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Journal articles on the topic 'Natural and technological hazards'
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1
Kasperson, Roger E., and K. David Pijawka. "Societal Response to Hazards and Major Hazard Events: Comparing Natural and Technological Hazards." Public Administration Review 45 (January 1985): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3134993.
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Liu, Baoyin, Xueyuan Han, Lianjie Qin, Wei Xu, and Jie Fan. "Multi-hazard risk mapping for coupling of natural and technological hazards." Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 2544–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2021.1969451.
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Bang, Henry Ngenyam. "A Concise Appraisal of Cameroon’s Hazard Risk Profile: Multi-Hazard Inventories, Causes, Consequences and Implications for Disaster Management." GeoHazards 3, no. 1 (February 11, 2022): 55–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards3010004.
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The paucity of a comprehensive document on Cameroon’s hazard/disaster risk profile is a limitation to the country wide risk assessment and adequate disaster resilience. This article narrows this gap by retrospectively exploring Cameroon’s hazard/disaster profile. This has been achieved through an investigative approach that applies a set of qualitative methods to derive and articulate an inventory and analysis of hazards/disasters in Cameroon. The findings indicate that Cameroon has a wide array and high incidence/frequency of hazards that have had devastating consequences. The hazards have been structured along four profiles: a classification of all hazard types plaguing Cameroon into natural, potentially socio-natural, technological, and social and anthropogenic hazards; occurrence/origin of the hazards; their impacts/effects to the ‘at risk’ communities/populace and potential disaster management or mitigation measures. In-depth analysis indicate that natural hazards have the lowest frequency but the potential to cause the highest fatalities in a single incident; potentially socio-natural hazards affect the largest number of people and the widest geographical areas, technological hazards have the highest frequency of occurrence; while social/anthropogenic hazards are the newest in the country but have caused the highest population displacement. Arguably, the multi-hazard/disaster inventory presented in this article serves as a vital preliminary step to a more comprehensive profile of Cameroon’s disaster risk profile.
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Petrova, E. "Natural hazards and technological risk in Russia: the relation assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 4 (July 13, 2005): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-459-2005.
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Abstract. Almost every natural disaster is accompanied by some sort of technological one. A number of studies also show a correlation between technological disasters and various global processes such as solar disturbances, geophysical field variation etc. In this study we attempted to ascertain and codify the relationship between different types of technological disasters and natural hazards. Two types of natural hazards were found, based on their genesis, distribution in time, and impact pattern on the technosphere. Solar and geomagnetic disturbances generally affect technological risk through the failure of automatic machinery and the reduction of operator reliability. They increase the probability of transport accidents, fires, and catastrophic toxic emissions. These types of technological disasters are widely prevalent throughout Russia and in all federal regions. Geological, climatic, hydrological, and other natural hazardous processes increase technological risk through direct mechanical impacts. Their occurrence in space and time depends on the character of the natural process and the specific regional environment. The total number and proportion of technological disasters in federal regions results mainly from the concentration of industrial units and their type, as well as the local natural and social environment. Temporal changes in the number of technological disasters of different groups depend on the prevailing type of natural processes.
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Zain, Mohd Zainoor Annuar Bin Mohd. "Promoting Natural Hazards Triggering Technological Disasters (NATECH) in Malaysia." Journal of Humanities and Education Development 4, no. 4 (2022): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/jhed.4.4.9.
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Malaysia is a fast-growing country in Southeast Asia that is experiencing rapid technological development. This increases the risk of technological disasters and occupational hazards that can be triggered by natural hazards. This paper stresses the linkage of natural hazards with technological disasters, or NATECH, that remains a rather new term within the Malaysian context. Given the lack of current information on NATECH risk nationwide, this article intends to provide Malaysia-specific cases. This paper report on some significant local NATECH cases that have not been given any public access and not published in scholarly journal. I also highlight that communication and valuable information-sharing are crucial to an effective and efficient disaster management framework. There is still gaps and missing barriers in the nation’s readiness and resilience towards NATECH disasters. In Malaysia, the information regarding NATECH risks has hardly been shared outside of the industrial fence, resulting in low level of awareness on the lessons and knowledge for better future proofing.
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Petrova, E. G., and E. Krausmann. "Postface "From natural hazards to technological disasters"." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2011): 3063–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3063-2011.
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Park, Hye Jeong, and Ki Hun Nam. "Cascading Effects of Natural Hazards: Lessons from Recent Natech Accidents and Practices." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 12, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.9.35.
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Recent trends of disaster present that disasters are more uncertain and complex with unpredictable cascading effects owing to global environmental and climate change. As one of the significant phenomena, natural hazards triggering technological accidents, so-called Natech, which cause acute and prolonged terrifying consequences, have also been increased. Considering low probability but high consequences, Natech accidents often exceed the capacity of disaster preparedness and response of local government and professional responders. As a result, the need to better manage Natech risks has become a challenge in disaster risk management among all stakeholders, including government, disaster and safety experts, industry, and citizens. Although there have been numerous efforts undertaken by international organizations and individual countries to reduce Natech risks, there are still not sufficient reflections to reduce the risks of natural hazard triggering technological disasters in South Korea. Thus, this study highlights lessons from Natech risk reduction practices undertaken by individual countries and recent minor Natech cases to fullfill gaps in effective risk management considering for cascading effects.
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Petrova, E. G. "Natural factors of technological accidents: the case of Russia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2011): 2227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2227-2011.
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Abstract. The data base of technological accidents and disasters that have occurred in Russia has been created. More than 13 000 information units have been collected and analyzed. The proportion of accidents triggered by natural events (natural-technological accidents or NTA) in the total number of technological accidents as well as a part of every NTA type in the total number of NTA was estimated. About 10 percent of all accidents registered in the data base were caused by natural events; among some types of accidents this proportion is even higher. Transmission facilities with more than 90 percent of overhead lines are the most vulnerable to the impact of natural hazards. The contribution of different natural hazards was evaluated. Regions with the greatest NTA risk were revealed. The influence of natural events on the technosphere is stronger in the South of the European Russia and in the Russian Far East, which are more exposed to hurricanes, snowstorms, rainfalls, icing and other natural hazards producing NTA. The critical infrastructure needs special protection and modernization in these regions. The problem of the relationship between natural hazards and the technosphere is very complicated and needs further investigation, especially taking the expected climate changes into consideration.
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Ozunu, A., F. Senzaconi, C. Botezan, L. Ştefǎnescu, E. Nour, and C. Balcu. "Investigations on natural hazards which trigger technological disasters in Romania." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2011): 1319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1319-2011.
