Relevant bibliographies by topics / Natural background radiation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Natural background radiation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Natural background radiation"

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Sivintsev, Yu V. "Natural background radiation." Soviet Atomic Energy 64, no. 1 (January 1988): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01124007.

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DOLCHINKOV, Nikolay Todorov. "SOURCES OF NATURAL BACKGROUND RADIATION." Security and Defence Quarterly 16, no. 3 (September 28, 2017): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35467/sdq/103183.

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Al-Azmi, Darwish, N. Karunakara, and Amidu O. Mustapha. "Teaching about natural background radiation." Physics Education 48, no. 4 (June 20, 2013): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/48/4/506.

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WENG, PAO-SHAN, TIEH-CHI CHU, and CHIN-FANG CHEN. "Natural Radiation Background in Metropolitan Taipei." Journal of Radiation Research 32, no. 2 (1991): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.32.165.

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Stone, J. M., R. D. Whicker, S. A. Ibrahim, and F. W. Whicker. "SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN NATURAL BACKGROUND RADIATION." Health Physics 76, no. 5 (May 1999): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199905000-00008.

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Shahbazi-Gahrouei, Daryoush, Samaneh Setayandeh, and Mehrdad Gholami. "A review on natural background radiation." Advanced Biomedical Research 2, no. 1 (2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.115821.

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Thorne, M. C. "Background radiation: natural and man-made." Journal of Radiological Protection 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/23/1/302.

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Al-Khawlany, AbduHamoud, AR Khan, and JM Pathan. "Review on studies in natural background radiation." Radiation Protection and Environment 41, no. 4 (2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/rpe.rpe_55_18.

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Lin, Yu-Ming, Ching-Jiang Chen, and Pei-Hou Lin. "Natural background radiation dose assessment in Taiwan." Environment International 22 (January 1996): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(96)00087-6.

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Tracy, B. L., E. G. Letourneau, R. G. McGregor, and W. B. Walker. "Variations in natural background radiation across Canada." Environment International 22 (January 1996): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(96)00089-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Natural background radiation"

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Berlivet, Justine. "Rôle des expositions aux radiations ionisantes naturelles dans le risque de leucémie aiguë et de tumeur cérébrale chez l’enfant en France métropolitaine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP5244.

