Dissertations / Theses: 'Natural areas'

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Wong, Tak-ming Humphrey. "Dwelling in nature : an ecological reserve Ping Chau /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25955226.

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MacLennan, Lauren. "Expectations of visitors to natural areas." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26213.

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POIAN, PEDRO PAULO DA. "SUSTAINABLE USE OF URBAN PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30248@1.

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A criação de Áreas Naturais Protegidas foi um movimento iniciado no final do século XIX e difundiu-se por todo o mundo ao longo do século XX, sendo, em 1960, criada a Comissão Mundial de Parques Nacionais e Áreas Protegidas (WCPA). Em 1937 foi criada a primeira e efetiva Área Natural Protegida brasileira – o Parque Nacional de Itatiaia /RJ. A Lei número 9.985 criou no ano 2000 o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). A conservação das Áreas Naturais Protegidas enfrenta inúmeras dificuldades por todo o mundo sendo vários os exemplos de parques de papel, que são criados mas nos quais quase nada é feito. Mas as medidas relativas à regularização fundiária, à implantação de infra-estrutura, à existência de funcionários e ao funcionamento de esquemas de gestão participativa não são por si só suficientes para garantir a efetiva conservação das Áreas Protegidas; é fundamental a adoção de mecanismos de Uso Sustentável dessas áreas, fomentando sua visitação, de forma ordenada e racional. Os usuários, conscientizados da importância da conservação ambiental, tornam-se efetivos fiscais do Parque. Nos Parques mais distantes dos centros urbanos e onde a vida selvagem está mais preservada, seu Uso Sustentável é assegurado pelo ecoturismo. No caso das Áreas Naturais Protegidas Urbanas, ganha destaque o Lazer Ecológico, com atividades ligadas à recreação, relaxamento, contemplação, etc. O trabalho analisa a situação do Uso Sustentável dos principais Parques do município do Rio de Janeiro e detalha as ações necessárias no Parque Natural Municipal Marapendi para que o mesmo possa efetivamente tornar-se um Parque de Uso Sustentável.
Since ancient times man used to protect certain areas for religious or historical reasons, but from the nineteenth century the main objective of protecting natural areas became the preservation of scenic beauty and ecological purposes. It was thus consolidated the concept of Natural Protected Areas, which are called today, in Brazil, of Conservation Units. Although most extent of these areas are situated outside cities environments, there are also Urban Protected Areas, of enormous importance. Over the decades, however, many parks created in Natural Protected Areas became just paper parks, not reaching their purposes.

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Fara, Katiuscia. "How natural are 'natural disasters'? : vulnerability to drought in Southern Namibia communal areas." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4850.

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Fitzsimons, James Andrew Fitzsimons James Andrew. "The contribution of multi-tenure reserve networks to biodiversity conservation." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050817.103606/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Deakin University, 2004.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 23, 2005). Appendix 19 (p. 297-313): Attitudes and perceptions of land managers and owners in the Grassy Box Woodlands Conservation Management Network : a draft confidential report for the New South Wales National Parks & Wildlife Service. 2002. Includes bibliographical references.

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Carr, Christopher. "Research to Inform the Management of Protected Natural Areas." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1415615423.

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Calegari, Valerie Rose. "Environmental perceptions and local conservation efforts in Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, México /." Access online version, 1997. http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/lit/calegari/thesis.html.

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Lee, Kit-tak Jessica. "Conservation and recreation in country parks /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13814278.

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Chhaya, Runit. "Designing in sacred landscapes : a case study of Govardhan Parvat (hill) - Krishna's form in nature." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARCHLM/09archlmr942.pdf.

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"February 2000" Bibliography: leaves 235-239. "Several key questions are considered in this thesis. Is it possible that sacred places had a design philosophy or theory that was used to establish and develop them? How do various natural forms influence and/or structure existence of sacred places? This thesis considers specifically the role of nature in sacred places and not sacred places as a whole." -- abstract.

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Clarke, Cailin R. "A method for natural heritage areas interpretive planning applied to the Trent University Nature Areas, Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0017/MQ48570.pdf.

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Solano, Pedro. "Legislation and applicable concepts to protected natural areas in Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115939.

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There are 78 protected areas in Peru covering 22 million hectares corresponding almost 17 percent of national territory. This article reviews essential aspects of protected natural areas studying scopes, purposes, types, categories and levels such as: requirements for setting, amendment and repeal; activities allowed and forbidden within them; institutional management, among others. Finally, this work concludes with some brief thoughts on legal and institutional challenges of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas NaturalesProtegidas por el Estado (SINANPE) (National System of State ProtectedNatural Areas).
En el Perú existen setenta y ocho áreas protegidas de nivel nacional, que en su conjunto cubren más de veinte y dos millones de hectáreas que equivalen casi al diecisiete por ciento del territorio nacional. El presente artículo, tras abordar los alcances, objetivos, tipos, categorías y niveles de las áreas naturales protegidas, pasa revista a los más trascendentes aspectos que las envuelven, tales como los requerimientos para su establecimiento, modificación y derogación; las actividades permitidas y prohibidas dentro de ellas; su gestión institucional; entre otros. Finalmente arriba a unas concisas reflexiones sobre los retos legales e institucionales que el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (Sinanpe) debería afrontar.

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Yang, Hong-Seok. "Outdoor noise control by natural/sustainable materials in urban areas." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4484/.

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This study explores the effects of natural and sustainable materials including vegetation, green roof systems and green walls on outdoor noise control in urban areas. The concept of this study starts with a hypothesis that well-planned use of the natural materials on building and urban surfaces can achieve useful reductions in noise levels and reverberation in urban spaces. Firstly, this study examines random-incidence absorption and scattering coefficients of vegetation through a series of measurements in a reverberation chamber in order to characterise the effects of various designable factors such as soil depths, soil water content and vegetation densities. This data is used later in acoustic computer simulations. To quantify the scattering effect of trees and to allow including it in numerical predictions, a series of measurements are carried out for individual trees in an open field. Green roof systems are placed on a low profiled structure to examine sound transmission through the vegetated low barrier. To suggest noise abatement schemes in relatively small urban spaces, the acoustic effects of landscape designs using vegetation in a courtyard are studied through a case study. As a preliminary study on the noise reduction effect of vegetation in relatively large urban spaces, field measurements are carried out at outdoor spaces in high-rise apartment complexes. Based on the measurement results, the noise reduction effect of vegetation in apartment complexes is also predicted. The overall results for each research topic can be summarised as follows: It is shown that low-growing vegetation can be an effective measure for absorbing/scattering sound energy, especially at high frequencies. Results of field measurements show that tree reverberation exerts an influence only on frequencies above 1 kHz. At 4 kHz, RT (reverberation time) can be as long as 0.28 sec. Measurements made near the same deciduous tree with and without leaves indicate that leaves increase reverberation at 4 kHz by 0.08 sec. The results on sound transmission over the low barrier with green roof systems suggest that SPL attenuation increases with the increasing green roof areas. The extra SPL (sound pressure level) attenuation caused by green roof systems could be up to 9.5 dB at certain frequencies. With well-planned application of landscape designs in a courtyard, speech levels and RT at 500 Hz are decreased by 9.3 dBA and 81 %, respectively. In outdoor spaces of apartment complexes, RT is generally rather long, over 4 sec at 500 Hz, influenced by many factors such as openness, source-receiver distance and building height. In terms of SPL distribution, the measured SPL is up to 8 dB higher compared to the semi-free field situation. It is also found that vegetation at the apartment complex can be effective in reducing RT by 0.95 sec (46 % decrease).