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Abstract. Romania faces the challenges of a developing country preparing to cope with disasters, be they natural or technological. The paper entails comprehensive research on technological accidents triggered by natural hazards (so-called Natech accidents). The research is based on a survey conducted by the competent authorities on the Seveso II Directive in 2009. This survey enabled the identification of Natech hazards and their correlation with the vulnerability of local communities and infrastructures. The Natech hazards were analyzed also in terms of their inclusion in the emergency planning process, starting from the current legislation. The results indicate that the number of incidents (including Natech events) has significantly decreased subsequent to the appropriate implementation of emergency plans and safety reports.
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Pijawka, K. David, Beverly A. Cuthbertson, and Richard S. Olson. "Coping with Extreme Hazard Events: Emerging themes in Natural and Technological Disaster Research." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 18, no. 4 (June 1988): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pn24-al37-f96j-rcnp.
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The field of thanatology has given extensive attention to death as an outcome of illness. A more comprehensive picture, however, would also encompass the hazards of natural and technological disasters. Deaths from both natural and technological disasters continue to increase in the United States, despite intensified government efforts to reverse this trend, and despite improved understanding of the cognitive processes of people who face either long-term or impending catastrophes. Key findings are reviewed in the areas of vulnerability to natural hazards, disaster behavior and risk perception, societal concern over technological hazard, and the social-psychological effects of disasters. It is noted that findings based upon natural disasters cannot necessarily be extrapolated to technological disasters, such as the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Furthermore, data on long-term emotional recovery from natural disasters are inconsistent. Among areas requiring more extensive research is the role of the media, and the measurement of secondary consequences to disaster exposure. Improved methodologies for measuring distress over long periods of time must be developed. The disaster may never end for technological disaster victims because of the long latency period between exposure and disease manifestation.
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Petrova, E. "Natural hazards as pre-conditions of technological disasters in Russia." Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards 2, no. 4 (December 2008): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17499510802369124.
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Skilodimou, Hariklia D., and George D. Bathrellos. "Natural and Technological Hazards in Urban Areas: Assessment, Planning and Solutions." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 25, 2021): 8301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158301.
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Zhang, Yang, Seong Nam Hwang, and Michael K. Lindell. "Hazard Proximity or Risk Perception? Evaluating Effects of Natural and Technological Hazards on Housing Values." Environment and Behavior 42, no. 5 (September 2010): 597–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916509334564.
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Firouzi Jahantigh, Farzad, and Forozandeh Jannat. "Analyzing the sequence and interrelations of Natech disasters in Urban areas using interpretive structural modelling (ISM)." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 10, no. 5 (November 11, 2019): 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-10-2017-0054.
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Purpose Natural disasters such as earthquake, flood and hurricane always threaten human life and societies. A major challenge is technological hazards triggered by such disasters, especially in metropolises and urban areas. Thus, these hazards have been the focus of interest in many countries, and suitable crisis management plans have been made to address them. The purpose of this study was to cluster technological hazards caused by natural disasters in urban areas. Design/methodology/approach According to literature, a set of 15 technological hazards was identified whose magnificence and interrelations were analysed using interpretive structural modelling technique. DEMATEL technique was used to determine internal relations among the hazards and to draw a network relation map. Findings The results revealed that dam failing, water supply disruption and building collapse form the base of the structural model. Originality/value The authors developed a structural model representing the hierarchy and interrelations among various elements of technological hazards caused by natural disaster. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this was the first attempt to reveal internal relations of Natech factors. Finally, some recommendations were proposed for crisis management according to research findings.
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Britton, Neil R. "Uncommon Hazards and Orthodox Emergency Management: Toward a Reconciliation." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 10, no. 2 (August 1992): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709201000206.
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Effective emergency management requires a close fit between state of risk and stale of hazard management. If these components get out of phase, a marked increase in societal vulnerability is likely to prevail. Recognizing that the major burden for developed societies has shifted from risks associated with natural processes to those arising from technological development and application, disaster-relevant organizational networks have adopted a Comprehensive Emergency Management “all-hazards” approach. However, in Australia, as elsewhere, technological hazards present major problems for emergency managers because they pose different and often more difficult predicaments than do the more familiar natural hazards. While CEM is a good “in principle” strategy, the practices needed to pratect society from a diversity of disaster-producing agents are more difficult to achieve. Two explanations are given for this: misperceptions about common features of hazard types; and differential progress between social components. The concept of cultural lag provides an explanatory framework as to why predicaments like this occur; and the concept of disaster subculture may provide a solution.
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Lestari, Fatma, Dicky Pelupessy, Yasuhito Jibiki, Fiori Amelia Putri, Ahmad Yurianto, Gama Widyaputra, Sony Maulana, Cynthia Febrina Maharani, and Fumihiko Imamura. "Analysis of Complexities in Natech Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: A Case Study of Cilegon, Indonesia." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 7 (December 1, 2018): 1298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p1298.
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Complex disasters may occur as a result of a natural disaster combined with an industrial or a technological disaster. These are also called “natural-hazard triggered technological (natech) disasters.” Currently, there is increasing awareness of the hazards of these natech disasters. Natural disasters could trigger a technological disaster including oil spills and the release of hazardous and flammable materials and toxic chemicals, causing cascading events. The impact of the damage on public health and safety could be catastrophic, as it may result in massive loss of life, environmental destruction, and asset and property loss. Moreover, it could cause business disruptions and affect a country’s reputation. This paper describes a case study on the application of disaster risk reduction and management for natech disasters in Cilegon, Indonesia. We introduce the analysis of risk assessment conducted in Cilegon, the preparedness of the Cilegon City government, a contingency plan that has been developed, and the state of disaster preparedness in industrial zones. Natural and technological disaster risks as well as several emergency preparedness efforts are discussed and multiple stakeholders are identified. The paper serves as a foundation for future research to address natech disasters.
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Petrova, Kristina. "Natural hazards, internal migration and protests in Bangladesh." Journal of Peace Research 58, no. 1 (January 2021): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343320973741.
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Does internal migration following natural hazards increase the likelihood of protests in migrant-receiving areas? To address the question, this study first looks at the extent to which experiencing different forms of natural hazards contributes to a household’s decision to leave their district of residence. In a second step, the article explores whether that internal migration flow increases the number of protest events in migrant-hosting districts. In doing so, it contributes to the existing debate on the extent to which natural hazards impact the likelihood of social contention, and the role of migration as a linking pathway in that relationship. The impact of climate-related shocks may erode household assets and therefore adaptive capacity in ways that can eventually influence decisions to migrate to larger urban centres. Although migrants are agents of economical and technological change, urban environments may impose challenges to recently arrived migrants and their host communities, affecting the motivations and mobilization resources of urban social groups to protest. As a consequence, the probability of urban unrest in these locations is expected to increase. To test this, I use geo-referenced household-level data from Bangladesh for the period 2010–15, which records households’ experiences of different forms of natural hazard and internal migration flows, available from the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey. It combines this with data on protests, derived from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data. Findings suggest that flood hazards in combination with loss of assets increase the likelihood of internal migration, but unlike other types of domestic mobility, hazard-related migration does not increase the frequency of protests in migrants’ districts of destination.