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Les radiations ionisantes (RI) à forte dose ont été classées Cancérigènes Certains par le CIRC depuis de nombreuses années. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’approfondir les connaissances concernant l’impact des radiations ionisantes naturelles (RIN), à plus faibles doses, sur les risques de leucémies aiguës (LA) et de tumeurs du système nerveux central (SNC) de l’enfant, qui sont les deux cancers les plus fréquents chez les moins de 15 ans. L’enfant étant particulièrement sensible aux RI, l’hypothèse sous-jacente à ce travail était celle d’un risque accru de LA et de tumeur du SNC même pour les faibles doses de RI reçues dans un contexte naturel. Les études précédentes ont considéré le risque de LA avec des schémas divers, et leurs résultats n’étaient pas concordants. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier le lien entre l’exposition aux RIN dans la commune de résidence à la naissance et l’incidence des LA, cette période constituant une fenêtre de radiosensibilité particulière. Les études concernant les tumeurs du SNC étaient moins nombreuses. Nous avons étudié pour la première fois le lien entre le risque de tumeur du SNC et le niveau de RIN en France métropolitaine, en considérant la commune de résidence au diagnostic, considérée également comme pertinente pour étudier l’effet des RIN. Les deux études reposaient sur les données du Registre National des Cancers de l’Enfant, qui rassemble tous les cas de cancers de l’enfant en France métropolitaine, depuis 1990 pour les LA et depuis 2000 pour les tumeurs solides. L’exposition aux RIN a été estimée par des méthodes géostatistiques (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire), afin d’étudier les contrastes d’incidence des cancers en fonction des variations de l’exposition aux RIN dans les communes de France métropolitaine (modélisations de Poisson). Les indicateurs d’exposition ont été considérés à la naissance (pour les LA) ou au diagnostic (pour les tumeurs du SNC), ainsi que de manière cumulée. Avec 6 059 cas nés et diagnostiqués entre 1990 et 2009, nous n’avons pas mis en évidence d’association entre le niveau d’exposition aux rayons gamma ou au radon, dans la commune de résidence à la naissance, et le risque de LA, dans l’ensemble et par sous-types. Nous n’avons pas non plus observé d’association entre les RIN et le risque de tumeur du SNC dans l’ensemble (5 471 cas), mais les résultats étaient en faveur d’une association entre le niveau de radiations gamma et le risque d’astrocytome pilocytique, un type de tumeur cérébrale non maligne fréquente chez l’enfant, rare chez l’adulte. Une augmentation de 12% du taux d’incidence était observée pour une augmentation de 50 nSv/h du niveau de radiations gamma dans la commune de résidence au diagnostic. Cette association était robuste. Nos études étaient fondées sur des données de grande qualité, basées sur des expositions mesurées et géolocalisées précisément et sur des modèles validés, sur un territoire montrant une grande variabilité d’exposition aux RIN. Les effectifs étaient assez importants pour distinguer des sous-types de LA et de tumeurs du SNC. En France métropolitaine, nous n’avons pas observé d’association entre le niveau d’exposition aux RIN et le risque de LA de l’enfant, que ce soit en considérant la fenêtre d’exposition autour du diagnostic, ou celle autour de la naissance. Les travaux récents sur le rôle des RIN dans le risque de cancer de l’enfant ont rapporté des résultats discordants pour les LA : une association avec les radiations gamma était rapportée au Royaume-Uni et en Suisse, mais pas en Allemagne, ou en France, comme le montre ce travail de thèse. La prise en compte d’autres facteurs de variations géographiques de l’incidence des cancers de l’enfant pourrait permettre de préciser ces résultats et de mieux comprendre l’hétérogénéité observée. D’autres études sur les tumeurs du SNC doivent être mises en place, avec une attention particulière portée aux différents sous-groupes de tumeurs
High-dose ionizing radiation (IR) have been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the IARC. This work aimed to further investigate the role of natural background radiation (NBR), which are present at lower doses, in risk of childhood acute leukemia (AL) and central nervous system (CNS) tumors, the most common childhood cancer types. Recent studies have moslty considered the risk of AL, with several design, but results are not concordant. The French population-based case-control study did not show association between childhood AL and NBR level (gamma radiation and radon) in the municipality of residence at cancer diagnosis. Firstly, this manuscript had the objective to consider the role of NBR exposure at birth. There are fewer studies about CNS tumors. For the first time, we have examined the association between the incidence of childhood CNS tumors and NBR levels in France mainland, by considering the municipality of residence at diagnosis. We conducted two studies based on the National Register of Childhood Cancer. This database gather all the cancer cases diagnosed in children in France mainland, since 1990 for AL and 2000 for solid tumors (including CNS tumors). We estimated precisely the NBR exposure all over France thanks to geostatistical methods taking account of numerous NBR measures and geological information (Institut of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety). In this way, we evatuated contrasts of incidence rate ratios regarding variations of NBR levels in the french municipalities, setting up Poisson regression models. NBR exposures have been considered one at a time, jointly, cumulatively and, in an exploratory analysis, considering their biological impact. This question have not been ever explored regarding CNS tumors. We included 6 059 AL cases born and diagnosed between 1990 and 2000, and we did not find association between gamma radiation or radon exposure, in the municipality of residence at birth, and risk of AL. Conclusions by AL subtypes were similar. We did not observe association between NBR