We therefore determined experimentally the digestibility of energy (experimentally determined digestible energy − 5·2 kJ/g digestible protein) and nutrients of eleven natural and five purified rat diets and compared the present results with the predicted values. Compared with natural diets, digestibility of gross energy (GE) and nutrients was higher by about 20 % in the purified diets (P < 0·0001). Mean GE digestibility in natural diets amounted to 71·4 % (range 53·3–83·5 %;n11). Atwater factors predicted ME with satisfactory accuracy in purified diets. In contrast, for natural diets, only the equation for pig feed gave acceptable estimates of ME. Choosing an inappropriate predictive equation for ME resulted in considerable error. For prediction of ME in mixed rat feed, we propose to use the equation for pig feed for natural diets and Atwater factors for purified diets. If the equation for pig feed cannot be applied we suggest using the lower modified Atwater factors instead of the ‘original’ Atwater factors to estimate the ME of a diet.

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Santos, Regiane R., Marjolein A. M. Oosterveer-van der Doelen, Monique H. G. Tersteeg-Zijderveld, Francesc Molist, Miklós Mézes, and Ronette Gehring. "Susceptibility of Broiler Chickens to Deoxynivalenol Exposure via Artificial or Natural Dietary Contamination." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11040989.

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Multi-mycotoxin contamination of poultry diets is a recurrent problem, even if the mycotoxins levels are below EU recommendations. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the main studied mycotoxins due to its risks to animal production and health. When evaluating the effects of DON, one must consider that under practical conditions diets will not be contaminated solely with this mycotoxin. In the present study, broiler chickens were fed diets with negligible mycotoxin levels or with naturally or artificially contaminated diets containing approximately 4000 μg/kg DON. Birds were sampled at D14 and D28. Naturally-contaminated diets caused the most harm to the birds, especially the young ones, which presented decreased jejunal villus height and increased lesions, down-regulation of a peptide transporter. At D28 broiler chickens seemed to have adapted to the dietary conditions, when no differences were observed in villus morphometry, together with up-regulation of a carbohydrate transporter. However, intestinal lesions remained present in these older birds.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural Diets"

1

Boyle, David. "Metal bioavialability in natural diets : toxicological implications for fish." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2008. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/metal-bioavialability-in-natural-diets-toxicological-implications-for-fish(5fbbdac9-4057-4999-ac62-876306f46b75).html.

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Leal, Ana Maria. "Conditioning of Manila clam broodstock on natural and artificial diets." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/conditioning-of-manila-clam-broodstock-on-natural-and-artificial-diets(0ec43f18-fa32-4d46-9dab-e8e7ea2979ee).html.

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Two trials in 1991 and another two in 1992 were carried out on the broodstock conditioning of Manila clams, Tapes philippinarum. The main objective was to manipulate the lipid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content of Manila clam eggs by maintaining broodstock in different dietary regimes. The second objective was to assess dried algae as alternative diets for conditioning broodstock. Clams were brought into the laboratory from the natural environment early in the year, before gametogenesis had started. Supplements of cultured live (Dunaliella tertiolecta, Skeletonema costatum, Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana) and dried algae (T. suecica) diets were fed to the broodstock, usually in a range of mixed diets, at rations equivalent to 3% or 6% of the initial dry meat weight of the broodstock in dry weight of algae per day. The microalgae differed in their long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content (PUFA). Unfed control clams received only the organic material which remained in the sea water after sand filtration. The nutritional value of these diets in relation to gametogenesis, fecundity, quality of eggs, and viability and growth of larvae were assessed. Dry T. suecica was the same food value as live T. suecica but Manila clams produced more eggs if supplements of live algae were added. The requirement for conditioning Manila clams (32 mm shell length) to spawn with live or dry T. suecica+S. costatum was 500 to 700 "day-degrees" (D°). With dry T. suecica on its own or mixed with I. galbana, S. costatum and D. tertiolecta it was 500 to 600 Do (44 mm shell length). In one trial clams spawned in the tanks (equivalent to 462 Do) before the first attempt to spawn them was made. Successful spawning was dependent on the quantity and quality of the algal diet during gametogenesis. With a 6% food ration, clams fed dry T. suecica+S. costatum or dry T. suecica+l. galbana produced the highest number of eggs (an average of 3.2 and 4.5 million eggs per female, respectively). The average fecundity was 83% lower when the diet was reduced to a 3% food ration. The dry meat weight, condition index and fecundity of fed broodstock were significantly higher than for unfed animals. The quantity of lipid in the eggs, usually between 4 and 9 ng egg-1, was similar whatever the broodstock diet. However, levels of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids 20: 5w3 and 22: 6w3 in the eggs were low if the broodstock diet was deficient in these PUFAs. Even though diet manipulation caused changes in the fatty acid composition of the eggs, growth and survival of Manila clam larvae was not reduced in a hatchery situation.

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Pradhan, Bina. "Rearing and evaluation of performance of some common Lepidopteran tea pests on natural and artificial diets from Darjeeling region." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/995.

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Amjad, Shahid. "Growth and survival of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) larvae and postlarvae on natural and artificial diets." Thesis, Bangor University, 1990. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/growth-and-survival-of-penaeus-monodon-fabricius-larvae-and-postlarvae-on-natural-and-artificial-diets(2904d474-9fa5-40aa-8b26-cabe6d85ce01).html.