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Martino, Diego. "Reintroducing Homo sapiens sapiens into protected areas and nature." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ57674.pdf.

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Cook, Stephen T. "Nongovernmental organizations role in the establishment of resource management areas in Richmond County and Mathews County /." This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01202010-020217/.

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Turbeville, Eric Paul. "Using place attachment to determine the acceptability of restoring fire to its natural role in wilderness ecosystems." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12112006-142817/.

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Ellis, Ronald L. "Residential land use policy and conservation development in the Blanco River Basin /." View online, 2006. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/110/.

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Breunig, Lydia Ann. "Conservation in Context: Establishing Natural Protected Areas During Mexico's Neoliberal Reformation." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2006. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1450%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Freter, Victoria K. "Analyzing vertebrate movement in and around natural areas through road surveys." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1593019635236509.

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Salisbury, David Seward. "Geography in the jungle investigating the utility of local knowledge for natural resource management in the western Amazon /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE1000158.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Florida, 2002.
Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 203 p.; also contains graphics. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Murphy, Sean. "Development and Assessment of a Spatial Decision Support System for Conservation Planning." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MurphyS2003.pdf.

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Kellon, Delanie. "Natural resource management in a Costa Rican watershed." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.

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Budhathoki, Prabhu. "Developing conservation governance strategies : holistic management of protected areas in Nepal." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2012. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9453/.

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The Buffer Zone (BZ) concept has been introduced in Nepal as a key component of the national biodiversity conservation strategy to mitigate the impacts of protected areas on local communities, and thereby reduce adverse impacts of local people on protected areas. Unlike traditional Buffer Zone programmes which are mostly limited to creating a protective layer and/or distributing economic benefits to local people, the Buffer Zone management approach in Nepal integrates livelihoods and conservation issues and their linkages in a more holistic and balanced manner. The programme has been successful in establishing a network of community institutions and in mobilising large numbers of local communities in conservation and community development. The research findings clearly indicate that the current Buffer Zone management approach based on park revenue sharing for community development has been successful in developing positive attitudes among local people towards protected areas. There is also evidence of improvement in the condition of forests and biodiversity in the Buffer Zone and a decrease in pressure inside the protected areas for basic forestry resources. The BZ communities also feel empowered by the Buffer Zone management programme. These outputs suggest that if properly designed, the Buffer Zone management programme can achieve both conservation and development objectives ensuring the long-term integrity of the protected areas. At the same time, however, the research has also revealed that the existing incentives and institutional arrangements adopted in the Buffer Zone management programme were necessary but not sufficient to address present and potential challenges in Chitwan National Park. There is a need to use additional instruments to demonstrate Buffer Zone management as a viable conservation governance strategy to expand conservation into the areas beyond park boundaries ensuring greater stability of the Park. Any park management strategy seeking to make tangible impacts on conservation, livelihood and governance should have five elements, namely; incentive, empowerment, education, enforcement and integration (IEEEI); and appropriate policy and institutional frameworks to implement them in an integrated way. If issues such as inclusion, equity, empowerment and integration are properly incorporated into the policies and programmes of the Buffer Zone management, the Buffer Zone management strategy adopted in Chitwan could be promoted as a viable model for the sustainable management of protected areas situated in a human dominated landscape.

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Lai, Shin-kwan Flora. "Conservation consideration in Hong Kong : a case study of sites of special scientific interest (SSSI) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19906092.

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Lynn, Natasha A. "The effect of recreational use impacts on hiking experiences in natural areas." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ56343.pdf.

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Stephens, Anthea Clare. "Negotiating boundaries : (co)-managing natural and urban areas on the Cape Peninsula." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9594.

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Bibliography: leaves 178-189.
The opportunities and constraints experienced in managing abutting urban and natural areas represent a microcosm of the issues facing future conservation practices. The focal areas for this study are Kommetjie and Ocean View -- two adjacent but insulated communities, that reflect basic socio-economic characteristics of South African cities, and situated amidst the natural areas of the Cape Peninsula. Current theoretical perspectives on natural and urban areas fail to offer a practical approach to inform integrated and equitable management of these ostensibly disparate realms of the environment. Although largely based in rural research, political ecology, which embraces a multidisciplinary perspective, promotes an integrated framework for managing adjacent urban and natural boundaries of the kind associated with the Cape Peninsula. Using conventional botanical methods, evidence in the case studies suggests that a relationship exists between environmental degradation in natural areas and the proximity of urban settlements. Moreover, the nature of environmental degradation seems contingent on the level of economic development of local communities. A social analysis of the communities reveals that co-operative management between landowners and key-players on either side of the boundary is similarly hindered by socio-economic factors. Using an adaptation of Blaikie's (1995b) "Chain of Explanation", the interactions between Kommetjie and Ocean View, and surrounding natural areas are integrated in an analysis which crosses disciplinary divides, and exposes the relationship between local environmental conditions and broader social issues. The boundary of a national park is not sufficient to manage the interactions between protected areas and neighbouring communities, but must be supported by partnerships between city and conservation authorities, NGOs, private landowners and residents in ways that address the needs of neighbouring communities. To facilitate local involvement in the management of the environment, residents, both rich and poor, must understand how the state of the environment directly affects their lives.

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Strapazzon, Marcia Casarin. "Reflexões acerca das racionalidades em unidades de conservação: o caso do Refúgio de Vida Silvestre dos Campos de Palmas." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1218.