levels and the risk of CNS tumors, considered as a whole, taking account of all the cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 (5 471 cases). However, results support a positive association between gamma radiation level in the municipality of residence at diagnosis and the incidence rate of pilocytic astrocytomas, a type of non-malignant tumor common CNS tumor in childhood, very rare in adulthood. A 12% increase in incidence rate was observed for an increase of 50 nSv/h increase in gamma radiation level. We used high quality data, based on validated models considering measured and precisely geolocated exposures, all over a territory with a large range of NBR exposure. The number of cases was sufficient to distinguish AL and CNS tumors subtypes. In mainland France, we did not observe any association between NBR exposure and the risk of childhood AL, considering the window of exposure around diagosis or around birth, although the perinatal period is commonly considered as a high radiosusceptibility time span. The association that we noticed between pilocytic astrocytomas and gamma radiation level in the municipality of residence at birth was still observed in several sensitivity analysis. Different designs were used in studies on NBR and childhood cancers studies, based on high quality incidence data and validated NBR exposure models, have shown discordant results : an association between gamma rays and incidence rate of AL was found in the UK and in Switzeland, there was no association in Germany or in France, as we show in this thesis work. The consideration of other factors of geographical variability of childhood cancers incidence may precise help to understand the heterogeneity between results. There are fewer studies about CNS tumours and our results need to be replicated. Attention should be paid to CNS tumor subtypes, since their etiology might be different
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Noncolela, Sive Professor. "Calibration of a NaI (Tl) detector for low level counting of naturally occurring radionuclides in soil." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5426.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The Physics Department at the University of the Western Cape and the Environmental Physics group at iThemba labs have been conducting radiometric studies on both land and water. In this study a 7.5 cm X 7.5 cm NaI (Tl) detector was used to study activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides in soil and sand samples. The detector and the sample were placed inside a lead castle to reduce background in the laboratory from the surroundings such as the wall and the floor. The samples were placed inside a 1 L Marinelli beaker which surrounds the detector for better relative efficiency as almost the whole sample is exposed to the detector. Additional lead bricks were placed below the detector to further reduce the background by 20%. The NaI detector is known to be prone to spectral drift caused by temperature differences inside and around the detector. The spectral drift was investigated by using a ¹³⁷Cs source to monitor the movements in the 662 keV peak. The maximum centroid shift was about 4 keV (for a period of 24 hours) which is enough to cause disturbances in spectral fitting. There was no correlation between the centroid shift and small room temperature fluctuations of 1.56 ºC. A Full Spectrum Analysis (FSA) method was used to extract the activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K from the measured data. The FSA method is different from the usual Windows Analysis (WA) as it uses the whole spectrum instead of only putting a ‘window’ around the region of interest to measure the counts around a certain energy peak. The FSA method uses standard spectra corresponding to the radionuclides being investigated, and is expected to have an advantage when low-activity samples are measured. The standard spectra are multiplied by the activity concentrations and then added to fit the measured spectrum. Accurate concentrations are then extracted using a chi-squared (χ²) minimization procedure. Eight samples were measured in the laboratory using the NaI detector and analyzed using the FSA method. The samples were measured for about 24 hours for good statistics. Microsoft Excel and MATLAB were used to calculate the activity concentrations. The ²³⁸U activity concentration values varied from 14 ± 1 Bq/kg (iThemba soil, HS6) to 256 ± 10 Bq/kg (Kloof sample). The ²³²Th activity concentration values varied from 7 ± 1 Bq/kg (Anstip beach sand) to 53 ± 3 Bq/kg (Rawsonville soil #B31). The ⁴⁰K activity concentration values varied from 60 ± 20 Bq/kg (iThemba soil, HS6) to 190 ± 20 Bq/kg (Kloof sample). The χ² values also varied from sample to sample with the lowest being 12 (Anstip beach sand) and the highest (for samples without contamination of anthropogenic nuclei) being 357 (Rawsonville soil #B28). A high χ² value usually represents incomplete gain drift corrections, improper set of fitting functions, proper inclusion of coincidence summing or the presence of anthropogenic (man made) radionuclei in the source [Hen03]. Activity concentrations of ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th and ²³⁸U were measured at four stationary points on the Kloof mine dump. The fifth stationary point was located on the Southdeep mine dump. These measurements were analysed using the FSA method and fitting by "eye" the standard spectra to the measured spectra using Microsoft Excel. These values were then compared to values obtained using an automated minimization procedure in MATLAB. There was a good correlation between these results except for ²³²Th which had higher concentrations when MATLAB was used, where 16 Bq/kg was the average value in Excel and 24 Bq/kg was the average value in MATLAB.
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Fitzmaurice, Matthew Blake 1988. "Developing a Methodology for Characterizing the Effects of Building Materials’ Natural Radiation Background on a Radiation Portal Monitoring System." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148144.