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Larval development of Penaeus monodon from protozoea (PZ1) to postlarval stages is described on natural and commercially available artificial larval diets under controlled laboratory feed trials. Five species of live microalgae (Tetraselmis chuii, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Skeletonema costatum, Rhodomonas baltica and Pavlova lutheri) were evaluated in feed trials at seven (5-60 cells gl1) cell concentrations with protozoeal larval stages. Performance of five animal diets (rotifers, Mytilus eggs, Artemia nauplii, barnacle nauplii and crab eggs) were examined in feed trials from Mysis (Ml) to postlarvae (PL1). Best results for protozoeal stages were obtained on a combination diet T. chuii + R. baltica at 40 cells µl-', while results from mysis to postlarvae were best achieved on Artemia nauplii. Natural feeds are expensive, difficult to maintain in mass culture and often vary in nutritional value. Larval performance on ten leading brands of artificial larval diet marketed using different process technologies were evaluated in replicated feed trials, together with factors causing variability in larval growth and survival of P. monodon. It was found that nutrient leach loss from unstable artificial feeds in culture conditions increases levels of ammonia and nitrite beyond safe limits. Live microalgal species at 1000 cells µl1 added to culture water reduces these toxic levels. The role of microalgae in larval culture is also examined. To further improve larval growth and survival on artificial diets, proteins from different sources, lipid, vitamin and mineral levels were incorporated in microencapsulated feeds. As a result improvement in larval development to postlarval stage was achieved with feeds containing 60% soya + mussel protein, 5% lipid and 13.9% vitamin and mineral mix. Algal homogenates supplemented to encapsulated feeds produced larval growth and survival comparable to live feed controls. P. monodon larvae were grown to the juvenile prawn stage solely on Frippak feeds. Larval growth was comparable to growth achieved on live feed controls. This study forms a basis for further investigations into nutritional requirements of penaeid prawns.

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Ingrassia, Amanda. "Larval competition between the native treehole mosquito Ochlerotatus triseriatus and the invasive mosquito Ochlerotatus japonicus using natural diets." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Prasad, Anjali Km. "Food utilization efficiencies and developmental traits of common tea loopers (Geometridae:Lepidoptera) on natural host plants and synthetic diets." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2554.

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Ali, Y. O. "Studies on the nutrition of cultured juvenile lobsters Homarus gammarus (L) : effects of natural, compounded and supplemented diets in relation to moulting difficulties." Thesis, Bangor University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305212.

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Brooke, Sandra Dawn. "A Comparison of Natural and Laboratory Diets for the Culture of Marine Invertebrate Larvae American Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, Queen Conch, Strombus gigas, and Milk Conch, Strombus costatus." W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617706.

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Garcia, López Camila María, and Velarde Claudia Alexandra Infantas. "Variación de la calidad de la dieta por región natural del Perú en adolescentes y adultos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651871.

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Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de la dieta por región natural del Perú en adolescentes y adultos. Materiales y métodos: El presente es un análisis secundario de la base de datos del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1113 sujetos de diferentes regiones del país (Lima, resto de costa, sierra y selva). Para medir la calidad de la dieta se calculó el HEI (Índice de Alimentación Saludable), a través de la información del consumo de alimentos por recordatorio de consumo de 24 horas de dos días no consecutivos. El HEI se clasificó en no saludable (<60 puntos HEI), medianamente saludable (60-79 puntos) y saludable (> 80 puntos). Resultados: La media del puntaje HEI fue 71.0 (DE: 10,0), las mujeres tuvieron mayor puntaje que los hombres (72,2 (DE: 10,0) vs 69,5 (DE: 9,7); p<0.001, respectivamente). El consumo de lácteos obtuvo un mayor puntaje en la Sierra y menor en la Selva (6,76 (DE: 4,53) vs 2,86 (DE: 4,24); p<0.001, respectivamente). Asimismo, las carnes tuvieron mayor puntaje en la Costa y Selva y menor en la Sierra (4,76 (DE: 0,89), 4,76 (DE: 0,84) vs 4,24 (DE: 1,49); p<0.001, respectivamente). La regresión lineal ajustada mostró que la Sierra tiene mayor puntaje de HEI (coef: 1.89 EE: 0.75; p=0.012) y la selva el menor puntaje (coef: -5.31, EE: 1.01; p<0.001) en relación a Lima y Resto de costa. Conclusión: El lugar de residencia afecta el índice de calidad, siendo la Sierra la que presenta un mayor índice de alimentación saludable y la selva el menor en comparación a las otras regiones.
Objective: To evaluate the diet quality in Peru by region in adolescents and adults. Materials and methods: This is a secondary analysis of the Latin American Nutrition and Health Study (ELANS) database. To measure diet quality, the HEI was calculated using information from a 24-hour food consumption reminder on two non-consecutive days. The HEI was classified as unhealthy (<60 HEI points), medium healthy (60-79 points) and healthy (>80 points). The sample was composed of 1113 subjects from four different regions of Peru: Lima Metropolitana, Costa, Sierra and Selva. A multiple linear regression was performed to analyze the effect of region, adolescents and adults. HEI score. Results: The mean HEI score was 71,0 (SD: 10,0), women scored higher than men (72,2 (10,0) vs 69,5 (9,7); p<0.001). Dairy products scored higher in the Sierra region and lower in the Selva region (6,76 (4,53) vs 2,86 (4,24); p<0. 001). Similarly, meats scored higher on the Costa region and the Jungle region and lower in the Sierra region (4,76 (0,89) vs. 4,76 (0,84) vs. 4,24 (1,49); p<0.001). The adjusted linear regression showed that the Sierra region has the highest HEI score (coef: 1.89, EE:0.75; p=0.012) and the Selva region the lowest score (coef: -5.31, EE:1.01; p<0.001). Conclusion: The region of residence affects the quality index, with the population of the Sierra having a higher index of healthy eating and the forest having the lowest score compared to the other regions. It is important to improve the quality of the population's diet across regions in Peru.
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Aragão, Valquiria. "Sobre a síntese de furanoeliangolidos pela reação de Diels-Alder." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59138/tde-04072007-144124/.