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Em certo momento evidencia-se que os problemas ambientais contemporâneos são fruto de atividades humanas e têm origem social, pautadas no sistema de pensamento dominante. Assim, são criados instrumentos - as unidades de conservação - para proteger a natureza da ação humana. No Brasil, tal instrumento foi oficializado por meio do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, que criou 12 categorias de UCs, divididas em dois grupos, de proteção integral e uso sustentável. A presente dissertação buscou analisar uma categoria peculiar de unidade de conservação, o Refúgio de Vida Silvestre. Esta categoria encontra-se no grupo das unidades de proteção integral da natureza (permite-se apenas uso indireto), porém pode ser composta por propriedades privadas. Desta forma, percorreu-se o histórico da criação do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, investigando, naquele contexto, as origens da categoria. Foi possível observar que, acidentalmente ou não, a categoria Refúgio de Vida Silvestre tem uma configuração sem precedentes, e que diante da problemática ambiental atual, que enseja uma mudança de paradigma, pode se mostrar adequada e viável. A análise da categoria levou à reflexão sobre a situação dos proprietários cujas terras são abrangidas por tal unidade de conservação, as quais enfrentam uma tensão de racionalidades – uma racionalidade ambiental é imposta sobre a racionalidade dominante, instrumental/econômica, pois as unidades de conservação trazem restrições às atividades produtivas que podem prejudicar a expectativa de ganhos econômicos crescentes. À luz das teorias contemporâneas que abordam a questão ambiental, pôde-se inferir que, de forma geral, espera-se que estas pessoas, visando compatibilizar suas necessidades com os objetivos da proteção preconizada pela unidade de conservação, tirem proveito dessa nova situação. Ou seja, lancem mão de suas capacidades para ecologizar suas atividades, porém dentro da racionalidade dominante. Teoricamente, existem alternativas a esta tendência, entretanto são mais profundas, exigindo a transformação desta racionalidade dominante, que pode ser considerada a raiz da crise ecológica dos dias de hoje. De uma análise mais ampla partiu-se para aspectos mais restritos, para a análise de um Refúgio de Vida Silvestre específico, o Refúgio de Vida Silvestre dos Campos de Palmas, no Paraná. Para tanto, caracterizou-se a região onde a unidade foi criada e, portanto, o contexto histórico que moldou um ecossistema ao longo do tempo de forma que atualmente merecesse (ou precisasse) ser protegido. Através de um desenho inspirado na abordagem teórico-metodológica da Teoria da Tradução, o processo de criação do RVS-CP foi descrito e analisado, demonstrando a rede sociotécnica formada simetricamente por atores humanos e não humanos durante tal processo, e buscando identificar como agem, suas demandas, seus agenciamentos e instrumentos de ação. Por último, chegou-se à vida concreta daquelas pessoas cujas propriedades estão inseridas no Refúgio de Vida Silvestre dos Campos de Palmas. Neste ponto a busca centrou-se numa pesquisa que considerasse tanto elementos da racionalidade econômica quanto de racionalidades substantivas. Tendo em vista a tensão de racionalidades proveniente da criação da UC, pôde-se verificar que, apesar de geralmente relegadas a segundo plano, as esferas imateriais da vida têm papel crucial nos objetivos dos proprietários entrevistados. E que as estratégias de meios de vida dessas famílias acompanham as tendências de transformação ocorridas nas últimas décadas no mundo rural, fortemente marcadas pela combinação de rendas agrícolas e não-agrícolas.
At one point it is evident that contemporary environmental problems are the result of human activities and have social origin, rooted in the dominant thought system. Thus, instruments are created - protected areas - to protect nature of human action. In Brazil, this instrument was made official by the Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, which created 12 categories of protected areas, divided into two groups, full protection and sustainable use. This study aimed to analyze a particular category of protected area, the Wildlife Refuge. This category belongs to the group of strictly protected areas of nature (is allowed only indirect use), but can consist of private property. Thus, toured the historical creation of the Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, investigating, in that context, the origins of the category. It was observed that, accidentally or not, the Wildlife Refuge category has an unprecedented configuration, and in front of the current environmental panorama, which entails a paradigm shift, may prove appropriate and feasible. The category analysis led to reflection on the situation of the owners whose lands are covered by such conservation unit, which face a confrontation of rationalities - an environmental rationality is imposed on the dominant rationality, instrumental/economical because protected areas bring restrictions on productive activities that may harm the expectation of increasing economic gains. In the light of contemporary theories that address the environmental issue, it might be inferred that, in general, it is expected that these people in order to match your needs with the objectives of protection advocated by the conservation unit, take advantage of this new situation. That is, take hold of their capacity to greening its activities, but within the dominant rationality. Theoretically, there are alternatives to this trend, however are deeper, requiring the transformation of dominant rationality, which can be considered the root of the ecological crisis of today. From a broader analysis get to to narrower aspects, until the analysis of a specific Wildlife Refuge, the Refúgio de Vida Silvestre dos Campos de Palmas, in Paraná. For this, it was characterized the region where the unit was created and therefore the historical context that shaped an ecosystem over time so that now deserved (or needed) to be protected. Through an desing inspired on the theoretical and methodological approach of the theory of translation, the process of creating the RVS-CP was described and analyzed, demonstrating the socio-technical network formed symmetrically by human and non-human actors in this process, and seeking to identify how they act, their demands, their negotiations and action tools. Finally, we come to the real life of those people whose properties are included in the Refúgio de Vida Silvestre dos Campos de Palmas. At this point the research focused on a search to consider both elements of economic rationality and substantive rationality. Considering the rationalities confrontation from the creation of the UC, it was observed that although usually relegated to the background, immaterial things of life have crucial role in the objectives of respondents owners. And the livelihood strategies of these families follow the trends of transformation that occurred in recent decades in rural areas, strongly marked by the combination of agricultural and non-agricultural incomes.

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Shongwe, Lucas B. "The implications of transfrontier conservation areas : a comparative policy analysis study of sustainable development in South Africa between the great Limpopo transfrontier conservation area and Lubombo transfrontier resource area." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04172007-142520/.

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Nääs, Erika, and Marcus Olsson. "Viscosity and Crystal Size Distribution Comparison Between Different Areas in the Cerro Bayo Cryptodome." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384282.