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Trafficking of radioactive material, particularly special nuclear material (SNM), has long been a worldwide concern. To interdict this material the US government has installed radiation portal monitors (RPMs) around the globe. Building materials surrounding an RPM can greatly effect the detector’s background radiation levels due to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). In some cases this effect is so great that the initial RPM setup had to be rebuilt. This thesis develops a methodology for quick and efficient determination of the specific activity and composition of building materials surrounding a RPM to predict background levels, therefore determining the minimum detectable quantity (MDQ) of material. This methodology builds on previous work by Ryan et al by generating material and source cards for a detailed Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) deck, based on an experimental RPM setup to predict the overall gamma background at a site. Gamma spectra were acquired from samples of building materials and analyzed to determine the specific activity of the samples. A code was developed to estimate the elemental composition of building materials using the gamma transmission of the samples. These results were compared to previous Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) on the same samples. It was determined that densitometry provided an elemental approximation within 5% of that found through NAA. Using the specific activity and material composition, an MCNP deck was used to predict the gamma background levels in the detectors of a typical RPM. These results were compared against actual measurements at the RPM site, and shown to be within 10% of each other.
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Johnson, Christine Michelle. "Examination of natural background sources of radioactive noble gases with CTBT significance." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/23631.

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For verifying the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), different monitoring technologies (seismic, infrasound, hydroacoustic, and radionuclide detection) are combined. The monitoring of radioactive xenon isotopes is one of the principal methods for the determination of the nuclear nature of an explosion. After an underground nuclear detonation the radioxenon isotopes [superscript 131m]Xe, [superscript 133m]Xe, ¹³³Xe, and ¹³⁵Xe, and the radioargon isotope ³⁷Ar have an increased probability of detection. In order to effectively utilize these isotopes as indicators of nuclear testing, an accurate background must be calculated. This work examines the fission products produced by spontaneous fission of ²³⁸U, which is naturally present in the earth's crust, and of ²⁴⁰Pu which is present as a product of nuclear weapons and nuclear reactor accidents. These calculations provide a range of production values for radioxenon in a variety of geologies as well as at various historic locations. The activation of geologic calcium and potassium by cosmic ray neutrons is considered for a variety of properties effecting the neutron flux. These calculations provide a range of radioargon production values across a selection of geologies. The impact of latitude and the solar activity cycle are also examined. In order to examine the transport of the isotopes through soil a model of the transport of xenon and argon through various geologies was developed. This model incorporates both the introduction of xenon from the atmosphere and that produced by spontaneous fission. This is then considered in light of what might be observed in an on-site inspection (OSI). What this work finds is that the radioxenon natural background does exceed detection limits in particular locations and geologies, however, a careful examination of the location and the ideal sampling depths can minimize the impact during an OSI. Radioargon, however, has a much larger natural background at shallow depths which are the realm of OSI sampling. Should radioargon sampling be used in an OSI the sampling time is crucial in distinguishing a nuclear explosion from the natural background. In some scenarios the natural background production of radioargon may be sufficient to interfere with the detection of an underground nuclear weapon test. This information may be beneficial in the development of future OSI noble gas monitoring techniques.
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Books on the topic "Natural background radiation"

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Preliminary environmental natural radioactivity mapping of Lusaka. Lusaka: Republic of Zambia, Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2005.

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International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment (6th 1995 Montréal, Québec). The natural radiation environment VI: Sixth International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment (NRE-VI), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 5-9 June 1995. Edited by Hopke Philip K. 1944-. [Oxford?]: Pergamon, 1996.

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Tuttle, Robert J. The fourth source: Effects of natural nuclear reactors. Boca Raton: Universal-Publishers, 2012.

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International, Conference on High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas (6th 2004 Osaka Japan). High levels of natural radiation and radon areas: Radiation dose and health effects. San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier, 2005.