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Furanoeliangolidos são produtos naturais biologicamente ativos que contêm um esqueleto 11-oxabiciclo[6.2.1]undecano. Neste trabalho nós estudamos duas propostas sintéticas para síntese de um modelo simplificado do furanoeliangolido goiazensolido, através de uma reação de Diels-Alder seguida de clivagem da ligação central dos anéis. No desenvolvimento da primeira proposta nós preparamos o composto mesilato, porém as tentativas de efetuar a reação de eliminação resultaram em mistura complexa ou em produtos indesejados. Na proposta seguinte preparamos o éster, e testamos dois caminhos alternativos, entre várias possibilidades, para dar continuidade à síntese. No primeiro caminho o éster foi hidrolisado ao ácido, mas não foi possível obter a amida de Weinreb correspondente. No segundo caminho, o éster foi reduzido ao álcool, que foi oxidado ao aldeído; quando tratado com o ânion da hidrazona, o aldeído forneceu a hidrazona correspondente ao invés do esperado produto de adição de carbânion. Outras alternativas deverão ser investigadas no futuro.
Furanoheliangolides are biologically active natural products containing a 11-oxabicyclo[6.2.1]undecane skeleton. In this work we have investigated two different approaches to synthesize a model of the core structure of goyazensolide. Both approaches involve a Diels-Alder reaction and a bond breaking reaction to produce the polycyclic structure. In the first proposal we prepared mesylate compound. Attempts to effect an elimination reaction, however, resulted either in complex mixture or in undesired products. In the second proposal we prepared ester and investigated two alternative paths, out of several possibilities, to proceed the synthesis. In the first, ester was hydrolyzed to acid, but it was not possible to obtain the corresponding Weinreb amide. In the second path the ester was reduced to alcohol, that was oxidized to aldehyde; this, when treated with the anion from hydrazone, furnished hydrazone instead of the expected product of carbanion addition. Further studies should be developed in the future.

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Books on the topic "Natural Diets"

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Glenville, Marilyn. Natural alternatives to dieting. Vancouver: Whitecap Books, 1999.

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Natural alternatives to dieting. London: Ted Smart, 1999.

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Morley, Carol. Nourish: 100 natural ways to feed your body. London: MQ, 2001.

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Books, Prevention Health, ed. Natural fat burners. New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks, 2001.

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Scott, Jill. Healing foods for special diets: Over 300 delicious recipes for special diets. New York, N.Y: Hermes House, 2001.

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Dieta de las fibras: La fórmula anti-kilos más efectiva, duradera y natural. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Lea, 2006.

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Michael, Lennon James, Taylor Susan, Health Science Magazine, and American Natural Hygiene Society, eds. The natural hygiene diet. Tampa, Fl: American Natural Hygiene Society, 1999.

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Society, American Natural Hygiene, ed. The natural hygiene diet. Tampa, FL: American Natural Hygiene Society, 1999.

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Klinger, Sherry. Food preparation guide & cook book: The natural total health system. Woodland Hills, Calif: Medicus Formulas, 1993.

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Walker, Norman Wardhaugh. Pure & simple natural weight control. Prescott, Ariz: Norwalk Press, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Natural Diets"

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Gabrys, Beata, John L. Capinera, Jesusa C. Legaspi, Benjamin C. Legaspi, Lewis S. Long, John L. Capinera, Jamie Ellis, et al. "Culture of Natural Enemies on Factitious Foods and Artificial Diets." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1133–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_10129.

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Fanzo, J. "Biodiversity: an essential natural resource for improving diets and nutrition." In Agriculture for improved nutrition: seizing the momentum, 36–46. Wallingford: CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786399311.0036.

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Shapiro, Jeffrey P. "Assimilation, Transport, and Distribution of Molecules in Insects from Natural and Artificial Diets." In Advances in Insect Rearing for Research and Pest Management, 63–75. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429043246-7.

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Zharkova, Marina, Anna Ivanova, Inna Ivanova, Olga Kovaleva, and Alfiya Khamidullina. "Bioconversion of Nutrients in Diets Containing Flattened Grain Mixture and Natural Mineral Additive – Zeolite." In XV International Scientific Conference “INTERAGROMASH 2022”, 200–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21432-5_21.

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Ganguly, Kavery, and Ashok Gulati. "Pulses Value Chain- Pigeon Pea and Gram." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 253–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4268-2_8.

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AbstractPulses form an important part of agriculture in India given that the country is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. Owing to their natural resilience to extreme weather conditions, low water requirements and being environmentally benign, pulses have been traditionally a smallholder’s crop. However, with poor price realization, farmers are switching towards other remunerative crops such as sugarcane, soybean, among others. Unlike rice and wheat, pulses are not covered by the regular public procurement system which makes marketing of pulses at fair and remunerative prices a challenge for the farmers. Pulses are no longer a poor man’s diet given the escalating consumer prices. Nonetheless, it is considered as an important source of protein (given the large vegetarian diet base in India), consumption of which is being promoted to address the observed protein gap in the diets. Over time, per capita availability of pulses has declined like other traditional cereals. With changing consumption patterns and emerging dietary deficiencies, there is scope for enhancing consumption of pulses through traditional and value-added products.

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Bjone, Hanna, and Elaine C. Fitches. "Which insect species and why?" In Insects as animal feed: novel ingredients for use in pet, aquaculture and livestock diets, 8–16. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245929.0002.

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Abstract This chapter describes the common features determining the suitability of insects for small- and industrial-scale farming, the main insect species currently being produced on a large scale for feed production and other potential candidate species. Natural consumption of insects by animals and which insects are suitable for which animal feed is also briefly discussed.