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Plattner, Th. "Modelling public risk evaluation of natural hazards: a conceptual approach." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 3 (April 18, 2005): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-357-2005.
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Abstract. In recent years, the dealing with natural hazards in Switzerland has shifted away from being hazard-oriented towards a risk-based approach. Decreasing societal acceptance of risk, accompanied by increasing marginal costs of protective measures and decreasing financial resources cause an optimization problem. Therefore, the new focus lies on the mitigation of the hazard's risk in accordance with economical, ecological and social considerations. This modern proceeding requires an approach in which not only technological, engineering or scientific aspects of the definition of the hazard or the computation of the risk are considered, but also the public concerns about the acceptance of these risks. These aspects of a modern risk approach enable a comprehensive assessment of the (risk) situation and, thus, sound risk management decisions. In Switzerland, however, the competent authorities suffer from a lack of decision criteria, as they don't know what risk level the public is willing to accept. Consequently, there exists a need for the authorities to know what the society thinks about risks. A formalized model that allows at least a crude simulation of the public risk evaluation could therefore be a useful tool to support effective and efficient risk mitigation measures. This paper presents a conceptual approach of such an evaluation model using perception affecting factors PAF, evaluation criteria EC and several factors without any immediate relation to the risk itself, but to the evaluating person. Finally, the decision about the acceptance Acc of a certain risk i is made by a comparison of the perceived risk Ri,perc with the acceptable risk Ri,acc.
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Mignan, Arnaud, Anna Scolobig, and Anne Sauron. "Using reasoned imagination to learn about cascading hazards: a pilot study." Disaster Prevention and Management 25, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-06-2015-0137.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a pilot study involving high school teachers in natural sciences. The aim was to foster critical thinking about cascading hazards via the use of reasoned imagination. Cascading phenomena can lead to extreme catastrophes and are thus a challenge for disaster prevention and management. Design/methodology/approach – Following a presentation listing some known cascading phenomena, the participants completed a questionnaire consisting of a blank hazard correlation matrix (HCM) and some open-ended questions. The HCM qualitatively described possible interactions between 16 different perils selected from a large spectrum of natural, technological and socio-economic hazards. Findings – Most participants were able to describe cascading phenomena within the HCM by reducing them into sets of one-to-one interactions. Based on their experience and imagination, the participants foresaw additional interactions that were not discussed, never observed but are scientifically plausible. The majority of the respondents reported that they learnt something new and wanted to learn more about cascading hazards. Originality/value – The HCM is especially effective in translating complex hazard scenarios into basic interactions and vice versa. Being imaginative (here via the use of reasoned imagination) and accessible, the HCM could be used as basis for transformative learning in the education of the public and of practitioners on the role of cascading hazards in catastrophes.
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Gliński, Jan, Józef Horabik, and Jerzy Lipiec. "Agrophysics - physics in agriculture and environment." Soil Science Annual 64, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2013-0012.
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Abstract Agrophysics is one of the branches of natural sciences dealing with the application of physics in agriculture and environment. It plays an important role in the limitation of hazards to agricultural objects (soils, plants, agricultural products and foods) and to the environment. Soil physical degradation, gas production in soils and emission to the atmosphere, physical properties of plant materials influencing their technological and nutritional values and crop losses are examples of such hazards. Agrophysical knowledge can be helpful in evaluating and improving the quality of soils and agricultural products as well as the technological processes.
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Burova, V. N. "Specifics of zoning urban areas for assessing risk caused by natural hazards." Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, no. 6 (December 21, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-780920196106-111.
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Urbanized areas are considered as single natural and technogenic systems. Ensuring safe development of urban areas is associated with natural risk assessments. It is proposed to carry out a special zoning of urban areas. In the selected areas, risk is formed according to certain scenarios. The proposed zoning involves a successive subdivision of the city territory by natural and technological factors using usually only one feature at each step. As a result, we come up with relatively homogeneous areas. Thus, a consistent division of a total into parts for each group of factors is achieved. Various combinations of these factors are also taken into account when distinguishing typological taxons.
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Gill, Joel C., and Bruce D. Malamud. "Hazard interactions and interaction networks (cascades) within multi-hazard methodologies." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 3 (August 23, 2016): 659–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-659-2016.
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Abstract. This paper combines research and commentary to reinforce the importance of integrating hazard interactions and interaction networks (cascades) into multi-hazard methodologies. We present a synthesis of the differences between multi-layer single-hazard approaches and multi-hazard approaches that integrate such interactions. This synthesis suggests that ignoring interactions between important environmental and anthropogenic processes could distort management priorities, increase vulnerability to other spatially relevant hazards or underestimate disaster risk. In this paper we proceed to present an enhanced multi-hazard framework through the following steps: (i) description and definition of three groups (natural hazards, anthropogenic processes and technological hazards/disasters) as relevant components of a multi-hazard environment, (ii) outlining of three types of interaction relationship (triggering, increased probability, and catalysis/impedance), and (iii) assessment of the importance of networks of interactions (cascades) through case study examples (based on the literature, field observations and semi-structured interviews). We further propose two visualisation frameworks to represent these networks of interactions: hazard interaction matrices and hazard/process flow diagrams. Our approach reinforces the importance of integrating interactions between different aspects of the Earth system, together with human activity, into enhanced multi-hazard methodologies. Multi-hazard approaches support the holistic assessment of hazard potential and consequently disaster risk. We conclude by describing three ways by which understanding networks of interactions contributes to the theoretical and practical understanding of hazards, disaster risk reduction and Earth system management. Understanding interactions and interaction networks helps us to better (i) model the observed reality of disaster events, (ii) constrain potential changes in physical and social vulnerability between successive hazards, and (iii) prioritise resource allocation for mitigation and disaster risk reduction.
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Blocker, T. Jean, E. Burke Rochford, and Darren E. Sherkat. "Political Responses to Natural Hazards: Social Movement Participation Following a Flood Disaster." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 9, no. 3 (November 1991): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709100900305.