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Barbar, Marc(Marc F. ). "Resiliency and reliability planning of the electric grid in natural disaster affected areas." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122752.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 101-102).
The recent spike in the frequency of hurricanes in Central America has severely damaged the conventional electrical grid. Notably, the government of Puerto Rico laid out a plan to reinvent its energy sector to improve its level of resiliency against natural disasters. Better planning and preparation can minimize the damage that needs to be repaired on time. For instance, when necessary facilities, such as hospitals, lose access to electricity, the ability to manage a displaced population after a hurricane is diminished. Computational planning tools allow policymakers and planners to take reliability metrics, resource constraints, interactions between off-grid and traditional grid-extension projects into account when designing contingency plans for the electric grid. The goal of this thesis is to explore the role of a hybrid decentralized structure of the electrical grid to improve the level of reliability through extraordinary circumstances. In this thesis, I develop algorithms that are shown via several case studies. Given the proper input data, these algorithms can provide insight into the technical feasibility of where to deploy microgrids given the existing infrastructure. This research emphasizes the need for granular spatial data at the distribution level to make better planning decisions.
by Marc Barbar.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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Fox, Martin J. "Spatial organization, position, and source characteristics of large woody debris in natural systems /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5463.

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Costa, Mônica Martins. "Avaliação do patrimônio natural do município de Goiás (GO) e sua potencialidade turística." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5371.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The variety of tourism in natural areas is growing in importance since 1990, with ecotourism or nature tourism. Tourism incorporates aspects of the natural physical environment, from the perspective of Natural Heritage, adding a new logic, functionality and value in use and occupation of the environment. For the development of tourism in any location, taking into account the natural heritage, it is necessary to know its features and what is remarkable for tourism activities (like their geological heritage, geomorphological and phytogeographical). The city of Goiás (GO) was chosen as the spatial area of this work because of its natural resources of exceptional scenic value and, consequently, the potential for this tour. Intend of this study is to diagnose the natural heritage of the city of Goiás as subsidy to assess their tourism potential. Complementarily, it seeks to inventory the natural heritage of the city, in its geological, geomorphological, phytogeographical aspects and evaluate the tourism potential of this natural heritage, in the matters of accessibility, infrastructure, equipment and services. The methodology of the exertion consisted in: bibliographical and documentary survey; preparation of cartographic databases covering the municipality; appointments to public institutions; field surveys and development of an evaluative summary table of potential tourist spots and areas identified. It concludes that the city of Goiás has important natural heritage with potential for tourism practices and that this tourism can be an important factor for the preservation and conservation of geological, geomorphological and phytogeographical heritage in the city.
A modalidade de turismo em áreas naturais cresce em importância desde a década de 1990, com o ecoturismo, o turismo ecológico e o turismo de natureza. O turismo incorpora aspectos relativos ao meio físico natural, dentro da perspectiva do Patrimônio Natural, agregando uma nova lógica, funcionalidades e valorização no uso e na ocupação do meio ambiente. Para o desenvolvimento do turismo em qualquer localidade, tendo em vista o patrimônio natural, é necessário conhecer suas características e aquilo que seja notável para a exploração turística (como o seu patrimônio geológico, geomorfológico e fitogeográfico). O município de Goiás (GO) foi escolhido como recorte espacial deste trabalho por apresentar recursos naturais de excepcional valor paisagístico e, consequentemente, de potencial para esse turismo. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi o de diagnosticar o patrimônio natural do município de Goiás como subsídio à avaliação do seu potencial turístico. Complementarmente, buscou-se inventariar o patrimônio natural do município, em seus aspectos geológico, geomorfológicos, fitogeográficos e avaliar a potencialidade turística desse patrimônio natural, quanto aos aspectos de acessibilidade, de infraestrutura, de equipamento e serviços. A metodologia para realização do trabalho constituiu-se em: levantamento bibliográfico e documental; confecção de bases cartográficas que abrangem o município; consultas a órgãos públicos; levantamentos de dados em campo e elaboração de um quadro-síntese avaliativo da potencialidade turística dos pontos e áreas identificados. Conclui-se que o município de Goiás possui importantes patrimônios naturais e que tem potencial para prática do turismo em áreas naturais e que esse turismo pode ser um fator importante para a preservação e conservação do patrimônio geológico, geomorfológico e fitogeográfico no município.

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Soto, Gómez Agnes Jane. "Geographical Distribution of Disasters Caused by Natural Hazards in Data-scarce Areas : Methodological exploration on the Samala River catchment, Guatemala." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260708.

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An increasing trend in both the number of disasters and affected people has been observed, especially during the second half of the 20th century. The physical, economic and social impact that natural hazards have had on a global scale has prompted an increasing interest of governments, international institutions and the academia. This has immensely contributed to improve the knowledge on the subject and has helped multiply the number of initiatives to reduce the negative consequences of natural hazards on people. The scale on which studies supporting disaster risk reduction (DRR) actions are performed is a critical parameter. Given that disasters are recognized to be place-dependent, studying the geographical distribution of disasters on a local scale is essential to make DRR practical and feasible for local authorities, organizations and civilians. However, studying disasters on the local scale is still a challenge due to the constraints posed by scarce data availability. Social vulnerability in many disaster-prone areas is however a pressing issue that needs to be swiftly addressed despite of the many limitations of data for such studies. This thesis explored methodological alternatives to study the geographical distribution of natural disasters and their potential causes in disaster-prone and data-scarce areas. The Samala River catchment in Guatemala was selected as a case study, which is representative of areas with high social vulnerability and data scarcity. Exploratory methods to derive critical disaster information in such areas were constructed using the geographical and social data available for the study area. The hindrances posed by the available data were evaluated and the use of non-traditional datasets such as nightlights imagery to complement the available data were explored as a way of overcoming the observed limitations. The exploratory methods developed in this thesis aim at (a) deriving information on natural disasters under data-scarce circumstances, (b) exploring the correlation between the spatial distribution of natural disasters and the physical context in order to look for causalities, (c) using open data to study the social context as a potential cause of disasters in data-scarce areas, and (d) mapping vulnerabilities to support actions for disaster risk reduction. Although the available data for the case study was limited in quantity and quality and many sources of uncertainty exist in the proposed methods, this thesis argues that the potential contribution to the development of DRR on a local scale is more important than the identified drawbacks. The use of non-traditional data such as remotely sensed imagery made it possible to derive information on the occurrences of disasters and, in particular, causal relationships between location of disasters and their physical and social context.
El número de desastres y personas afectadas por esos desastres en el mundo han mostrado una tendencia creciente, especialmente en la segunda mitad del siglo veinte. El impacto físico, económico y social que las amenazas naturales han causado a nivel global ha causado que gobiernos, instituciones internacionales y la academia se interesen cada vez más en los desastres causados por esas amenazas. Este interés ha contribuido a mejorar el conocimiento existente sobre desastres y ha contribuido a multiplicar las iniciativas orientadas a reducir sus efectos negativos en las personas. La escala en la cual las iniciativas para la reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) se llevan a cabo es un parámetro crítico para su materialización. Hoy en día se reconoce la estrecha relación que existe entre los desastres y los lugares donde éstos se registran. Por esta razón, estudiar la distribución de los desastres en una escala local es esencial para que la RRD sea práctica y factible para autoridades y organizaciones locales, y también para la sociedad civil. Sin embargo, estudiar los desastres en una escala local es aún un problema por resolver debido a las restricciones impuestas por la escasa disponibilidad de datos de alta resolución. A pesar de las dificultades y limitaciones identificadas, la vulnerabilidad social en las regiones propensas a desastres es un problema importante que necesita ser atendido con prontitud. La presente tesis exploró alternativas metodológicas para estudiar la distribución geográfica de los desastres naturales y sus causas potenciales, particularmente en áreas propensas a desastres y en condiciones de información limitada. La cuenca del Río Samalá fue seleccionada como caso de estudio debido a que es un área representativa de áreas propensa a desastres con alta vulnerabilidad social y además escasez de datos. El trabajo de investigación propone métodos exploratorios para extraer información crítica sobre desastres utilizando la información geográfica y social que esté disponible, evaluando los obstáculos impuestos por la reducida disponibilidad de datos. La información existente fue complementada con el uso de fuentes de información no tradicional, e.g. imágenes satelitales de luces nocturnas, como una manera de superar las limitaciones identificadas. Los métodos desarrollados en este trabajo de tesis tuvieron como objetivos (a) obtener información sobre desastres naturales en condiciones de escasez de datos, (b) explorar la correlación entre la distribución espacial de los desastres naturales y su contexto físico para identificar causalidades, (c) utilizar información de libre acceso para estudiar el contexto social de los desastres como causa potencial de los desastres en áreas con escasez de datos, y (d) mapear vulnerabilidades para sustentar acciones para la RRD. Este trabajo de tesis sostiene que la contribución potencial de los métodos propuestos al desarrollo de la RRD en la escala social es más importante que las incertidumbres que implican y las limitaciones creadas por la reducida calidad y cantidad de información para el caso de estudio. El uso de fuentes de información no tradicionales tales como imágenes satelitales hizo posible incrementar la información sobre las incidencias de desastres y, en particular, buscar relación de dependencia entre los lugares particulares en los que los desastres fueron registrados y su contexto físico y social.