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Safalaoh, Andrews C. L., and Edith Kavala. "In Search of Climate-Smart Feeds: The Potential of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum, L.) to Replace Maize as an Energy Feed Ingredient in Broiler Diets in Malawi." In Climate Impacts on Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability in Africa, 201–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37537-9_11.

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Fan, Shenggen, Jikun Huang, Fusuo Zhang, Wenhua Zhao, Hongyuan Song, Fengying Nie, Yu Sheng, Jinxia Wang, Jieying Bi, and Wenfeng Cong. "Transforming Chinese Food Systems for Both Human and Planetary Health." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 779–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_41.

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AbstractOver the past four decades, China’s food security and nutritional status have improved significantly, as witnessed in the elimination of hunger and poverty, increased diversity of diets, and reduction in child stunting. However, Chinese food systems will face even greater challenges in the future. These include constraints of natural resources, climate change, and multiple challenges of malnutrition, food safety, and external shocks from a volatile international market. Fortunately, the Chinese government has made important commitments in the “Fourteenth Five-year Plan” on food and nutrition security, health, the environment and climate change, including achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. The purpose of this chapter is to review major achievements and their enabling factors, future challenges and government strategies, as well as our recommendations for transforming Chinese food systems in regard to both human and planetary health. This chapter will help to bring voices of emerging economies like China in setting the global food system agenda, providing useful insights on the transformation of its own food systems, as well as those in other countries.

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Williamson, Duncan. "Food, feed and sustainable diets." In Farming, Food and Nature, 232–35. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Earthscan food and agriculture: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351011013-29.

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Davies, Glyn. "Conserving biodiversity through sustainable diets." In Farming, Food and Nature, 236–37. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Earthscan food and agriculture: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351011013-30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Natural Diets"

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Attendu, Jean-michel, and Jean-philippe Corbeil. "NLU on Data Diets: Dynamic Data Subset Selection for NLP Classification Tasks." In Proceedings of The Fourth Workshop on Simple and Efficient Natural Language Processing (SustaiNLP). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.sustainlp-1.9.

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Mokrushina, Olga. "FEATURES OF THE USE OF NITROGEN DIETS IN COWS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS AND QUALITY OF PROTEIN." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production 31 (79). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2023-31-79-130-138.

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The results of studying the effect of the level and quality of protein diets on productivity and nitrogen balance in cows are presented. The protein level in the diet and its cleavability were regulated by the composition of the concentrate mixture and by heat treatment of concentrated feed. In the first group, concentrated feeds were presented with barley dung, in the second — barley dung heated on AVM-1.5, cows of the third group received pea dung with vetch in a ratio of 50:50, the fourth — pea-vetch extruded mixture in the same ratio of 50:50. The highest milk productivity and live weight gains were obtained by feeding cows with diets with reduced protein solubility and cleavage. A comparative evaluation of the results of the efficiency calculation showed that the use of barley heated on AVM -1.5 it turned out to be the most profitable in comparison with other options. This technique contributed to obtaining high milk productivity of cows at the lowest cost of raw protein per 1 kg of natural milk, taking into account the increase. The nitrogen balance in cows of all groups during the new-body period and the mid-lactation period was positive.

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Brenna, J. Thomas. "How does knowledge of omega-3 fatty acids inform the food system?" In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/cfsw6115.

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With over 40,000 studies published, omega-3s are among most studied compounds in all of biology. We know a great deal about their metabolism, genetics, and nutrition that has not been translated into the global industrial food system. Development and maintenance of the human and general neural function depends on a balanced nutritional supply of omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA. Omega-3s are the most labile of oil components, leading to rancidity during processing and limiting shelf-life. Recent research has clarified the roles of the human FADS1 and FADS2 genes as key to conversion of precursor alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to bioactive products eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid ((DHA). FADS2 is a promiscuous desaturase enzyme that inserts double bonds at the 4, 6, and 8 positions and acts on at least 16 substrates including numerous saturated fatty acids, while FADS1 is highly specific to 5 desaturation and C20 substrates. FADS gene polymorphisms lead primarily to modulation of circulating arachidonic acid in free living humans, which is likely to influence omega-3 requirements through biochemical competition at many levels. Natural, pre-industrial diets are high in saturated and monounsaturated fats, and supply dietary essential fatty acids at less than 4% of calories. Such diets support endogenous EPA and DHA biosynthesis at relatively robust levels, while diets high in PUFA inhibit EPA/DHA tissue accretion and create a metabolic demand. Recent recommendations focus on gently processed healthy foods rich in shortfall nutrients despite high saturated fat content have been advanced. Dietary intake of EPA and DHA have effects specific to each fatty acid, and both are more efficiently incorporated into tissue than when derived from precursors. Current evidence is that both are required for optimal health.

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Chizzola, Remigius, Harinder Makkar, Ellen McGrath, and Papu Haroon. "EXTRACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS FROM MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES, STABILITY OF THE RESULTING ANTIOXIDANTS, AND USE OF THE REMAINING RESIDUE AS LIVESTOCK FEED." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s25.27.