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While much research attention has been focused recently upon understanding and interpreting social movements which emerge in response to technological hazards, comparatively little work has been directed toward the systematic examination of factors related to protest activity in the aftermath of natural hazards. The authors study community activism after a major flood mitigation project failed to provide the promised protection from stormwater damage. They conclude that citizen response to natural events is becoming far less distinct from that witnessed in the aftermath of man-made events, because the technology to mitigate impacts of natural disasters is becoming more available. The results of the study show that solidarity is a necessary ingredient for social movement facilitation, particularly when the movement is loosely structured and urgently organized, and that the presence of solidarity aids in the communication of grievances, recruitment of members, and the coordination of activities.
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Varyvoda, Yevheniia, and Douglas Taren. "Considering Ecosystem Services in Food System Resilience." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 3652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063652.
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The prevalence and severity of natural hazards pose a serious risk to food systems, undermining their function to provide food security and improved nutrition. The impact of such events is extensive, and the level of damage and recovery significantly depend on ecosystem services, including their own resilience capacity. This paper provides evidence that the role, value, and utilization of local ecosystem services are essential for food system resilience and for food security in parts of the world where high vulnerability and lack of coping capacity exist to combat climate change. Patterns of ecosystem services-based strategies were revealed that can be introduced to cope and adapt to climate-related natural hazards at the smallholder food system level. The study suggests that food system diversification, technological innovations and nature-based practices, and traditional and indigenous knowledge operationalized across the food system components have a potential for sustaining smallholder resilience in the face of natural hazards.
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Fan, Jing-Li, Shuo Shen, Jian-Da Wang, Shi-Jie Wei, Xian Zhang, Ping Zhong, and Hang Wang. "Scientific and technological power and international cooperation in the field of natural hazards: a bibliometric analysis." Natural Hazards 102, no. 3 (June 3, 2020): 807–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03919-8.
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Petrova, Elena, and Maria Bostenaru Dan. "Preface: Natural hazard impacts on technological systems and infrastructures." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 2627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2627-2020.
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Patil, Atul, Chaitanya Pathak, and Bejoy Alduse. "Review of Natural Hazard Risks for Wind Farms." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031207.
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Technological advancement in recent years has resulted in larger and taller wind turbines (WTs) with enhanced power generation capacities. Application of natural hazard risk quantification for WTs helps stakeholders plan, design, install, and operate wind farms safely and profitably. This study focuses on a review of the risks to WTs from earthquakes, strong wind, hurricanes, tsunamis, and lightning. The structural failure of the blades, towers, and foundations in response to these hazards was investigated. Furthermore, research from the past few decades covering modes of failures, such as foundation overturning, tower tilting, tower buckling, blade buckling, deformations, and delamination of blades, was investigated. It was found that the methodologies used by researchers include analytical, statistical, and data-based models, as well as experimental research. This study shows that, while seismic, wind, and hurricane risks have been explored with analytical, experimental, and statistical models in the past, future research could focus on the latest methods involving data-based models, integration of monitored data, and physics-based models. Tsunami risk assessment focuses on experimental methods, and future research may benefit from data-integrated models and a focus on the transient nature of the risks.
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Chrysoulakis, N., I. Herlin, P. Prastacos, H. Yahia, J. Grazzini, and C. Cartalis. "An improved algorithm for the detection of plumes caused by natural or technological hazards using AVHRR imagery." Remote Sensing of Environment 108, no. 4 (June 2007): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.024.
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Nakai, Senjo. "Vernacular Knowledge, Natural Disasters, and Climate Change in Monsoon Asia." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 20, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 114–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.2.2021.3810.
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In Monsoon Asia, home to more than half of the world’s population, extreme climatic events are expected to become more frequent and intense due to climate change. Modern disaster management to date has focused on assessing the risks of natural hazards based on historical data, responding to disasters through prevention and mitigation techniques, and information campaigns, instead of vernacular knowledge cultivated in the local environment. This has led the public to a dangerous complacency about the power of technology over nature, and neglecting the possibility of “unforeseen” events. Climate change has not only made it more difficult to assess the risks of natural hazards, but has also diminished local resilience to them. However, since the adoption of the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2005, Monsoon Asia has begun multi-sectoral efforts to build local resilience to natural hazards by integrating vernacular knowledge into modern disaster management. Whereas in the past, experts and government agencies regarded the public as mere recipients of their services, they have now become acutely aware of the need to build partnerships with local communities to compensate for current technological limitations in disaster management, and to imaginatively prepare for the increasing risks of climatic contingencies. To achieve these goals, vernacular knowledge can be a useful resource, and a number of efforts have been initiated in the region to preserve such knowledge in imaginative forms to pass it on to future generations.
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Jingshen, Lu, Du Gangjian, and Song Gang. "The Experience, Lesson and Reform of China's Disaster Management." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 10, no. 2 (August 1992): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709201000205.
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In the context employed here, disaster management refers to the administrative measures, principles, and policies enforced by governments, armed forces, enterprises, and social groups in the course of disaster prevention, relief and reconstruction. Between 1949–1990, many serious natural disaster occasions have been chronicled in China. The average annual periodicity for selected significant disaster agents is indicative: 5.6 floods; 6 earthquakes greater than Richter magnitude R6; 6.9 tropical windstorms; and 7.5 droughts have been recorded in this 40–year period. Moreover, between 1949–1984 16 000 large forest fires have occurred. Direct annual economic tosses from natural disaster total approximately 50 billion yuan (US $1 billion); arguably indirect losses are much greater. Losses from technological hazards, especially those caused by factory explosions and mining, are also alarming. Earthquake is regarded as the most serious natural hazard, with almost one-third (32.5%) of the territory and 45% of mainland cities located in seismic zones which could result in an R7 earthquake. Twenty-four of the 31 provinces and autonomous regions have experienced earthquakes of R6 or greater. Because China is a country which is frequently impacted by natural hazards, disaster managers have accumulated a wealth of useful experiences and many valuable lessons have been learned, much of which could be useful to other nations. This paper attempts to put those experiences and lessons together, and also assesses the reforms which are taking place in Chinese disaster management.
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Topping, Kenneth C. "Promoting Disaster Resilience Around the World." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 581–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0581.