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Blecke, Rebecca Ann. "Land trust training and technical assistance programs : a national assessment /." View online, 2005. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/82/.

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da, Silva Cruz Alves Isabel Maria. "Aprendre amb la natura. Avaluació d’un programa d’educació ambiental en un espai natural protegit." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/459080.

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En aquesta recerca es presenten els resultats d'un estudi longitudinal que analitza qualitativament l'aplicació d'un programa d'educació ambiental per a primer cicle de l'Ensenyament Secundari Obligatori en un espai natural protegit durant 24 cursos (1988-1989 a 2011-2012). L’objectiu del treball és identificar la contribució d’aquest programa a una cultura de relació amb la natura utilitzant el referent de la taxonomia de valors envers la natura de Kellert (1997). Es descriuen i es fa una anàlisi creuada dels factors condicionants (identificats a partir del model sistèmic de Neill, 2008), els processos d’avaluació i les categories d'interpretació aplicades als objectius i a les tasques del programa, així com a les respostes relatives als aprenentatges de l’alumnat per part d’educadors i professors. Aquests resultats s’aprofundeixen en una escala més específica per als cursos 2003-2004 i 2010-2011 on es triangulen les respostes dels educadors, dels professors, i dels alumnes (respostes en grup, sobre les seves percepcions d’aprenentatge). En el cas del darrer curs, un 71% dels alumnes explicita els seus records sobre què havien fet, après i sentit un any després de la realització del programa (2012, respostes individuals). Els resultats indiquen la importància de processos i mètodes d’avaluació continuada tant a l’escala d’una jornada com de tot un curs per millorar les pràctiques, establir vincles entre educadors i professorat, i per verificar el grau d’assoliment dels objectius. També s’evidencia la rellevància de procediments i materials connectors que facilitin les dinàmiques de treball, l’expressió i la potenciació de valors relacionats amb la natura.
This research presents the results of a long-term study. It qualitatively analyses the implementation of an environmental education program for the first cycle of Compulsory Secondary Education in a protected natural area during 24 courses (1988- 1989 to 2011/12). Its objective has been to identify its contribution to a culture connected with nature, using Kellert's taxonomy of values towards nature (1997) as common reference. A cross-sectional analysis of factors identified from the Neill’s system model (2008) is described and analysed. Evaluation processes and interpretation categories are applied to the objectives and tasks of the program as well as the responses of educators and teachers related to student learning. These results are also deepened on a more specific scale, corresponding to the 2003-2004 and 2010-2011 courses, where the responses of educators, teachers, and students are triangulated (group responses, about their perceptions of learning). In the case of the last year, 71% of the students explained their memories about what they had done, learned and felt a year later (2012, individual responses). The results indicate the importance of processes and methods of continuous evaluation on the scale of each day and course to improve practices, establish links between educators and teachers and verify the achievement degree of the objectives. It also demonstrates the relevance of procedures and connecting materials that facilitate work dynamics, the interpretation and empowerment of values related to nature.

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Yang, Aijun, and 杨爱军. "Visitor perception of the natural environment: a case of the Laojunshan mountain areas, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47147994.

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Godwin, Dawn V. "Collaboration as a Tool for Creating Sustainable Natural Resource Based Economies in Rural Areas." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31834.

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The earth and its global economy are faced with many environmental considerations. Among those are limited resources such as food, energy, and water, as well as a myriad of complex issues including global warming and population growth. These environmental problems are not recent developments, and in attempting to remedy them in the past we have created solutions within the existing scientific and economic framework. However, in recent decades it has become apparent that these problems encompass more than simply science and economics, and an innovative model is supplanting traditional decision-making methods. This new model is collaborative environmental planning (CEM).

Collaborative environmental planning differs from traditional problem solving methods in several critical ways. It goes beyond economics and science, incorporating values and norms. Collaborative planning views problems not as belonging to a single discipline, but rather in a holistic, multi-disciplinary manner. In addition, collaborative approaches focus on the process of problem solving, which means involving all stakeholders--in an effort to produce better solutions.