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Moringa oleifera, commonly known as horse radish tree or drumstick tree is a perennial multipurpose tropical tree. It can be used as medicine, cosmetic and functional food, among others. The benefits of using the leaves are ascribed to the presence of a number of antioxidants. Nowadays it is widely cultivated and naturalized in many countries. Simple methods to extract antioxidants from Moringa leaf are lacking, which were established, stability of antioxidants was assessed, and residue left after extraction was explored for use as animal feed, with the aim to scale-up the process to industrial scale. A natural source antioxidant-rich fraction prepared in this study could have applications in protecting against free radical mediated damage, to enhance shelf-life of products, and to prevent and/or cure diseases. Antioxidants are known to have anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory, anti-aging, cardio-and neuro-protective, intestinal microbiota regulatory effects, among others. The optimized procedure consisted of ultrasonication or extraction in a shaking water bath for 40 minutes at 30�C in 45% aq. ethanol at 1:10 (w/v) plant:solvent ratio. A high extraction yield by weight of 31-33% was obtained. The preparation was rich in antioxidants. On dry weight (DW) basis, total phenolics were from 19.6 to 33.5 mg catechin equivalents/g, FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) from 83.3 to 140.7 nmol FeSO4 equivalents/g and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity from 8.9 to 18.2 mg Trolox equivalents/g. The HPLC fingerprinting showed the presence of more than a dozen compounds, and the UV spectra were typical for flavonoids and phenolic acids, containing high amounts of chlorogenic acid and rutin. The antioxidants in a liquid state or after freezedrying were stable for over 3 months at room temperature, 4-6�C or - 18�C. The residue left after extraction had 42% crude protein and the essential amino acids contents were as high as that in soymeal. The residue can replace soymeal in dairy and beef cattle diets at 1:1 level by weight, and in fish diet at 30% replacement of fishmeal protein. This can decrease cost of animal feeding by 20-35%, giving higher profit to farmers and industry. Also, this residue is likely to provide health benefit to the animals being rich in catechin and kaempferol. The method developed is low-cost and easy to scale up, especially in a developing country settings. Good stability of the antioxidant preparation makes its attractive for use in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. It can also be a replacer of synthetic antioxidants in food and feed applications including ethoxyquin (used in fish feed), banned in many countries including the EU. The moringa antioxidant-rich fraction obtained in this study that corresponded to 1 g each of ascorbic acid, ethoxyquin or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (all synthetic antioxidants) was 3.64 g, 4.3 g and 2.1 g, respectively. This antioxidant potential of moringa is very high, among other known oxidants isolated from plant parts. The study is an important step towards industrial scale development of isolating antioxidant-rich fraction and of incorporating the residue in animal diets, with zero waste � a vital requisite for circular economy.

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Dygert, Joseph P., Melissa L. Morris, Erik M. Messick, and Patrick H. Browning. "Feasibility of an Energy Efficient Large-Scale Aquaponic Food Production and Distribution Facility." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6567.

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Today the United States is plagued by societal issues, economic insecurity, and increasing health problems. Societal issues include lack of community inclusion, pollution, and access to healthy foods. The high unemployment coupled with the rising cost of crude oil derivatives, and the growing general gap between cost of living and minimum wage levels contribute to a crippled consumer-driven US economy. Health concerns include increasing levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These epidemics lead to staggering economic burdens costing Americans hundreds of billions of dollars each year. It is well-known that many of the health issues impacting Americans can be directly linked to the production, availability, and quality of the food. Factors contributing to the availability of food include reduction of United States farmland, an increase in food imported from overseas, and the cost of goods to the consumer. The quality of food is influenced by the method of growth as well as imposed preservation techniques to support food transportation and distribution. At the same time, it has become increasingly common to implement biotechnology in genetically modified crops for direct human food or indirectly as a livestock feed for animals consumed by humans. Crops are also routinely dosed with pesticides and hormones in an attempt to increase productivity and revenue, with little consideration or understanding of the long term health effects. Research shows that community gardens positively impact local employment, community involvement and inclusivity, and the diets of not only those involved in food production, but all members of their households. The purpose of this work is to determine the feasibility of an energy efficient large-scale aquaponic food production and distribution facility which could directly mitigate growing socioeconomic concerns in the US through applied best practices in sustainability. Aquaponics is a symbiotic relationship between aquaculture and hydroponics, where fish and plants grow harmoniously. The energy efficient facility would be located in an urban area, and employ solar panels, natural lighting, rain water reclamation, and a floor plan optimized for maximum food yield and energy efficiency. Examples of potential crops include multiple species of berries, corn, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, peppers, squash, and carrots. Potential livestock include responsibly farmed tilapia, shrimp, crayfish, and oysters. The large scale aquaponic facility shows a lengthy period for financial return on investment whether traditional style construction of the building or a green construction style is used. However many forms of federal government aid and outside assistance exist for green construction to help drive down the risk in the higher initial investment which in the long run could end up being more profitable than going with a traditionally constructed building. Outside of financial return there are many proven, positive impacts that a large-scale aquaponic facility would have. Among these are greater social involvement and inclusivity, job creation, increased availability of fresh food, and strengthening of America’s agriculture infrastructure leading to increased American independence.

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Dimitrova, Bistra, and Gergana Dincheva. "NATURAL HERITAGE AND HEALING PRACTICES FOR WELLNESS LIFESTYLE." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/92.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Natural heritage is becoming an increasingly important focus in international and national policies. Bulgaria has a large diversity of natural resources with protected areas. Natural resources are the main product in wellness tourism, which will grow in 2022 with an impressive 7.5% growth per year. According to the Global Wellness Institute Report, this is a higher percentage than the total revenue of the whole world tourism (6.4%). Methods: We systematically develop and analyze innovative wellness programs for people of all ages. We are making the first attempt to create some simulated products (in blocking mode) with augmented virtual reality. Results: Immune system health will remain an important social issue in 2022. The focus will stay on the individual consumer and the new health strategies. Scientific evidence is accumulating about holistic approaches, health from contact with nature, a balanced diet, and microbiome, which are key to achieving a wellness lifestyle. Programs to strengthen the immune and metabolic health and individual psycho-relaxation practices in and from the natural heritage will be increasingly important. Discussion: Effective wellness practices in forests and sea are slow modeling strategies that prove their effectiveness and positive influences but require regular practice. Conclusion: The Wellness lifestyle requires communicating regularly with nature. It is globally important to preserve natural heritage, eat a balanced diet, and invest in personal health to achieve a Well-being.