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Protasevich, E. T. Natural electromagnetic background and long-lived glowing phenomena in the atmosphere. Tomsk: IPF TPU, 1995.

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Gilkeson, Robert H. Natural background radiation in the proposed Illinois SSC siting area. Champaign, Ill: Illinois State Geological Survey, 1988.

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European Commission. Directorate-General for Environment, Nuclear Safety, and Civil Protection., ed. Radiation protection 88: Recommendations for the implementation of Title VII of the European Basic Safety Standards Directive (BSS) concerning significant increase in exposure due to natural radiation sources. Luxembourg: Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997.

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International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment (8th 2007 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil). The natural radiation environment: 8th International Symposium (NRE VIII), Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 7-12 October 2007. Edited by Paschoa A. S and Steinhäusler F. Melville, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 2008.

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International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment (8th 2007 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil). The natural radiation environment: 8th International Symposium (NRE VIII), Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 7-12 October 2007. Edited by Paschoa A. S and Steinhäusler F. Melville, N.Y: American Institute of Physics, 2008.

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Horner, Jack K. Natural radioactivity in water supplies. Boulder: Westview Press, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Natural background radiation"

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Nakagawa, Hitoshi. "History of mutation breeding and molecular research using induced mutations in Japan." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 24–39. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0003.

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Abstract Following the construction of the Gamma Field at the Institute of Radiation Breeding in 1960, mutation breeding was accelerated in Japan. The facility is used, with a radiation dose up to 2 Gy/day (ca. 300,000 times that of natural background), to induce mutations at a higher frequency than occurs in nature. There have been 318 direct- use mutant cultivars representing 79 species generated through irradiation of gamma-rays, X-rays, ion beams and chemicals and somaclonal variation. Approximately 79% of these direct-use cultivars were induced by radiation. There have been 375 indirect-use mutant cultivars, including 332 rice, of which 162 cultivars (48.8%) were derived from the semi-dwarf mutant cv. 'Reimei'. The economic impact of these mutant cultivars, primarily of rice and soybean, is very large. Some useful mutations are discussed for rice, such as low digestible protein content, low amylose content, giant embryo and non-shattering. Useful mutations in soybean such as radiosensitivity, fatty acid composition and super-nodulation have been identified. Japanese pear and apple resistant to Alternaria disease have also been identified. The achievements of biological research such as characterization and determination of deletion size generated by gamma-rays, the effect of deletion size and the location, and a mechanism of dominant mutation induction are identified. Similarly, genetic studies on mutations generated through the use of gamma-ray induced mutations, such as phytochrome response, aluminium tolerance, stay-green (Mendel's gene) and epicuticular wax have also been conducted. Mutation breeding is a very useful technology for isolating genes and for elucidating gene functions and metabolic pathways in various crops.
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Jackson Kimball, Derek F., and Dmitry Budker. "Introduction to Dark Matter." In The Search for Ultralight Bosonic Dark Matter, 1–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95852-7_1.

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AbstractTo set the stage for our study of ultralight bosonic dark matter (UBDM), we review the evidence for the existence of dark matter: galactic and stellar dynamics, gravitational lensing studies, measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), surveys of the large-scale structure of the universe, and the observed abundance of light elements. This diverse array of observational evidence informs what we know about dark matter: its universal abundance, its spatial and velocity distribution, and that its explanation involves physics beyond the Standard Model. But what we know about dark matter is far outweighed by what we do not know. We examine UBDM in the context of several of the most prominent alternative hypotheses for the nature of dark matter: weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), sterile neutrinos, massive astrophysical compact halo objects (MACHOs), and primordial black holes (PBHs). Finally we examine some of the key general characteristics of UBDM, including its wavelike nature, coherence properties, and couplings to Standard Model particles and fields.
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Obodovskiy, Ilya. "Residents of Areas With High Natural Background Radiation." In Radiation, 631–39. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63979-0.00053-7.

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"3659 natural background radiation [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 604. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_8343.

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Alpen, Edward L. "Radiation Exposure from Natural Background and Other Sources." In Radiation Biophysics, 424–60. Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012053085-4/50018-1.