The collaborative process ensures that all interested parties (stakeholders) have a voice in shaping solutions. This necessitates incorporating various competing interests from the beginning, thus framing problems in a different manner. Allowing stakeholders to participate and contribute their perspectives means that problems are defined differently than if one or two "experts" look at the same situation. It means that solutions are not necessarily defined by the "experts", or agencies, but within and from the community. Currently, we see this practice manifest in many community initiatives and it seems to be spreading. State and federal agencies are participating in collaborative partnerships as well, and the idea of collaborative planning is infusing into the mainstream of policy and planning.

One area of particular interest with regards to collaborative environmental planning is rural resource-based economies. Many of these locales have many inherent features, such as strong ties to the land, that can create a successful platform from which to launch collaborative efforts. Many such communities suffer from resource depletion, loss of economic base, environmental degradation and a host of other resource issues, and face a rather unique situation. These communities depend on the environment in a way urban areas do not. For rural resource-based economies, the environment provides their livelihood and they must change the way that they interact with that environment. These areas must view environmental protection and economic development as one in the same, rather than as two irreconcilable goals. Collaborative environmental planning is using resources which exist within rural communities to create a new problem-solving framework in an effort to create self-sufficiency and positive change.

This paper begins with an introduction to the history and theoretical components of collaborative environmental planning in Chapter Two, and then defines the concept by operationalizing several elements of the model in the subsequent chapter. Chapter Four examines rural communities, specifically the issues many currently face, and how collaborative environmental planning is assisting in the revitalization of faltering resource-based economies. Chapter Five provides an in-depth look at three rural collaborative environmental planning efforts, and the uncertainties and accomplishments of each. The final chapter provides lessons that can be applied to collaborative environmental planning and sustainable rural development.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning

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Haw, Nicole. "Cultural heritage management within nature conservation areas : heritage manager's guide." Pretoria : [s. n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05272008-144143/.

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Zhuge, Ren. "Local communities and protected areas in China : development, conservation and management /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16216.pdf.

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Busch, Miriam Leah 1961. "Relationships between protected natural areas and local human populations: Application for sustainable land use planning." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277029.

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Two parks are studied as successful examples of protected natural areas in developing countries to demonstrate the importance of addressing local human needs while caring for the park ecosystem. Nominated as successful in a survey of park experts, Pakistan's Kirthar National Park and Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park are presented as case studies. Strategies reported to be successful in dealing with conflicts with local human populations in 28 protected areas in 18 countries are also discussed. The need for cultural sensitivity by land use planners and managers in protecting and creating sustainable natural areas is stressed.

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Kvistad, Arne Ivar. "Why Do Some Areas Have Higher Density of Forest Grouse Than Others?" Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12794.

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Landscape and vegetation data were extracted from digital maps by use of GIS. These data together with predator and management related data collected from landowners and hunter's associations in Norway, were used as explanatory parameters in an analysis of density estimates of black grouse and capercaillie in a number of study sites in Norway. By habitat modeling the dominating wood type and the landscape heterogeneity of an area were identified as important factors affecting the black grouse populations. For the capercaillie the forest cover, proportion of blueberry forest and abundance of pine marten were appointed to be important factors.

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Bacardit, Peñarroya Montserrat. "Trace elements biogeochemistry in high mountain lake catchments: identifying anthropogenic versus natural components from the atmospheric contamination legacy in remote natural areas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/32149.

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Human activities have been interfering with the natural biogeochemical cycles of trace elements since the ancient civilizations. Although they are inaccessible and remote, high mountain lake catchments are irrefutably trace-element contaminated by anthropogenic emissions, which can travel by long-range atmospheric transport before they are deposited. This has been revealed by several natural archives. High mountain lake catchments are thus excellent sentinels of long-range contamination. Continuous accumulation can lead to a build up of potentially toxic trace elements in these remote, or relatively remote, ecosystems. The thesis focuses on the biogeochemistry of a suite of trace elements of environmental concern (Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Pb) in Pyrenean lake catchments, with special emphasis on discerning the “natural” components from the “anthropogenic” contributions. Five other metallic elements (Al, Fe, Ti, Mn and Zr) have also been studied to trace natural fluxes and biogeochemical processes within the lake catchment systems.
Les activitats humanes han interferit en els cicles biogeoquímics naturals dels elements traça des de les antigues civilitzacions. Malgrat ser inaccessibles i remotes, les conques lacustres de muntanya es troben clarament contaminades pels elements traça procedents d’emissions antropogèniques, que s’hi han desplaçat per mitjà del transport atmosfèric de llarg abast i la subseqüent deposició, tal com revelen diversos arxius naturals. Per tant, les conques lacustres de muntanya són indicadores excel•lents d’aquesta contaminació de llarg abast. La seva contínua acumulació ha deixat una quantitat important d’elements traça potencialment tòxics en aquests ecosistemes remots o relativament remots. La tesi se centra en la biogeoquímica d’un conjunt d’elements traça de rellevància ambiental (Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd i Pb) en conques lacustres pirinenques, amb especial èmfasi en distingir els components “naturals” de les contribucions “antropogèniques”. A més a més, s’han estudiat cinc metalls més (Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Zr) per traçar fluxos i processos biogeoquímics naturals en els sistemes lacustres.

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Österlin, Carl. "STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES IN SPELEOTHEMS FROM TEMPERATE AREAS." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55353.

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Speleothems are considered a reliable proxy for paleoclimatic reconstructions and analysis of stable carbon isotopes in speleothems is used for paleoclimatic reconstructions. However, in temperate areas that lacks C4 vegetation there are uncertainties in how to interpret changes in the δ13C signal. The aim of this study is toincrease the understanding of how the δ13C signal in speleothems from temperateareas can be interpreted. The study was divided in two parts, first a literature studythat focused on interpretations of the δ13C signal in speleothems from temperate areasand a case study in which a comparison of seven 13C records from similarenvironments in the Scandes Mountains and the Alps are made. The results from the literature study were used in the case study to draw conclusions on tree line and vegetation changes during Holocene in central northern Scandinavia. The study showed that trends in interpretation of the δ13C signal in speleothems from temperateareas are that low δ13C values are interpreted as wetter, warmer conditions with higherbio productivity, and high δ13C values are interpreted as colder, drier conditions withlower bio productivity. Further it was found in the study that vegetation changes seen in Holocene pollen data are also seen in δ13C records from Scandinavia. The δ13Csignal in temperate speleothems therefore appears to be related to changes invegetation density and to tree-line changes.