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Herruzo, P., M. Bolaños, and P. Radeva. "Can a CNN recognize Catalan diet?" In APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS IN TECHNICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES: 8th International Conference for Promoting the Application of Mathematics in Technical and Natural Sciences - AMiTaNS’16. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4964956.

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Lv, Youbo. "Multi-objective Nutritional Diet Optimization Based on Quantum Genetic Algorithm." In 2009 Fifth International Conference on Natural Computation. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc.2009.192.

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Lv, Youbo, and Dong Li. "Improved Quantum Genetic Algorithm and Its Application in Nutritional Diet Optimization." In 2008 Fourth International Conference on Natural Computation. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc.2008.22.

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Freitag, Markus, David Vilar, David Grangier, Colin Cherry, and George Foster. "A Natural Diet: Towards Improving Naturalness of Machine Translation Output." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.263.

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Reports on the topic "Natural Diets"

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Geisthardt, Eric, Burton Suedel, and John Janssen. Monitoring the Milwaukee Harbor breakwater : an Engineering With Nature® (EWN®) demonstration project. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40022.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) maintains breakwaters in Milwaukee Harbor. USACE’s Engineering With Nature® (EWN®) breakwater demonstration project created rocky aquatic habitat with cobbles (10–20 cm) covering boulders (6–8 metric tons) along a 152 m section. A prolific population of Hemimysis anomala, an introduced Pontocaspian mysid and important food source for local pelagic fishes, was significantly (p < .05) more abundant on cobbles versus boulders. Food-habits data of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) provided evidence that H. anomala were a common prey item. Night surveys and gill netting confirmed O. mordax preferred foraging on the cobbles (p < .05) and consumed more H. anomala than at the reference site (p < .05). H. anomala comprised a significant portion of the diets of young-of-the-year (YOY) yellow perch (Perca flavescens), YOY largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and juvenile rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) caught on the breakwater. The natural features’ construction on the breakwater increased the available habitat for this benthopelagic macroinvertebrate and created a novel ecosystem benefiting forage fish and a nursery habitat benefiting nearshore game fish juveniles. These data will encourage the application of EWN concepts during structural repairs at other built navigation infrastructure.

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Kanner, Joseph, Dennis Miller, Ido Bartov, John Kinsella, and Stella Harel. The Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Lipid Peroxidation of Muscle Food. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604282.bard.

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Biological oxidations are almost exclusively metal ion-promoted reactions and in ths respect iron, being the most abundant, is the commonly involved. The effect of dietary iron levels on pork, turkey and chick muscle lipid peroxidation and various other related compounds were evaluated. Crossbred feeder pigs were fed to market weight on corn-soy rations containing either 62, 131 or 209 ppm iron. After slaughter, the muscles were dissected, cooked and stored at 4°C. Heavily fortifying swine rations with iron (>200 ppm) increase nn-heme iron (NHI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrease a-tocopherol in cooked stored pork but did not increase warmed-over aroma (WOA). NHI and TBARS were higher in cooked pork from pigs fed high-iron diets. Liver iron correlated with muscle iron. TBARS were strongly related with WOA. The role of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on Fe-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in swine was also evaluated. Moderate elevation in iron stores had a marked effect on oxidative stress, especially as indicated by liver TBARS. Supplemental vitamin E, and to a lesser extent vitamin C, protect against this oxidative stress. Unsupplementation of Fe in the regular diet of turkeys did not affect body weight, blood hemoglobin level, or iron pool in the liver or muscle. The reason being that it contained "natural" ~120 mg Fe/kg feed, and this amount is high enough to keep constant the pool of iron in the body, liver or muscle tissues. Only Fe-supplementation with high amounts of Fe (500 ppm) significantly increased turkey blood hemoglobin and total iron in the liver, in 1 out of 3 experiments, but only slightly affects iron pool in the muscles. It seems that the liver accumulates very high concentations of iron and significantly regulates iron concentration in skeletal muscles. For this reason, it was very difficult to decrease muscle stability in turkeys through a diet containing high levels of Fe-supplementation. It was shown that the significant increase in the amount of iron (total and "free") in the muscle by injections with Fe-dextran accelerated its lipid peroxidation rate and decreased its a-tocopherol concentration. The level and metabolism of iron in the muscles affects the intensity of in vivo lipid peroxidation. This process was found to ifluence the turnover and accumulation of a-tocopherol in turkey and chick muscles. Treatments which could significantly decrease the amount and metabolism of iron pool in muscle tissues (or other organs) may affect the rate of lipid peroxidation and the turnover of a-tocopherol. Several defense enzymes were determined and found in the turkey muscle, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase was more active in muscles with a high trend of lipid peroxidation, lmore so in drumsticks than in breast muscles, or muscles with a low a-tocopherol content. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased several fold in muscle stored at 4°C. Our work demonstrated that it will be much more practical to increase the stability of muscle tissues in swine, turkeys and chickens during storage and processing by increasing the amount of vitamin E in the diet than by withdrawing iron supplementation.

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Vásquez Romero, Rodrigo Efrén, and Mónica Cepeda Granados. Alimentación de la Colmena. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.infografia.2020.7.

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Las abejas al igual que todos los seres vivos requieren de una dieta balanceada que les permita expresar su protencial genético, por lo cual es necesario garantizar la disponibilidad de nutrientes para ellas, ya sea de forma natural o artificial.

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Campos Patiño, Yenifer, and Takumasa Kondo. Dietas artificiales como suplemento alimenticio en la cría de Anovia punica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2016.5.