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Congratulatory Message Congratulations to the Journal of Disaster Research on successfully completing 10 years of publishing scientific, technical, and policy articles and studies examining and refining issues related to disaster management. Among the Journal’s many contributions to scientific knowledge is its progressive development of the disaster resilience concept benefitting societies and communities worldwide. With social, environmental, economic, and technological conditions changing continuously and with new uncertainties discussed daily in the media, we must question how well we can plan to safely and productively develop our societies and communities. How well can we embrace and respond effectively to new information about natural and human-based hazards that increase uncertainty and interfere with orderly, beneficial societal and community development? The number and intensity of disasters appear to be increasing around the globe due to a combination of factors such as natural hazards, technological accidents, urban growth, inadequate planning, and most recently climate change. Some societies and communities may be more vulnerable than others to specific hazard events, but it must be realized that none are immune. Key questions that must be answered include how to minimize potential future loss from natural and human hazards through timely mitigation and preparedness and how to safely and expeditiously respond and recover after disasters strike. The JDR and other scientific publications have demonstrated how prominent the concept of disaster resilience has become in the last decade alone. The concept of resilience is broadly defined as the capacity of a community to 1) Survive a major disaster or other damaging crisis, 2) Retain essential community structure and functions, and 3) Adapt during post-disaster recovery to conditions for transforming community structures and functions and meeting new challenges (Topping et al., “Toward Disaster Resilient Communities” in Journal of Disaster Research Vol.5, No.2, April 2010). Operating alongside resilience is the concept of sustainability. Sustainability emerged initially from the environmental movement. The Bruntland Commission (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) has defined sustainable development as that “… meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Sustainability has broadened in meaning to include preserving and maintaining resources – environmental, physical, social, economic, and cultural. Together with this arises the realization that disasters destroy resources of all kinds. Disaster resilience and sustainable development are intertwined. A society or community that is not disaster-resilient risks suffering irreversible losses of resources – something that cannot be considered sustainable. A disaster-resilient society or community, in contrast, minimizes the risk of losses due to natural or technological hazards by executing mitigation and preparedness efforts in a timely way – thus protecting resources for use by future generations. Congratulations again to the many JDR authors, reviewers, and editors who have so carefully and thoughtfully contributed to the evolution of the important concepts above – concepts that, implemented over time, will help protect and preserve societies and communities around the world. Ken Topping 504 Warwick Street, Cambria, CA 93428, USA June 15, 2015
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Goniewicz, Krzysztof, and Frederick M. Burkle. "Analysis of the Potential of IT System Support in Early Warning Systems: Mitigating Flood Risk in Poland." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 05 (September 2, 2019): 563–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19004801.
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AbstractNowadays, extreme weather and atmospheric conditions are becoming more frequent and more intense. It seems obvious that together with climate change, the vulnerability of the public and of individual regions to the risks of various types of natural hazards also increases. This would increase the importance of organization concerning potential measures to protect against these extraordinary events, and to prepare for reducing their ramifications.One such initiative is the creation of an early warning system for inhabitants of a given area of a country, to help guard against the extraordinary threat associated with a natural disaster; especially floods. The creation of such a system is aimed at increasing public safety and limiting losses caused by the occurrence of natural, technological, and synergistic hazards. Particular emphasis during the construction of a current system is placed on supporting flood risk management, which is aimed at increasing the safety of citizens and reducing losses caused by the occurrence of flooding in Poland. This would be possible by the identification of areas threatened by flooding throughout the country, and then limiting economic expansion in these areas.Ultimately, the project aims to consolidate information regarding hazardous events and gather them in a professional Information Technology (IT) system, using an integrated database and a modern module for disseminating information to end users. The system is to provide access to this information for both the administration and the individual citizen.This article presents the potential of a so called “IT System for the Country’s Protection Against Extreme Hazards,” which is currently being developed in Poland, with particular emphasis on reducing the risks related to natural disasters and minimizing the problems of crisis management in Poland. This article is also aimed at opening discussions and creating a basis for the exchange of information from countries implementing similar solutions, especially neighboring countries, with which joint action could be undertaken.
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Lewis, James. "The fluidity of risk." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 28, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 636–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-01-2019-0014.
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Purpose Considered alone, risk is static; the purpose of this paper is to illustrate risk not as static but as a fluid condition dependent, for example, upon circumstances of its context in changeable vulnerability and behavioural responses of people facing risk. Design/methodology/approach Psychology provides strong evidence of behavioural response when facing hazards; technological disasters providing more evidence of behavioural responses to hazards and risk than response to disasters assumed to be “natural”. Initial and subsequent behavioural responses may critically affect ultimate outcomes. Post-event inquiries into technological disasters have revealed actions and inactions which created or aggravated subsequent consequences and their aftermath. Findings Decisions taken at a Japanese school between the 2011 earthquake and tsunami, and details of the 2017 fire at a tower-block in London, UK, indicate, in spite of training, that rigidity, uncertainty, hesitation or waver may affect critical decisions and their consequences. Pre- and post-disaster behaviour may not follow preferred patterns. Fear of imagined or real events may induce unanticipated denial of the reality of risk. Physical changes made after assessments of risk may not be recognised as affecting risk. Research limitations/implications Few published examples exist of public inquiries following disasters assumed to be from natural causes. Practical implications Reports of inquiries into technological disasters provide significant examples of behavioural responses which, if replicated, may influence outcomes of disasters labelled as “natural”. Social implications Awareness of risk as a fluid condition will facilitate realisation of effects upon risk of uncompleted or ongoing works, inappropriate behavioural responses, undeveloped resilience and of the need for regular reassessments of risk. Originality/value This study encourages comprehension of risk as an evolving and fluid condition.
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Arosio, Marcello, Mario L. V. Martina, and Rui Figueiredo. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts: a holistic graph-based assessment approach for natural hazard risk of complex systems." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 521–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-521-2020.
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Abstract. Assessing the risk of complex systems to natural hazards is an important but challenging problem. In today's intricate socio-technological world, characterized by strong urbanization and technological trends, the connections and interdependencies between exposed elements are crucial. These complex relationships call for a paradigm shift in collective risk assessments, from a reductionist approach to a holistic one. Most commonly, the risk of a system is estimated through a reductionist approach, based on the sum of the risk evaluated individually at each of its elements. In contrast, a holistic approach considers the whole system to be a unique entity of interconnected elements, where those connections are taken into account in order to assess risk more thoroughly. To support this paradigm shift, this paper proposes a holistic approach to analyse risk in complex systems based on the construction and study of a graph, the mathematical structure to model connections between elements. We demonstrate that representing a complex system such as an urban settlement by means of a graph, and using the techniques made available by the branch of mathematics called graph theory, will have at least two advantages. First, it is possible to establish analogies between certain graph metrics (e.g. authority, degree and hub values) and the risk variables (exposure, vulnerability and resilience) and leverage these analogies to obtain a deeper knowledge of the exposed system to a hazard (structure, weaknesses, etc.). Second, it is possible to use the graph as a tool to propagate the damage into the system, for not only direct but also indirect and cascading effects, and, ultimately, to better understand the risk mechanisms of natural hazards in complex systems. The feasibility of the proposed approach is illustrated by an application to a pilot study in Mexico City.