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Fox, Michael H. "What Comes Naturally and Not So Naturally." In Why We Need Nuclear Power. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199344574.003.0014.

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“How many of you who moved to Colorado from Texas or Florida took into account that you were nearly tripling your annual dose of natural radiation by studying here?” That is the first question I ask students in my radiation biology class at Colorado State University, and of course none of the students considered that they were increasing their exposure to radiation by a large factor simply by moving here to live. And none of them would have used that as a reason to not study here. In contrast, if they were moving near a nuclear power plant in their state, they might have had second thoughts, even though they would be exposed to far less radiation than by coming to Fort Collins, Colorado. There is no place on earth where you are not exposed to radiation. As I said in the previous chapter, life evolved in a radiation environment. But where does the radiation come from, and why is it higher in Colorado than elsewhere in the United States? Are there other areas in the world where it is even higher? Do we get a lot more cancer in Colorado than in other lower radiation states because we are exposed to more radiation? These are important questions—they help us to understand the risk from a particular dose of radiation and put into perspective the exposure to radiation from the nuclear fuel cycle. We are exposed to radiation that comes from the skies, from the earth, and from our food. These are all natural sources, and there is not much we can do about it except decide where we want to live. But our decisions as to where we want to live almost certainly do not take into account the exposure to background levels of radiation from natural sources. The other main not-so-natural source of radiation exposure comes from medical procedures, a source that is increasing rapidly.
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Kumar, Sanat. "Natural vs Anthropogenic Background Aerosol Contribution to the Radiation Budget over Indian Thar Desert." In Atmospheric Aerosols - Regional Characteristics - Chemistry and Physics. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48722.

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Otake, Masanori. "Genetic Risks from Exposure to the Atomic Bombs: Hiroshima and Nagasaki." In Genetics of Cellular, Individual, Family, and Population Variability, 83–92. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195066258.003.0005.

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Abstract Worldwide, tens, possibly hundreds of millions of individuals have been or are bing exposed to doses of ionizing radiation above the “natural” levels either as a consequence of (1) the diagnostic or therapeutic use of x-ray or radioactive materials, for example, radium or cobalt-60; (2) their occupations;(3)residing in geographic areas with “high” natural background or humanmade radiation, such as in the vicinity of the Chernobyl accident; or (4) their presence in Hiroshima or Nagasaki at the time of the atomic bombings. Exposure in these various instances varies substantially, qualitatively, and quantitatively (UNSCEAR, 1982, 1986). It may be acute or chronic, of single quality or several, whole body or partial, prompted by illness and hence possibly confounded by health status, and so forth. The ubiquity of these exposures and the differences in their nature make the estimation of the genetic risks to human beings not only an important task, but a difficult one.
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Winterton, R. H. S. "Introduction." In Heat Transfer. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198562979.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter briefly discusses some background context on the subject of heat transfer. It begins with a quick overview of the basic heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation, additionally splitting the topic of convection into two areas: natural and forced convection. Additionally, the chapter delves into the symbols used for the various quantities later in the work. Next, the closely related subject of thermodynamics is briefly explored, as are other topics that will assist in providing a better understanding of heat transfer, such as the behaviour of the boundary layer. Finally, this chapter notes some omissions conducted throughout the rest of the title for the sake of brevity.
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Sengupta, D., A. K. Mohanty, S. K. Das, and S. K. Saha. "Natural radioactivity and radiation exposure in the high background area of the Chhatrapur beach placer deposits of Orissa, India." In Radioactivity in the Environment, 1148–51. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-4860(04)07141-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Natural background radiation"

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Li, Xia, Jianguo Liu, Yanbing Dong, and Juan Lin. "Experimental research on infrared radiation measurement of typical natural background." In Fourth Seminar on Novel Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Application, edited by Weiqi Jin and Ye Li. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2314830.

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Nagy, A., J. Renner, I. Török, and R. Kavanda. "Distributions of Natural and Artificial Gamma Background Radiation in Hungary." In 66th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.3.p112.