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Kohler, Nicholas P. "Protected areas and landscape change in mainland Southeast Asia /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3164081.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-129). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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De, Kock Melissa (Melissa Heyne). "Exploring the efficacy of community-based natural resource management in Salambala Conservancy, Caprivi Region, Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19593.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is titled “Exploring the efficacy of community-based natural resource management in Salambala Conservancy, Caprivi Region, Namibia”. Salambala was one of the first four conservancies to be registered in Namibia following the development of legislation which enabled local people on communal lands to obtain conditional rights for the consumptive and non-consumptive use of wildlife in their defined area, and thereby to benefit from wildlife. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), an approach to natural resource management which rests on sustainable development, is the theoretical basis for this study. Characteristics of CBNRM, a brief history of its implementation and impacts in southern Africa and key principles for sustainable CBNRM initiatives shall be discussed. The study includes a discussion on the history and development of Salambala, but focuses specifically on two issues, (i) whether Salambala is a sustainable community-based resource management initiative as per the principles required for sustainable CBNRM, and (ii), whether it is meeting its own stated aims and objectives. This study demonstrates that Salambala Conservancy is adhering to the principles required for sustainable CBNRM and that it is, on the whole, achieving its aims and objectives. It is thus delivering benefits to the community which, currently, outweigh the costs of living with wildlife, and wildlife numbers are increasing. In addition, the vast majority of local people surveyed have support for the initiative. However, there are a few critical issues which must be addressed, such as human-wildlife conflict and the need to increase benefits through, for example, further tourism development, if Salambala is to continue on this path. The methodology used during the study included interviews, the use of questionnaires on a sample of the population and extensive documentary analysis of both CBNRM and the history of Salambala’s development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is getiteld “’n Ondersoek na die doeltreffendheid van gemeenskapsbaseerde natuurlike hulpbronbestuur in die Salambala bewaar-area in die Caprivi streek in Namibië”. Salambala was die eerste van vier bewaar-areas wat in Namibië geregistreer is nadat spesifieke wetgewing ontwikkel is. Hierdie wetgewing het plaaslike inwoners in staat gestel om voorwaardelike regte op gemeenskaplike grond te bekom om die natuur te verbruik (bv. vir jag doeleindes) of te gebruik (bv.vir toerisme), en so baat te vind by die natuur. Gemeenskapsgebaseerde natuurlike hulpbronbestuur (GGNHB), ‘n benadering tot natuurlike hulpbronbestuur wat berus op volhoubare ontwikkeling, is die teoretiese basis van hierdie studie. Kenmerke van GGNHB, ‘n kort historiese oorsig van die implementering en impak daarvan in suidelike Afrika, asook sleutel beginsels vir volhoubare GGNHB sal bespreek word. Die studie sluit ook ‘n bespreking in van die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van Salambala, met spesifieke fokus op twee kwessies: (i) of Salambala ‘n volhoubare gemeenskapsgebaseerde hulpbron bestuursinisiatief is soos vervat in die beginsels vir ‘n volhoubare GGNHB; en (ii), of dit aan sy verklaarde doelwitte en oogmerke voldoen. Die studie toon aan dat die Salambala bewaar-area voldoen aan die beginsels wat vereis word vir volhoubare GGNHB en dat dit, in die geheel gesien, sy beplande doelwitte en oogmerke bereik. Dit lewer dus voordele aan die gemeenskap wat op die oomblik meer is as die kostes verbonde aan ‘n bestaan na aan die natuur. Verder neem die wildgetalle toe en toon ‘n opname onder die plaaslike bevolking oorweldigende steun vir die inisiatief. Daar is egter ‘n paar kritieke kwessies wat aandag verg, soos die konflik tussen inwoners en die wildlewe, asook die behoefte aan meer voordele wat verkry kan word deur middel van, byvoorbeeld, verdere toerisme-ontwikkeling - sou Salambala voortgaan met hierdie onderneming. Die metodologie wat in die studie gebruik is sluit in onderhoude, die gebruik van vraelyste op ‘n deursnit van die bevolking asook ‘n breedvoerige dokumentêre analise van beide GGNHB en die geskiedenis van die Salambala se ontwikkeling.

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Baz, Adam. "Woodpeckers in the City: Habitat Use and Minimum Area Requirements of Woodpeckers in Urban Parks and Natural Areas in Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4455.

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Urbanization has contributed to the fragmentation and alteration of natural habitats around the globe, and is rapidly increasing. In this context, forested parks play a critical role for many species by providing patches of usable habitat within the urban matrix. Such patches may be particularly valuable to forest-specialists like woodpeckers (Picidae). Yet many woodpeckers require large forest patches, which are limited in fragmented landscapes. Despite their recognized value as ecosystem engineers and keystone species, almost no research exists on woodpecker ecology or space-use in urban settings. What habitat components influence woodpecker abundance and what are their functional minimum area requirements in anthropogenic landscapes? As urban development continues to expand, it is imperative that these gaps in knowledge be filled. I examined the habitat and area requirements of five woodpecker species in 36 forest patches throughout Portland, Oregon. Woodpeckers were surveyed over two consecutive breeding seasons (2015-2016) using point counts and audio broadcast surveys. Vegetation surveys and geospatial analysis were conducted to describe the habitat and landscape composition within and around each patch. The relationship between habitat variables and woodpecker abundance was analyzed for each species using generalized linear models. Minimum area requirements were estimated based on incidence functions plotting the probability of woodpecker occurrence in forest patches of varying size. Abundance of all five woodpecker species increased as a function of forest area and understory vegetation. The amount of tree cover in the landscape surrounding parks was important for the two largest species (Pileated Woodpeckers [Dryocopus pileatus] and Northern Flickers [Colaptes auratus]), although this variable influenced their abundance positively and negatively, respectively. Surprisingly, the degree of urbanization in the surrounding landscape was unrelated to woodpecker abundance for any species except Red-breasted Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber). Four of the five species I studied reached higher levels of abundance in natural areas (i.e. greenspaces with multistory vegetation) than traditional parks (i.e. parks managed for recreation, with cleared understories). I recommend that large, multistory forested parks be created and protected to benefit woodpeckers. Minimum area requirements were generated for each species based on the forest patch size at which their predicted probability of occurrence reached 0.5. This corresponded to an area requirement of 51 ha for Pileated Woodpeckers and 34 ha for Hairy Woodpeckers (Picoides villosus). None of the other three woodpeckers exhibited strong area-sensitivity. These findings provide much needed information on woodpecker ecology in urban landscapes, and may offer direction for park management as rates of urbanization continue to increase.

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Romero, Brito Tania Paola. "Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Ecotourism." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368162.