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Rupasinghe, Neththi Kumara Appuhamilage Heshani, and Kriengsak Panuwatwanich. "UNDERSTANDING CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY HAZARDS THROUGH OPEN DATA: TEXT MINING APPROACH." ASEAN Engineering Journal 11, no. 4 (October 26, 2021): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v11.17871.
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Construction is an industry well known for its very high rate of injuries and accidents around the world. Even though many researchers are engaged in analysing the risks of this industry using various techniques, construction accidents still require much attention in safety science. According to existing literature, it has been found that hazards related to workers, technology, natural factors, surrounding activities and organisational factors are primary causes of accidents. Yet, there has been limited research aimed to ascertain the extent of these hazards based on the actual reported accidents. Therefore, the study presented in this paper was conducted with the purpose of devising an approach to extract sources of hazards from publicly available injury reports by using Text Mining (TM) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. This paper presents a methodology to develop a rule-based extraction tool by providing full details of lexicon building, devising extraction rules and the iterative process of testing and validation. In addition, the developed rule-based classifier was compared with, and found to outperform, the existing statistical classifiers such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Kernel SVM, K-nearest neighbours, Naïve Bayesian classifier and Random Forest classifier. The finding using the developed tool identified the worker factor as the highest contributor to construction site accidents followed by technological factor, surrounding activities, organisational factor, and natural factor (1%). The developed tool could be used to quickly extract the sources of hazards by converting largely available unstructured digital accident data to structured attributes allowing better data-driven safety management.
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Danaher, MS, Leo T., Erik Wood, MS, and Tim Frazier, PhD. "Rescue coordination common operating picture: Enhancement through satellite technology." Journal of Emergency Management 20, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0682.
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Natural hazards and human-made disasters are increasing in magnitude and frequency due to climate change. The increase in response assets across agencies is complicating synchronization and communication during lifesaving operations. Technological advancements in wireless communication systems are improving resource tasking, tracking, and awareness but are vulnerable to interruption from the destruction inflicted by natural hazards. However, satellite technology offers solutions to safeguard lifesaving coordination in austere environments. Through a focused review of the relevant literature and policy documents, this study analyzes disaster response command and control, emerging communication capabilities, and satellite technology related to developing a common operating picture for all actors. The aim is to provide practicing emergency managers with the means to overcome communication gaps in wireless and satellite technology to maintain this common picture, save lives in the wake of disasters, and protect emergency responders during hazardous mass rescue operations. Results indicate that communication technology does aid emergency managers in the highly pressurized response environment but the systems being relied upon are themselves vulnerable to disasters. The existing literature also establishes that response actors are leveraging satellite technology to fill gaps in communications connectivity during disasters to reduce risk, which has both national and international implications.
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Kelbert, Anna. "The Role of Global/Regional Earth Conductivity Models in Natural Geomagnetic Hazard Mitigation." Surveys in Geophysics 41, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 115–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09579-z.
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AbstractGeomagnetic disturbances cause perturbations in the Earth’s magnetic field which, by the principle of electromagnetic induction, in turn cause electric currents to flow in the Earth. These geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) also enter man-made technological conductors that are grounded; notably, telegraph systems, submarine cables and pipelines, and, perhaps most significantly, electric power grids, where transformer groundings at power grid substations serve as entry points for GICs. The strength of the GICs that flow through a transformer depends on multiple factors, including the spatiotemporal signature of the geomagnetic disturbance, the geometry and specifications of the power grid, and the electrical conductivity structure of the Earth’s subsurface. Strong GICs are hazardous to power grids and other infrastructure; for example, they can severely damage transformers and thereby cause extensive blackouts. Extreme space weather is therefore hazardous to man-made technologies. The phenomena of extreme geomagnetic disturbances, including storms and substorms, and their effects on human activity are commonly referred to as geomagnetic hazards. Here, we provide a review of relevant GIC studies from around the world and describe their common and unique features, while focusing especially on the effects that the Earth’s electrical conductivity has on the GICs flowing in the electric power grids.
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Москвичев, Владимир Викторович, Ульяна Сергеевна Постникова, and Ольга Викторовна Тасейко. "Cluster analysis in the assessment of territorial risks for social-natural-technogenic systems." Вычислительные технологии, no. 3 (July 21, 2022): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25743/ict.2022.27.3.009.
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Представлена методика оценки уровня комплексного территориального техногенного риска муниципальных образований Сибирского федерального округа. Анализ территорий проводился отдельно по разным видам административно-территориальных единиц: города с населением свыше 70 тыс. человек, города с населением менее 70 тыс. чел. и муниципальные районы. Использованы методы многомерной статистики, которые позволяют определять допустимый уровень риска для каждой территориальной группы. В работе предложено использовать метод иерархического кластерного анализа. Он позволяет разбить территории на группы кластеров, выбрать эталонную группу, которая принята для сравнения, и определить приемлемый уровень риска. На основании иерархического кластерного анализа и комплексной оценки техногенного территориального риска проведено ранжирование территорий по уровню техногенной опасности (высокоопасные, повышенной опасности, безопасные). Для каждой группы городов установлены приемлемые уровни рисков. На основе ГИС-технологий построена карта рисков муниципальных образований Сибирского федерального округа Intensive use of natural and technological resources, desire for economic growth without appropriate scientific justification leads to increased risks of development of territorial entities, especially with an increase in the concentration of hazardous industrial production without a proper analysis of their impact on the security of the territory. The paper proposes a methodological approach for determining and assessing the normative level of the complex territorial technogenic risk of municipalities and subjects of the Siberian Federal District (SFD). The analysis of the territories of the SFD should be carried out separately for different types of administrative-territorial units: cities with a population of over 70 thousand people, cities with a population of less than 70 thousand people and municipal districts. A methodical approach based on the methods of multivariate statistics allows determining the acceptable level of risk for each considered territorial group. The paper proposes using the method of hierarchical cluster analysis, which allows dividing the territories of the SFD into groups of clusters, choosing a reference group with which a comparison will be made, followed by determining an acceptable level of risk. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis and the subsequent comprehensive assessment of the technological territorial risk, the territories of the SFD were ranked according to the level of technological hazard (highly dangerous, increased danger, safe). Acceptable risk levels have been established for each group of cities. Based on GIS technologies, risk map of municipalities of the Siberian Federal District has been built. A comprehensive assessment of the risks of territorial development ensures better management and sustainable development with the minimization of man-made risks in the face of an increase in anthropogenic load, hazards to life and health of the population and reduces the cost of eliminating the consequences of accidents and catastrophes
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Memon, A. H., M. H. Peerzada, K. Muhammad, S. A. Memon, S. A. Mangi, and G. Mujtaba. "Recent Eco-Friendly Developments in Personal Protective Clothing Materials for Reducing Plastic Pollution: A Review." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 4012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2674.