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Enkhbat, N., N. Norov, B. Bat-Erdene, G. Khuukhenkhuu, B. Otgooloi, Dugersuren Dashdorj, Undraa Agvaanluvsan, and Gary E. Mitchell. "Study of Natural Background Radiation around Gurvanbulag Uranium Deposit Area." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS: Proceedings of the First Ulaanbaatar Conference on Nuclear Physics and Applications. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3122245.

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Bastos, Rodrigo O., Carlos R. Appoloni, Anselmo Salles Paschoa, and Friedrich Steinhäusler. "Modeling Background Attenuation by Sample Matrix in Gamma Spectrometric Analyses." In THE NATURAL RADIATION ENVIRONMENT: 8th International Symposium (NRE VIII). AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2991259.

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Szkliniarz, Katarzyna. "Characteristics of natural background radiation at BSUIN and EUL Underground Laboratories." In RAP Conference. Sievert Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37392/rapproc.2021.09.

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Ismailova, A. A., and N. A. Nurbaeva. "Forecasting the radiation background in the territories of Kazakhstan located near the uranium mining industries." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-99-102.

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A significant part of the territory of Kazakhstan is characterized by a high natural background radiation of soils and rocks, the spread of natural ground and underground waters with high concentrations of radionuclides in the regions of uranium, thorium and rare metal ore provinces and regions. Therefore, conducting high-quality radio monitoring of the state of the environment using modern information systems will make it possible to predict the background radiation in a timely manner and outline measures to reduce environmental risks to the health of the nation as a whole. Key words: radioecology, monitoring, life safety, radionuclides, national health.
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Yongqiang, Li, Chen Jingmin, Xiong Zhengye, Wang Wenhua, Tang Zhao, Shi Wenqing, and Li Shiping. "Investigation on Thermoluminescence of Al2O3:C and LiF:Mg,Cu,P to Natural Background Radiation." In 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology (iCBEB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbeb.2012.255.

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Szkliniarz, Katarzyna, Kinga Polaczek-Grelik, Agata Walencik-Łata, and Jan Kisiel. "Measurements of natural background radiation in the underground laboratories of the BSUIN and EUL projects." In RAD Conference. RAD Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/rad.abstr.book.2021.28.7.

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Kylivnik, Yuriy, Svyatoslav Vuchkan, Ihor Syika, Hanna Vasylyeva, and Olexander Sych. "Purification of aqueous solutions from strontium ions by natural and synthetic sorbents under increased radiation background." In RAD Conference. RAD Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/rad.abstr.book.2021.11.4.

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Tawara, Yuzuru, Shinji Hara, Kazuo Koga, and Kenji Tsuji. "Application of Cloud Chambers for Heuristic Comprehension of Radiation." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16909.

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In the nuclear-related public relation center, a variety of displays such as models of nuclear facility, panel presentations to explain radiation properties, radiation detectors are used for the visitors to help the understanding of nuclear power and radiation. The PR center demonstrates various aspect of the radiation such as the presence of natural background radiations around us in the daily life, shielding effect for the different kind of radiations. Cloud Chambers are often used to demonstrate the presence of natural background radiation, showing tracks caused by the ionizing effect. The shielding effect of radiation is demonstrated by inserting a shield material between a radiation source and the detector such as GM counter. It is usually illustrated in the panel that the penetration properties are different for kinds of radiation but actual demonstration is seldom used. Then a question arises that people cannot properly understand overall characteristics of the radiation in the above described demonstrations in the PR center. So we have been trying to improve a utilization method of a cloud chamber to help the deep understanding of properties of radiation. The improved cloud chamber has the area size of 225 mm × 225 mm with 100 mm in depth and has the structure for the function of insertion and extraction of both a radiation source and a shield material, independently. When a radiation source such as Cs-137 or Fe-55 is inserted in the chamber, it is clearly shown that high energy electron created by gamma-ray or X-ray emitted from such radioisotope can make track with different length. It is also shown using lantern core with thorium-series isotopes that thick track can be made by alpha particle. Fe-55 radioisotope generates 5.9 keV X-rays, which produces about 1mm track in the chamber through photoelectron. When a shield material of lead with a thickness of 1mm was inserted in front of the source, the fading out of the tracks is clearly observed. Thus shielding effect can be easily confirmed by eye using cloud chamber. The demonstrations of shielding effect described above can help more clear and essential understanding of the radiations. This was shown by the questionnaire survey done before and after the demonstrations for the 32 participants. For further improvements of the cloud chamber, we are planning to enlarge the size of cloud chamber and to get much clearer track image by improving track illumination method. Finally we will re-consider more effective explanation to give correct understanding of the radiation and will verify the effectiveness of utilization method of new cloud chamber.
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Reports on the topic "Natural background radiation"