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Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have become major stakeholders in global conservation efforts, particularly in establishing protected areas and proposing and testing new conservation models for their management. Since the 1990s, NGOs have used ecotourism as one rationale for advocating the maintenance of protected areas worldwide. Ecotourism aims to use revenues from visitors to support conservation. In particular, community-based ecotourism aims to support conservation commonly through economic and social development of local communities. Despite the widespread involvement of NGOs in conservation through ecotourism, their precise roles and decision-making processes have not previously been studied using systematic or comparative approaches at global or national scale. There are numerous case studies of single ecotourism projects assisted by NGOs, and some of these highlight significant shortcomings with actual or potential negative effects on both biodiversity and local communities. These studies, however, have not analysed how NGOs select and define which initiatives to support, nor the factors which determine effective strategies for development of ecotourism enterprises in protected areas. Given the global scale of NGO involvement, this lack of information on NGO dynamics represents a significant gap in our current understanding of ecotourism practices. This thesis aims to address this gap.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Grifffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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47

Kan, Cheuk-lam, and 簡卓琳. "Urban fringe development near and within the sensitive natural areas: case studies in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46736980.

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48

Rahman, Md Mokhlesur. "Assessing natural disaster preparedness and climate change mitigation strategies in the coastal areas of Bangladesh." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/195113.

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Global climate is changing continuously as a result of industrial revolution and rapid urbanisation in many countries of the world which has significant impacts on environment, socio-economic condition, physical and biological issues. Increase of global temperature, rainfall changes, sea level rise, occurrences of extreme weather events such as floods, cyclones, typhoons, droughts etc. are the major and direct consequences of climate change in the world (Pulhin et al., 2010, & Shaw et al., 2010). There are also many other indirect consequences of climate change such as increasing poverty, food production reduction, health nuisance, ecological imbalance, environmental degradation etc. which have adverse impacts on the society and people (Shaw et al., 2010). Considering these acute problems, people of the world are acting collectively to combat with the consequences of climate change. As for example, establishment of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), undertaking various global agreements and protocols, formulation of policies, plans etc. on climate change and disaster management are the reactions of global people to deal with climate change and climate induced natural disasters. Bangladesh is a low-laying riverine disaster prone and densely populated country with high rate of population growth. Every year she is facing various climate induced natural disasters. In addition, climate change aggravates the consequences of natural disasters and thus, Bangladesh is recognised as one of the most vulnerable countries in the world. The worst situation is facing by the people of coastal areas due to their limited access to endowed resources, high risks and vulnerabilities to climate change and disasters (ERD, 2008; Ali, 1999; & Thomolla et al.). But, the coastal areas are endowed with various resources such as mineral resources, fisheries, forestry, ports and tourism facilities etc. Over exploitation, climate change and disasters are destroying these natural resources, degrading environment and making people vulnerable to disastrous situations. Low economic development, extreme poverty, geographic location and climate make the country vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. Moreover, Bangladesh is facing various challenges related to climate change mitigation and disaster risk reduction due to poor socio-economic condition, lack of integration, lack of incorporation of emergency plan in development activities, inefficient institutional frameworks, limited access to information, lack of scientific assessment method and tool, limited access to natural resources, no curriculum on natural hazards, funding/financial constraints (Pulhin et al., 2010). This research has been undertaken to evaluate readiness of the people to climate change adaptation and disasters risk reduction in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. The main objectives of this research are to investigate livelihoods condition of the people to tackle impacts of climate change and natural disasters, assess resilience of the community/people to climate change and natural disasters, evaluate existing institutional frameworks, policies, plans and strategies and formulate climate change adaptation strategies by reviewing strategies from international best practices. The main methods of conducting this study were desktop research; data collection through questionnaire survey and key informants interview; Data input in SPSS and Excel, processing and analysis; institutional frameworks, policies, programmes and strategies evaluation. A preliminary literature review was carried out to enrich theoretical background and understand the possible impacts of climate change and natural disasters, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and to formulate study goals and objectives. A comprehensive literature review was conducted and based on the literature review a conceptual framework of the study was developed. Socio-economic conditions such as population increase, GDP growth rate, literacy rate etc. and environmental condition such as GHGs emission, sea level rise, temperature increase etc. have been analysed to know climate change and disaster preparedness conditions of the people and severity of the impacts in Bangladesh. Impacts of climate change and disasters such as major disasters, population and GDP exposed to disasters, inundation risk, damages and losses etc. have been mentioned to comprehend the severity of the situations. Secondary data for this study was collected from different sources such as previous studies, census data, ministries and departments, World Bank, UN agencies etc. and performed the analysis. To know real world scenario a study area was selected and data related to socio-economic condition, status of preparedness of the people etc. were collected through household questionnaire survey, checklist, key informant interview, expert opinions. Data collected from questionnaire survey were analysed by SPSS and MS Excel. Based on the data collected from field survey disaster preparedness and resilience of the people to climate change and disasters have been evaluated and after evaluation it is found that people’s disaster preparedness and resilience to climate change and disasters are average or below average. Besides that, institutional frameworks and various policies, plans, strategies, programmes for disaster management, climate change mitigation and adaptation have been evaluated. Many countries of the world have recognised that regulatory and institutional frameworks of climate change and disaster management in Bangladesh is comprehensive and appropriate, and they have also enhanced disaster management capacity of the country. Related data and documents have been collected from various secondary sources and evaluated by qualitative analysis method. Policies, plans, strategies and programmes (i.e. National Plan for Disaster Management (NPDM) 2010-2015; National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)-2005; Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP)-2008 and Coastal Development Strategy (CDS)-2006) have been evaluated based on five evaluation criteria such as relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impacts and sustainability set by Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to know their effectiveness to achieve their ultimate goals and objectives. Analysis of the institutional framework and policies, plans, programmes showed that they are comprehensive and able to achieve targeted goals and objectives. But, lack of proper integration and coordination, shortage of resources, lack of transparency and accountability are creating problems to achieve the desired outcomes. Based on drawbacks found from the analysis, recommendations on socio-economic development, coastal resources and environmental protection, developing disaster preparedness, climate change adaptation strategies and institutional regulatory framework have been provided to improve disaster preparedness and resilience of the people. After implementation of these recommendations in the study area or other parts of the country the following outcomes such as better livelihood, food security, balanced ecosystem, environmental protection, improved disaster preparedness, climate change mitigation and disaster risk reduction will be achieved.
published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning

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49

Armitage, Richard Peter. "Transitional areas in semi-natural vegetation : the derivation of spatial pattern from remotely sensed data." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265442.

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50

Mason, Michael Richard. "The politics of wilderness preservation : environmental activism and natural areas policy in British Columbia, Canada." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261503.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Natural areas'

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