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Due to the industrialization increase in the 20th century, the level of hazards for public health and the demand for personnel protective clothing (PPC) have increased. The area of PPC has been steered to high tech equipment made from plastic-based materials, which are derived from non-renewable sources and have a long life cycle expanding from hundreds to thousands of years, after their end of useful life. This paper reviews the information related to conventional plastic-based fibers, their properties, advantages, disadvantages, and applications in the battlefield, industry, automobiles, etc. This paper provides a basis for the selection of natural fibers and the replacement of conventional plastic-based fibers to reduce the plastic content in protective clothing or other composites. A comparative analysis of technological, environmental, economic and legal aspects of plastic-based and environment-friendly natural fibers is presented. Natural fiber-based composite protective clothing is found to be environment-friendly and considered to have prospects for the future due to its comparative technological, environmental, economic and legal advantages.
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West, PhD Student, Jocelyn, Lindsay Davis, MS, Raquel Lugo Bendezú, BSc, Yahaira D. Álvarez Gandía, BSc, K. Stephen Hughes, PhD, Jonathan Godt, PhD, and Lori Peek, PhD. "Principles for collaborative risk communication: Reducing landslide losses in Puerto Rico." Journal of Emergency Management 19, no. 8 (September 1, 2021): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0547.
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Landslides are frequent and damaging natural hazards that threaten the people and the natural and built environments of Puerto Rico. In 2017, more than 70,000 landslides were triggered across the island by heavy rainfall from Hurricane María, prompting requests by local professionals for landslide education and outreach materials. This article describes a novel collaborative risk communication framework that was developed to meet those requests and shaped the creation of a Spanish- and English-language Landslide Guide for Residents of Puerto Rico. Collaborative risk communication is defined here as an iterative process guided by a set of principles for the interdisciplinary coproduction of hazards information and communication products by local and external stakeholders. The process that supports this form of risk communication involves mapping out the risk communication stakeholders in the at-risk or disaster-affected location—in this case Puerto Rico—and collaborating over time to address a shared challenge, such as landslide hazards. The approach described in this article involved the formation of a core team of government and university partners that expanded in membership to conduct collaborative work with an informal network of hazards professionals from diverse sectors in Puerto Rico. The following principles guided this process: cultural competence, ethical engagement, listening, inclusive decision making, empathy, convergence research, nested mentoring, adaptability, and reciprocity. This article contributes to the field of risk communication and emergency management by detailing these principles and the associated process in order to motivate collaborative risk communication efforts in different geographic and cultural contexts. While the work described here focuses on addressing landslides, the principles and process are transferable to other natural, technological, and willful human-caused hazards. They may also serve as a roadmap for future partnerships among government agencies and university researchers to inform the cocreation of science education and outreach tools.
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Girgin, S. "The natech events during the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake: aftermath and lessons learned." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 4 (April 21, 2011): 1129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1129-2011.
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Abstract. Natural-hazard triggered technological accidents (natechs) at industrial facilities have been recognized as an emerging risk. Adequate preparedness, proper emergency planning, and effective response are crucial for the prevention of natechs and mitigation of the consequences. Under the conditions of a natural disaster, the limited resources, the possible unavailability of mitigation measures, and the lack of adequate communication complicate the management of natechs. The analysis of past natechs is crucial for learning lessons and for preventing or preparing for future natechs. The 17 August 1999, Kocaeli earthquake, which was a devastating disaster hitting one of the most industrialized regions of Turkey, offers opportunities in this respect. Among many natechs that occurred due to the earthquake, the massive fire at the TUPRAS Izmit refinery and the acrylonitrile spill at the AKSA acrylic fiber production plant were especially important and highlight problems in the consideration of natechs in emergency planning, response to industrial emergencies during natural hazards, and information to the public during and following the incidents. The analysis of these events shows that even the largest and seemingly well-prepared facilities can be vulnerable to natechs if risks are not considered adequately.
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Gwangndi, Maryam Ishaku, Yahaya Abubakar Muhammad, and Sule Musa Tagi. "The Impact Of Environmental Degradation On Human Health And Its Relevance To The Right To Health Under International Law." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 10 (April 29, 2016): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n10p485.
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When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted the environment is degraded. Environmental degradation results from factors such as urbanisation, population growth, intensification of agriculture, rising energy use and transportation, climate change, pollutions arising from many sources such as technological activities. It is explored that as a result of the dynamic interplay of socio-economic factors and technological activities amongst many other factors, these have devastating consequences on human health. Thus environmental degradation consequences affect the health and the right to health of the people. Using the doctrinal method of research, we examine the confluence of environmental degradation and health from a rights perspective. An unhealthy environment possess health hazards consequently a violation of the right to health. The article recommends that states’ obligation under international law to protect the right to health should be enforceable. Human beings are entitled to right to health even as the environment needs to be protected from activities which cause environmental degradation.
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Frantzova, Antoaneta. "Classifications and typology of the natural and triggered technological risks. Applicability of remote sensing technologies to the risk classification." Aerospace Research in Bulgaria 32 (2020): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/arb.v32.e02.
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New approach to the risk management concept based on the assessment of damages (in % of GDP), probability of occurrence and necessary measures to create resilient society is presented. Several theoretical models are investigated and compared. The "acceptable risk" concept is developed based on the preventive measures and expected results. „Resilient”, „Transition” and „Forbidden” areas related to the damages and probability of occurrence are graphically defined. The classification is based on two main factors (probability of occurrence and potential damage) associated with risk processes and phenomena that develop and run in the „Resilient", „Transition" and „Forbidden” areas. Satellite data and information related to the specific characteristics of the natural hazards and disasters are used.
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Bąk, Tomasz. "Crisis Management at the Commune Level in Poland." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0001.
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AbstractThe article is devoted to the issues of crisis management at the community level in Poland. It contained information on a number of hazards caused by rapid technological development, frequent weather anomalies, or progressive degradation of the natural environment. It was noticed that due to constantly changing threats, the crisis management process was being evaluated. This situation requires a well-organized crisis management system at every administrative level. It was emphasized that crisis management was the activity of public administration bodies as part of managing national security.
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OZUNU, ALEXANDRU, ALEXANDRU MEREUŢĂ, and ZOLTÁN TÖRÖK. "A national hazard analysis and mapping for seveso establishments." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 2, no. 3 (2017): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2017.2.3.93.