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El coccinélido Anovia punica Gordon (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) es un e ciente controlador biológico de Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo y Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) en Colombia continental y en la isla de San Andrés. Debido a que A. punica es un depredador voraz, es difícil proveer un constante suministro de presas vivas para mantener una cría masiva de este enemigo natural. El objetivo de esta investigación fue buscar una alternativa para alimentar al coccinélido mediante dietas artificiales y disminuir su dependencia en presas vivas

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Einarsson, Rasmus. Nitrogen in the food system. TABLE, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/2fa45626.

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Nitrogen (N) plays a dual role in the agri-food system: it is an essential nutrient for all life forms, yet also an environmental pollutant causing a range of environmental and human health impacts. As the plant nutrient needed in greatest quantities, and as a building block of proteins and other biomolecules, N is a necessary part of all life. In the last century, an enormous increase of N turnover in the agri-food system has enabled increasing per-capita food supply for a growing world population, but as an unintended side effect, N pollution has increased to levels widely agreed in science and policy to be far beyond sustainable limits. There is no such thing as perfectly circular N supply. Losses of N to the environment inevitably arise as N is transformed and used in the food system, for example in soil processes, in manure storage, and in fertilizer application. This lost N must be replaced by ‘new’ N, which is N converted to bioavailable forms from the vast atmospheric pool of unreactive dinitrogen (N2). New N comes mainly as synthetic N fertilizer and through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). In addition, there is a large internal flow of recycled N in the food system, mainly in the form of livestock excreta. This recirculated N, however, is internal to the food system and cannot make up for the inevitable losses of N. The introduction of synthetic N fertilizer during the 20th century revolutionized the entire food system. The industrial production of synthetic N fertilizer was a revolution for agricultural systems because it removed the natural constraint of N scarcity. Given sufficient energy, synthetic N fertilizer can be produced in limitless quantities from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). This has far-reaching consequences for the whole agri-food system. The annual input of synthetic N fertilizer today is more than twice the annual input of new N in pre-industrial agriculture. Since 1961, increased N input has enabled global output of both crop and livestock products to roughly triple. During the same time period, total food-system N emissions to the environment have also more than tripled. Livestock production is responsible for a large majority of agricultural N emissions. Livestock consume about three-quarters of global cropland N output and are thereby responsible for a similar share of cropland N emissions to air and water. In addition, N emissions from livestock housing and manure management systems contribute a substantial share of global N emissions to air. There is broad political agreement that global N emissions from agriculture should be reduced by about 50%. High-level policy targets of the EU and of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are for a 50% reduction in N emissions. These targets are in line with a large body of research assessing what would be needed to stay within acceptable limits as regards ecosystem change and human health impacts. In the absence of dietary change towards less N-intensive diets, N emissions from food systems could be reduced by about 30%, compared to business-as-usual scenarios. This could be achieved by implementing a combination of technical measures, improved management practices, improved recycling of wasted N (including N from human excreta), and spatial optimization of agriculture. Human dietary change, especially in the most affluent countries, offers a huge potential for reducing N emissions from food systems. While many of the world’s poor would benefit nutritionally from increasing their consumption of nutrient-rich animal-source foods, many other people consume far more nutrients than is necessary and could reduce consumption of animal-source food by half without any nutritional issues. Research shows that global adoption of healthy but less N-polluting diets might plausibly cut future food-system N losses by 10–40% compared to business-as-usual scenarios. There is no single solution for solving the N challenge. Research shows that efficiency improvements and food waste reductions will almost certainly be insufficient to reach agreed environmental targets. To reach agreed targets, it seems necessary to also shift global average food consumption onto a trajectory with less animal-source food.

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Wang, Hao, and Yulai Xu. Chemopreventive Effects of Immunotrophic Preparations in the Development of Prostate Cancer: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0037.

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Review question / Objective: After successful treatment with ADT, most patients with advanced disease eventually develop resistance and progress to castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), which remains an incurable disease.Low survival and high mortality of PCa are associated with the appearance of CRPC and subsequent metastatic disease. To advance the fight against PCa, it is necessary to continue basic and clinical research to improve testing, prevention and treatment practices. However, under current treatments, prevention should be seen as a basic strategy to reduce PCa morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological studies have shown that a healthy diet may significantly affect the occurrence and progression of prostate cancer. After promising preclinical testing, several natural compounds have been evaluated in the clinic. In this study, we compared data from clinical trials on several natural chemopreventive drugs as well as chemopreventive agents that have been tested for PCa chemoprevention. Provides some grounding support for preventing the progression of prostate cancer.

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Naim, Michael, Andrew Spielman, Shlomo Nir, and Ann Noble. Bitter Taste Transduction: Cellular Pathways, Inhibition and Implications for Human Acceptance of Agricultural Food Products. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695839.bard.