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Corriveau, Elizabeth, Travis Thornell, Mine Ucak-Astarlioglu, Dane Wedgeworth, Hayden Hanna, Robert Jones, Alison Thurston, and Robyn Barbato. Characterization of pigmented microbial isolates for use in material applications. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46633.

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Organisms (i.e., plants and microorganisms) contain pigments that allow them to adapt and thrive under stressful conditions, such as elevated ultraviolet radiation. The pigments elicit characteristic spectral responses when measured by active and passive sensors. This research study focused on characterizing the spectral response of three organisms and how they compared to background spectral signatures of a complex environment. Specifically, spectra were collected from a fungus, a plant, and two pigmented bacteria, one of which is an extremophile bacterium. The samples were measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dis-criminated using chemometric means. A top-down examination of the spectral data revealed that organisms could be discriminated from one an-other through principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, there was a strong distinction between the plant and the pigmented microorganisms. Spectral differences resulting in samples with the highest variance from the natural background were identified using PCA loading plots. The outcome of this work is a spectral library of pigmented biological candidates for coatings applications.
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Butterweck, Gernot, Alberto Stabilini, Benno Bucher, David Breitenmoser, Ladislaus Rybach, Cristina Poretti, Stéphane Maillard, et al. Aeroradiometric measurements in the framework of the swiss exercise ARM23. Paul Scherrer Institute, PSI, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55402/psi:60054.

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The flights of the civil (ARM23c) and military (ARM23m) parts of the exercise were performedbetween June 19th and 23rd and between September 11th and September 15th,respectively. The measuring system RLL001 was employed for all measurements. As usual, during the civil exercise the environs of some of the Swiss nuclear power plants were screened, on behalf of the Swiss Nuclear Safety Inspectorate (ENSI). At the site of the nuclear power plant Gösgen (KKG) with its pressurized water reactor, the activation products of the primary coolant loop are kept in the well shielded reactor building, thus generating no elevated readings neither on the premises nor in the vicinity of the power plant. The nuclear power plant of Mühleberg (KKM) is now being decommissioned. During this phase, activated components are temporarily stored and processed on the plant premises. The dose rate produced by these components, easily detected and identified with the Swiss airborne gamma spectrometry system, is nevertheless very modest and closely monitored by the Swiss Nuclear Safety Inspectorate (ENSI). Search exercises for radionuclide sources were performed in both parts of ARM23. The operational software of the RLL systems was able to detect the radionuclide sources placed in military training areas. The Man-Made Gross-Count (MMGC) ratio demonstrated a good sensitivity for the identification of radionuclide sources. Nevertheless, a weak radionuclide source placed in the field of view of the helicopter (300 m x 300 m at a ground clearance of 100 m) together with a much stronger radionuclide source emitting higher energy photons was obscured due to Compton scattered photons and therefore could not be detected. Measurements of two teams using drones equipped with radiation monitors demonstrated that low flying drones (ground clearance below 10 m) can be a valuable and complementary tool to identify sources and to further reduce the target area to be searched with ground teams. An altitude profile over Lake Constance confirmed the already observed influence of airborne radon progeny on the determination of cosmic and background corrections. Background flights were performed over several Swiss regions. Besides attenuation effects of water bodies, variations of natural radionuclide content could be observed. A new flight strategy in alpine topography was tested near the Swiss mountain Chrüz. Following contour lines of the topography reduces the necessity for drastic flight altitude changes compared to the parallel line pattern normally used, but is much more challenging for the pilots.
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