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On 23 February 2009, the European Commission adopted a Communication on a Community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters setting out an overall disaster prevention framework and proposing measures to minimize the impacts of disasters. All EU Member States were asked to develop national approaches and procedures to risk management including risk analyses, covering the potential major natural and manmade disasters, taking into account the future impact of climate change. Based on the European Commission guidelines, Romania is currently developing a national approach to risk assessment by taking into account nine major risk categories: floods, droughts, forest fires, earthquakes, mass displacement, Seveso industrial accidents, transport accidents involving hazardous materials, nuclear accidents, and epidemics/zoonoses. This paper will address the difficulties of hazard analyses and technological hazard mapping on a local, regional and national scale for all Seveso establishments. By using REHRA (Rapid Environment and Health Risk Assessment) as the basis for hazard analysis, all Seveso sites will receive a hazard index. By undergoing analysis for major physical effects, each site will go through a worst case scenario simulation of a major technological accident using modeling software. Using G.I.S. software, all spatial data collected from these establishments will be transferred to a WebGIS database. All spatial data will be expressed in a unitary standard according to the INSPIRE Directive which regulates natural risk zones. The resulting technological hazard map will be overlapped to the other hazard maps, thus creating a national hazard map and a starting point for the further national risk assessment
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Miao, Qing. "Technological innovation, social learning and natural hazard mitigation: evidence on earthquake fatalities." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1700002x.
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AbstractHow do people learn from disasters? Do they constantly develop and accumulate new knowledge that enables them to address recurrent disaster risks? This paper investigates whether social learning and, in particular, the development of earthquake-mitigating technologies reduces earthquake-induced fatalities. Combining patent data with a global cross-section of 894 earthquakes that occurred between 1980 and 2010, we find that countries with more disaster-mitigating innovations and more earthquake exposure in the past suffer fewer fatalities. This study is the first to empirically examine the role of technological change and social learning in disaster mitigation. It sheds light on knowledge as a key element of adaptive capacity, and suggests the importance of incorporating technology development into a long-term hazard mitigation and adaptation policy. The paper also contributes to the empirical disaster literature as the first to address the problem of missing data on disaster losses.
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M.A. Ahmed, Mohieldeen, Muzmmel M. M. Ibrahim, and Omer M. A. Al Ghabshawi. "Risk Assessment for Hydrocarbon Fuel Storage and Handling Facilities at Gaili Area, Khartoum North-Sudan." IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) 10, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v10.n2.p2.
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This study focused on evaluating the concepts of risk assessment associated with unsafe acts according to hazard identification at Gaili Area, Khartoum North, Sudan. Approaches used in this study; Research tools: Interviews, definite questionnaire & computer program for descriptive statistics – statistical package for social science (SSPS/version 22 – 2014). The study of risk assessment is conducted for workers in fuel terminals at Gaili area and analyzed using environmental health and safety concepts for eight jobs. Risk is associated with Job (driver, electrician, pump attendant, etc.), after hazards to be identified (natural, environmental, technological, biochemical, etc.). Fuel truck drivers at Gaili area showed the most highly risk job. The result showed that 60% of the incidents were caused by the hydrocarbon fuel transport drivers at the study area as the most highly risk job, followed by the electricians being the most affected job by electrical shocks during working hours followed by the pump attendants then welders followed by mechanics; including fatalities, restricted work activities, injuries, first aid and property damage. The study recommended to formulate of temporary committees such as autumn committee is not efficient in solving the problem, HSE steering committee should be a permanent committee to direct the emergency planning according to risk based assessment for identified hazards.
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Shrivastava, Paul, Danny Miller, and Anil Miglani. "The Evolution of Crises: Crisis Precursors." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 9, no. 3 (November 1991): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709100900302.
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Industrial crises, or organizationally based technological disasters that cause major harm to human life and/or the natural environment, may be triggered by industrial accidents, environmental pollution incidents, product injuries, or occupational hazards. While past explanations of crisis causes focusing on technological, organizational and interorganizational failures; as well as simultaneous failures of technological, organizational and societal systems provide us with a good understanding of immediate causes of events that trigger crises, the authors point out that we still lack an understanding of how preconditions for crises arise. Argumg that the precursor conditions of industrial crises are rooted in the historical development of organizations, and interactions between organizations and their environments, the authors attempt to determine why these precursors arise. Using an analysis of data on the Bhopal and the Three Mile Island crises, they trace the evolution of crisis precursor conditions, and present the patterns and logics of change in organizational and environmental variables observed in the two cases studied.
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Lari, S., P. Frattini, and G. B. Crosta. "Integration of natural and technological risks in Lombardy, Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 6 (December 11, 2009): 2085–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-2085-2009.
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Abstract. Multi-risk assessment is becoming a valuable tool for land planning, emergency management and the deployment of mitigation strategies. Multi-risk maps combine all available information about hazard, vulnerability, and exposed values related to different dangerous phenomena, and provide a quantitative support to complex decision making. We analyse and integrate through an indicator-based approach nine major threats affecting the Lombardy Region (Northern Italy, 25 000 km2), namely landslide, avalanche, flood, wildfire, seismic, meteorological, industrial (technological) risks; road accidents, and work injuries. For each threat, we develop a set of indicators that express the physical risk and the coping capacity or system resilience. By combining these indicators through different weighting strategies (i.e. budgetary allocation, and fuzzy logic), we calculate a total risk for each threat. Then, we integrate these risks by applying AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) weighting, and we derive a set of multi-risk maps. Eventually, we identify the dominant risks for each zone, and a number of risk hot-spot areas. The proposed approach can be applied with different degree of detail depending on the quality of the available data. This allows the application of the method even in case of non homogeneous data, which is often the case for regional scale analyses. Moreover, it allows the integration of different risk types or metrics. Relative risk scores are provided from this methodology, not directly accounting for the temporal occurrence probability of the phenomena.
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Alexander, David. "Information technology in real-time for monitoring and managing natural disasters." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 15, no. 3 (September 1991): 238–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339101500302.
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This paper considers the rôle of information technology in forecasting, monitoring and managing disasters in real-time (i.e., by analysis of data as soon as they are collected). First, the advantages and pitfalls of a technological approach to natural hazards are discussed, then the general nature of real-time technology is described. There follows a review of the appropriate techniques of monitoring the physical impacts of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides. Next the rôle of information technology in disaster management is assessed, with emphasis on telecommunications and simulation modelling. As a cautionary note, two notorious failures of prediction and warning are discussed (the storm of October 1987 in England and the volcanic eruption disaster of November 1985 in Colombia), both of which would have benefited from more careful use of real-time monitoring. It is concluded that microcomputers, earth resources satellites, communications satellites and Geographical Information Systems offer considerable potential for natural disaster management, especially if real-time uses are developed by integrating these technologies.