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Historically, the aversive response of humans and other mammals to bitter-taste substances has been useful for survival, since many toxic constituents taste bitter. Today, the range of foods available is more diverse. Many bitter foods are not only safe for consumption but contain bitter constituents that provide nutritional benefits. Despite this, these foods are often eliminated from our current diets because of their unacceptable bitterness. Extensive technology has been developed to remove or mask bitterness in foods, but a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of bitterness perception at the taste receptor level has prevented the development of inhibitors or efficient methods for reducing bitterness. In our original application we proposed to: (a) investigate the time course and effect of selected bitter tastants relevant to agricultural products on the formation of intracellular signal molecules (cAMP, IP3, Ca2+) in intact taste cells, in model cells and in membranes derived therefrom; (b) study the effect of specific bitter taste inhibitors on messenger formation and identify G-proteins that may be involved in tastant-induced bitter sensation; (c) investigate interactions and self-aggregation of bitter tastants within membranes; (d) study human sensory responses over time to these bitter-taste stimuli and inhibitors in order to validate the biochemical data. Quench-flow module (QFM) and fast pipetting system (FPS) allowed us to monitor fast release of the aforementioned signal molecules (cGMP, as a putative initial signal was substituted for Ca2+ ions) - using taste membranes and intact taste cells in a time range below 500 ms (real time of taste sensation) - in response to bitter-taste stimulation. Limonin (citrus) and catechin (wine) were found to reduce cellular cAMP and increase IP3 contents. Naringin (citrus) stimulated an IP3 increase whereas the cheese-derived bitter peptide cyclo(leu-Trp) reduced IP3 but significantly increased cAMP levels. Thus, specific transduction pathways were identified, the results support the notion of multiple transduction pathways for bitter taste and cross-talk between a few of those transduction pathways. Furthermore, amphipathic tastants permeate rapidly (within seconds) into liposomes and taste cells suggesting their availability for direct activation of signal transduction components by means of receptor-independent mechanisms within the time course of taste sensation. The activation of pigment movement and transduction pathways in frog melanophores by these tastants supports such mechanisms. Some bitter tastants, due to their amphipathic properties, permeated (or interacted with) into a bitter tastant inhibitor (specific phospholipid mixture) which apparently forms micelles. Thus, a mechanism via which this bitter taste inhibitor acts is proposed. Human sensory evaluation experiments humans performed according to their 6-n-propyl thiouracil (PROP) status (non-tasters, tasters, super-tasters), indicated differential perception of bitterness threshold and intensity of these bitter compounds by different individuals independent of PROP status. This suggests that natural products containing bitter compounds (e.g., naringin and limonin in citrus), are perceived very differently, and are in line with multiple transduction pathways suggested in the biochemical experiments. This project provides the first comprehensive effort to explore the molecular basis of bitter taste at the taste-cell level induced by economically important and agriculturally relevant food products. The findings, proposing a mechanism for bitter-taste inhibition by a bitter taste inhibitor (made up of food components) pave the way for the development of new, and perhaps more potent bitter-taste inhibitors which may eventually become economically relevant.

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Harris, Bernard. Anthropometric history and the measurement of wellbeing. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.rev02.

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It has often been recognised that the average height of a population is influencedby the economic, social and environmental conditions in which it finds itself, andthis insight has inspired a generation of historians to use anthropometric data toinvestigate the health and wellbeing of past populations. This paper reviews someof the main developments in the field, and assesses the extent to which heightremains a viable measure of historical wellbeing. It explores a number of differentissues, including the nature of human growth; the impact of variations in diet andexposure to disease; the role of ethnicity; the relationships between height, mortalityand labour productivity; and the “social value” of human stature. It concludes that,despite certain caveats, height has retained its capacity to act as a “mirror” of theconditions of past societies, and of the wellbeing of their members.

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Harpaz, Sheenan, Steven G. Hughes, and Pinhas Lindner. Optimization of Diet for Post Larvel/Juvenile Sea Bass and Hybrid Stripped Bass Based on Enzymatic Profiles of their Digestive Tracts. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604924.bard.

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The overall goal of this research work was to identify the main proteolytic activities which take place in the digestive tracts of young bass fish, and use the knowledge acquired in order to improve feed protein utilization in juvenile fish based on their digestive capacity. The results of the work clearly showed that the young fish possess the entire profile of proteolytic enzymes which is found in adult fish. Yet, in the young fish the level of activity is substantially lower per gram tissue (or gram protein) as compared with the activity found in the digestive tracts of the same fish at an older (larger) age. In addition it was found that the main proteolytic enzyme in these fish is chymotrypsin which accounts for almost 80% of the proteolytic activity. An effort aimed at enhancing this activity has lead to the interesting finding that alcohol substantially enhances the proteolytic activity of fish intestines. Fish intestinal homogenates were used in order to evaluate the suitability of various feeds for the fish. Potential feed proteins were subjected to the proteolytic activity of the fish enzymes in vitro, in a manner simulating the natural process. The proteolytic activity was monitored by the valuation of the products, i.e. amino acid released. This method has proven to be a powerful tool which enables us to predict with a very high degree of accuracy the potential of a feed to promote growth. Selection of feed based on the proteolytic capacity of the fish degestive tracts can now be implemented in feed formulation, as anticipated in the original research proposal.

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Anderson, Olin D., Gad Galili, and Ann E. Blechl. Enhancement of Essential Amino Acids in Cereal Seeds: Four Approaches to Increased Lysine Content. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7585192.bard.

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Cereal seeds are the basis of the human diet, and their amino acid composition is thus of major nutritional and economic importance. Currently, deficiencies in essential amino acids are addressed, when possible, by additionalprotein sources or by supplementing animal feed with non-cereal protein or synthetic amino acids. A number of strategies have been suggested to make cereal flours more complete and balanced sources of amino acids, although systematic examination of such strategies is rare. This project proposed to begin such a systematic examination using four complementary and parallel approaches to increasing wheat seed lysine: 1) Modifying endogenous wheat seed proteins for increased lysine composition. 2) Overexpression of naturally occurring high-lysine proteins in the wheat endosperm. 3) Ectopic expression of proteins in the wheat endosperm. 4) Alteration of free lysine levels in the wheat endosperm. The results of these studies are expected to be wheat lines with increased lysine content and will establish a clearer understanding of the approaches most likely to enhance cereal seed protein quality. Progress is reported for all four objectives, with a significant foundation for further work on two of the objectives (modification of wheat storage proteins and lysine metabolism). Plans for continuing work on all four objectives are briefly outlined.

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